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Autonomic Nervous System Is Central to Many of These Changes Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes Hypoglycaemia in Clinical Diabetes Edited by Brian M. Frier, MD, FRCP(Edin), FRCP(Glas) Honorary Professor of Diabetes British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science The Queen’s Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh; Formerly, Consultant Diabetologist Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK Simon R. Heller, DM, FRCP Professor of Clinical Diabetes and Hon Consultant Physician Director of Research and Development Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust; Department of Human Metabolism University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK Rory J. McCrimmon, MD, FRCP(Edin) Professor of Experimental Diabetes and Metabolism Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine Medical Research Institute University of Dundee Dundee, UK Third Edition This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. 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The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hypoglycaemia in clinical diabetes / edited by Brian M. Frier, Simon R. Heller, Rory J. McCrimmon. – Third edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-67200-6 (cloth : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-69543-2 (ebook) – ISBN 978-1-118-69590-6 (epdf) – ISBN 978-1-118-69787-0 (epub) – ISBN 978-1-118-69790-0 I. Frier, Brian M., editor of compilation. II. Heller, Simon, editor of compilation. III. McCrimmon, Rory J., editor of compilation. [DNLM: 1. Hypoglycemia–complications. 2. Hypoglycemia–physiopathology. 3. Diabetes Complications. 4. Insulin–adverse effects. WK 880] RC662.2 616.4'66–dc23 2013024992 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover images: Top left image: iStock File #19373251 © Willie B. Thomas. Top right image: iStock File #19332350 © Willie B. Thomas. Bottom right image: iStock File #13348540 © MorePixels. Cover design by Steve Thompson Set in 10/12 pt Times Roman by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2014 Contents List of Contributors vii Preface x 1 Normal Glucose Metabolism and Responses to Hypoglycaemia 1 Ian A. Macdonald and Paromita King 2 Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia and Effects on Mental Performance and Emotions 23 Ian J. Deary and Nicola N. Zammitt 3 Counterregulatory Deficiencies in Diabetes 46 Rory J. McCrimmon 4 Frequency, Causes and Risk Factors for Hypoglycaemia in Type 1 Diabetes 63 Mark W.J. Strachan 5 Nocturnal Hypoglycaemia 96 Elaine Chow and Simon R. Heller 6 Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia 114 Brian M. Frier 7 Risks of Intensive Therapy 145 Stephanie A. Amiel 8 Management of Acute and Recurrent Hypoglycaemia 165 Rory J. McCrimmon 9 Technology for Hypoglycaemia: CSII and CGM 184 Josefine E. Schopman and J. Hans DeVries 10 Hypoglycaemia in Children with Diabetes 197 Krystyna A. Matyka 11 Hypoglycaemia During Pregnancy in Women with Pregestational Diabetes 218 Lene Ringholm, Peter Damm and Elisabeth R. Mathiesen vi Contents 12 Hypoglycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes and in Elderly People 230 Nicola N. Zammitt and Brian M. Frier 13 Mortality, Cardiovascular Morbidity and Possible Effects of Hypoglycaemia on Diabetic Complications 263 Elaine Chow, Miles Fisher and Simon R. Heller 14 Long-Term Effects of Hypoglycaemia on Cognitive Function in Diabetes 285 Christopher M. Ryan 15 Neurological Sequelae of Hypoglycaemia 305 Petros Perros and Marit R. Bjørgaas 16 Psychological Effects of Hypoglycaemia 323 Frank J. Snoek, Tibor R.S. Hajos and Stefanie M.P.A. Rondags 17 Exercise Management and Hypoglycaemia in Type 1 Diabetes 334 Ian W. Gallen and Alistair Lumb 18 Living with Hypoglycaemia 347 Brian M. Frier Index 369 List of Contributors Stephanie A. Amiel, MD, FRCP J. Hans DeVries, MD, PhD RD Lawrence Professor of Diabetic Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist Medicine Principal Investigator King’s College London Department of Endocrinology London, UK Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marit R. Bjørgaas, MD, PhD Adjunct Associate Professor and Senior Miles Fisher, MD, FRCP(Edin), Consultant FRCP(Glas) St. Olavs Hospital Professor Trondheim University Hospital Consultant Physician Trondheim, Norway Glasgow Royal Infirmary; Honorary Professor Elaine Chow, MSc, MBChB, University of Glasgow MRCP(UK) Glasgow, UK Clinical Research Fellow and Honorary Diabetes Registrar Brian M Frier, MD, FRCP(Edin), University of Sheffield FRCP(Glas) Sheffield, UK Honorary Professor of Diabetes British Heart Foundation Centre for Peter Damm, MD, DMSc Cardiovascular Science Professor The Queen’s Medical Research Institute Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes University of Edinburgh; Department of Obstetrics Formerly, Consultant Diabetologist Rigshospitalet Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh University of Copenhagen Edinburgh, UK Copenhagen, Denmark Ian W. Gallen, MD, FRCP, FRCP(Edin) Ian J. Deary, PhD, FRCP(Edin), Consultant Physician and Endocrinologist FRCPsych, FMedSci Diabetes Centre Professor of Differential Psychology and Royal Berkshire NHS Trust Director of the Centre for Reading, UK Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK viii List of Contributors Tibor R.S. Hajos, PhD Rory J. McCrimmon MD, FRCP(Edin) Researcher Professor of Experimental Diabetes and Department of Medical Psychology Metabolism Diabetes Psychology Research Group Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine VU University Medical Centre Medical Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands University of Dundee Dundee, UK Simon R. Heller, DM, FRCP Professor of Clinical Diabetes and Hon Petros Perros, MD, FRCP Consultant Physician Consultant Physician Director of Research and Development Department of Endocrinology Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Royal Victoria Infirmary Trust; Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Department of Human Metabolism University of Sheffield Lene Ringholm, MD, PhD Sheffield, UK Specialist Registrar Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes Paromita King, DM, FRCP, Department of Endocrinology FRCP(Edin) Rigshospitalet Consultant Physician University of Copenhagen Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Denmark Derby, UK Stefanie M.P.A. Rondags, MSc Alistair Lumb, PhD, MRCP(UK) Junior Researcher Specialist Registrar in Diabetes/ Department
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