No.4EU April1982 EUROPE 82 TheGommunity's 'iubilee' warrants a pause forreflection

Published by the Commission of the European Communities, 20 Kensington Frominent irl our pages tJ:is month is a group of articles marking Palace Gardens, London ttrfl8 4QQ. tJre 25th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of R ome. Historic Tel:01-727 8090 landmarks come and go, and closeness to events can make it Editor-in-Chief: George Scott difficult for us to recognise the transient from the significant. Editor: JohnGreenwood Associate Editor: Denis Thomas Nevertheless, the facttJrat the European Commurfbyhas nowbeen Design: Lawrence Edwards Printed by Lawrence-Allen Ltd, in existencefor a quarter ofa centurXr surely deserves \trfeston-super-Mare, Avon commemoration not just, in a CommunitJr context, but in tJre - Europe 82 does not necessarily reflect, in all wider world of which we a part. remain particulars, the opinions of the Communiry institutions. Unsigrred material may be The United Kingd.om was late to j oin. There are many reasons wny quoted or reprinted without payment, tJris should have been so, most of them political rather ttran sublect to suitable acknowledgement. sultural or ideological. Theyreceiveparti.cular attention in the B e lfa st Offi c e : V'llndsor House, 9/15 Bedford Street, Belfast BT2 7EG contributions by Michael R Charlton and ichard Ma5me in our Tel. (0232) 40708 commemorative review page starting on 9; and some of them C ar diff Offu e : 4 Cathedral Road, remain active in the continuing see-saw of British public opinion. CardiffCFl 9SG Tel. (0222) 37 163l E dinbwgh Offce : 7 Alva Street, The overriding justlfication of Britain's membership of the EdinburghEH2 4PH Community remains no less valid tJran on the day we j oined. - as Tel. (031) 225 2058 EdwardHeattr,who signedthe Treaty of accession on Britain's Associated editions: behaJf in clanuary 1972, reminds us in a special intenriew E urope, Zl0o M Street, NV, Suite 707, Washington DC 20037, USA (page I9). Tel.202 8629500

Earqpa, 350 Sparks Street, Suite I 1 t0, Ottawa, Since then, Britishhistoryhasbeenpart of Europe's. people Ontario, Canada KIR 7S8. Our Tel. (613) 238-6,16$ are engaged in the same endeavours, andface the same difficu-Lties Conmrniry Repon, 39 Molesworth Street, incomingto gripswiththe timeswe live Dublin 2, Ireland in. Tet.712244 j0Jours d Europe, 6l ruedes Belles The Community's'jubilee'warrants this pause for reflection. It is Feuilles, 75782 Paris Cedex 16, better for all ten member states tXrat we shouldbe facing the future France. Tel. 501 58 85 Conunitd Europee, Via Poli 29, together. 00187 Rome, Italy .Tet.67897 22 E F -aoisen Ganfrd Torv 4, PostBox 1,14, 1004Copenhagen K, Denmark. Tel 14414011455 32

E G M agazin, Zitelmaatstrasse 2 2, 5300Bonn,W. Germany Tel. 23 80 4l Comunid,ad europea, Serrano, 4l-5 a pbnn Madrid-I, Spain a) 'tel.474 ll99 Europaihi Koinatis, 2 Vassilissis Sofias, T.K. 1602, Athens 134, Greece TeL.7439821314 Europa-berieht, E U R iafo, Z"^ry Archimedesstraat 73, frt 1040 Brussel, Belgium Tel. 235 4178 Euroforum LuxemDourg, Bitiment Jean Monnet, Luxembourg-Kirchberg Tel. 4301 I AorupaToplulupt, 13 Bof,az Sokak Kavaklidere, Aokara, Turkey Tel.27 6145 UROPE 82 IUew weialth jrcmEast An$lia's tarmland

The yellow carpet that rolls out across the East Community is anxious to reduce imports of these Anglian farmland in the early days of summeris a vital commodities, it is subsidising oil seed rape bright symbol of Britain's membership of the production, with the result that the crop has European Community. It is produced by a crop- oil increased dramatically since Britain joined the seed rape- that provides oil and protein. Since the Common Market.

ecause East Angta is one ofthe coun- part of Pauls & Whites, one of the top 250 UK try's most fertile agricultural regions manufacturing companies with yearly sales of and is ideally suited for growing oil t240 million covering animal feed, malt, food seed rape, the fields of Norfolk, Suf- flavours and related products. folk and Cambridgeshire become a riot of Barley from local farms, mostly in Suffolk, colour in early May, when the crop produces is delivered by road to Pauls & Sandars' its yellow flowers. Ipswich maltings, which stand on the dock- One ofthe largest producers ofoil seed rape side. The barley is germinated to produce in the region is United Farm Production, malt - some 50,000 tonnes is produced in the based at Framlingham, Suffolk. It is a far- Ipswich area each year. Practically all ofit is mers' co-operative which, ten years ago, had for bxport, the exception being a very small just a couple of members who were looking supply to a local brewery. with interest at oil seed rape. They were en- Other parts of the company's maltings op- couraged to do so by UFP, which has helped eration in the UK cater for the home trade, make it a profitable crop to grow. though this has been hit badly by a slump in 'Acreage given to the crop has expanded beer and whisky consumption. Ipswich is one rapidly,' says UFP general manager Roger of seven maltings centres in the UK which Adshead, 'Since our small beginnings in 1973 together make Pauls & Sandars the second we now have around 150 growers with a total largest malsters in Europe. ofsome 9,500 acres. In a good year they can Very little of the malt is exported to the produce something like 12,000 tonnes of oil ROY STEMMAN reports Continent. France is self-sufficient, for exam- seed rape.' An estimated 400,000 acres is now fromone of the most ple, and the other European countries can given to the crop nationally, and a very high meetmostoftheir ownrequirements. Pauls & proportion of this is in East Anglia. productive grain- gf,owing Sandars is very much a European company, \tr7hat makes it particularly appealing to areas in Europe, however, with subsidiaries in France, Ger- farmers is thatit is a'break'crop-one that can manyandBelgium. be grown between a run of other crops to where Community funds The malt produced at Ipswich could find its break the rotation. There was a time when oil are helpingto expand way to the far reaches ofthe globe: South and seed rape was grown only as a break crop, but an age-old \(est Africa, South America, Japan and Rus- now it is also a cash crop in its own right. sia are all in the market at the moment. Two techniques are used to harvest the agraflan economy Animal feed manufacture has traditionally crop, in the lastweeks ofJuly or thebeginning been carried out close to ports, because of of August. It is either cut down and left to dry reliance on imported cereals. Since the last for l0 days before being picked up by a con- war, however, and the steep increase in home ventional combine harvester and thrashed, or Corporation. It, too, is a crop that has be- production of cereals, there has been a else it is sprayed with chemicals, to stop the nefited from UK membership of the EEC and marked move to other parts of the country. process of photosynthesis, and then com- the decision to stop importing raw sugar from Because of the availability of cereals, East bined direct. Australia, which produced a shortfall of Anglia is also an important pig and poultry The black seeds are thenmarketed by UFP, around 300,000 tonnes a year. producing area - grain being part of their usually to one of the three principal UK As a result, the British Sugar Corporation staple diet. So it is not surprising to find that crushers, who extract the oil and refine it. The began an expansion programme which in- Pauls Agriculture has ioined forces with rape oil can be used in its pure form as a creased its production from one-third of the Britain's leading grocerychain, J. Sainsbury cookingoil, orit can be blended with other oils UK's domestic requirement to a half. Since Ltd, in a pig farming enterprise. It has lust for numerous food products, such as marga- the completion of the programme, in 1980, it opened a new breeding and fattening unit in rine and salad dressings. At least 90 per cent of has been producing an average of l. I million the region, enabling it to increase the number the oil produced in the UK is for edible use. tonnes ofsugar a year. ofpigs produced each year by 20 per cent. The meal that is left after the crushing process Many of its sugar processing factories are in Direct aid to the East Anglian region from contains proteins, and is sold to animal feed East Anglia, including the two largest in the Europe comes from the Agricultural Fund, manufacturers. UK - at Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, and whichhas givenin excessof 0472 million since Such is the increase in the growth ofoil seed \flhitington, Norfolk. Each can process over 1973. Much of this money has been used by rape that it now occupies a comparable 10,000 tonnes ofbeet a day. pig and poultry farmers to improve their pro- acreage to that given to sugar beet - another East Anglia is one of the most productive cessing capabilities. crop of great importance to the region. grain growing areas in Europe. One Ipswich- For example, recent EEC farm aid has The main concentration of the UK sugar based company, Pauls & Sandars Ltd, has included a 12 l7 ,622 grattto rmprove hygiene beet crop is in East Anglia, which provides been trading in malt and barley for brewers standards at a poultry processing plant at Eye, half the sugar input for the British Sugar since the early l9th century. The company is Suffolk; 9214,010 for the construction of a 3 :

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poultry processing factory' at Bury St A rioi of colour in eorly Moy, ond o moior Broads in search of peace and tranquility. Edmunds, Suffolk; t441,330 for the mod- EostAnglion cosh crop: oil seed rope now Others go in search of the sun and sand at ernisation and expansion ol a pig processing covers some 400,000 ocres o{ English Clacton or Great Yarmouth, or they may ex- factory in the same townl and f.269,212 for formlond. plore Cambridge. modernisation and expansion of an abattoir at Because East Anglia was almost solely de- Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. abled one farm, between Ipswich and Felix- pendent on agriculture for its economy until Potato processing facilities have also re- stowe, to install a t150,000 drainage scheme the early part of this century, and it has no ceived larm aid. including trvo grants of arld recover 1,000 acres of land which could great mineral or energy resources, heavy in- not previously be useti lbr growing. dustrv has not put down roots in the region. Aqriculturql Fund oid Not all the Agricultural Fund's aid is spent This is making it easier for small, high- hdlps fqrmers with on the land. East Anglia also has a fishing technology firms to establish themselves. rla problems industry, with Lowestoft its major porr. Re- Although at present it has the smallesr droinoge cent grants to the region have included nearlv population of all the UK regions cxcept C7+ million lbr the construction of fishing Northern Ireland, Hast Anglia is fast Iilling vessels based at Lowestoft. and an additional up. In the last 20 years its population has around t100,000 each lor businesses at Chat- t,19,858 on modernisation of works and land- increased by 25 percent-and there is room for teris, Cambridgeshire. ing facilities at Lowestoft's Iish docks. still more growlh without becoming uncom- A large amount of Agricultural Fund aid But the port's amenities are still verv old- lortablv crowded. Today, in this traditionalll, has also gone to help East Anglian larmers fashioned and its depleted fleet, which fishes farming region, only 6.6 per cent of the overcome drainage problems on their land, lor plaice in south Norwegian waters. awaits population is engaged in agriculture, repre- many acres of which are extremely marshv. anxiously an agreement on a common fishing senting 11.8 per cent of the total UK farm Numerous grants, of betrveen C20,000 and policy fo the EEC, so that its market can be labour force. t30,000, have been made torvards the con- revitalised. With the lowest unemployment rate after struction of small pumping stations in the area Farming and fishing are not the region's the South-East, East Anglia owes much of its to improve drainage. Others have been made oni1,'natural' resources. East Anglia attracts present relative prosperity to the Common to help drainage schemes on specific farms. tourists and holidaymakers, too. Some head Market - not least those vivid yellow fields European Communitv farm aid has en- for the congested waters of the Norfoik thatyield theharvest knownas rape. g 4 UROPE The Community's fess on Jor lreland

o manypeople abroad the image of Bringrng old enemies established, Cooperation North should have Ireland, created and nuttured by looked to the Community as well as to the newspaper headlines and dramatic together as partners has London and Dublin governments for sup- television news clips, is one of worked in the EEC. It could port. The Community has already given sub- interminable conflict between two also end stantial backing to studies on communica- communities whose traditions, cultures helpto sectarian tions, tourism, drainage and the fishing in- olds6ligions seem destined to keepthem conflict in lreland, writes dusuies in the border areas, as well as direct foreverapart. PETERDOYLE grants from its Regional, Social and Farm The haued and violence which, to outsid- Funds. The Community has also served as the ers, appear to pervade everyday li[e, have model for the organisation. frightened off foreign investment and tour- Says Dr O'Regan: 'Perhaps the basic aim in ists. Security requirements have involved sentatives, businessmen, journalists, youth the establishment of the European Commun- both the British and lrish governments in organisations and the like. It has also estab- ity was the creation of an economic framework enormous expenditure. The damage done to lished an independent trading company to which would end for ever the long-standing the general economies of both sides of the encourage trade between North and South. enmity between France and Germany. Surely border is incalculable. Backed by funds from the European Com- there is a lesson for us in this experience. For all that, the image which the Irish mission in Brussels, Cooperation North has 'If two countries as powerful and diverse as people's fellow citizens in the European Com- carried out a series of important studies on the these,with all theirhistory ofconflict, can use munity have ofthe troubledislandis, toalarge potential for cooperation between border the best ofboth traditions to build a future for extent, a misleading one. Only a minute frac- communities in such areas as agriculture, themselves and their children, surely we on tion of either the Protestant or Catholic com- tourism and energy . It has also prepared prop- this smallislandcanappreciate thefutility and munities is involved in violence. The vast osals for a feasibility study to be carried out on the waste of destructive conllict . ' malority of the population tries to lead a nor- the establishment of a cross-border industrial Dr O'Regan adds: 'I believe that we can mal life in the shadow of the violence, which zone, as well as educational projects which (it move now, and try to give expression in prac- gives its perpetrators an impact out of all hopes) will attract funding from the Com- tical terms to the aims which, in a wider proportion to their numbers or political sup- munity as well as from both governments. context, inspired the founders of the port. It is no accident that, soon after it was Community.' g \While the violence tends to exaggerate the differences which divide the communities, and makes it more difficult to resolve them, it cannot be denied that these do exist- between the Catholic and Protestant communities in Northern Ireland, where the Protestants are in a two-to-one majority, and between North- ern Ireland and the Republic south of the border, where the population of almost three and a half million is 95 per cent Catholic. Both the Dublin and London governments are working together in an attempt to break old political moulds and to bring about a measure of reconciliation. Alongside these efforts, various individuals and organisations have been working quietly, among them a group which owes its origins to the ideals and achievements of the European Community. Cooperation North was founded in 1979 by a group of prominent individuals in the Re- public who felt thatafundamental causeofthe island's political problems was a lack of understanding between the communities on either side ofthe border. They decided to set about resolving this, by encouraging in- creased uade and industry and improved so- cial and cultural links. 'Images are potentr' says Dr Brendan O'Regan, chairrran of Cooperation North, 'and in this island they are too often distorted. These distortions damage all of us. \Ufle must do all we can to substitute facts for myths,' rUfith financial support from the four main banking $oups - two based in Dublin and rwo in Belfast - the organisation, which emphasises its non-political nature, has spon- This is ihe front cover of 'About Eurooe'-on uo-lo-dote.24-oooe occount of the sored a flow of familiarisation visits in both Europeon Community iust published in Bruss6ls. lt is ov;ilo6le]free of chorge,from directions across the border for public repre- EC Distribution Deportmenl, PO Box22,Wesion-super-More, Avon Bs249Ew. EUROPE Action lor the @mmunity's mi*antworkers

I UCIEN IACOBY. a member of the LUCIENJACOBY, A major indusuial centres of Europe. I C" -lrr'"lrn'sdirectorate of At present some ten pilot proiects are in ! employment, social affairs and member ofthe European operation in France, Belgium, the Nether- I education, explains the educationd Commission's directomte of laods, Luxemburg, Great Britain and \[est andvocationalproblems which arise from emPlolrment, social atrairs Germany. They are being run as part of an free Eovement within the Community. action progranrne on the education of mig- Mobility of the labour force in the com- and education, e:rplains rantworkers andtheir dependants. Theprog- munity poses two major problems: school the problems that arise from rarnme covers such areas as introductory edu- education and vocational training. A commit- cational training, instruction in the language tee consisting ofrepresentatives ofthe gov- free movementwithinthe and culture ofthe homecouatry, intercultural ernments, employers and trades unions has Community; and how they education, teacher training, and the develop been formed to agsist the Commission to en- couldbe ment and promotion of special teaching aids. sure worker mobility within the Community. dedtwith These proiects are nowbeing evaluated. Special emphasis is laid on the vocational Such measures are comparatively new. But training of employees and the education of the trend towards inner-European migration theirchildren. regard to school education and apprentice or on a large scale dates back to the decade A resolution passed by the Comnunity's vocational training as the citizens ofthat state, 1960-70, The education autlorities have re- Council of Ministen in 1974 gives priority in as long as these children are resident in the sponded very late to the radically changng the social sector to the institution ofan action country in question.' Finally, the regulation school population. Today this population is pro$amme for migrant workers both from requires that'the member states should sup- multi-lingual and has a gieat diversity of the Member States and from other countries. port all efforts desigpred to ensure that such culturalbackgrounds. The plan which the Commission put forward childreu are able to make the most of their In industrial regions, forexample, the chil- in December 1974, calls for concerted action education at the above-mentioned institu- dren of migrant workers now represeut 30 per to help the children of migrant workers and tions.' cent-40 per cent of the toul number of chil- emphasizes the importance of language clas- In July 1981 a directive came into effect ses aud vocational training. providing for the schml education ofthe chil- The Yqst mqioritv of Since 1974 the European Social Fund has dren of migrant workers in the European immiqront childien been able to help medber states which incur Community. It requires that the host country additional expenses in theirefforts to provide ofrer some form of introductory teaching for hoYe-problems suitable education for the children of migrant migrauts in the (or an) official language ofthe otschbol workers. The Fund also assists in action prog- country concerned. Such teaching should be raurmes designed to improve training facili- geared to the needs offoreign children. The host country is also bound to provide special dren at school. Although immigration from EvervYeor,the Sociql training facilities for teachers who workwith non-EC countries has been halted, the num- the children of migrant families . ber of foreign school-children is still risiug Fundhlelps-t 50,000 In addition, the directive calls upon host steadily, as a result ofboth the reuniting of qdult mi{ronf workers countries to cooperative with the migrants' families and the high birthrate. nation of prigin to ensure that insuuction is The vast maiority sf immigrant children provided in the native language and culture of have great problems at school. Their entry foreign children. So far the directive is legally into working life is therefore correspondingly ties for social workers and teachers who work binding only with regard to the dependent difficult. There are two million foreign chil- with migrant families and their children. children of citizens of EC countries who are dren at school in the member states, which Every year the Social Fund contributes working, or have worked, in other member mean that around 200rfi[ leave every year. towards educational courses and uaining states. But the Community has announced its Only half of them are able to move on to schemes which help some 80,fi[ schoolchil- firm intention to extend the provisions ofthe vocational training, and of these only a few dren, 3,0(X) teacherr and social workers, and policy to all groups offoreign children. participate in full-lengrh training program- 150,000 adult migrant workers. Introductory educational training for mig- mes. Therestcanonlycontributeto therisein The education and vocational training of rant children, which is absolutely vital for unemployment: they have little chance of migrant families and their dependants are their later development at school, is no longer getting a traineeship or a iob. guaranteed by law. A Community regulation left to the discretion ofthe individual school The Commission intends in future to take has laid down the rules concerning the mobil- authorities. It has become an acknowledged action in Dursery education. It has become ity of migrant families within the Commun- right, enforceable by the Community courts. clear that foreign children who visit a nursery ity. The regulation stipulates that 'migrant The requirement that menber states offer school from the age ofthree are easily inte- workers from other member states must be itstruction inthe native language and culture gratedinto the educational systemof the host giveu the same oppormniry to visit schools, of the migrants' home country is designed to country. Again, more foreign teachers are to training colleges and re-training ceutres, with help immigranS to retain their national be appointed to instruct migrant children in equalrights and underthe same conditions, as identity. It is a positive step towards better their native language aud culture. The Com- the nationals of their couutry of residence.' international relations within the Commun- mission also recognizes that it is inesponsible Furtheraore, 'children of an EC citizen ity. What's more, the presenceofthe children to allow 40 per cent ofyoung foreigners to be who works, or has worked, in another mem- of migrant families has ensured that the EC excluded from vocational training because of ber state must have the same rights rrith languages are now taught at schools in the theirlackof successatschool. g 5 ROPE 82

Therewouldnot, hefeels, bemuch sensein dragging all the details ofyour business dis- pute before a panel ofarbitrators ifthat turns out to be no more thao an additional time- was 'ng step on the way to the courts. The Arab-French Chamber of Commerce beganto look closely at the problem ayearor two ago, and started a movement that is de- veloping into a formal 'Euro-Arab Arbitra- tiou System' accepted by all the Arab states. There are various systems of arbitration in existencewoddwide says SirRichard, but the French evidentlyfeltthat theywere tooloosea netnork for what is essentially bilateral Arab- European trade. So they drew up a plan, which is nowunder discussion, to extend this into a European-wide arbitration systen. Every company sipiug a contract involv- ing trade between the Europe and the Arab worldwould add an arbitrationclause spelling out the legal system.to be used in the event of any dispute, and agreeing to submit disputes to the panel of the Arab-European arbitrators. 'At the moment', Sir Richards explains, 'many frms simply don't specifu the legal code that covers their contracts, or make any provision for arbitration.'

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arSumentwithanArab lIhen problems arise, the frst partner to court has the edge, or ad hoc arbitration schemes are used. But, ia a dispute between two companies, neither is overkeen to accept BRENNAN reports the other's 'independent' nominee. One JOIIN arbitrator picked by each side, and acceptable on a scheme to ease the ways to eachside, is nottoomuch ofaproblem. But Wffi*lffiffi Europe's businessmen settle whataboutthethird? Vhopicks thsmen $ith courts of your osr country. But imagine legal disputes thecastingvote? the houble you run into yhen deds go with their Under the present systemwhichever com- wrong between European and Arab Arab clients pany loses the argument is likely to cry 'Foul' conpanies. You not only have the and head for his local court. Minor argumens problems of distance and language to about contractural details turn into feuds. contend with, but a yawning gap between board room up to royal, or presidential palace So, as Sir Richard explains, the Arab the culturalandlegal codes ofthe other level. But for the rest, the choice when things Chambers in Europe are working towards a paryaswell. go wrong is arbiuation, risking a lengthy tour single secretariat for the system, that would It's a problem underlined by the steadily of the courts, or accepting a writing-off as forward the necessary paperc to the relevant widening range of Arab and Europea.n com- expensively-earned experience. Chamber, whethe,r in Britain, France or panies entering into import and export deals, Not a very satisfactory situation. But it is Saudi Arabia. Then a panel of jurists would ioint ventues and service contracts. abouttochange. choose an arbitrator to foin the nominees Oil, naturally enough, accounted for the Sir Richard Beaumont is chairman of the picked by the companies in dispute. bulk of the Arab goods imponedinto the BEC Arab-British Chamber of Commerce, one of It is critical, says Sir Richard, to have an countries. But European exports to Arab the chanbers established in each European outside body picking that third arbitrator. states-worth overf20billionin 1980-reflect counuy to stimulate trade with the 21 Arab And, as the Arab Chambers handle the docu- the widening of trading links. League member states. Sir Richard exphins: mentation work necessary to trade with com- Euro-Arab business has developed from a 'At the moment a big question mark hangs panies within the Arab League states, they are few, multi-national deals turning petro- over the whole business of arbitration - that's in an ideal position to press ahead and create dollars into dry docks or air fields, to involve execution of the arbitrators' decision. that accepted'outside' body. countless smaller businesses on both sides of 'It is very difficult for any government to Not that all disputes need to get to that the Mediterranean. As more and more Euro- abrogate the power of its own courts. So stage. 'A great deal of our workr' says Sir pean and Arab companies get together, the companies are wary of arbitration if they think Richard, 'is informal - or formal - concilia- scop for commercial disputes inevitably that, when a decision has been taken, the tion. It's surprising how many disputes fade widens. The big boys ofinternational trade party thearbitrators find against can stillgo to whena thirdparty sis dowuandulks through can handle their contractural disputes from law.' theproblems.' E 7 LOUrc sees great uges. It is the best guarantee against the The TGV could point the woy to JOOS resurgence at Community level of that cen- closer links witl.iin Europe. potential in France's new tralism which has so often marked the nation record-breaking express state. Careful observers have also noted that those that conventional trains can manage. A - the proposed route of Europole would bring line from Brussels to Geneva would cenainly a high-speed rail link benefits to frontier regions which are still cost less than Roissy airport near Paris. It between the power centres bypassed by maior economic developments. would also be a good deal cheaper than the of the Community Europole would reduce still further the time Channel Tunnel. Finance would be compara- required to travel from one end ofthe decen- tively easy, since four countries would share 6alized capital of Europe to the other. The the cost. aim is to do the journey from Brussels to The Com:nunity could also make a con- If he success of the French fiain a Suasbourg via Luxembourg in 103 minutes. tribution from the Regional Fund, since the I gandcoitesse (TGV), whichhas cut The train would then continue to Basle, tak- route through Lidge, Luxembourg, Metz and ! the iourney from Lyons to Paris to ing a total of iust over three hours at a cruising Nancy would stimulate activity in the frontier I 2 hours,l0 minutes, demotrstrates speed ofover 200 miles per hour. areas of the Ardennes and Lorraine - regions that surface transport is itill competitive The second section of the line would leave which have hitherto been disadvantaged or in with air travel over medium-haul routes. Community territory but it would still link decline. It is surprising, therefore, that the Euro- places where the countries of Europe meet. A further benefit would be the construction pean press has reacted with comparative in- Geneva is the seat of the European Organiza- of a spur from Strasbourg to Frankfurt via difference to the latest round in the struggle ro tion for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Ludwigshafen, to ease pressure on the over- create the'Europole'train, at the 16th meet- United Nations Economic Commission for crowded German rail system in the right bank ing ofthe European Conference oflocal Au- Europe, while Basle frequently hosts meet- of the Rhine. Improved links between Brus- thorities, heldin Strasbourg last November. ings of the central bankers of the industrial- sels and London would allow travellers from Apart from its technical and economic isedworld. Britain to reach the heart of Europe for the aspects, the creation ofa rail link has political A glance at the Europole timetable shows price ofa rail ticket but with the directness of implications. All too often, national transport that traditional solutions are technically quite an aeroplane. The success of this pioneer policies stop short at frontiers - and that inadequate. tVhat the project's sponsors railway project would give a boost to Euro- perhaps is why Europole has yet to get going. propose is a 'hovertrain' propelled by a sound- pean prestige, withattendanteconomic gains, But now a new political factor seems about to proofed turbo iet on a cushion of air. Each iust as the European Airbus and Ariane have revive the proiect. Strasbourg wants to re- carriage would hold 80 passengers, giving a done. main the seat of the European Parliament, capacity of 1,600 people per hour. Technical- Europole could be built before the end of Brussels means to keep the executive - the ly, this solution is perfectly feasible and offers the Eighties- but public opinionmustfirst be European Commission; Luxembourg is a number of important advantages over con- mobilised in its favour. For a long time, the hanging on to the Court ofJustice, the Euro- ventional railway systems. The elevated press has poked fun at the dispersion of the pean Investment Bank and the Statistical monorail requires little land and can easily capital ofEurope over an area of275 miles. Office. negotiate all kinds of obstacles, especially lrhy should it not now support a profect These conflicting political pressures, those found around towns. Compulsory which would reduce the Community's scat- which have so far successfully prevented the purchase would be reduced to a minimum, tered capital, in terms of :me, to the size of a creation of a single Community capital, will and maintenance of the uack virtually elimin- conventional city? The 103 minutes from not abate. Furthermore, supporters of re- ated, since there is no direct contact with the Brussels to Suasbourg is little more than the gionalism have recently discovered that a 'dis- train and therefore no friction. time it takes to cross Paris from Roissy to persed' or 'polycentric' capital as the technoc- Furthermore, the hovertrain could cope Orly, or Greater London from Romford to rats would have it, does have some advan- quite happily with gradients far steeper than Heathrow. E 8 .l

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: EUROPE 8

Last month the European Community celebrated its Silver Jubilee. It is now a quarter of a century since the signing of the Treaties of Rome, the source of Europe's inspiration and strength and a charter for European integration. For those of us committed to the European venture, this anniversary provides an opportunity to pay tribute to the vision and political courage of the eminent statesmen who conceived and won acceptance for a grand design: to replace centuries of warfare by a process of integration and a shared political objective.

!n q personol introduction to this integration, it would compromise the prospects of the nations of Europe and lead to their irreversible decline. revibw of the 2lyesrs since the lWe cannot hope to rise to the challenges of the Eighties unless we are signing of the Treqty of Rome, properly equipped. \We need to restore Community cohesion, adapt the common agricultural policy to the changed situation, and develop oAsrdN THORN,s6venrh new common policies, notably for industry, energy and research. President of the Europeqn This was the essence of the mandate the Commission was given on 30 Commission, sums up fhe May 1980. As I write, agreement on the Commission's proposals is qqins qnd proving elusive. Although consensus has emerged on a number of Community's - whqt important issues, we are still concerned that the deadlock on others still remqiris to-be done could hinder the general revitalisation of the Community. This is a time for action, not empty words. Our fust step must be to preserve, consolidate and develop our predecessors'achievements. I cannot believe that thosewho govern us willallowthe European edifice TwrNty-r'tvr vEaRStA mere twinkling of history's eye, according to to crumble. Jean Cocteau. It has obviously proved impossible, in such a short space Our second step must be to define new objectives which will fire the of time, to complete the grand design of the founding fathers of the imagination of the younger generation, a generation which has no wish Community. And it is hardly surprising that, despite the distance to belong to a decliningCommunity asit movesinto the 2lst century. covered, the considerable measure of integration achieved is under The Community can find this new lease of life. But it needs to take a constant threat. decision now. But, to my mind, no quirk of history can diminish some of our achievements. First, the people ofEurope have seen the absurdity and futility of fratricidal strife. Secondly, a number of milestones have been passed on the road to economic and political unity. The removal of customs barriers within the Community has meant an unprecedented broadening of business- men's horizons, an extraordinary expansion oftrade and a spectacular rise in standards of living. At the same time the common agricultural policy has laid the spectre of food shortages, guaranteeing secure supplies and providing farmers with fair incomes. Thirdly, Europe is now the main source of public aid to the Third \trilorld - its unique policy of cooperation with some sixty developing countries sets an example in many respects. Lastly, Europe has its own elected parliament, supplying the demo- cratic legitimacy which the Six, the original European nucleus, so desperately lacked. Successive enlargements, and the Community's attraction for the rest ofthe world, testify to the vitality and credibility of what we have built so far. But the structure is still precarious, vulnerable to storms which damage its internal cohesion and strain external relations. It may be that the Community is traversing the most difficult period in its history -for never, in all its 25 years have the winds of crisis blown so hard. lWhat are the clouds threatening the Community's future? First and foremost, there is the unending economic crisis reflected in soaring unemployment. All the indications are that this upward trend will continue for some months. It is partly explained by inadequate The seoen presidents of investment: we are devoting a diminishing proportion of our resources the Commissionwho to investment, at a timewhenwe should beinvestingmassively innew, haoe seroedinitsfirst advanced industries to compensate for the decline of a number of 25 years. Toprow: traditional ones. l{/ aher H allstein ; J e an Rey; Franco Maia Our failure to invest means that we are beginning to lag behind the Malfatti. Secondrow: States and and gravely the United Japan, compromising competitive- Sicco Manshoh; ness of and our products for a long time to come. our industries F r angois-X aoier O rtoli ; Our list of priorities would be incomplete if we failed to mention the RoyJenkins. Right: importance of fighting inflation, striving for greater energy independ- GastonThom. ence, putting our public finances in order, restoring our trade balance, and narrowing divergences in economic development. In these circumstances there are many who advocate a return to protectionism and renationalisation of the internal market. It is our business to prove themwrong. A return to egoism and national barriers would be a serious historical error. By undermining our efforts at 10 JUBILEE REVIEW

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! t is Spring 1955. The European Coal and JEAN REY, a former ! Steel Community has beenfunctioning ! satisfactorily forthree years. president of the I Encouraged by its success, member Commission, recalls how states of the Community are convinced that anothermaior step forward is possible. the original six member International circumstances, in any case, states moved towards their require it. historic decision The member states negotiate and conclude the treaty setting up the European Defence Community. This is signed by the six govern- is possible on the defence front, he suggests ments, ratified by five parliaments, but runs that European integration should be relaun- into problems with the French parliament, ched in the economic sector. which finally - in August 1955 - with the Spaak is rapidly convinced; the two minis- Daumier's classic - and prophetic- complicity of the government of Mendes- ters agree to ask for assistance from their cartoon, publishedin 1867, shows France rejects the treaty. colleague from Luxembourg, Mr Bech, the Europe performing a balancing act The resulting disappointment and disarray wiseoldmanofEurope, whofallsinwith their on a globe that is smoking like a run deep in Europe. plans. They decide to ask for the agreement of bomb. Low, in 1948, personified It is Beyen, Mr the Dutch Foreign Minis- their three German, French and Italian col- Europe less dramatically - as a bus, ter, who takes the initiative which puts an end leagues, who agree immediately, The Italian with the title'French Double-decker'. to this rather gloomy state of affairs. He visits Foreign Minister, Gaetano Martino, has to The conductoris Robert Schuman, his colleague Mr Spaak, in Brussels, and sug- stay in Sicily because of an electoral cam- whose famous Plan was an early gests that the Benelux governments should paign. But he says: 'I do not have time to travel pointer towards a united Europe. make a new effort. Because no further action to the north ofEurope, but come to Italy. I am ) It ROPE 82 prepared to receive you.' This is why the by doing so, baptises Europe . . . The next step is the Conference ofVenice, conferenceis held on 5 June 1955, at Messina. Initiated in Brussels at meetings of expert preceded by the Spaak report drawn up by The Benelux representatives arrive with groups, the negotiations open in a series of Messrs Uri, von der Groeben and Hupperts. two projects. The first, modest one, calls for lively discussions and in very evident dis- An intergovernmental group is established to the extension of the successful coal and steel agreement. Two English experts invited to draw up the treaty. Two Belgians play a parti- integration process to other sectors such as the discussions as observers-Messrs Brether- cularly distinguished role: Baron Jean- textiles or chemicals. The other, more daring, ton and Figgures smoke their pipes all day Charles Snoy et d' Oppuers, secretary general proposal calls for the creation of a real and long and do not utter a word. After several in the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and wider-ranging Economic community. months, convinced that agreement would Paul-Henri Spaak, president. Luckily, the representatives of the three never be reached, they leave the meetings on A man like Spaak, a real genius when it big countries - Antoine Piney for France, tiptoe. comes to reconciling attitudes, simplifying 'Walter Hallstein for Germany and Gaetano They are very surprised a year later to learn solutions, and convincing the reluctant, was Martino for Italy - are all 'good Europeans'. that the treaty has been signed. Yy'e will never clearly needed to negotiate the compromise They agree immediately to adopt the more know whether they left voluntarily, as the and obtain general agreement. 'We can never ambitious proposal, and set up a committee of continentals say, or whether they were no thank him enough. experts to discuss its basis. longer invited, as say the Brirish. It would require much more space than I Agreement is rapid, and the delegates are have been given to analyse the tremendous enthusiastic. One evening, on the beautiful merits of the Treaty, the results obtained and October I 95.l : o Germon view of Britoin's present terrace of the San Dominico Grand Hotel at pliqht. Mocmillon. shipwrecked, is rowed the difficulties facing the Ten. Taormina, discussions are particularly lively bcioss the Chonn6l by the Germtn Generally speaking, the Treaty has not until Antoine Panay, who is unable to sleep economics minister, Dr Erhord. Aboord grown old. It allowed faster than expected because of the noise, opens his window and the good ship Europo, de Goulle stores achievement of a customs union; and it began empties a jug of water on to the terrace - and, down, unimpressed. the construction of common policies which 'Progress is hompered brr th-e friohlenrno sl'ownesiof Coun-cil procedures'

are the basis of economic union. It also allowed for new policies such as monetary integration, which is currently in the process of beingdeveloped. Regionalpolicyisanother example. However, absence ofan energy poli- cy, eight years after the beginning of the oil crisis, is a maior drawback which illustrates the crisis now confronting the Community. Even if, externally, the Community has made a name for itself in the Kennedy and Tokyo Roundtariff negotiations; even ifithas brought together over sixty developing coun- tries in the Yaound6 and Lom6 negotiations; and even if it has extended its frontiers to include Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Greece, the Community's internal develop- ment has been slowed down incredibly. This has been due to the re-emergence ofnational- ism; member state individualism;and the frightening slowness of Council procedures which - despite the texts of the Treaty and appeals from the Commission - continue to apply the unanimity principle in reaching decisions. The Council must modernise its working methods, in keeping with appeals made by Mr Dankert for the Parliament, MrThornfor the Commission and Mr Tindemans for the Council. This will allow the Community to recapture its initial creative momentum. The world today can no longer be seen in terms of sovereign states, but rather in terms ofcontinents. Europeans, ifthey want their old and precious continent to play a leading role in world affairs, must take these new realities into account. It is not too late. But, as Paul-Henri Spaak told the United Nations in 1949, it is time. JUBILEE REVIEW Promise andproblems inthenew Europe

I the bens in the Eternal City had Thefirststagewas a tunately, had refused to budge. Again, the nrng as the Treaty of Rome was whole subjectwasimpossibly complex, and it signed. Now the celemony wng success. Buthopes of was nice to be able to pass the buck back to the over; butthe realbattles stilllay positive integration have Commission when the problem became too ahead. The new Community was stfiing been hottohandle. from scratch, with nothing to its name but a disappointed, unites The fact that blaming the Community for basic legal charter, a set offairly specific IIENRIBRUGMANS, everythingthat wentwrong tended to make it goals, and the hopes invested in it. RectorEmeritus ofthe unpopularwith thepublic, was glossedover- The first task was to phase out custorns the damrge could always be repaired by an barriers. This was something the authors of College of Europe, Bnrges uplifting speech on the vital importance of the Treaty had expected to cause enormous integratiou, the historic nature ofthe enter- problems, so they had taken the unpre- grise, the nobleness of the nims. cedented step of sening a firm timetable. On a and rationalizing farming without driving That, in spite of everything, the common given date a given stepforwardmust be taken; people offthe land. agricultural policy did not sink without trace the member states might be tempted to drag His first step was to invite top specialists is partly due to the fact that de Gaulle's France their feet on customs 'disarmament', but they and representatives ofthe different interest remained fiercely attached to it. Paradoxical- had boundthemselves by their siguature and groups to a meeting in Stresa. Mansholt was ly, although Mansholt freely cursed French must honour the pledge. too astute to ask themwhat tlzrywantedfrom nationalism, he worked hand in glove with The role of France here was decisive. him; irrsteard, he presented thern with his Edgard Pisani, who for many years was de Generalde Gaullewas noprotectionisc hehad blueprint for European agriculture in the year Qxgllg's minister of agficulture. faith in the ability of French industry not only 2000. The two men had much in common. Both to withstand foreign competition on the His plans were too ambitious; or rather, socialists, they saw the issues in terms of domestic market but also to compete on its they were not such as could be gasped by hurnanwelfare, notcoldfigures. DeGaullerin parmers'markets. In December 1958, there- those with their eyes frmly fixed on their own any caae, was passionately commined to the fore, he decided to devalue the franc and end a short-time advantage. Buthewasnotwithout European farm policy-not simply becauseit venerable French tradition of protectionism. allies. He went around the Community talk- was in France's interests but because, once The 6rst 10 per cent tariffcut came into force ing to local farmen'organisations, always in convinced of the need for reform, he was not on I January 1959, aheadofschedule. their own language. Undeterred by occa- the man to flinch from radical change. Here This 'negative' integration, the removal of sionally shalsy gnmmar, he got his message again, he supported the European venture. national frontiers in trade, turned out to be across. At grassrootslevelhisviews wonmuch Francealsomadeavaluableconuibutionin comparatively easy. As intra-Community respect, and he himselfwas popular. relations with the developing countries. Dur- trade took off, there were sneers at the'Com- The governments, understaudably, ing the protractednegotiations over the textof munity of shopkeepers', asiftradewas some- reacted somewhat differently. The farming the Treaty of Rome, the French delegates thing of concern to businessmen alone. Im- community was an important section of the raised the question ofthe overseas territories. porting and exportiDg, ofcourse, are not ab- electorate, and farmers' votes could win or France had special arrangements for its trade stract transactions - goods cross frontiers to lose elections. All too ofteu, the interested with these mainly African countries, allowing satisfu demand and to fuel the expansion of partieshad asharpereyeforimmediateprofit, their exports in duty-free. But the cotnmon industry. however small, ^han for even the most sen- external customs tariffwhich it was planned Europe gre\r more prosperous. People sible longterm investment. The creeping're- to bring into force would operate in the Com- were not necessadly any happier; but then, nationalisation' ofCommunitypolicy blurred munity against imports from all non-member the Treaty of Rome was not legislating for the overall design, and the common agri- countries. A measure which was designed to happiness. At all events, tle first stage was a cultural policy degenerated into an annual combat protectionism would in practice have success. price-fixing exercise. A certain amount of raised barriers to trade berflreen France andits The Community, however, had an agd- bitterness attended Mansholt's deparnue former possessions, which to the French was cultural as well as an industrial dimension. from the Commission, of which he had latter- clearlyunacceptable. Agriculture, indeed, was the only sector put ly been vice-president and even, for a few Not all the prospective member states saw ou a wholly Community footing. At the Com- months, President. things iD this light. Germany, stripped of its mission, the man responsible for agriculture, The national gove[rments, however, had colonies in 1919, was extremely reluctant to Sicco Mansholt, had been a farmer himself. no intention of scrapping the agricultual go alongwithwhat was seenin some qurters He knew he was being asked to square the comnonmarket, which provided better out- as French neocolonialism. The Netherlands, circle - guaranteeing farmers a comfortable lets for their produce and dso a convenient too, had misgivings: the decolonisation of income while .providing consuoers with scapegoat when dealing with perennially dis- Indonesiahadleft its scars, andtherewaslittle goods at reasonable prices, defending gruntled farmers. 'Thei!' film minislgl had enthusiasm for a fresh overseas adventure. It Europe's farmers against those of other conti- fought to the last ditchfor themin the Coun- was not easy to get the necessary provisions nents ivithout succumbing to protectionism, cil, they would be told; but the others, unfor- l3 ROPE 82

In the event, things worked out in rather an is qll unexpected way. The Six concluded an asso- 'lt too eqsy for ciation agreement at Yaound6 with seventeen qovernments lo pqss African countries plus Madagascar. For the ihe buck to Brusiels' first time, such negotiations had taken place neither bilaterally, with the stronger parry dictating the terms, nor within the unwieldy UN framework, but between two groups of To save jobs and votes, governments spend countries, two emerging continents. millions of pounds on propping up industries It was decided first of all that, while the in trouble, though they are somerimes simply associated countries could continue to protect delaying the inevitable. In this situation it is their infant industries, their exports would the Community's duty to uphold the basic > .-; enjoy duty-free access to the whole Commun- ity, not just France. This was an important point of principle, though in practical terms Aspects policy the impact was slight. of Community ore illustroted in this pictoriol m6ntooe. Thev But the habit of treating former colonies as include oid to oqriculture. helo fo-rthe private preserve the of the former colonial Third World, toiiff-free choic6 in the power had been broken. This process is shops, concerted progrommes for the bound to continue. steel industry, regionol ond socioloid Aid, it was then decided, would go not to schemes to combot unemoloyment- ond the governments of the newly-independent the totol demolition of cudtoms borriers states, but to the companies awarded the con- between memberstotes. tracts to carry out projects which had been jointly approved. If a counrry decided it wanted a new hospital, it must first show that it had the doctors and other trained people needed to staffit. Ifit wanted a porr enlarged, it must show that the trade was there to iustify the new facilities. Of course, mistakes were made. But the experience acquired under the two Yaound6 Conventions was useful - shortcomings were pinpointed, improvements made. Not surpri- singly, development cooperation officials are the most dedicated members of the Commun- ity's staff. Theirworkload was considerably increased when the United Kingdom became a mem- ber. Its post-imperial position was similar to thatof France, with theresult that the number of associated countries, which had already been creeping up, suddenly increased to over fifty. The two Yaound6 Conventions have been succeeded by the first and second Con- ventions of Lom6, along similar lines. Today there are 6 I associated states, taking in most of black Africa (talks with Angola and Mozam- {ffi'*!t bique are under way) and countries in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The Community's poor public relations are probably to blame for the fact that the many idealistic young people who plead so fervently on behalfofthe Third \florld have never even heard of Lom6 - iust as the general public had never heard of Claude Cheysson, for many years in charge ofthe developmenr portfolio ar the Commission, until he became French foreign minister in the Mitterrand govern- ment. lWhen Robert Schuman put forward his plan for a coal and steel community, the two industries were seen as the lynchpin of the economy. Times have changed. Other metals and other fuels have become more important. And the newly industrialised countries can produce steel of equivalent quality more cheaply than Europe. This is at rhe roor ofrhe upheavals currently affecting the older indus- trialised nations. I4 competition rules of the Treaty. But it is all too easy for governments faced with such inex- tricable problems to pass the buck once again to Brussels. European integration has, in many re- spects, proved a disappointment. A protocol ...*; was added to the Treaty of Rome, for inst- .ljr, ance, to the effect that the common market .,.9,: should not operate to make the rich areas of the Community richer while the poor areas got poorer. That has remained a dead letter. The Community's regional policy has had little impact, and governments have retained a firm hold on aid to backward regions. Those on the receiving end have seldom been aware that money was being channelled to them \ from Brussels. f Overall, Iittle power has been transferred to the Community institutions. National gov- ernments have resisted'positive integration', despite the provision for it in the Treaty and widespread hopes that it would follow on logically from the dismantling of frontier con- trols. This lack of a veritable European govern- ment with responsibility for specifically Euro- 1 pean a European authority with ,. affairs - 'l *, 'limited but real powers', as the Council of Europe expressed it as early as 1949 - has also hamstrung the directly elected European Par- Iiament. A parliament will strike no chord with the electorate unless it has control over a corres- ponding executive, whether at local, regional, national or supranational level. Lacking such power, it remains an abstraction. It is a fair criticism of the European institutions, that they are not free agents, and are consequently both ineffectual and undemocratic. But can this really be laid at the door of the much- maiigned Eurocrats? A jubilee is a suitable occasion for reminisc- encel but it is also an occasion to look to the years ahead. In conclusion, therefore, may one voice the hope that the member states might now start taking their European rhetor- ic more seriously? In December 1969 they announced their intention of achieving full economic and monetary union by 1980. Some years later they entrusted Leo Tindemans with the herculean task of preparing a blue- print for European union. This report, the fruit of a year's work, was quietly shelved without ever being given serious considera- tion. It is never difficult to find an excuse for inaclion, and the world recession came pat. But should it not have had just the opposite effect? The experience ofrecession has surely shown us that problems such as unemploy- ment and inflation are too big to be tackled by national governments alone. None of the Community countries has more than about 50 or 60 million inhabitants, but in today's world we can only count in hundreds of millions. The European Community is 25 years old. Ifit is to reach its golden jubilee in good shape, its citizens had better make up their minds to pull together and finish the job they started a $ii!iil@4 quarter ofa century ago. l5 ROP HowBritain at last madeupits mind

hen Harold Macmillan suc- MICHAELCHARLTON from the markets of Europe and from con- ceeded Anthony Eden as Prime sultation over Europe's decisions. Minister in 1957 he took a piece retraces the decision- In consequence the European issue was of Number l0 Downing Street making process by which becoming, for the Prime Minister, the domi- notepaper and wrote out, in his own hand, HaroldMacmillan, on nant theme. The stakes had become very these words from a Gilbert and Sullivan high. Britain's whole trading position and her opera,'The Gondoliers':'Quiet, calm deli- becoming Prime Minister in role and place in the world were all, and at beration disentangles every knot. . . .' This 1957,brought Britain to once, seen to be in question. Two factors, not iaunty philosophy he stuck with a drawing foreseen by the Foreign Office in recommend- pin to the green baize door which separated the brink ing Britain's negative decisions over Europe the Cabinet room from the private office in in the 1950s, had by the time the decade ended Number 10. become heavy weights in a new balance of He made it a watchword as he set out to August l95l :'lf you con't lick'em, ioin considerations. They were the competitive restore the lost national self-confidence of 'em by Jove!'wos the coption to on failure of British industry, and the return to Britain and keep the country buoyant in the Americon cortoonist's comment on power in France of Charles de Gaulle. sea of roubles which flooded in upon it in the Britoin's neqotiotions with the Six. The Foreign Office line had been that Opposite: The lote'Rob' Butler, drown - bitter aftermath ofthe Suez failure, and after even ifthe Continental Europeans brought off here by Vicky of the Evenino Slondord. what was becoming obvious by 1958 the ' - ond Christo6her (now Lordl Soomes. the unity to which they aspired and about policy. breakdown ofthe European were keyfigjures in Mocmillon's cobinet. which London remained determinedly scep- In his own case, as Harold Macmillan has tical - it would always be possible for Britain confided to us in his memoirs, 'quiet, calm to change her mind, and ioin later. But by deliberation' often masked 'some sickening 1958 both views were becoming dramatically anxieties.' As far as the European issue was t--_ concerned, his motto also masked a new sense of urgency, which had come with the belated but growing awareness that time was no lon- -"4 ger on Britain's side. \\-.\_ _ It will no doubt remain a question of lasting \f,'lz historical inquiry and interpretation why it was that Britain so completely changed her mind between 1955 (when she had withdrawn ,2;a! from the talks which founded the Common ,\ Market, and thereby passed up a maior say in the form it assumed) and 1960 (when that decision was put into reverse). The Cabinet's decision to reverse Britain's historical policy over Europe as the decade ofthe 1960s began was not the result ofany sudden reappraisal. Edward Heath, who had made a remarkable (because it was an ahnost uniquely 'Euro- pean') maiden speech in the House of Com- monsoverthe SchumanPlanin 1950, whenhe advocated full and immediate British parti- B=::2 cipation in the Coal and Steel Communiry, considers that it was 'a gradual making-up of /' minds' confronted by an inexorable pressure of events which pointed the way to Europe. Jt, By 1958, with Anthony Eden's departure and the failure under Macmillan of what proved to be Britain's last attempt to sidestep G aF the issue posed by the successful creation of a the CommonMarket- thereiectionby the Six o) (at I the instigation of General de Gaulle) of z Britain's alternative scheme of an industrial o Free Trade area - Britain faced exclusion z l6 JUBITEE REVIEW

Iess tenable. The Common Market was a de- she held to be vital and whichwas accessible to subjected to analysis and profound re- monstrable success; and de Gaulle had closed her by sea. Not since the capture by Japan of examination. In July 1960 he carried out a the door on Britain's efforts to go on having it the great naval base at Singapore during the Cabinet reshuffle which had, in view of the bothways. \War had there been such painful confirmation men he chose, an unmistakable significance In short, the existing policy had failed. It that an era in which Britain had been a mari- for the treatment of the European issue. had failed to prevent the creation of a new, time great power was indeed passing. Three new appointments were made in areas powerful, and rival economic system to that of Harold Macmillan cast the aftermath of which were critical for any decision over Britain and the Commonwealth. More exact- Suez in a European dimension. France and Europe, and which would need to be carried ly, by the end ofthe 1950s it had failed to find Britain had beenmet with the unnatural com- before any maior reappraisal: the Common- some hyphen, or bridge, between the two. bination of Russia and the United States. It wealth, the Conservative Party, and Europe The evidence is that, by itself, the break- itself. The Opposition, the House of Com- down ofthe European policywith the collapse mons, and the Country would come later. of the Free Trade Area scheme was not suf- Christopher Soames was given an appoint- ficient to make the Prime Minister contem- ment of critical importance as Minister of plate initiating the vital change. On the con- Agriculture. trary, the evidence is that throughout 1958 He recalls: I decided that we were going to and 1959, his long pro-European credentials have to change our agricultural support policy notwithstanding, Mr Macmillan was still anyway, because we couldn't afford to go on. doingwhat he could to avoid it. The subsidies were too great. A greater share One has to look, therefore, between 1958 of the farmer's price had to be borne by the and 1960, for one or more additional consid- market. And this was going to be what the erations which, allied with the process de- Continental system was to be based on, so I scribed by Edward Heath as'a gradual mak- didn't see why this should stop us. ing-up of minds.' tipped the scales for the 'It seemed to me, indeed (and this hap- Prime Minister and brought the minds of pened after I thought it was going to- I'd seen others around to come to a wholly new conclu- it coming, as it were) we were, at any rate to sion about Britain's place in Europe. One of some extent, going to shift the burden from these new considerations was to be added to the tax payer to the consumer, to the market the deeper reflections which were following in place. This was going to happen. I remember the wake of the Suez Affair. Suez had been saying to the Prime Minister: r0fe'll look more than a demonstration - it was proof - rather silly if this is the reason we don't join - that Britain was no longer mistress of all that and then we go and do it ourselves. There's no doubt in my mind he was thinking that this beqqn lO See thOt OUf seemed, he wrote in his memoirs, to be a was what he needed to do, this was what was 'l necessary, to take Britain into Europe.' f;im-e rc rh o u s hf itt"y Tl"#il':: R. A. ('Rab') Butler was also, in terms of q -,:i;.'ffi'V:;;fi-;,#Anglo-American, party and country, a crucially important would get good deql' *.it -. .'. .'.1?- tionship, whileJ\. it was quickly repaired in the figure to Harold Macmillan in heading for warmth of the personal friendship between Europe. He carried great weight in the Macmillan and Eisenhower, was thereafter Cabinet; and in the arts of Cabinet govern- never quite the same. So, more than the defla- ment. As elsewhere, the Prime Minister made tion ofnational pride, Suezhad forBritain this his moves with subtlety but with clear pur- fundamental implication. pose. In giving to Butler'that big iob inside One can see emerging, with growing plausi the Cabinet' the Prime Minister had deeply bility, the new coalition ofideas born ofeco- involved him in the reconsideration ofBritish nomic constraints and the consequent loss of attitudes that was taking place. By locating political freedom, particularly as at this very him at the very centre of these activities he time the Common Market had become a fact made it, presumably, more difficult for But- and Western Europe was embarking on a Ier, had he so chosen, to oppose the intended period ofunprecedented growth and prosper- change or challenge Mr Macmillan's lead- itv. ership of it. Here is the personal odyssey of 'a In the first half of 1960, Harold Macmillan careful thinking Englishman', at that time of directed that all the assumptions upon which incipient historical change by Britain over British foreign policy had stood since the Europe. Second \florld \trilar were to be looked at Lord Butler admitted: 'The funny part is afresh. In the wake of the reiection by General that at first, before 1959, I was doubtful about de Gaulle ofthe British proposal ofthe Indust- the wisdom of going into Europe, and I was rial Free Trade Area in 1958, Britain was by actuated by the fact that all my life I'd repre- now conducting essentially a holding opera- sented a farming constituency; and all my life @ U tionin Europe, as the political competition for I'd been connected in one way or other with G l ts the future between the Six of the Common the NFU, National Farmers' Union. I U conceive the farmers wanting to I Market and the Outer Seven countries inten- couldn't of d had yield annual price review to French and a sified. The Outer Seven, led by Britain, their formed themselves into the European Free Germans, especially to the French. z=U a Trade Association or rF.rA. 'I knew the French, having lived in France, @ U It was an attempt by Britain to avert the and I was partly educated in Francer l knewof oE x political power French U danger of seduction of the other countries, the enormous of z o one by one, into the Common Market orbit. peasants in agriculture, which still exists to- zo Now, at Macmillan's behest, the whole day, and that's why Giscard was always so o British situation and position was to be iealous at our meetings, when farm prices ) 17 UROPE 82

,sg-. 'Ifweloo historywese time, we'v

4"rn*n i

came on. You see, I thought that we should be Seplember 1962: Cumminos. in the EDWARDHEATH,whose done in. But then I had along talkwith Harold onii-EEC Doilv Exoress. sh5*s orime Macmillan, and he brought me round very minisler Mocrhill

22 Jonvory 1 972: Mr Heqth, for Britoi n, signsthe lreoty of Accession in Brussels. backatBritish common solutions to coulmon problems. It's the same with any community- a village or a club. You are there to help each other, and that, all the when you have problems, to solve them together. The reason the leaders have forgot- tenthisisthxltlhsrhavebeenoverwhelnedby beeninvolved infl ation and unemployment. This has happened since the oil crisis of '73 and the beginning of'74, followed of course Europe' by the second maior oil crisis of '79-80, the net result ofwhich has been that the price ofoil has goue up fourteen hundred per cent in eight years. They haven't known how to cope Therewas also a third question whichwor- history we see that it has been European. All with it, and have retreated into their uational riedanumberofpeopleandthatwas goingto a the time, we've been involved in Europe: shells. conference in which one accepted prircipe en dynastic conflicts, the balance of power. The real pointis that even the Community that a community azs going to be created. will find it rlifficult to solve the problem en- Thisis a procedure accepted by anybodywho D o ou thbtk tlu G aulli.st tousards lt aniade tirely on its own. It can only do soif the United negotiates on the mainland of Europe. The Bini.n still surui.oes, and tlwt perhaps this is an States and the Community and Japan all fol- British were not b s used to negotiating in that instinct in a F renclotwn' s otu ? low similar policies in world economic affairs, way. They said 'Oh no, we must settle every- There is a much broader point again than this. and if all three communities are prepared to thing beforehand, then we will decide De Gaulle's view was that you couldn't accept ensure that the developingworld is hel@by whetherwe are going to ioin.' This can now be the benefits without the responsibilities. And investment. At the moment there is no sip of seen as a very artificial barrier. Iiarwas when what he suspected the British were rying to thishappening. out chance was missed- the bis chance. doallthetimewasto gettheeconomicbenefits On questions like the budget adjustment of the Community and.thepohtical and milit- and common agricultural prices and so on, the And tlwt w as ab out thz time when y ou w q e ary benefits ofalways historians will say that these are no different you,r beingunderumbrella of mahing fio-Europeon maiden spuch in from the problems any national government Parli.ammt? \[ashington. He thought that was not a iust arrangement. You'll find a very large number has. No-one would dream of telling our Chan- Quite true. I made my maidsa tpeec6 on June of the Community who believe the same. cellor of the Exchequer what he should be 24th 1950. I had been to Bonn to observe the doing in April 1984 or 1985. !fhy, then, reaction to the Schumann Plan. And I found Was de Ga.ulle justi.fud in his xtspi.ci.ons? should one expect of3fi) million that they were quite determined to go ahead people- ten countries".o66unity - to be deciding years He felt that we nreren't, as a country and whether we did anything or not. ahead what r&air budget is going to be at that nation, prepared to accept our responsibilities time? and join in the making of a community. But we were relu{tont Europeaw long after that. B ut y ut lwo m' t lo st hop e ? Tlu C onseroatioes were reluctant. E ilm was Soyouagreewithhirn? No! I'm more convinced than ever. \[hat I relucant. find is that, if you make the son of points to No I don'tagree, because themajority-as we people that we've made here today, they say proved wae preparcd to do this. \ffhere he Yes, true. The great disappointment was that - 'All right. I'm prepared to accept that.' They was wrong was in veto-ing the negotiations in Churchill didn't carry out the poliry which he accept it because it may not- as they tlink- 1963 uot so much on that general had enunciated at The Hague and, as Prime January - make verymuch difference to thempersonal- point, but on the question ofthe relationship Minister, ensure that we negotiated. Aathony ly, it certainlywill to their children and grand- with the Americans on nuclear weapons. In Eden, at the Party Conference, produced the children. People will agree that we haoe mat fact we had reached a stage at the beginning of diplomatic doctrine that the freeworldwasin aged to secure peace in Europe for the last 35 1963 where we had solod olur problems and three parts- the tlree circles of the free world years, and that we should be able to go on we could have enteredintothe Community on - the Commonwealth, Europe and the United doing so. lVhat is lacking is that no govern- a perfectly fair basis. That's where he will be States, aod that we were at the centre of all ment since 1974 has taken the trouble to condemned by history. three. eaplain to people what the advantages of De Gaulle could have emerged as the man This was a complete misiudgement. Be- European membership are. And the media who reunited Europe. It could have been the cause the Commonwealth no longer had pow- have given up any attempt to pass on even Europe of Chade-agne. But he failed to seize er, after the independence oflndia had been basicinformation. the opportunity. I think this is rather sad, achieved. As far as Europewas concerned, we You can't blame the European institutions, because de Gaulle did a great deal for France weren'tin thecentre becauseweweren'tin the or ambassadors, for this, because they have ... raised its morale to immense heighs, Community. And the United States had by very little influence on what appears in the improved its standard of living. But he made this time become a superpower which was not media. It's got to be done ttrrough parliamen- no impact on LatinAmerica. He caused havoc looking to us as a maior ally but looking to the tary and government means, which the press in He caused chaos in south-east NATOpowersasawhole. Quebec. will notice. 'What we've had is a series of Asia. And in Europe he achieved nsthing minislgr! who believe that the only thing exceptto block the growth of European unity. V ould. you agree witlt those wlu sq thnt thne is which appeals to people is to bang the table sonuthing in tlu borus of tlu British that maka andsay'Downwiththerestofyou! l7eBritish C urld. you nmts prqi eu yunself into tlu them unde sbou of inooloanent with a fintre, are going to get our way, no matter what!' and luoe a slwt at describing hou histoians wi,ll Europeanrysteru? Thatis no way ofbehavingin a community. se e tlu present difftnlties ? What it does, psychologcdly, is to set the No, not at all. This is a myth, created by the What thehistodans will sayis thattheleaders whole of the population against the Commun- old{ashioned who just niant to stayin their slit of the Community forgot the fint point about ity. And that's what we've been suffering trenches. After all, if we look back at British the Community- which is that it exists to find from. 19 UROPE

InJune 1963 GEORGE MIKES, the Hungarian-born humorist, came out with some characterirti" r"rso.r *hyBrit"ir rhr This- in an article for Gazette Swissair- is what he said

'TheContinent seems to cherishone tnte desire -to become angliciset tveNTto heave a sigh of relief now I know that Britain- for the Pursuing their desire passionately, they have, in fact, persuaded time being at any rate- is not going to loin the Common Market. themselves that even English cooking is something admirable and AII sorts ofopinions were voiced pro and con, but no-one worth imitating. \trilhile in Britain English cuisine has been seemed to consider me in this question. I devoted 23 years of my replaced by French, Italian, Greek and Swiss food, English dishes life to becoming a genuine Briton- and now the whole country was have found their way to the Continent. Today, if you want a good going to go European. I once wrote a little treatise called 'How to Lancashire hotpot, you have to travel to Boulogne for it; and more be an Alien'; I always expected it to be taken seriously but not garlic is being consumed nowadays in the South of England than in quite so seriously as that. the North of France. I never foresaw the possibility thar the United Kingdom would The terrible, Iurking danger, as I see it, is this: if we import all study it, learn the rules and try to turn alien, lock, stock and things and habits Continentalwemight get our own cookingback. barrel. Turning our country into a Market- worse: part of a Traffic problems, too, may prove troublesome, even serious. Market - was an exasperating notion in any case. How can you owe For the Continental, motoring is simply a means of getting from allegiance to a Market? Can the sword be drawn for such a cause? one place to another. It would not be too much to say that a How can one possibly cry: 'Long live Export !' and fall with a Continental looks at a car as though it were a means of btlllet through the heart? And can one honestly sing with moist eye transportation. For the British, motoring is all bound up with and husky throat, 'There'll always be a Market . . .' or: 'Rule, rights and personal liberty. Motoring in Britain has developed Ee-ee-C, Eee-ee-C rules the waves'? many personal rights of which the Right to Zebra-Cross is the most Just in case the idea of ioining the Common Market is not finally important. buried, let me solemnly warn the British Nation of some lurking A man on the zebra is not iust a person crossing the road; he is a disasters. Briton, exercising a fundamental right. He walks slowly, with The decimal coinage is abeady casting its menacing shadows over dignity, as academic or civic processions do; indeed, every us. It has often been explained that while Continentals have the zebra-crosser is a one-man civic procession. His face radiates decimal system, we have the dat odecimal system which is just as self-assurance and often, in order to stop a car, he lifts his hand and good. Just in case your Latin is not quite what it used to be: the waves imperiously. I often feel he must be waving a copy of the decimal system is based on the number l0 and the duodecimal on MagnaCarta. the number 12. The duodecimal system is called after the number The long and short ofit is that, according to some people, even 12 because there are 20 shillings in the pound (t1), 16 ounces in at this stage rhe Britain ought to do her urmosr to be able to f oin the pound (lb), 14 pounds in the stone, eight gallons in a bushel and Common Market because she is specially qualified to make special 1760 yards in a mile. contributions , the first of which would be to lose tluse special qualities . Again, I wonder ifthe trades unions are aware ofcertain nasty Slowly but most certainly we would become iust like the rest. habits Continental workers have.They work Enter the Common But perhaps it would nor work out that way. Knowing the Market and the infection will inevitably spread to these shores. British, I should not really be surprised if, five years after a treaty Perhaps the Italians are at the moment the worst among all is signed, the pubs of Frankfurt close at I lpm, 'matindes'in Common Market countries. They work as if they were paid for it. Belgium are held in the afternoon, and the Dutch are playing Then consider thefood danger. A very curious and welcome cricket; if all roadsigns in Europe show distances in miles instead development has taken place in this respect in the last few years. of kilometres; if the Belgian franc consists of l2 Belgiancentimes; To explain it, you must remember one astonishing habit ofmany or if one can go to watch the opening of the House of Lordsin Europeans: their Anglomania. ttrflhile the British were busy until Luxembourg or Trooping the Colour in Milan. recently in turning themselves into aliens, the Continent seems to No doubt ofit, I realised on second thought: one oughr to warn cherish one true desire: to become anglicised. the Common Market not to join Britain.

20 JUBILEE REVIEW

4.4,^r^l 4e Europe' s road has aluays lfur,rur' lw* been arockA one. . . /,r'b,4etr)> ur['** I t seems a devil of a time. Twenty-five RICHARD MAYNE turns I years: half the lifetime of a middle-aged ! ,rrrrr. Pre-historyforthe young. Andlhe backthe calendarto the I archives don't hllp much - esiecially beginnings of the the photo-archives. /w and recalls his Are you fond of pictures of archaic states- Community, men, shaking hands or raising glasses, personal impressions of '* attended by bespectacled functionaries? If so, those early days you're in luck. But if you want something to *u% make vivid a vital turning-point in Europe's history, all you are likely to find is the same old view of a long, brocade-covered table in the Christmas-like Prime Minister of Luxem- 'The sober-suited signotories of . . .' Sala degli Orazi e Curiazi of the Capitol. bourg; Christian Pineau, the French Foreign the Treoties of Rome Along it, under the teeming historical Minister, with his Secretary of State Maurice figures on the walls, sit the sober-suited signa- Faure; Antonio Segni from Italy; and ]oseph the peoples of Europe.' And they were doing tories of the Treaties of Rome, coping as best Luns, from the Netherlands. Behind them is so only two-and-a-half years after a colossal they can with pens and pads and mic- the usual mass of officials, among whom can failure: the defeat oftheir previous attempt at rophones. Nearest the camera is Paul-Henri be seen the sharp features of Robert Mariolin, further unity, the European Defence Com- Spaak, the Belgian Foreign Minister, looking future Vice-President of the EEC Commis- munity, EDC. a little like Churchill, gesturing a little like sion and former Secretary-General of OEEC. Anyone discouraged by current quarrels Napoleon - the chairman of the Spaak Com- Not an inspiring picture; but the best- within the European Community ought to mittee which drafted the Treaties. known record we have ofa crucial event. Still remember that Europe's road has always been Prominent near the middle of the table is only thirteen years after the end of\florld V/ar a rocky one. If suspense drama is what you the gaunt, Asiatic face of Konrad Adenauer, II six countries still scarred by battle were enjoy, don't waste your time with Dallas: legendary Chancellor of the German Federal making common cause, solemnly agreeing to come and try building Europe. Republic, flanked by his Secretary of State, work together, to treat each other's people, Faith was needed, in those days. The Brit- lWalter Hallstein, first President of the EEC goods, and money like their own, in one single ish had left the Spaak Committee and showed Commission. market without national barriers, and 'to lay no signs of returning; and Luxembourg, however hospitable, wasn't exactly Las AIso at the table are Joseph Bech, Father the foundations ofan ever closer union among 2l EUROPE S2

Vegas. It had five cinemas, several of which seemed to putin jeopardy Europe's imported showed only German musical comedies, and oil supplies; and Monnet's comrnittee was six night-clubs, where the leg shows were arguing that this made it all the more neces- Europe's rumoured to have varicose veins. sary for the Comnunity to develop is own The'High Authority', the Community's resources of energy, by establish in g Euratom; think-tank and executive organ, was housed the European Atomic Energy Community. linkswith in an ancieut brownstone building once used Euratom, Monnet then seemed to feel, was by the Grand Duchy's tailways. Its doors the more important of the two new projects shuddered Iike stage doors; its corridors and then coming to fnrition, the other being what theLords offices were covered in gravy-browu was called'tle general Common Market' - the linoleum; its desks, cupboards, qad filing EEC. cabinets were a subfusc green. There was no In Paris, I realised that our Luxembourg LORDARDWICK,the obvious glamour about coal, steel, coke, iron working hours were luxurious: in Monaet's ore, and scrap, the subiect-matterof our daily flatin the Avenue Foch we worked aU niCht. former political iournalist labours. And yetil lpxs exhilarating. Why? The committee proposed the appointment of John Beavan, describes hon people. Partly, because ofthe I shared au 'Three Vise Men'to study Europe's enerry the peers at inster ofEce with an ex-Reuter Comtel mnn who is needs; and the Community Governments V[esh now a livelyMember of the European Parlia- agfeed. The \Pise Men's report makes poig- bring useful expertise to ment. Friends and colleagues included a for- nant reading today. tt anticipated the 1974 oil Communityatrairs mer French prAfet, a future editor of Time crisis by iust over fourteen years. Had it been magazine, a future head of the International heeded when it appeared, we might now be in Institute for Strategic Studies, and the future less trouble. As it was, the repon at least Rector ofthe European University. helped to speed Euratom. ! n my early days as a nember of the Some were ex-officials of trade unions; Such was the scene, tlen, when the Rome ! European Parliament I simply could not Treaties came up for signature. Ve had sur- ! make head or tail of an insunance 'ln Monnefs flct in the vived one crisis - the failure of EDC. !7e had I measure which was going through the Avenue Fochwe survived another - Briain's withdrawal from economic and legal committees, on both of the Spaak Committee. There were plenty which I sat. Ihen I picked up a report worked ol! nighf more visible in the distance. which simply explained, analysed and \[ould theRomeTreaties beratified? They discussed the measure, and tested the were, by overwhelning maiorities in all the evidence of expert witnesses. And all was there were also live-wire lawyers, fanatical six countries. ITould the Free Trade Area madecleartome. statisticians, successful businessmeu who'd proposed by Britain a$ rn 'outer ring'round This was one of the first reports of the left lucrative employment to serve the cause, the EEC risk destroying the Common Mar- House of Lords Select Comminee on the and brilliant if eccentric economists like ket? It might: it tempted the Germans, and European Communities. Since theu, it has Pierre Uri. The atmosphere was that of a especially Ludwig Erhard, the liberal- published scores of reports examining the bustling university, full of cemaraderie, in- Einded Minister of Economic Affairs, with community's draft legislation in depth, and jokes, intellectual challenge, and democratic free trade rrithout economic discipline. presenting the results with rare clarity and bonhomie. Would the British Plan succeed? It at least absence of bias. The Committee celebrates its The Secretary-General, I remember, used betokened one small step towards Europe. It eighth anniversary in April. to come to work on an aged bicycle. My failed. These publications are now regarded as the colleagues and I, who worked on the ground How would the United States react? They intelligent and busy person's best guide in floor, used to enter through the window to backed the Community. !7ould Britaiu apply depth to the way the Communiry is develop- save a long walk. Everyone was on first-name ,for membership? ITould De Gaulle block ing - or failing to develop . Their first readers, terms - including those who'd been wounded her? Would he wreck the Community? however, are members of the House oflords by each other's bombs or bullets only a few \[ould it survive him? He died, by a suange and British Ministers and their Civil Service years before. coincidence, on Jean Monnet's birthday. advisers, who will be negotiating on the sub- Vhat we all shared was a sense of pioneer- Would Britain try again, and succeed? ject in Brussels. ing. As a 1956 alumnus, I personally felt like a !flould she hold a referendum? ff so, who These reports are eagedy read, too, by latecomer: I had not been there in the first, would win it? Would the losers accept the members of the House of Comnons, by the heroic days of L952, when lean Monnet had result? Ifnot, would they eventually succeed interest groups which may be affected by the proclaimed'the United States of Europe' and inpullingBritainout? legislation, and by the European departmetrts declared:' L' Europe tu se foa pas dans les botws So the suspense drama continues. One day, ofouruniversities. dt rurit.'Batwe still worked at Monnet's kill- perhaps, its protagonists will look as much Today MEPs find them useful; and a re- ing pace for Monnet's killing hours. Ours was Iike waxworks as those who sigued the quest has been made- aud may yet be fulfilled thefirc bolu dpzail, I sometimes thought. Treaties of Rome a quarter of a cennrry ago. - for an unofEcial version to be produced in Then, in the sunmer of 1956, Monnet But don't let appearances fool you. Historic French. There has been an increased demand summoned me to Paris. By this time, he had decisions are neyer ineviuble, but always a for the reports at the Commission itself. set up his Action Committee for the United matter of co!flict, argument, and suspense. For the general reader who wants to know Sutes of Europe, to help European unifica- One of Jean Monnet's old friends, the how the CAP might be reformed, or what tion recover momentum after the failure of American Supreme Corgt tustice Felix exacdy are those budgetary arrangements EDC. Composed of all the non{ommunist Frankfuner, Iiked to quote a renark on the which affect Britain adversely, or whether ttre trzde rrnions and all the political parties of the subject from Oliver Vendell Holmes: 'The Lom6 countries are justified in their criticisms Community excq)t the extreme Right and mode whereby the inevitable comes aboutr' of the way the Convention works, there is no Left, the Committee wa$ more than iust a he said, 'is effort.' better source of evidence, and of sritical pressrue group: its constituent parties com- judgement. maforities in all six national Parlia- A Richtrd. M ayu lws bam bn olo ed in tlw !7hat gives these Reports authority is the ffi*O Euopean ci.oil seruice si.il.e tlu early I 9 5 0 s. special quality of the members of the Lord,s The Suez crisis, sparked off by Nasser's H e luolad the C wmtissi,on offua in ilu U K Committee and their practical experience of nationalisation j of the Suez Canal that July, ftom197 to 1979. the problems they eoamine. For today, the Z2 JUBILEE REVIEW

House of Lords is very different from its of course, to in{luence the Council of Minis- a'hearing', as it is called. popular image of landed aristocrats Rollsing ters as a body. The Lords are simply trying to ln the Lords, the chaiman is the rappor- up from the shires to rub shoulders with put their findines before the appropriate Brit- teur, assisted by one of the committee's five superarmuatd politicians and millionaire ish member ofthe Council. clerks and two legal advisers. But most ex- patronsofpartyfutrds. In my day, the links berween the Lords and eminatioas have the services of a specialist Since the development of life peerages the European Parliamentwere mole numer- adviser from outside, an acknowledged ex- nearly a quafter of a century ago, the Lords ous, because ten of us poers were nominated pen on the subject. He and the clerk usually have acquired a brilliant cluster of newly en- members of that Parliament and we served on produce the report, together with the experi- nobled scientists, economists, banken, all its committees. Today, the elected Parlia- enced guidance of the Chairman . Then it is lawyers, Company chairmen, trade union ment contains only four peers - dl Tories. mulled over by the committeeand they agree leaders, diplomatiss and former heads of Yet if the liuks are fewer, they are stronger upon a conclusion. Government departments - including the in some ways. The committees of the two The specialist adviseris not highly paid-he Treasury and the Foreign and Common- bodies swap reports, and from time to time a gets 925 to f50 a day for five to rwenty days' wealth OfEce. And it is 93 peen belonging to few peers cross the channel for consultations work. But the appointment adds to his pre- all thesecategories, plus ex-Ministers and the in Strasbourg and Luxembourg. MEPs give stige and bringS him gp to date with the way highest iudges in the land, the Lords of evidence before the Lords' sub-committees, influential opinion is developing on his sub- Appeal, who are continuously engaged in a too. Pieter Dankert, the Dutch socialist who ject. Oneadviserwasrecentlypaideigbttimes deep scrutiny of the Community's work. has recendy been elected President of the as much per day for his advice when he gave it Nothiqg remotely like it exists in other Europan Parliament, appeared before the toanoilcompany. member states. For this is the only non- Lords' committee lastyear to give hisviews on The chairmen of the sub-committees all sit democratic chamber in the Comnunity, and thebudget. on the main committee and repon to it. Lord its members are not elected but are hand- The techniques of the Lords' committees Plowden, who presides over the finance, eco- picked by the party leaders for honour by the differ from those ofthe Europeau Parliament. nomic and regional committee, was chief ex- Queen, largely because of the special know- ln the Parliament, a member is chosen as ecutive of Britain's post-war Economic Plan- ledge and experiencethey canbringto Parlia- rapporteu by a rather mysterious process; ning Board, and has since performed a rich ment, and if he lacks the experience the subiect may variety of public tasks including the chair- It should be added that although this non- demand, the comninee 21esa1ed rc him manship of the Atomic Energy Committee. democratic House has considerable persua- will see him through the"1"1L ordeal and draft his He has the suppon oftwo former governors siveinfluence,ithaslitdepower-lessthan the report. (Ihe Secretariat ofhis political group of the Bank of England, Lords O'Brien and frustrated European Parliament itself. The my help, too.) But the rapporteur himself Cobbold; of Lord Roberthall, once economic House of Lords has lived for seventy years has to fight it clause by clause through the adviser to the Governmenti of Lord under the tbreat of abolition, and has been committee, and later through Padiament. Brimelow, former Head of the Foreign Office a favourite butt of satirists since Gilben's Theweakness of the system is that the Clerk, andmemberoftheEuropeanParliaruent; and 'Iolanthe'. too, rnay lack experience of a recondite sub- of Lord Benson, a leading City accountant Indeed, Labourisnowresolvedtogetridof iectrandseldomhasthehelpoforalevidence- and adviser to the Bank of England. itwhennextit hasa substantialmajorityinthe Another former head of the Foreip Office, Commons over all other parties. But the Lord Greenhill, presides over the sub- House of Lords is in no imnediate danger. committee on external relations, trade and Europe has, moreover, given it what is in- industry. His team includes Lord Stewart of creasingly recopised as a valuable new role r:ffi8 Fulham, a former Labour Foreip'secretary; which fits in well with its traditional one as a Lord Gladwyn, once ambassador to Paris and revisingChamber. a former member of the European Parlia- The Comminee's terms of reference are ment; and Lord Trevelyan, once ambassador wide. They are to consider Community prop- to Moscow. Lord McFadzean was president osals and obtain all necessary information ofthe British National Export Council. about them. Then, if the proposals raise im- Lord Seebohm, who presides over the sub- portant questions ofpolicy or principle, the committee on education, employment and Committee must make reports on them- and \-.\ social affairs, is a banker who produced a on other questions- which they think require z \-!r fanous report on social workwhich hrs his the specialatterition ofthe House. Inpractice, name. less \an one in ten of the Community's prop- The sub-comnittee on law is chaired by osals are the subiect ofReports. \$-.b,) Lord Scarman, auttror of the repon on the The Commons have a committee too, but recent urban riots. they have a narrower briefand do not go into Thosewho want to sample the work of the the meris of the proposals. lVhen, however, Select Committee might look atthe reports on they bring a motion before the House, MPs development aidpolicy, human rights, fisher- may anend it in an endeavour to bind a U$l ies policy, regional policy and the CAP. These -" qta' minister 1s tr ssurse of action at the Council of are reports without party political bias, and Ministers. indeed without bias for or against the Com- Only23 peers arefullmembersofthe Select munity. The committee iudges whether a Committee. The Chairman is Baroness proposalis sensible, well-based and adequate Vhite, a former Labour minislss at ttrs and what effect it will have on Briain's in- Foreign and Commonwealth Offrce, who is terests. now the salaried Principal Deputy-Chairman I have only one criticism to make. The ofCommittees. corhnittee can be cool towards a proposal The other peers are co-optd to the seven which does not specifically affectBritainwith- You've ool mv hqven'l hod o vole-we outtakingsufficientlyinto accountthatitmay examining sub-committees which cover deceni rEores'entotive since Puooel on o roughly the same ground as ths 6ffs highly Strino woh in1967.'Brvqn McAllister in stren$henthe Community, aud that a strong specialised 17 Committees of the European the G-uordion, during Britoin's first Community is in Britain's long-term in- Padiament. The European Parliament tries, Euro-elections, June 1 979. terests. 23 R$PE 8 Change- and charm-

s { i.. ,.*i*ffiq fI

russels, partly because of its large HONE, a widely ism, and because of the sharp and continuing and wealthy foreign population, JOSEPH is travelled antagonisms between its French and Flemish probably the most expensive iournalist, casts a elements, is not really a city at all, but a capital in Europe. But it is also a critical eye overthe collection collection of about 20 autonomous villages, place where there is nearly always good of villages that has grown each with a very definite, and often savagely value for money - even if that value clears protected, social and architectural character. you out of a week's British wages, as a meal into the administrative Parts of Brussels are heavy belle ipoque. Yet for four will in any decent Brussels capital of Europe other parts (a few, at least) on the outskirts are restaurant. still villages: a narrow, cobbled main street, a Food and domestic cosiness are primary leafy square and a wooden-shuttered country considerations among the Bruxellois. They the very worst thoughts about Europeans. inn with fields and cows immediatelybeyond. will spend 110 per cent of their income in But. once inside a restaurant or a private There is no natural centre to the city now. satisfying both desires: a steady visceral in- house, one soon becomes aware of a strong Instead, there are half-a-dozen'downtowns,' take of the richest comestibles, and the most realism, a blunt charm among the people and from the original medieval foundations elaborately individualistic set-ups in and their personal surroundings. These citizens around the Grand' Place to the bustling Picca- around their homes. And 'home' is the word may have ruined much of their city - and dilly ofthe Place de Brouckdre; and then up to here - heavily insulated bastions ofred brick, their digestion - but they have prospered in the Wagnerian grandeur of the Palais de Jus- protected over minute lawns by serried ranks their individuality and their intimacy with tice on a rise above the old town; and finally, a ofazaleas and garden gnomes. one another. To that extent, Brussels is an mile away from this, the 13-storey EEC head- Brussels has comparatively few blocks of excellent advertisement for the European quarters in the Place Schuman, the Ber- flats or high-rise apartments. Everyone seems community. laymont. to have been determined to carve out his own The city, because ofthishungry individual- Modern? Yes, certainly, to a degree: a cliff 'Mon Repos', no matter how grand that may of tinted glass built on curved stilts in a foot- be - as among the huge, leafy villas in the deep moat, with an equally unreal fountain suburb of Uccle - or how squashed and noisy that gargles and squirts and looks like one of it is, down by the railwav tracks a mile away in 'The hqmmer hqs those things the dentist puts in your mouth to St Job. fqllen here more suck the saliva up. This monster, called the Brussels in the rain (and it rains a lot) on a grievouslython Berlaymont, is set in what is still a Victorian January night is an experience which will in ony inner suburb ofrather broken-down terraced drive you straight to the bottle and bring on Europeoncopitol' houses, mostly dead buildings waiting for 24 BI LEE REVI EW demolition but meanwhile doing a last turn as Palais de Justice exhibits a malign grandeur: tory - happily co-exist with the equally neces- thriving little restaurants and caf6s - vital the architecture, par excellence, of matter over sary political harmony of a united Europe? Iunchtime places - usually run by Italians or man. But the tragedy is that the Berlaymont But the most remarkable architecture in Yugoslavs. building is architecture ofan even worse sort- Brussels lies in some of the inner suburbs - Brussels badly needs such human places - stone without any heart in it at all, malign or often designed by Horta, a man who handled for the hammer has fallen here more grievous- otherwise. Of course, it is one of the penalties iron and stone with all the quirky, gravity- ly and hideously than in any other European incurred when nationalisms and classes are defying inspiration of a great baroque capital I know, laying waste vast chunks of the rubbed away and replaced by a monetary and architect. Whole districts are purest art inner city and making the view a chequer- political egalitarianism. The decent parts of nouveau - shops, small houses, terraced board ofugly concrete and raised open spaces. the past will go with the bad. apartments of the wildest contrivance and And yet, the EEC headquarters is appro- Here, I think, is one of the basic questions floral ornamentation - along with the rec- priately sited in this half-derelict area. The which must confront the EEC in the future, as tangular or circular art deco of the Twenties matter in hand here, if it is about anything, is it passionately absorbs many individuals and and Thirties. about change: a change from the rigid national minorities in Europe now: towhat extent, and As with cities, so with people: the more we and commercial barriers of the past, symbol- in what manner, may a sense of individuality wish for real unity the more we must allow for ised in so much of that past's town planning and national character survive in any future minority expression and individual control. and architecture. European uniformity? Can the inevitable and And what may seem incompatible here is, in Hitler's admiration for the law courts down very necessary idiosyncrasies of human be- fact, essential - for the first will never truly the road was no accident, for example. The haviour - in terms of language, custom, his- succeed without the second.

Freedom is a fundamental The European Community characteristic ofour passed its infancy during a Community. It means the period ofpolitical stability and participation ofall in public economic progress throughout life, and hence the the \flest, thanks largely to the responsibility of all for responsible use by the United preserving the conditions in States ofthe strategic and which the common enterprise economic domination it can flourish and prosper. enf oyed. Now, the American This opportunity is also open hegemony has declined and to the freedom ofothers, to Europe's economic power has whom it lends its support and increased. But we have not its own desire that others succeeded in finding a new should themselves be free. collective leadership for the I believe that the three values \iVest. Too often we simply ofpeace, democracy and complain about American freedom are the reasons why the Community exists and can leadership. It is time to do something on our own account. 'We continue to offer to the world an example of how countries, ways of have to find a means of bringing our joint influence to bear thought and economies which are different- both in themselves on the economic, political and strategic problems of the day. The and as a result ofcentury-old traditions - can live and work need for the Community to use its combined strength on matters together. oftrade, so that free and fair trade are not undermined, is generally If the Community collapsed or lost the will to go on advancing, understood. So, increasingly, is the need for common action on peace, democracy and freedom would be the poorer. monetary matters so that world currency instability does not That is why I think it is important that when we corlmemorate the undermine economic policy in our countries. But the progress twenty-fifth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Rome we which has been made in finding and asserting our political and should do more than iust hold formal celebrations. rVe should also security role in the world is still limited. look back to how and why the Community was founded and try to Europeans must always be the principal providers of their own understand the basic reasons for its existence. defence, as they are at present. But Europe cannot be successfully In doing so, we shall derive hope that our leaders will be wise defended without the United States. The North Atlantic Alliance enough to realise that there are no valid alternatives; that in the provides the indispensable means whereby the particular interests world of today, with all its troubles and confusion, to lose this ofeach ofthe allied countries can be taken into account within the historic opportunity ofworking together would not only be context ofan overall security policy. extremely serious but would also put us in a position where, alone, European public opinion needs to be convinced that themain we would be unable to contend with the difficulties which oblective ofdefence and security policy is the prevention ofa war threaten us. in Europe and tlte enhancement of Europe's ability to influence This is the message of the past, the message of our past events that affect it, rather than simply the defence of America, accomplishments. They are also our stepping stones to the future. which is what so many seem to think at present.

Lorenzo Natali ChristopherTugendhat

A Lorenzo Natali andChistopherTugendhat areztice-presidmts of thc EuropeanCommission.

25 Z-EUROPE

typists employed, thatit fails to take They want to see research into its she says, it is now mainly the pro- account ofthe other work they carry effects on individuals and society, duct of neuroses brought on by the out and of the linguistic and termi- and action at Community and pressures of living in competitive nology diffi culties involved. national levels to combat it. urban industrial society. The Commission also dismisses Young people are particularly at - as too general the Court's criticism risk, according to the group, and of its overseas aid policy, when it preventative action in schools is a complained that many supplies priority. They also want controls on were not reaching their intended the advertising of alcoholic drinks destination or that certain projects and a media campaign to inform Gommission were unsuitable for the countries people of the effects of alcohol and concerned. the need to drink only in modera- reviews tion. its They say that higher taxes, aimed at making alcohol more expensive aid to Turkey Gommission and therefore less accessible, iustdo not work. Higher prices simply The European Commission has prompt people to drink cheaper and told the Turkish government that and auditorc often more dangerous things. Ex- it is prepared to reconsider isting tax revenues derived from further financial cooperation with clash over sales of alcohol should be re- Ankara. But it has refused to give directed by governments to repair a firm guarantee that the fimds will some of the damage done by drink in be forthcoming in the nearfuture. spending the first place, they claim. The Community froze all aid after But the Parliamentarians' plea is the military regime imprisoned for- The European Commission has primarily for information. Con- mer Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit come ia for tough criticism over sumption ofpure alcohol per head of for four months. its handling of the Community's population has increased by nearly The slight relaxation in the Com- fnances from the Luxembourg- 300 per centin the Netherlands over munity's attitude was indicated based Court ofAuditors, the the past three decades. In Germany with the announcement of Mr Ece- Community's fi nancial watchdog. Alcoholism: it has increased by nearly 200 per vit's release. But Commission Presi- The Court accuses the Commis- cent, and in Denmark by over 100 dent Gaston Thorn has expressed sion of operating a less than adequ- MEPs call for per cent. In all other Community continued concern at the trial of 125 ate internal control system. 'About countries with the exception of Turkish trade unionists, 50 of 100 bank accounts appear to escape France it has increased by between whom face possible execution. the control of the Commission's more facts 40 and 70 per cent. At stake is the Community's accounting offi cer,' they note. They The problem is reinforced by a fourth emergency aid package for also point to a sizeable discrepancy Research into Europe's growing European industry that produces 70 Turkey, which has an association between the cash in two bank gql5rmption ofalcohol is turning per cent of the world's wine and 50 agreement with the Community de- accounts and the balance mentioned up some disturbing facts about per cent ofthe world's beer, with an signed to lead to eventual mem- on the books. how muchwe drink, why, and advertising budget to match. bership. For a new member to be The Commission has agreed to what it is probably doing to us. Italian statistician Libero Lenti admitted, existing members must investigate the matter, and has The scale of alcohol addiction in believes that alcohol consumption is be satisfied with its democratic promised to ensure that reconcilia- Europe is immense and transnation- rising simply because more people credentials. tion ofbank accounts will be carried al. Ten per cent ofthe male popula- are drinking than ever before. In an out as soon as possible after the tion of the \flest of Scotland suffers Italian survey commissioned by the banking operations concerned have from alcohol-related disabilities, Italian federation of alcohol produc- taken place. and more than a million and a half ers, importers and exporters, and But on other matters, the C6m- Germans are believed to be in some published last year, he concluded mission frnds much of the Court's way dependent on alcohol. In Ire- that a combination of social change Ganada and criticism uniustified. It resents sug- land, alcohol accounts for 13 per and a rise in the average age of the gestions that it has failed to imple- cent of expenditure on consumer population were primarily responsi- Spain in new ment many of the suggestions con- goods. In Italy, the number of ble for the increase. tained in the Auditors' three earlier people dying from cirrhosis of the Vera Squarcialupi, the Italian reports. liver has nearly doubled over the Communist MEP who drafted the fishing deals It also replies to many of the past 25 years. parliamentary report, believes that points raised in the latest audit. A grgup of European Parlia- alcohol abuse is now primarily an The Communityand Spain have !flhile stressing that these are by no mentarians has now called for an urban problem. \flhereas alcohol- agreed terms for Spanish vessels means exhaustive, it notes: 'These in-depth study on the problems of ism used to be the product ofpover- fishing in Community waters this show clearly that the laconic, rather alcohol and its abuse in Europe. ty and ignorance in country areas, year. They allow for 130 boats to stiff, tone of the Court's comments catch E,500 tonnes ofhake. This on the items in question is somewhat compares with lastyear's deal, out ofplace.' whereby 10,500 totrnes were set For the first time the Court ex- Talkswith Portagcse aside for 142 trawlers. amines the productivity ofthe Com- The agreement does not munity institution's 700 typists in altogether please the Spanish, who Following talks between European Commission the various language sections. President favour more long-term arrange- Gaston Thorn and Portuguese Prime According to its caiculations, the Minister Pinto Balsemao in ments in their run-up to Commun- Brussels, both sides agreed that everything must be Commission managed a daily out- done to ity membership, and obiect to the ensure that the target date for Portuguese entry to the put per typist of 17 A4-sized pages progressive reductions applied each Community- 19E4- should be met. Balsemao, and the Parliament a meagre 7 pages January Mr. who year. But Community negotiators yas snrisu5 thst his negotiations be - both well below the 24 pages should aot compromised by have refused to yield on either deemed feasible by the Court. any difficulties which might arise in similar negotiatiols with count. Spaia due to on the same The Commission, however, dis- - ioin date - later embarked on a tour of Meanwhile, the Canadian gov- Co--unity capitals. agrees with the basis of the calcula- ernment has announced it will re- tion. It argues that there were fewer sume issuing licences to Commun- OMMUNITY REPORTS ity boats fishing in its waters. Ear- lier, it had refused todo soinretalia- tion at the terms of the six-year Mweoutofwork agreemenr signed with the Com- Finalised figures for l9El show that more than 10 million people munity last December. This allows were unemployed inthe Communityatthe end ofDecember. Community boats to fish in Cana- This represeats 9.2 per cent ofthe civilian working population, dian waters, while Canadian cod compared with a rate of 7.2 per cent in the previous December. fillet exports to the Ten receive tariff Increases over the 12 months were particularly marked in the concessions. The Canadians' ori- FederalRepublic of German, the Netherlands, the United ginal objections had been that the Kingdom and Luxemboug, running as high as 50 per cent in the Ten had assigned impon quotas to FederalRepublic. different countries.

mobiles which are struck from the Community. The'results produced side. It will then be possible to are revealing. In the wiater of 1980- Protection define the criteria for giving them 8l a wide divergence in pollution greater protection and to develop a levels was found. Frankfurt, for ex- test dummy. ample, recorded a level ofonly 2 l, as from the sun Eventually, it is envisaged that against 126 in Berlin, with towns the testing of the sides of vehicles and cities such as l7elwyn Garden An international convention to would be part of the Community's City scoring 52, Dublin 108 and protect the earth's outer ozone type-approval procedure. Peterborough 60. layer from destnrction by aerosol chemicals is to be drawn up at the initiative ofthe ten countries of the European Community. The ozone layer, in particular, is under attack from chlorofluorocar- New rules bon chemicals used as propellents in Aid for aerosol cans. These, experts be- lieve, are depleting the ozone layer on duty-free through chemical reaction and re- victims of the ducing the earth's protection goods against excessive solar radiation. big freeze The destruction of the ozone International travellers will soon layer has very serious implications Following the unusually severe notice that the price of some for the delicate ecological balance on winter in many parts of the goods offered in duty-free shops Earth. In May of last year the gov- Community, the European at airports and on board erning council of the United Na- Commission has decided to give New method cross-channelferries has gone up. tions Environment Programme special emergency aid to three (UNEP) adopted a proposal, spon- member states to help them of measu rins sored by the European Communiw, recoverfrom damage caused by x#L#ki.r.iiti';i1} to draw up a Convention on the the freeze-up. protection ofthe ozone layer. The United Kingdom and France d ust pol I ution ;ffi:'l,l}r;t'flLTffil:;:;: At the end of last year, the Euro- have each been awarded 1.25 mil- to pay for goods produced in the pean Commission formally re- lion ECU and Ireland I million A new and more reliable method Community. In fact, it will make quested the Council of Ministers for ECU. In addition, the Federal Re- for measuring the level ofdust these more competitive compared authorisation to represent the ten public of Germany is to get 150,000 pollution in the air we breathe has with their rivals. Community countries in drafting ECU to compensate for damage been developed by the European The decisions also signal a re- this Convention. The first meeting caused by a hurricane in the north- Community's Joint Research prieve for duty-free shops, which at of international experts was sche- ern part of the country last Novem- Centre together with the one time were threatened with ex- duled for the end of January. ber. A sum of 500,000 ECU had European Commission's tinction as being incompatible with already been set aside for Danish Enviroament Service and a the Community's 'fair trading' vicitims of rhe same catastrophe. private French compatry. laws. Compared to existing systems, The Court ruled last year that Europe of the Community's new monitoring 'butter boats'were illegal. These are device has the advantage of not a strictly German phenomenon: being affected by the chemical com- they sail out of North German ports , 0ppoftunities position, colour or grain size ofdust selling cheap agricultural produce particles. Laboratory testing has and spirits to passengers who are is the title of a 22-minute videotape Safer vehicles shown very close agreement with ready to pay for a short trip. Even- produced for National rf(/estminster the result of conventional optical tually, traders on dry land com- Bank with the support of the Com- on the way and gravimetrical techniques. plained because their livelihood was mission of the European Communi- The new device draws in air and being threatened. ties. Through the medium of un- A study is currently being carried passes it through thin membrane It has been decided that, if the scripted interviews, it highlights the out for the European Commission filters which are tested using elec- butter boats have to go, then the main grants, loans and business which is designed to give greater tron beams to gauge the change in rules on third country goods sold in opportunities arising out of the UK protection to the drivers ofmotor weight and thereby the degree of tax-free shops will also have to be membership of the European Com- vehicles and theirpassengers. It is pollution present. The level ofdust tightened up. In future, they will munities. Inquiries to: expected to be completed by the pollution can be expressed either as have to pay agricultural levies or National \flestminster Bank Film end ofthis year. an optical value or as a weight value customs duties. LibraryUnitBll One of the aims of the study is to and recorded on computer. Community-produced goods will Park Hall Road Trading Estate examine the mechanical stresses The device has been tested in continue to be exempt from value London SE2l 8EL suffered by the occupants of auto- some 18 locations throughout the added tax and excise duties. Telephone:01-761 3035 .-EUROPE82

Foodaidplnn

The European Commission has drawn up a food aid programme for 1982 which will cost the Comm u :ty iust over 700 million - ECU. Its proposal, submitted to the Council of Ministers, involves around 1 million totrtres ofcereals, 150,000 tonnes of milkpowder and 45,000 tonnes of butteroil. The proposals were published soon after Edgard Pisaii, the Commissioner responsible, revealed an elaborate stratety to ftrnger itr theworld. "o6961

measures, the Commission sees That way, consumers have the final grants the time as ripe to bring down say in just how noisy-orquiet- they New Plans to noise levels in homes all over want their homes to be. Europe. A procedure and technique will for visits make homes The Commission also intends to be officially established for measur- make sure none ofthe new national ing the noise emissions and for regulations turn into technical trade checking the noise levels given by Teaching, administrative and less noisy barriers between the member manufacturers. Producers who re- research staffin higher education states. fuse to supply the information will establishments throughout the Rather than impose limits on not be permitted to sell their pro- Community, as well as local and Noisy machines in the home are manufacturers, the Commission's ducts in Community countries. regional administrators in under attack in a new proposal approach is to oblige manufacturers Member states will have until secondJevel establishments, are drawnupbythe European to test and publish the level ofnoise next January to introduce the neces- to benefit from a new series of Commission. Combating noise emined by their equipment, and to sary regulations and provisions to grants announced by the pollution is one ofthe obiectives make this available to the consumer. comply with the planned directive. European Commission. of the Community's Environment In all, almost 300 people will be Action Programme; and with awarded grants to make short study France already introducing visits to other Community countries special measures to deal with ThirdWorldrole with a view to broadening their own dishwashers and washing Dieter Frisch, who was a director in the European Commissiot's knowledge and helping promote machines, and the Federal budget section, has been appointed director-general for more collaboration between educa- Republic of Germanyand the cooperation and development, He takes over from Klaus Meyer. tional establishments. Netherlands embarking on similar

Australia's rather tetruous Britain will never be bouncing up to moreover that'it is neither relationship with the EEC could the EEC and kissing it on both economically reasonable nor well improve after the four-day cheeks. The bureaucrats of financially possible to offer farmers visit of Mr Gaston Thorn, Brussels are never going to be total guarantees for surplus Community President. inundated with beribboned products'. His visit is seen as Valentines from this side ofthe Only six months later, rhe a public relations Channel. But as it begins to prove Commission has already forgotten smooth the troubled its worth we could yet learn to love its own words. Its proposed past 10 years during which Common Market in our own increases (9 per cent on average) are Australia has been virtually insular way. in fact the highest for many years. excluded from agricultural trade That the Commission should with the EEC. -DailvMail persist, despite its good resolutions -TheTimes offune, in encouraging B iti s h farmer s ar e mor e heaoily overproduction of dairy produce, subsidised than the French, claims an for example by proposing a price joining I s there anything v.torse than by 160 votes official at the French embassy in increase of9 per cent, is the European Monetary System? Yes. in favour ofending London. inconceivable. An e xchang e r ate obj e c tio e which is all imports young . of furs from MonsieurJ Danel, the - BEUC News, Brussels not eoen announced and can be hooded and harp seals. Agricuhural Attache, said y esterday charged at atry time at the discretion of Theirvote in the European that aoerage aid per farmwas {2,285 the so-called " authoities" - i. e. the parliament in Strasbourg in F ranc e against {2 ,904 in Bitain . Britain's Home OI[ce is fighting a B ank of E ng land, s ometimes in spearheads an international battle In terms of farmworkers the French lone battle against legislation that consuhation with the T r e asury. Y et to outlaw the annual slaughter of aid amounwd to { I ,050 per heail, f.50 could mean less protection for that is the sy stem w hic h is now baby seals in Canada. But before less than in Binin . animals in laboratories. deoeloping. any EEC ban can be made Thesefigures dispelled the myth of The Council ofEurope's draft - Samuel Brittain, effective, it must be approved by massioe agicultural aid paid to convention on animal welfare FinancialTimes the EEC Council of Ministers. F rench farmers, M D anel said. includes a clause, supported by all And they are under strong participants except Britain, that In spite ofits policy decision to Canadian pressure. - Financial Times would open the way to withdraw from the Common The Canadians claim the cull is experiments not permitted under rVho Market, the Labour party is likely necessary to preserve stocks of does the Commission of the our present 1876 Cruelty to to put up candidates for the 1984 fish. High Canadian officials have European Communities think it is AnimalsAct, European Parliament elections, Mr been lobbying in Strasbourg. EEC fooling? Home Office negotiators Foot indicated yesterday. officials are pretty certain that the In its'guidelines' on the Mandate reserved Britain's position at the There was a 'good case for it' and Canadians will threaten to tear up of 30 May 1980, it recognised that last meeting ofthe parties, and the he intended to argue it within the agreements allowing EEC 'important though the question of subiect will come up again at the party in due course. trawlermetr to fish Canadian farm incomes is, the latter cannot trext meeting of the council. waters ifthe ban goes through. be the sole criterion on which to - Daily Telegraph -DailvMail base guaranteed prices.' It stated, -New Scientist 28 OPE

A variety of art 'isms' signal for attention. From Paris to the ;:ffi,U'sfff.lLsffrlT,Ii;.*xfiTffil: Primitivism, Art Brut, Surrealism, Kinetic Art are represented, along with the group N ew Ba rb i Ca n a ['ii JI:-lll#,.H',:l;ffX#15;i :H:$$ known as 'Cobra' after the cities they came - _- - - rt from the war with their powers apparently from - Copenhagen, Brussels and Amster- Matiiie' Arp' dam - who believed art should be about the in post-war France 'ffi:llffi::,r*;?,ol*oi', liberation of repressed desires through re- These were all survivors, not just of the war volutionary struggle and experiment. but of cultural explosions and violent swings This was more like the Paris of pre-1940, a of taste. The new generation of painters melting pot of intellectual ideas. But it lasted ! ondon's new Barbican Art Centre is sought to express subjective themes, alterna- only ten years. Across the Atlantic, those I bidding for a leading place in the tive images, that sprang from their feelings of bare-back riders ofmodern art, the Abstract ! capital's art scene. It has chosen for its derangement and alarm. The New Barbican Expressionists - dubbed Action Painters - E opening art exhibition a maior exhibition brings their work together for the were putting on a show of a more compulsive retrospective of post'war painting and fust time in London - existentialism in Fran- kind. New York took over from Paris as the sculpture in France, from the Liberation to cis Gruber, social realismin Andr6 Fougeron, dynamic centre of modern art. The aftermath 1954, under the title 'Aftermath'. The death and dismemberment in Jean Fautrier's of the New York School would make another, exhibition has been specially created for 'Heritage' series. very different, exhibition. the Barbican by the Association Frangaise In some ofthese, surfaces are tortured as if DENISTHOMAS d'Action Artistique, in coniunction with the they were human flesh. The materials used go Pompidou Centre, Paris, and is based on beyond conventional canvas and paper to in- the highly successful'Paris-Paris' clude rubble, scrap iron, human waste. ! The exhibition'Aftermath: France 1945- exhibition held there last year. Often, passion is tempered by irony, or pain- 54' at the New Barbican Gallery, Silk Street, is 'Aftermath' being hailed as an imagina- ful questioning by passages ofhectic colour. London EC2, continues until 13 June. tive attempt to catch the post-war mood in France, asexpressedin thework ofartistswho tried to reactivate the School ofParis after the disruptions of \Xrorld \tr7ar 2. The shocks of war - defeat, demoralisation, betrayal - had a profound effect. France in 1945 was in a state of uauma. The momentum of the modern movement, which had continued without in- terruption since the death ofC6zanne in 1906, did not survive the experience. The persecution, or flight to America, of artists andwriters regarded as'decadent', and the decimation of the Jews, left enemy- occupied Europe with only the husk of its

'Arlthtlt sprqng from f_eelings ol derqnqemenlor olormi. .'

pre-war artistic establishment. From 1940 to 1945, virtually no indigenous art managed to surface. The coteries of artists who had made up the loose-knit movements of the Thirties were dispersed. Communication between in- 'Jozz Bond (Dirtv Stvle tellectuals became dangerous or impossible. Blues)' bv Jdon Dubuffet The first artist to find the liberators at his ond (iiglit) Fernond door was Picasso. He had remained in Paris L6oer's'Homooe to Louis throughout the war, obstinately working, Do"vi d' :'o n otte-m pt to provided with materials and support by cotch the posl-wor mood courageous friends. His fust post-war exhibi- in Fronce'. tionin Paris was a sensation- an affirmation of unbroken faith, darkened by the experience of the occupation. Significantly, it also pro- voked right-wing gangs into trying to break it up. Paris art students appointed themselves vigilantes at the gallery. One of them was Frangoise Gilot, whom Picasso took into his m6nage - a union that was to have fruitful consequences. The triumphant survival of Picasso, who had been associated with - though he was uRo

first real progress on agreeing a corttmon ministerexplains. The size offleetshas grown 'The numberof fisheries policy with community partners in many ports, particularly in Peterhead smqller fishinq vessels since Britain ioined the community i\ 1973, which has seen an increase in the annual catch in Britqin's coistql Mr Buchanan-Smith says. ofatnost 30 Ofi) tonnes infiveyearsfrom 1975 'I know there is anxiety over the time it is to 1980. With a catch worth f,33m a year, wqters nowstqnds ot taking to achieve a common fisheries policy,' Peterhead has become one of the 'foremost neorly 7,OOO' hecontinues; but'thefact thatitis taking time fishing ports in Europer' the minister says. proves that government is not prepared to Itwas wrong to say that the government had accept just any settlement. Vital national overlooked the difficulties for the deep-sea issues are at stake and we are negotiating for a fleet, Mr Buchanan-Smith complains. 'In our settlement that is satisfactory to our industry . ' menagement of mackerel and herring fisher- n accusation that the government has Two crucial issues remain to be resolved, he ies the freezer trawlers have been allowed 'betrayed' the British fishing industry explains-the division of catch quotas and the special arrangements which are not available by handingover the country's fishing question ofaccess to Britain's coastal waters, to other vessels, to enable them to catch their resources to European Community on which the government is determined to quota in the most effective and economic partners has been strongly refuted by fisheries achieve a fair result. way.' minister Alick Buchanan-Smith. The article, labe[ing the minister as a In addition, f2m of the t7.5m given in Replying to an article published in the 'donkey in the Derby' which uies but does not special aid schemes in the last two years has Sunday Telegraph on24 January accusing the get anywhere, concedes that Britain's fisher- gone to the freezer uawlers. 'No one could government of 'desuoying' the industry, Mr men have been squeezed by major develop- fairly say that the needs ofthese trawlers have Buchanan-Smith blames the decline in Bri- ments in international fishing including the been ignored,' Mr Buchanan-Smith says. tain's deep-sea fleet (only I per cent of the frrll extension of foreign fishing limits and the Giving solid reassurance to the indusuy, fishing fleet) on the extension of north Atlan- illslsxsing size offoreign fishing fleets. which he believes deserves the countrJr's sup- tic fishing limits to 200 miles. Although it is true that the deep-sea fleet port and still plays an important part in the By concentrating solely on the deep-sea has declined because of these pressures, Mr economy, the minister points out that the sector, the minister says, the article gives a Buchanan-Smith says, the Sunday Telegraph present government has been putting its 'wholly distorted and one-sided picture,' and article ignores the other side of the picture. money where its mouth is with the provision is a'travesty' both of the true situation and the The number of smaller fishing vessels (under ofpublic funds averaging f58m a year. The present govenrment's record. 80 ft in length) in the British fleet working in money covers grants for building and impro- Throughout discussions in Brussels Bri- the country's coastal waters has increased by ving boats, harbour improvement, research tain's ministers have been accompanied by more than 1200 in the l0 years from 1970 to and fisheries protection. the fisherrnen's leaders including those repre- 1980 and the total number of such vessels now Mr Buchanan-Smith stongly asserts in his senting the deep-sea fleet, Mr Buchanan- stands atnearly 7000. reply that the government has stood by its Smith explains. 'They have not only been This increase, says Mr Buchanan-Smith, is fishermen in negotiations in Europe. Other fully consulted but have constantly supported also reflected in the value offish landed. In European fishing fleets have also been ex- the government's negotiating line.' 1972,theyear before Britain ioined the Euro- periencing set-backs, but Britain's fishermen The article, entitled 'Better harvest for pean Commu^ty, 44 per cent of the total can rely on the'wholehearted suppoft'of the England's fishermenr' failed to point out that catch was landed by vessels under 80 ft long. present goverrrment, he promises. the present government has provided four By 1980 the figure had risen to 74 per cent. times as much money for the fishingindustry This increase in value has been reflected as the previous government and has made the 'dramatically' in the ports themselves, the tr British Business report. 30 New Firm Formation and Regional De. Brian Morris, Peggy Crane, Klaus velopment. By Michael Cross. Gower, Boehm. Macmillan Reference Books, [15.00. t19.50. Paper f8.50. The author, who works at the Small Busi- A clear, accurate and handy dictionary- ness Centre, Durham University Business cum-encyclopedia covering all aspects of School, uses data provided by public au- the Community, its organisations, sys- thorities in an investigation of the process tems, components, and the vocabulary of by which new firms are started and the its manifold operations. effects such fums can have on a regional economy. Political Parties in the European Com- munity. Edited George IndustrialPolicies inthe European Com. by Stanley Henig. Allen& Unwin, €10.50. munity. By Victoria Curzon Price. Mac- The Countries of Community Europe: a A factual survey ofthe political and elec- millan, f,15.00 geographical survey of contemporary toral systems, party structures, finance, issues. By Geoffrey Parker. Macmillan, This conribution to the Trade Research philosophy and membership the t4.95 (paper). of all CenEe's publications on world economic main political parties in the Community, issues owes its origin, the author says, to Issues dealt with include energy provision, with a couple of chapters on the emergence growing concern over increasing gov- agricultural and indusrial modernisation, of transnational groups, ernmental'steering' of economies through balancedregional development, and prob- measures which have come to be called lems of the environment, making use Policy Formation in the European Com- 'industrial policies'. She points out that of recent EEC and national statistical munities: a bibliographical guide to Com- liflestern Europe is no longer one of two material. munity documentation, 1958-1978. Man- maior centres of industrial growth, but sell, f24.50. only one of five or six. The need for com- Ethnic and Political Nations in Europe. This, the first comprehensive guide to petitive efficiency is a major theme of the Jaroslav Kreici and Vitezslav Velimsky. Community documents, describes over book. Croom Helm,914.95. 600 important reports, communications An analysis of the ethnic structure of mod- and memoranda prepared by the Commis- Living in Two Cultures: the socio- ern Europe, undertaken in the belief that sion over the twenty years up to 1978. As cultural situation of migrant workers and divergence between'polities' and'ethnies' such it will be ofconsiderable interest and their families. GoweTAJNESCO Press, are among the main causes of strife, use to the academic researcher {,t2.50. both both and to internal and external, between nations. anyone doing business in the EEC. Studies on migrant workers and their problems by contributors to a symposium Regional Policy in the Economic Com- European Monetary System and Inter- held at the Universiry of Heidelberg in the munity. Edited by Douglas Yuill, Kevin national Monetary Reform. University of surnmer of 1978, along with a study con- Allen and Chris Hull. Croom Helm, Brussels Editions, Parc Leopold, B 1040, ducted in 1979-80 on the sociological situa- 8t2.95. Brussels. 1,000 BF. tion of migrants in the United States. Four main policy elements can be isolated A comprehensive account based on papers in EEC countries, say the publishers: in- presented at a conference organised joindy The Collaboration of Nations: a study of frastructure investmentl the use of state- by the Institute ofEuropean studies ofthe European Economic Policy. Edited by owned firms to help develop 'problem' Free University of Brussels and the Euro- Douglas Dosser, David Gowland and regions; the use ofdisincentives in regions pean College of Europe, Bruges, in Keith Hartley. Martin Robertson, f8.50 ]une pressure; and regional 198 I . (paper). under incentive The book clarifies technical, econo- spending, which since 1960 has grown mic and political aspects of the subiect and A collaboration between a group of York over 20-fold in Britain. contains the latest statistical information. University economists with similar re- A concluding section summarises and ev- search and teaching interests and a com- The European Community: a practical aluates the contributions of the various monintellectual approach to policy issues. guide for business and government. By specialist contributors.

.,;ii';::,'l:h1,.',x London's first 1.,:li l?f llT; Pu b I i c at i o n s tEurcpean tished. Each entry gives bibliographic details _t - r I ano wnere por'or. u s.ro.r o.s..,p,on or rne IOf teaCnenS publication. The bulletin covers books about The European Association Teachers has the EEC published commercially and titles of produced two Bookshop' from the Office of Official Publications reports of interest to teachers - and educationists involved with European including a list of the new EUR reports. This The Office for Off,cial Publications of the studies. They are: European Studies: past, service is available free on request to: European Communities has appointed Alan present and future (12.00, postage 75p); and Armstrong and Associates Ltd official sub- Kate Churchill or Nigel Oxbrow School/Industry Relations in a European agents for the sale of their publications in Alan Armstrong & Associates Ltd. Context (t1.00, postage 50p). \Write to the Britain. London Business School Hon Secretary, European Association of The aim is to provide a reliable service for Sussex Place, London NWI 43A Teachers, 20 Brookfleld, Highgate\West Hill, the prompt supply of all documents relating to 0t -258 37 40 t 0r -7 23 3902 LondonN6 6A5. 3l EUROPE 82 THORN PAYS TRIBUIE TOWALTER HALUITEIN

News ofthe death ofWalter Hallstein, first president of the Commission from 1958 to 1967, was announced at the European Council summit meeting at the end of March. Gaston Thorn, current president of the Commission, said of Professor Hallstein that he was 'one of the fust politicians of the post-war generation in Europe to leave his mark on the history of the Community.'Mr Thornadded: 'In the words of Jean Monnet, his nomina- tion as president was "a victory for good sense". History has proved he was right: for nearly ten years he presided over the destiny of the Commission, and through its early Leoders of the Ten ot the Brussels summil, years he guided the construction of Europe 28 ond 29 Morch. Hooes ihol o solution to SOCIATFUND with courage and breadth ofvision. the Budget problem *os in sightwere 'Throughout this period, it was \Talter ogorn drsoppornted. Hallstein who was largely responsible for rsAsuccElis drawing up the blueprints for European re- construction and for laying solid foundations A colleague arrires.' Between l97l and 1973 SAYSMINISIER for the Community. I had the occasion to be the European director 'At this moment, when the Community is of a committee established by the North Strong support forthe European confronted with one of the most serious crises Atlantic Assembly to draft a report on Euro- Community's efforts to help the young in its existence, V'alter Hallstein serves as an pean-American relations. The committee, unemployed was expressed by Norman example for us, and as a source of inspiration,' which had been established by the efforts of Tebbitt, Secretary of State for Senator Jacob ]avits, included a number of Employment, at a'Ways toWork' distinguished figures from both sides of the conference in London on 29 March. Atlantic. Among themwas Ifalter Hallstein. MrTebbittsaid: I had not seen him in action before; and the fust thing that I noticed was his courtesy and 'Unemployment amongst young people is helpfulness to those who, like myself, were particularly disturbing. There are over four servants of the committee. Not for him the million unemployed young people under the kicking up hell over hotel accommodation, or age of twenty-five in the Community, and in the wording of an unimportant draft through many of our member states young people which some great men endeavour to make make up over 40 per cent of the total of those their greatness felt. outofwork. As time went on, and I watched him in the '!tr7e agree that the European Social Fund committee discussions, I realised two things. has a very important role to play in the fight First, that, under a diffident exterior express- against unemployment. The Fund in its pre- ed through a crouching stance, he was excep- sent form has responded to a wide range of tionally adroit at getting his own way. Second- Community problems - regions of high un- ly that, beneath an agreeable ability to com- employment, economic sectors with particu- promise, he was a man of iron principles. He lar difficulties, and gxoups of people with had the considerable gift offighting his corner special employment problems, such as the without appearing to fight. young and handicapped. Among the beliefs for which he fought, 'There can be no doubting the substantial belief in European culture, in the common assistance which the Fund has provided to future oflifestern Europe, in the European employment and training schemes in this Community, stood out. Here, above all, there country, in particular the very significant was little room for compromise. Yet those level ofsupport it has provided in recent years who might have been his opponents, found for our programmes for young people. Likely themselves conceding to him and to Europe, Social Fund support was a factor which the so persuasive was his manner, so urbane his Government took into account when we de- style. cided last year to expand the Youth Opportu- I felt sympathy for him then. I feel regret nities Programme. It is a signal achievement now. Europe is the poorer for his death. He of the Community that so many people have didnotwin allits battles, but probablyhewon found iobs and learnt new skills with the help Hollslein:'couroge ond depth of vision'. those that could be won . A.H. of the Fund.' 32