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A REVIEW of MOLECULAR MARKERS to GENES INVOLVED in MINERAL NUTRITION EFFICIENCY CONTROL in RICE (Oryza Sativa L.)

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A REVIEW of MOLECULAR MARKERS to GENES INVOLVED in MINERAL NUTRITION EFFICIENCY CONTROL in RICE (Oryza Sativa L.) ы AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY, ISSN 2412-0324 (English ed. Online) 2017, V. 52, ¹ 3, pp. 515-525 (SEL’SKOKHOZYAISTVENNAYA BIOLOGIYA) ISSN 0131-6397 (Russian ed. Print) ISSN 2313-4836 (Russian ed. Online) UDC 633.18:631.811:631.523:575.116 doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2017.3.515rus doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2017.3.515eng A REVIEW OF MOLECULAR MARKERS TO GENES INVOLVED IN MINERAL NUTRITION EFFICIENCY CONTROL IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) Yu.K. GONCHAROVA, E.M. KHARITONOV, B.A. SHELEG All-Russian Research Institute of Rice, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, pos. Belozerniy, Krasnodar, 350921 Russia, e-mail [email protected] (corresponding author) ORCID: Goncharova Yu.K. orcid.org/0000-0003-2643-7342 The authors declare no conflict of interests Acknowledgements: Supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant ¹ 16 44 230207 p_a) Received August 1, 2016 A b s t r a c t To date, the doses of mineral fertilizers per hectare in Asia and Europe are the highest in the world. This leads to serious problems for environment contamination, including water pollution, an increase in emission of hotbed gases and a decrease of pH in soils and water. Nitrogen utilization in rice, wheat and corn is 26-30 %, and in vegetables less than 20 % (K. Vinod et al., 2012). During last fifty years high yielding varieties are being bred at high mineral nutrition. An increase in doses of fertilizers has resulted in smaller efficiency of their application and an increasing adverse impact on the environment. As a rule, the varieties which are high productive due to introduced high doses of fertilizers are less effective in their utilization. Besides, productivity of such varieties is very unstable as being considerably influenced by doses of the introduced fertilizers, terms of their introduction, ambient temperature, etc. In the paper we briefly reviewed the mechanisms of plants adaptation to low nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition, and the genotypic distinctions in the efficiency of using these elements. The efficiency is noted to be influenced no only by various responses of genotypes to the applied doses, but also by a source of element and the interactions between a genotype and the envi- ronment. Comparison of genotypes of rice has shown 20-fold distinction in efficiency of phosphorus use between extreme types (M. Wissuwa et al., 2001). All highly effective genotypes are cultivars with age-old longevity or endemics. Most P-containing organic compounds that plants have to extract from soil should be turned into the accessible form by phosphatases. So a genotypic diversity in the efficiency of phosphorus use is related to different activity of phosphatases. Phytin acid produced by roots and the rhizosphere microorganisms is one of the agents promoting phosphorus accessibility (A.E. Richardson et al., 2001). Therefore, the plant ability to support favorable microbial communi- ties in the rhizosphere serves as the additional adaptive mechanism. Plant adaptation to low nitrogen and phosphorus levels can be due to root system development, intensification of absorption and utili- zation, and also to biosynthesis and excretion of the organic acids to increase availability of the min- eral elements in the rhizosphere (H. Lambers et al., 2006). Redistribution of the absorbed elements between generative and vegetative organs, between leaves on one or different stems stands for an internal efficiency of nutrient utilization. Variability on the efficiency of nutrition utilization among 30 rice genotypes resulted mainly from distinctions in the growth of root system which increased the absorbing area. Variability of genotypes on the tolerance to a lack of phosphorus was mainly due to different ability to P absorption, while the changes in the efficiency of P utilization were insignifi- cant. OTL related to N and P utilization and specific molecular markers flanking the loci, RM 53, RM 25, RM 600, RM 242, RM 235, RM 247, RM 322, RM 13, RM 261, RM 19 (D. Wei et al., 2012; Y. Cho et al., 2007), are found in foreign and domestic rice varieties. In the Russian rice varie- ties all studied markers to QTL involved in the expression of effective absorption of mineral elements are polymorphic (Yu.К. Goncharova et al., 2015) that allows to use these markers in marker-assisted selection and screening population to reveal donors of desirable traits. Keywords: rice, mineral nutrition, efficiency of use nitrogen and phosphorus, QTL, mi- crosatellite (SSR) markers Nitrogen and phosphorus availability is one of the most important factors which determines crop productivity. Nutrient in soil are not replenished when there is shortage of fertilizer, and it leads to soil degradation and low yields [1- 3]. Whiles, over-fertilization at the EU, had led to soil nitrogen accretion, which menaces to 70 % of agrocoenosis. Till now, attention has not been attracted to 515 increased inorganic nutrition efficiency in creating varieties of rice and other crops, however, these works are indispensable. It is important to study both mechanism of plant resistance to the soil deficient in mineral nutrients, and genes encoding the traits. In this review the main achievements and challenges in genetics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) inorganic nutrition are discussed as well as outlook for molecular-genetic technologies and increasing its efficiency. In the last 40 years mineral fertilizers provide 40 % gain in food produc- tion. From 1961 to 2002 its using in the world had been increased by almost 350 % (from 33 to 146 million tons) and often causes damage to the environ- ment [4, 5]. To date, Asia and Europe have the highest rates of fertilizer con- sumption per hectare. As a consequence, acidification of soil and water is ob- served, as well as pollution of surface and underground water bodies, increase of hotbed blowout gases. Environmental impact of mineral fertilizers is determined by their quantity, methods and time of application. The problem is to abandon improper methods and move to agriculture, which will provide reliable basis for sustainable intensification of plant growing. Nitrogen as the main component of many organic molecule, nucleic ac- ids, proteins, is necessary for development of plants much more than another mineral elements. Though N is the most accessible element in atmosphere (78 %), it becomes a limiting factor in agricultural ecosystems. Its soil reserves are equal to 2-20 t/ha, but plants receive just small amount of it [3]. Nitrogen use efficiency is 26-30 % for rice, wheat, maize, and makes less than 20 % for vegetable crops [6-8]. Some quantity of ammonium and ammonium fertilizers which accumu- lates during mineralization of the organic compounds is fixed by soil minerals (illite, montmorillonite, vermiculite and others). Soil nitrogen, as a part of hu- mic compounds, is difficult to decompose by microorganisms. Small amount of nitrogen is a part of another organic compounds such as amino acids, amino sugars, nucleic acids, etc., and also minerals compounds (preferentially ammo- nium and nitric acid). Ammonium nitrogen pool formed due to ammonification and fertilizers is unstable. Under the influence of nitrifying bacteria, it is oxi- dized to nitric acid. Nitrates are not absorbed by soil colloid and can be washed out of soil. Also, nitrogen get into the atmosphere because of nitrate nitrogen reduction to free molecular nitrogen (N2) or to gaseous oxide or nitrous oxide (NO and N2O). Just small amount of nitrogen remains in soil and is available to the next generations of plants. In most cases, on well aerated soils they use ni- trate nitrogen (NO3), on bad aerated and flooded soils they use ammonium ni- + + trogen (NН4 ) [4]. Although absorption of NН4 needs less energy, only some of plants (including rice) are capable to grow using just these ions [9]. Phosphorus is the second most important mineral in plant nutrition after nitrogen and one of the least available. Mainly, it is in the bound state in the soil. Approximately, 5.7 billion hectares of soils all over the world contain insuf- ficient quantity of plant available phosphorus. Almost 50 % of rice occupied soils are phosphorus poor. Deficit of phosphorus can significantly affect rice growth and development. Plants cultivated on soils with phosphorus deficit are scraggy with dark green leaves, inhibited root system and lowered tillering [4, 5]. Their maturation is delayed, and grains are incompletely filled that leads to loss of grain quality. This deficit could be overcome by fertilizer application which farmers do not apply because of high price. As well as, natural phosphates of earth’s formations which easy to accesses for plants are resources which can be exhausted by the end of XXI century [10]. Creating varieties of cultivated plants which are capable of more efficient absorption of bound phosphorus from soil with high yielding at low doses of phosphorus fertilizers and more efficient use of 516 ы absorbed phosphorus has crucial importance [11]. From 2008 to 2012, a steady growth of fertilizer consumption up to 1.7 % (or 15 million tons annually) had been reported, and in 2012 nitrogen consump- tion raised by 1.4 %, or 73 mln. t. At the same time there is loss of consumption efficiency per 1 kilo of getting products, and the rate of rice yield gain in 2010 was less than 1 % compared to 1.6 % in 1990 [5]. Other factors which forced to change strategy of fertilizer consumption have become their price growth, lim- ited reserves, and also environment pollution because of uncontrolled use. Last 50 years efforts is mainly focused on breeding plant varieties with high yield under high mineral nutrition [13]. Application of ever large doses of fertilizers has led to a decrease of their efficiency and an increase of environ- mental effects on productivity [14]. Moreover, crop yield of these varieties is unstable. Genotypic differences in the absorption efficiency of elements of mineral nutritio n.
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