Rendry Hanifa Ak Mallyta, Hat Pujiati – Violence Beyond the utopian Society in ’s

VIOLENCE BEYOND THE UTOPIAN SOCIETY IN LOIS LOWRY’S THE GIVER

Rendry Hanifa Ak Mallyta University of Jember email: [email protected]

Hat Pujiati University of Jember email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This article discusses violence in a constructed utopian society in The Giver, Lois Lowry's distopian novel. We assume that 'sameness' as the governing system in the novel is the source of violence. Therefore, this article aims to reveal the real conditions beyond the utopian society. Applying genetic structuralism by Lucien Goldmann, we analyze the presentation of society in the novel through the narrative structure and relate them to discourses of American society in 1990s with Author as the bridge of the fiction and real life. The result of this analysis shows that comfort facilities provided by the government in a society is potential to hegemonize people and dehumanize them for the sake of power.

Keywords : utopian society, genetic structuralism, worldview

ABSTRAK

Artikel ini mendiskusikan tentang kekerasan dalam masyarakat utopis yang dikontruksi dalam novel distopian berjudul The Giver karya Lois Lowry. Penelitian mengganggap 'sameness' sebagai sistem pemerintahan di masyarakat yang ada dalam novel sebagai sumber dari kekerasan tersebut. Selanjutnya, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggungkapkan kondisi sebenarrnya dibalik masyarakat utopis ini. Dengan menggaplikasikan teori strukturalisme genetik milik Lucien Golmann, tulisan ini menganalisa tampilan dari masyarakat di novel ini melalui struktur naratif dan menghubungkannya dengan wacana tentang masyarakat Amerika pada tahun 1990- an dengan kehidupan penulis sebagai penghubung antara fiksi dan dunia nyata. Hasil dari analisa ini menunjukkan bahwa fasilitas kenyamanan yang disediakan oleh pemerintah dalam masyarakat tersebut merupakan cara untuk mendominasi dan menghilangkan rasa kemanusiaan mereka hanya untuk kepentingan kekuasaan.

Kata Kunci: masyakat utopis, strukturalisme genetik, pandangan dunia

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INTRODUCTION the literary work itself, such as The Giver is one of Lois Lowry’s theme, character, characterization, novels published in 1993. This novel etc. On the other hand, extrinsic is the first novel of The Giver’s elements are about the social Quartet’s series; , background, the author’s (2000), (2004) and environment, and the historical (2012). The Giver shows fragility of background when the author wrote it. Utopian society. Lowry creates a Based on the definition above, genetic flawless society that lack of conflict structuralism will be the tool to and suffering with less individual examine the problems; first is about freedom and choice. All members of Utopian society presented in the society tend to abide by the rules. The novel, second is how American society seems to be secure and society in 1993, and last is the undergoes little problem. Lowry uses constructed worldview in the novel. Jonas’ disclosures to show the Lois Lowry’s The Giver reflects weakness of the Utopian society in the unsuccessfulness of social The Giver. The idealistic society conditions in the Utopian Society. transforms into the non idealistic one From the incompatibility of the when there are many things hidden in situation happened in the novel, there the process of making this “perfect” are several problems are explored : society. The members are filled with 1.How is the society presented in the no humanity on their mind since they novel? are created to be a robot. The use of 2. How is the social condition of genetic structuralism’s theory by America in 1990s? Lucien Goldmann in the study is to 3. What is the constructed worldview conduct the whole study. Goldmann in the novel? believes that literary works are a There are several purposes on structure. A literary work composed writing this thesis. First, to explain of the structure from the novel the society presented in the novel. (intrinsic elements) or socio history Second, is about American society in when the novel is written (extrinsic 1990s. Third, is to find out the elements). The intrinsic elements are worldview constructed in the novel.

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The last is hoped to give ways. First, the data are collected contribution both for the institution from the novel and second, library and the students. It is aimed to help research is needed to gather the the readers enrich their knowledge information and the data from and it is also useful to conduct their several books as additional research especially about Lois information. The classification of Lowry’s Novel The Giver,since this collected data will be divided into novel has never been made as an four major elements in genetic object of research by Faculty of structuralism. They are human facts, Humanities students in Jember transindividual subject, significant University. structure and world view (vision du monde). The research is conducted by RESEARCH METHODOLOGY genetic structuralism theory. The The type of this research is purpose of this research is to analyze qualitative research method. the genetic structuralism’s elements Qualitative research analyzes data on Lois Lowry’s The Giver. The based on interpretation of construction of perfect society leads observation. Gray states that the deeply investigation of Lois “Qualitative research method can Lowry’s life, when and where she take many forms and results from the writes the novel. This activity can use of data gathering instruments help the researcher collect some data such as observations, interviews, about situations, cultures and events questionnaires and document that influenced her which happened analysis. The qualitative research is in 1990s. It also refers to historical used to collect data and information background about the social which is related to the topic. The condition in America. The researchers usually concerns with investigations about Lowry’s life and theory building, interpreting the data social condition of America in 1990s to build concepts and categories that as the historical background are the can be brought together into extrinsic elements of the novel. theoretical frameworks (2004: 320). Furthermore, the collected intrinsic This thesis is composed in some and extrinsic elements will lead to the

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next step which is processing the data DISCUSSION by using Genetic Structuralism in In this article, the analysis starts order to find the worldview with the society of the novel. The constructed in the novel. To apply the explanation about society in the novel theory, dialectic method is used to is started by analyzing the condition connect the intrinsic and extrinsic of the society and the citizens, how elements. This activity means the society affects the citizens and dialectic method connects the how they act toward the rules. The discourse about the construction of society follows 'sameness' as their perfect society with the author’s life guidance for life. The aspects of and the social condition of America in “sameness” cover everything in the 1990s. society. First is their individual side.As humans live by paying RESULT attention not only on their personal From the data analysis, it shown needs but also the social needs, that the 'sameness' applied in the people will need each others. This society brings failure. The idea of condition leads people to learn to 'Sameness' represents the lack of work together in order achieving differences not only their physical but their goals, although it is undeniable also their beliefs. The purpose is to that some people are rather to stick balance the society by living as a by their own and ignore others. This homogeneous group. The society selfishness is often becoming learns that by doing away with problems and put people in chaotic differences in citizens such as race states. Some people tend to choose to and economic differences, their life put aside their happiness and others will be more harmonious. In its interests to get a safe spot in society implementation, the attempt on and this condition is reflecting making perfect society by eliminating individualism. Weaver states, earned the citizens right only make them status, individualism, self-reliance numb for the truth. This condition and independence were all necessary also makes Jonas escape from the values for those who wanted to society. survive and prosper in the American

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frontier society of the 1800s and social perspective becomes the 1900s. These values allowed them to number one concern in the society. succeed and were vital for the They are assured by putting the country to grow economically (1999, individual acts aside, it will decrease h.10). Americans believe that the disunity. Citizens will grow as individual matters are needed in honest people with lack of individual order to achieve their American rights. It will be their major concern Dreams. The competitions are tight to live together side by side. This and people need to fight for their life. society believes that being individual This condition shows the willingness is a shame, both in thought and to sacrifice everything with purpose appearance. The quotation below finding their ways to success. shows the condition of individual side As being individual person, removal in the novel. people tend to put their personal “But what about the treatment? The Speaker says needs than society needs. It can lead that treatment must take to major destruction on their place.” Jonas felt miserable. Just when the Ceremony was tolerance. People will become about to happen, his Ceremony of Twelve, would sentiment and heartless. They do not he have to go away need others to complete their lives someplace for treatment? Just because of a stupid because they only believe on their dream? own. Their senses of sympathy But his mother laughed again in a reassuring, affectionate become weak and they will become way. “No, no,” she said. “It’s just the pills. You’re ready for the ignorant person. pills, that’s all. That’s the The individual side removal is treatment for Strirings.” (Lowry, 1993, h.37-38) depicted by eliminating citizens’ senses on their personal needs in The quotation shows that Jonas order to create unity. Their lives are is obedient. He has already learned already organized in exact ways with about desire and the treatment. He is rules bonding their actions. afraid that this feeling will make him Eliminating choices and limiting self- being taken away from his society. concerned become the way to make Jonas worries that this condition will citizens obey. On the other hand, make him unable to attend the

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upcoming Ceremony of Twelve and The novel depicts the limitation he does not want to be different than of freedom and choice. In order to the others because he is prevent citizens making the wrong uncomfortable with the idea. It decision by picking the improper shows that Jonas cares about what choice, the rules are applied. It is very happens in his society and he tries to crucial to limit the consequences on show his effort by attending the making the wrong choice. Since event. citizens in the society are not allowed By eliminating choices and to making choice, the choice is limiting self-concerned are hoped decided. Committee equalizes the that it can be the way to control the choice, every choice are made by society. On the other hand, social them. It creates a condition that perspective becomes the number one family units in the society have no concern in the society. They are blood relations because they are assured by putting the individual acts selected randomly with specific and aside, it will decrease the disunity. orderly sequences. All freedom to Individuality is rejected and social choose is very limited, so there will matter is more appreciated. be no envies, gaps, and inequality, so Second is, their freedom and that no one will be more superior choice. The novel depicts the compare to others. The lack of limitation of freedom and choice. In freedom to choose is a common thing order to prevent citizens making the happens in this society. It shows from wrong turn by picking the improper the quotation which related to the choice, the rules are applied. All concept of freedom and choice. freedom to choose is very limited, "But now that I can see colors, at least sometimes, there will be no envies, gaps, and I was just thinking: what if inequality, so that no one will be we could hold up things that were bright red, or more superior compare to others. bright yellow, and he could choose? Instead of the The lack of freedom to choose is a Sameness." common thing happens in this "He might make wrong choices." society. "Oh." Jonas was silent for a minute. "Oh, I see what you

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mean. It wouldn't matter The limitations of choices lead for a newchild's toy. But later it does matter, to the deprivation of liberty. Citizens doesn't it? We don't dare are constructed to believe that to let people make choices of their own." choices are better to be chosen by. "Not safe?" The Giver suggested. This condition shows that in order to "Definitely not safe," Jonas attain equality on choosing, the said with certainty. "What if they were allowed to Leader and the Committee are choose their own mate? pressing citizens ability on deciding And chose wrong? "Or what if," he went on, their own ways by reducing their almost laughing at the absurdity, "they chose freedom. The Leader and the their own jobs?" Committee believe that 'sameness' is "Frightening, isn't it?" The Giver said. the way to control citizens. Jonas chuckled. "Very frightening. I can't even 'Sameness' reflects the efforts of imagine it. We really have the Leader and the Committee to to protect people from wrong choices." create a place under their rules and "It's safer." "Yes," Jonas agreed. "Much safer." one of them are eliminating citizens’ (Lowry, 1993, h.98-99) freedom. With no freedom and

After his ability to see colors, choice, citizens cannot understand Jonas wonders how if he able to make the feeling of making the wrong choices based on those colors, what choices because their paths are will happen to their life if they able to already chosen. Citizens are also choose. Then he comes to realization losing their urges to feel the that choice might bring trouble if sensation of diversity they can they choose wrong. Jonas still experience from their own choice. believes that deciding about their life 'Sameness' making citizens believe is not necessary to do. Jonas assumes that their lives are designed that if choices are made by themselves, it ways. Their urges to rebel and will only cause more problems. He disobey the rules are removed. It is believes by letting the choice decided also forcing them to shut their life and citizens have no need to from everything that may destroy intervene about it. their society. Once this system

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becomes the controller of everything, In the bright side, the useful it will be hard to be changed. technology is indeed bringing many Third is, their feeling and benefits that making life more easily, emotion. People as part of human but the effects of people’s addicted to being are easily to know what feeling technology are having negative they feel. This novel shows the effects, such as: the loss of humanity. citizens as emotionless person, being The loss of humanity may affect sentimentally on making decision or people life. By losing their humanity behaving irrationally are prohibited. people are created as heartless According to Leonhard, if we do person. They will lose their not become more proactive on these tolerances and consciousness toward issues, I worry that an exponential, others. Their capability to express unfettered, and uncontrolled deep feelings and emotions are intelligence explosion in robotics, AI, reducing. They are also having bioengineering, and genetics will difficulty on knowing the senses they eventually lead to a systematic feel. The quotation below shows disregard of the basic principles of about the limitation of feeling and human existence, because technology emotions. does not have ethics—but a society “Do you love me?” There was an awkward without ethics is doomed (2016, silence for a moment. The h.15). Technology as part of human Father gave a little chuckle. Jonas. You, of all people. life is important. It is undeniable that Precision of language, please!” mostly people nowadays are addicted “What do you mean?” Jonas to technology. The usage of asked. Amusement was not at all what he had technology on almost every aspect is anticipated. (Lowry, 1993. h.127) advantageous. However, technology It describes that feeling love is cannot do human thinking; its abnormal. Citizens cannot express process is different with human love, it is considered as a strange brains. The power of technology may word. Jonas also does not realize if affect on human norms and values. It saying love is making his father affects human unconsciously. thinks that he picks the wrong word

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to say. Jonas learns that, he will constructing them as robots that will consider appropriate if he says happy follow every order from their master. or proud instead saying love because They are also not able to refuse since love is part of strong feeling. There is they are clueless about the real no proper emotional attached matter.Last is, the perception. The between the members of the family purpose of the society in The Giver is and the most matter that seems in to create a perfect world without war, the family is only his conflict, hunger, pain, war and other accomplishments. heartbreaking things. 'Sameness' here The limitation of citizens to brings out new perception that express their feelings and emotions is different from ordinary perception. part of 'sameness' purposes. Without The citizens perceptions are less senses of emotions, citizens are sometimes become more cruel or able to think clearly. They will be inhuman because their lives are more focus on their jobs and they will emotionless. not let their feelings getting attached. Jonas frowned. “The whole world?” he asked. “I don’t To prevent the undesirable events understand. Do you mean not that tend to make people not united; just us? Not just the society? Do you mean Elsewhere, too?-“ He the “sameness” is also functioning to tried, in his mind, to grasp the concept. “I’m sorry, sir. I don’t control feeling and emotion. All understand exactly. Maybe I’m citizens in the society are clueless not smart enough. I don’t know what you mean when you say about emotions. It creates them as ‘the whole world’ or ‘generations before him’ I emotionless person in order to avoid thought there was only us. I people being sentimental on making thought there was only now.” (Lowry, 1993. h.77-78) decision or behaving irrational. By learning memories, Jonas 'Sameness' is being citizens’ also learns about choice but he still boundary that impedes them on believe that it will better if the doing deviated things from the rules. Committee chooses for the citizens. With their emotionless side, the Their belief that choice is made Leader and the Committee’s work are carefully and it is better that way; easier because citizens already know making the citizens also assure if they their responsibilities. 'Sameness' is choose they can choose wrong and it

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will cost many consequences. In fact, are eliminated. There are no choosing the wrong one happens to individual right to fight for the one many people, but it gives them lesson they like, no freedom to choice their to be more tough and careful on own ways and, no feeling to avoid choosing. Making wrong choice and them choosing something also know how to rise back from emotionally. destruction will give lesson to gain Citizens become blind of the wisdom on life. truth, they also become cold-hearted. The novel depicts about a world Citizens are shaped into heatless where differences are not existed. person in order to avoid sentimental The gap will not cause problem feeling dominate their minds. Those because citizens in this society have facts show that the attempt to create their own way of life. They are afraid a perfect Utopian world is failed. The that the gap will only bring out safe place is turning into a place disunity within the society; that is citizens become numb of truth. The why no citizen who is more superior construction of Utopian world is to others. turning into Dystopian one when The society is trying to citizens’ rights are being eliminated eliminate sources of unhappiness to achieve 'sameness'. such as: war, hunger, poverty, hatred, The condition of America in deprivation and many more. The 1990s is also influencing the novel. society also believes that by The unstable conditions of America in equalizing the amount of love for 1993 makes people living in two every person the happiness they get different situations; some people are will equal. There is no benefit to be living in finest condition and some more stands out than others. are not. This gap is arising some Otherwise, 'sameness' that citizens critics because it leads to some bad thought are ideal, actually hiding results such as crime and violence. many facts. In order to fulfill their The Great Recession in early purpose, there are many horrible 1990s, the continuing of social things covered by their rules. All liberalizations, the embrace of human aspects and all human rights environmentalism and

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entrepreneurship are affecting the wars. These conditions brought the American's social condition. Many presidential on unstable position developments especially in western such as: having trouble on control fashion and culture were invented in and govern citizens. To overcome this this age. This kind of fashion was chaos, the authorities were sent to continually becoming a culture handle the problems. There is a spreading by the youth. The society relationship between the society and was being accustomed by this kind of the social condition of America in action and slowly becoming a culture. 1990s. Those discussion lead to the A society developed a culture, culture worldview constructed in the novel. was part of a society and it formed as According to Goldmann, there is the result of a society itself, but a homology between literary culture also could affect a society. structures and society structures. This condition affects some authors Both of them are products from to bring American society as the historical activity (1981, h.29). The background of their stories. They are connection between literary inspired by the social condition of structures and society structures are America and portray it in their bounded by the attitude of a certain literary works.. One of the inspired class or mental structure and world authors is Lois Lowry in TheGiver. view itself uses as the adjustments to The Giver itself is not portraying the the social structures. Since, the exact life of America in 1990s, since relation between literary structures the setting is futuristic world. The and society structures cannot be condition of America in 1993 is understood as a direct relation; mostly seen as “new era”, with the worldview is needed in order to find appearance of new cultures that the ideology constructed by the easily absorbed by youth. As youth author. that commonly rebels or breaking the The novel explores the wide rules, these new cultures are growing ranges of development about many rapidly. Back in 1993’s governmental aspects happen in the real life. The condition, the Presidency has been society in the novel portrays its suffering from Great Recession and alienation, its concerns is to keep

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outsiders to prevent the new reminds her readers that a good influence that might be able to society is where people are able to destroy them. No tolerance is given to express their minds, to explore their the outsiders. It also demands the limits, and to choose their own ways social perfection in order to maintain with reckoning the consequences not their unity. The society allows only toward themselves but also their citizens to apply suicide, which is environment. depicting the effort to control population. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION The idea of 'sameness' The analysis shows that the represents the lack of differences not society is not as perfect as it seen. only their physical but also their Jonas as the main character becomes beliefs. The purpose is to balance the the person who discovers the truths. society by living as a homogeneous The society is portrayed as perfect group. The society learns that by place to live because the citizens are doing away with differences in honest and united. It removes citizens such as race and economic individual rights, freedom to choose, differences, their life will be more and deep feeling or emotion. The harmonious. Lowry as a part of society is also having different collective subject that has shaped her perception on their ways of life; mindset to have the same world view called 'sameness'. 'Sameness' is implicitly against humans becomes the set of rules that control degrading that include treatment of the citizens in order attain peace and outsiders, intolerance, societal harmony. The elimination of war, perfection, and physician-assisted hunger, poverty, hatred, deprivation suicide. This situation will not solve and many unhappiness sources are the society’s problem about applied in order to prevent the eliminating conflicts to create perfect citizens suffer. Equalizing the amount place to stay. It only bring suffer of love for every citizen is necessary because citizens are restricted to do because each citizen will accept equal their wishes and to choose on happiness. learning from their mistakes. She

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In its accordance to the apply to get “release” as the effort to historical background and based on control the population. It shows the Goldmann’s theory, it will influence controlling situation against the her to write a literary work that nature of human being that divers. portray her world view in the real Lowry wants to show the failure life. Furthermore, analyzing Lowry’s on the perfect society’s setting. Her life help the researcher get the concerning about a process of information about the socio-history degrading against the human nature, which happened in 1990s. It proves such as treatment of outsiders, that The Giver has the correlation intolerance, societal perfection, and with its context, when and where the physician-assisted suicide is shown in novel written. The result of the her novel. She wants to tell that research shows that the condition of setting up situation into perfection America in 1990s that seen as “new would not make the society become era”, affect the appearance of new better place to stay. It is because cultures that easily absorbed by citizens are pressed against their youth. This situation will create mass wills and their consciousness to obey conflict that lead to chaotic states. 'sameness'. The Giver depicts the information Lowry tries to channel her about the Leader and the Committee criticism toward the social life. She as authorizes who control citizens’ emphasizes that the creation of good life with their own governing system. society is not by controlling people The wide range of development but it needs the cooperation and about many aspects in the real life is togetherness. By letting people explored in the novel. The novel choosing their ways, they learn how shows the society is secluded, it to handle the consequences. In the means that limiting outsiders in order other words,'sameness' is a failure. to avoid new influence that could lead the society into disaster. The social ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS perfection is strongly needed in the My sincere gratitude is hereby society with the purpose to keep their extended to the following people who unity. It is shown by the allowance to never ceased in helping until this

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