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Home , Narmada River, Tawa Reservoir, Tawa River

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Tawa River is one of the major tributaries of (lifeline to central ).Narmada River flows through the Deccan and transports water and sediments to the adjacent . It is a fifth order stream, being longest tributary of the Narmada and having a total length of 172 km and catchment area of about 5983 km2. It originates from a cave in Haryogarh village which is situated at an altitude of about 744 (msl) and rises in the of Betul and Chindwara districts, flowing north to west joins to the Narmada at Bandrabhand in district.

The river has a very complex and intricate watershed. It receives a number of perennial streams throughout its course. Of the 19 major tributaries, Danwa is the largest one. Tawa harbours have very rich biodiversity within the river and in the . It irrigates major agriculture land of Betul, , Bhopal and Hoshangabad Districts. Two reservoirs have been constructed on Tawa River. These reservoirs were constructed in 1958 to 1978. These reservoirs have 20,055 hectare water spread area. one of the major reservoirs of India is dammed on Tawa-Danwa confluence. It extends up 19.90 miles in length and maximum breadth is 13.70 miles. Tawa sub basin

Tawa subbasin is a part of Narmada Basin.The total area catchment of the Tawa basin is 710sq.km. Based on land-use land-cover mapping most of the area of Tawa basin is coming under agricultural cover. Forest cover is seen along the foot hills of Satpura range. Also some patches of scrub lands are seen along the vicinity of both the banks of Tawa River. Tawa River, a left bank tributary originates from Mhadeo hills in Chindwara district, flows through Betul and drains a part and finally merges in to Narmada River in Hosangabad. It is the longest Tributary of Narmada (172 Km) on the left bank (Chatterjee, Undated). At Tawa, Denva River joins Tawa River 823m upstream of Tawa dam site. This reservoir is located near Ranipur village, 35 Km form Babai railway Junction

Narmada Basin

The Narmada Basin extends over an area of 98,796 sq. km. and lies between east longitudes 72°32' to 81°45' and north latitudes 21°20' to 23°45'. Lying in the Northern extremity of the , the basin covers large areas in the States' of and and a comparatively smaller area in . The state-wise distribution of the drainage area is : 85,859 Sq. km. (33,150 sq. miles) in Madhya Pradesh; 1,538 Sq. Km. (594 Sq. Miles) in Maharashtra and 11,399 sq. km. (4,401 sq. miles) in Gujarat,The Narmada Basin is bounded on the north by the Vindhyas, on the east by the Maikala range, on the south by the Satpuras and on the west by the Arabian Sea. The basin has an elongated shape with a maximum length of 953 km. from east to west and a maximum width of 234 km. from north to south. The basin has five well-defined physiographic zones. They are: (i) the upper hilly areas covering the districts of Shahdol, , Kawardha Balaghat, and Seoni; (ii) the upper plains covering the districts of , Narsimhapur, Sagar, Damoh,Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Betul, Raisen and ; (iii) the middle plains covering the districts of East , part of West Nimar, Dewas, and Dhar; (iv) the lower hilly areas covering part of the West Nimar, Jhabua, Dhuliaand parts of Baroda; and (v) the lower covering mainly the districts of Broach andparts of Baroda. The hilly regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas well suited for cultivation. ii) Geology / Lithostratigraphy : Archaens and Metamorphic rocks equivalent to Aravallis.The Archaen Group of rocks.comprising granite ,phillite,dolomite,quartzite,chert breccias etc are exposed in the north-western part and are faulted near the Narmada River.Weathered and fractured Granite forms a potential aquifer in the area.Deccan Trap,which makes for about 65%of the entire district occur as lava flows in the northern and eastern part of the district.The phreatic aquifer in weathered /vesicular basalt is tapped by dug wells while the deeper confined aquifers are tapped drilling tube wells.The yield of dug well ranges from 120 to 180 litres per minute,but in the canal command area due to substantial recharge from canal seepage,sustains a good discharge.alluvium the alluvium aquifer system in the district is highly potential granuler zones comprising of fine to medium to coarse grained gravel and pebbles and Laterite are encountered in alluvium.The topphreatic aquifer range in thickness from 2 to 10m and is encountered in the depth range of 4 to 20m bgl.

The applied area forms a part of stream bed covered with bajari and sand deposit of channel alluvium.Mining will be concentrated up to 1.5 meter maximum depth of extraction pf sand which is confined on top most layer of sand cocern QL area is belong to recent alluvial deposit.Basic rock below sand is dolomite rock iii) Climatic Data & Annual : The of the basin is humid tropical ranging from sub-humid in the east to semi-arid in the west with pockets of humid or per humid around higher hill reaches.

The Tropic of Cancer crosses the Narmada basin in the upper plains area and a major part of the basin lies just below this line. The climate of the basin is humid and tropical, although at places extremes of heat and cold are often encountered. In a year, four distinct seasons occur in the basin. They are: (i) cold weather, (ii) hot weather, (iii) south-west and (iv) post-monsoon. Annual Precipitation: The climate of Hoshangabad district is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness except during the south west monsoon season. The year may be divided into four seasons. The cold season, December to February is followed by the hot season from March to about the middle of June. The period from the middle of June to September is the southwest monsoon season. October and November form the post monsoon or transition period. The normal rainfall of Hoshangabad district is 1225.9 mm. It receives maximum rainfall during southwest monsoon period. About 92.8% of the annual rainfall received during monsoon seasons and only 7.2 % of the annual rainfalls take place during October to May period. The surplus water for groundwater recharge is 64available only during the southwest monsoon period. The maximum rainfall received in district at i.e. 2122 mm and minimum at Hoshangabad i.e. 1302.3 mm. The normal maximum temperature received during the month of May is 42.1o C and minimum during the month of January is 11.7o C. The normal annual means maximum and minimum temperature of Hoshangabad district is 32.8oC and 19.8oC respectively. During the southwest monsoon season the relative humidity generally exceeds 91% (August month). In rest of the year is drier. The driest part of the year is the summer season, when relative humidity is less than 33%. April is the driest month of the year. The wind velocity is higher during the pre-monsoon period as compared to post monsoon period. The maximum wind velocity 7.7 km/hr observed during the month of June and is minimum 2.9 km/hr during the month of December. The average normal annual wind velocity of Hoshangabad district is 5.0 km/hr. iv) Erosion & Weathering : Since the temperature variation during various seasons in a year is quite considerable high degree of weathering is likely to result. The rainfall being moderate, the potential of transportation of weathering material into the river is also moderate.Cacthmant area being an alluvium deposit it stands a good chance of getting weathered and eroded sand. v) Sedimentation & Transportation :In the context of stream sediment is inorganic and organic material that is transported by, suspended in, or deposited by streams. Sediment load, which is the quantity of sediment transported by a stream, is a function of stream discharge, soil and land-cover features, weather conditions, land-use activities, and many other factors. Sediment load carried by streams and rivers can be composed either of fine materials, mostly silts and clays, or larger materials such as sand.

When a river erodes the eroded material becomes the river’s load and the river will then transport this load through its course until it deposits the load. There are a few different ways that a river will transport load depending on how much energy the river has and how big the load is. vi) Engineering Structures STOP DAM/ CHECK DAM/ BARRAGE/ HYDAL DAMS :

Man – made structures like stop dam / check dam / barrage / and hydle dams also affects the sand flow and act as check over the sand deposition in downstream area. vii) Activity near river bank :

Any man made activity such as rock mining / trenching/channeling/canal etc. produce large quantity of fines of existing rocks with transports in river bed may deposited nearby the area in river course. viii) Tributaries and its confluences : A stream may be 1st order to 4th order, that to a streamlet to a major one, have a great impact on deposition of sand where some physiographic features are also have imperative role: a. Tributary / confluence b. Meanders c. Negative reliefs d. Slope / gradients

Following are some pictures showing the overview of River Narmada basin

FIGURE –

Lease Area

NARMADA BASIN

Lease Area FIGURE – TAWA SUB BASIN Annual Rainfall The normal annual rainfall for the basin works out to 1,178 mm. South-west monsoon (June to October) is the principal rainy season accounting for nearly 94% of the annual rainfall. About 60% of the annual rainfall is received during July and August months. Table 11.6 shows the monthly distribution of normal annual rainfall in the basin. The rainfall is heavy in the upper hilly and upper plains areas of the basin. It gradually decreases towards the lower plains and the lower hilly areas and again increases towards the coast and southwestern portions of the basin. The annual rainfall in the upper part of the catchment is more than 1400 mm and in some pockets it exceeds 1,650 mm. From the source to , the coefficient of variation varies from 19% to 37%. Reclamation Plan Whole mining Lease area is 17.500ha and miing will be done in the entire area excluding Ramp area and its periphery.Maximum depth of mining is 1.5m . At final stage lease area is reclaimed by the river water in the the rainy season and the quarry is fully covered by the mineral again. So that desired quantity of 262500 cum. Will be easily replenished over the granted area due to the above factors. The proper concern is taken that no aquaticbody or indirectly is affected by the mining activity

Replenishment of sand The Mining Plan is prepared in such a way that the mine pit will be opened from downstream side in such fashion that they provides avenue for utmost deposition of sand.These pits would be reducing velocity of the water flow carrying sediments from upstream during monsoon to replenish the pits with sand . It is expected that this plan would lead for annual replenishment of extracted quantity of sand during the normal rains /monsoon. Avrage monsoon is about 900mm/year in Madhyapradesh. Consequence of replenishment Based on the above grounds it is envisaged that the quantity extracted during premonsoon,shall be replenished during monsoon.i,e, July to September every year provided strict compliance of the rules and periodic release of water from the reservoirs located upstream are likely to carry the load and deposit it at the trap-sites and or sand extracytion pits,which may allow the additional extraction of about 10% sand. In nut shell, it is mentioned that the volume of sand removed during excavation shall be replenished during monsoon.The production capacity is quoted in the basic information at point 3 in the form-I,It woud be reasonable to bring up that the capacity (Form-I) may be allowed for every season.i,e. form October to pre- monsoon period.

ANNUAL REPLEISHMENT: - Annual replenishment is as-

Table - 7 – ANNUAL REPLENISHMENT CAPACITY OF THE SAND IN RAJON (I)SAND QUARRY

(In Cubic Meter) Mines name Year Total Area Replenishment Depth (m) Quantity of (m2) area (m2) sand (m3)

2018-19 175000 175000 1.5 262500

2019-20 175000 175000 1.5 262500

RAJON (I) 2020-21 175000 175000 1.5 262500

2021-22 175000 175000 1.5 262500

2022-23 175000 175000 1.5 262500

10. WATER LEVEL IN THE LEAN SEASON

Tawa river is a perennial river no water level present in lean season.

11. CONCLUSION:-

Tawa Traverse a long path and its path contact with broad belt of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks at the monsoon river erode and transport large amount of eroded material (sand, gravel, silt etc) and deposit at meandering points of river. In the Rajon sand deposit only 1.5 m thickness of sand 262500 m3 take for geological reserve, so it is easily replenished at the time of monsoon.The replenishment of the sand will be depend on the above mensioned natural parameters.

Place : Hoshangabad Date :