Look to the rock from which you were hewn Vol. 33, No. 1, Winter 2009

jewish historical societ y chicago jewish history

LOCAL MAN CONTINUES SEARCH FOR AMERICAN CJHS Open Meeting: Sunday, March 15 FLAG PRESENTED TO “The Jews of Austin High School” BY A CHICAGO JEW BEFORE Chicago’s Jews and ROSIKA SCHWIMMER, 1861 INAUGURATION Abraham Lincoln: JEWISH SUFFRAGIST Kohn Flag with Biblical The Politics of the Civil AND PACIFIST IN Message Becomes Widely War Era LANDMARK LAWSUIT Known but Disappears BY EDWARD H. MAZUR BY WALTER ROTH Article begins on page 4 Article begins on page 6 Article begins on page 10

Artist Sándor (A. Raymond Katz) and The Chicagoan Article begins on page 8

The Kohn Flag. A picture of the flag showing the Hebrew lettering on the white stripes. With dedication “To Abraham Lincoln, Presi- dent of the .” From an old glass negative. KAM Temple Archives. Image from Joseph Levinson’s article in the June 1983 issue of the CJHS quarterly, then called Society News . 2 Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009

President’s Column Look to the rock from which you were hewn

WE RECENTLY WELCOMED DAN chicago jewish historical societ y SHARON TO OUR BOARD OF Officers 2009 DIRECTORS. Dan was the senior reference Walter Roth librarian at the Asher Library, Spertus Institute of President Jewish Studies. He retired at the end of May, Burt Robin 2008 after thirty-seven years of service. A student Vice President of history as well as library science, Dan was my Dr. Carolyn Eastwood most dependable resource—not only responding Recording Secretary Walter Roth. to my requests for research materials for my Dr. Edward H. Mazur articles and books, but also suggesting subjects Treasurer for my writings, often from obscure sources. Fortunately, for the Society and the Jewish community as a whole, Dan is continuing his Directors research activities as a Society volunteer and a contributor to our Leah Axelrod quarterly. I am happy to introduce Dan Sharon to our readers: Charles B. Bernstein Rachel Heimovics Braun* THE JEWS OF NORTH CENTER Dr. Irving Cutler by Dan Sharon Herman Draznin North Center is a Chicago neighborhood that radiates outwards Herbert Eiseman from the intersection of Lincoln Avenue and Irving Park Road. It Elise Ginsparg usd to be predominantly German. The German-American Bund (the Dr. Rachelle Gold American branch of the world Nazi movement) was active there in Clare Greenberg the 1930s. After Pearl Harbor, the blatant activity ceased. Dr. Adele Hast* A friend of mine moved to North Center in 1957. He doesn’t Janet Iltis think any Jews lived in the area before the 1950s. Some of the Jewish Melynda Lopin adults worked in the garment industry. Seymour H. Persky Quite a few of the Jewish families lived in the Chicago Housing Muriel Robin Rogers* Authority’s Julia Lathrop Homes at Damen, Diversey, and Clybourn. Norman D. Schwartz* Dan Sharon [Julia Lathrop was a social worker and administrator associated Dr. Milton Shulman with Jane Addams at Hull-House in Chicago. The low-rise Lathrop Dr. N. Sue Weiler Homes were built by the WPA in 1938, a year after the creation of *Indicates Past Presiden t the Chicago Housing Authority.] The CHA let the Jewish residents use the recreation room in the Chicago Jewish History basement of the project for their social club, and a smaller basement is published quarterly by the room for a Shabbat minyan . For the High Holidays, there were too Chicago Jewish Historical many worshippers for the basement room. The colorful owner of a Society at 610 S. Michigan Ave., local bar in the vicinity of Belmont, Leavitt, and Clybourn, actually #803, Chicago, IL 60605. let the Jews of North Center use the back of his bar for Rosh Phone (312 ) 663-5634. E-mail Hashana and Yom Kippur services! By 1976, when my friend moved [email protected]. away, the Jewish community of North Center had disappeared. O Single copies $4.00 postpaid. Successor to Society News. Editor-Designer Bev Chubat MEET ME AT THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY. Editorial Board I will be discussing my book, Avengers and Defenders: Glimpses Burt Robin, of Chicago’s Jewish Past, on Tuesday, March 17 at 6:00 p.m. as Walter Roth, Norman D. Schwartz, part of the “Meet the Author” series at the Newberry Library, Milton Shulman 60 West Walton Street. A booksigning will follow. The program Send all submissions to: is co-sponsored by our Society, and I invite our members and Editor, Chicago Jewish Historical friends to attend. Admission is free and open to the public. Society. 610 S. Michigan Avenue, Phone Newberry (312) 255-3700 or CJHS (312) 663-5634. #803, Chicago, IL 60605 or [email protected]. Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 3 CJHS Open Meeting “The Jews of Austin High School” Sunday, March 15 — Save the Date! “The Jews of Austin High School” will be the subject of the next open meeting of the Chicago Jewish Historical Society, on Sunday, March 15 in the social hall of Temple Sholom, 3480 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago. The program will begin at 2:00 p.m. following a social hour with refreshments at 1:00 p.m. Admission is free and open to the public. This meeting marks the fourth in a series of “reunions” held by the Society to commemorate the Jewish contributions to, and Jewish communities of, various Chicago high schools. Four speakers will reminisce about life at Austin High School from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Lawrence A. Sherman, Class of June 1947. He attended Congregation B’nai Israel of Austin as a child, was in Halevi AZA, and a sprinter on the Austin High School track team. A financier and philanthropist, he founded Puritan Finance Corporation in 1958. He has held many leading offices with the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago, Mount Sinai Hospital and Medical Center, and the Jewish United Fund, and has been particularly active in Jewish education. He has been a leader nationally in the Reform movement as well as a leader in North Shore Congregation Israel. Austin High School, 231 N. Pine Ave. Howard “Bud” Schwarzbach, Class of January 1952. He is the grandson Yearbook photograph (detail). of Solomon Schwarzbach, founder of the cemetery company of the same 1951 Maroon & White. name at Waldheim. Bud was Bar Mitzvah at the Austin Jewish Community Courtesy of Howard Schwarzbach. Center under Rabbi Louis J. Lehrfield, was a member of Halevi AZA, a CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE shotputter on the Austin track team, and on the staff of the yearbook. He owns five well-respected wine stores in the Chicago area. Two are in Forest Joseph Levinson (1904-1993), an Park; three others—on North Elston Avenue in Chicago, in Highland Park, attorney and amateur historian, was and in Barrington—operate under the name Wine Discount Center. chairman of the archives committee of Judge Gerald C. Bender, Class of June 1956. He attended Bryant KAM Temple. He wrote three articles Elementary School in Lawndale and was Bar Mitzvah at Congregation for our quarterly and was elected to a Anshe Sholom. At Austin High, he earned two major letters as a four year term on our board of directors. member of the wrestling team. He was active in Sherman Levine AZA and Edward H. Mazur, PhD, Professor continues his involvement in B’nai B’rith as a board member of the Sports emeritus, College, Lodge. After receiving his J.D. in 1968, he developed a general law practice is treasurer of the Society. where his interest in Holocaust studies led to his meeting and becoming the Bev Chubat is editor-designer of personal attorney and close friend of Simon Wiesenthal from 1977 to 1997. the Society quarterly. Gerald Bender was elected a Cook County Circuit Court Judge in 1996 and has been assigned to the Domestic Relations Division ever since. Walter Roth , a practicing attorney Judge Wallace B. Dunn, with the firm of Seyfarth Shaw LLP, Class of January 1959. He spent his early years in is president of the Society. Hyde Park, where he attended the Kosminski School until the second grade. He was Bar Mitzvah at the Austin Jewish Community Center under Rabbi Sema Chaimovitz Menora , retired Lehrfield, who also performed his wedding to the former Joan Kaplan. At from social service work with the JCC Austin High, he was a lineman on the Chicago Public League and Prep Bowl and the Kagan Home For the Blind championship team of 1958. While in high school he was a member and (now Friedman Place), is an activist office holder of FDR AZA. He received his J.D. in 1968. He was the in the Jewish community and a Corporation Counsel of the City of Highwood for seventeen years. He has participant in Yiddish study groups. been an Associate Judge of the Circuit Court Nineteenth Judicial Rachelle Gold, PsyD, is co-chair of Circuit since 1986. — Charles B. Bernstein, program chairman the Society membership committee. 4 Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 LOCAL MAN CONTINUES SEARCH FOR AMERICAN FLAG PRESENTED TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN BY A CHICAGO JEW BEFORE 1861 INAUGURATION BY JOSEPH LEVINSON This article was originally published in the June 1983 issue of the Society quarterly

merican presidents have invariably been recipients A of gifts of varying, sometimes exotic, nature. Every 4 From the wilderness, and this Lebanon, even unto Thanksgiving, for example, an exceptionally plump the river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the turkey is sent to the White House for a holiday dinner. Hittites, and unto the Great Sea toward the going Indian tribes have presented presidents with elaborate, down of the sun, shall be your border. fully plumed tribal headdresses. Foreign heads of state, 5 There shall not any man be able to stand before on occasion of visits to the White House, invariably thee all the days of thy life; as I was with Moses, so I come laden with gifts. will be with thee; I will not fail thee nor forsake It is doubtful, however, whether any gift to a thee. president was more touching or more meaningful than 6 Be strong and of good courage; for thou shalt one given to Abraham Lincoln in February, 1861, while cause this people to inhertit the land which I swore he was en route to Washington for his inauguration. unto their fathers to give them. 7 Only be strong and very courageous, to observe to This was an American flag presented to him by do according to all the law, which Moses My servant Abraham Kohn, one of the founders of KAM Temple, commanded thee; turn not from it to the right hand and, at the time of this presentation, the City Clerk of or to the left, that thou mayest have good success Chicago in the administration of Mayor John whithersoever thou goest. Wentworth. 8 This book of the law shall not depart out of thy Before detailing the search, fruitless to date, for the mouth, but thou shalt meditate therein day and flag, some observations concerning Mr. Kohn and his night, that thou mayest observe to do according to family may be of interest. He was born in Bavaria in all that is written therein; for then thou shalt have 1819 and came to America in 1842. Like many other good success. German Jews beginning to feel the effects of repressive 9 Have I not commanded thee? Be strong and of measures directed against them, he came to America, good courage; be not affrighted, neither be thou the land referred to in Germany as das gebentschte dismayed; for the Lord they God is with thee Land —the blessed land. Abraham Kohn and his whithersoever thou goest. —Joshua 1: 4-9 brothers, Moses and Judas, engaged in perhaps the most common occupation of immigrant Jews of that time, peddling merchandise from house to house. Thereafter there appeared a number of documented Abraham Kohn was, perhaps, the quintessential Jew references to the flag. The following letter, the original of an appreciably large class of Jews in the middle of which is in the archival collection of KAM, was sent 1800s: successful in business after early struggles, by a presidential aide: devoted to his synagogue and active in public life. Chicago, August 28, 1861 ohn had been introduced to Lincoln shortly after Abraham Kohn, Esq. K the 1860 Republican Party presidential nominating My dear Sir: convention.… The overhanging clouds of possible The enclosed acknowledgement of the secession of Southern states and the possibility of a receipt of your beautiful painting of the fratricidal war made the time the most critical period American flag by the President got lost among since the founding of the Republic. my letters or it would have been sent to you Kohn had conceived a great admiration for Lincoln, before. Regretting the delay, I am, and implementing this feeling, presented him with a Truly your friend, most touching gift. This was a satin American flag, on the white bars of which Kohn inscribed, in his own J. Scammon Young hand, in Hebrew, with lines from the biblical Book of Unfortunately, President Lincoln’s acknowledgement Joshua 1:4-9. (See box above and editor’s endnote.) was never found. Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 5

George Henry Preble, in his definitive History of the Flag of the United States of America , in both the 1872 and 1880 editions, wrote: “Before leaving Springfield, he received from Abraham Kohn, City Clerk of Chicago, a fine picture of the flag of the Union, bearing an inscription in Hebrew on its folds, the verses being the 4th to the 9th verses of the first chapter of Joshua, in which Joshua was commanded to reign over a whole land…”

For a number of years thereafter, there appears to be Abraham Kohn. From the 1983 article. a gap in any disclosed documentation concerning the flag. However, on June 20, 1895, in a speech at Ottawa, Kansas, Governor (later President) William McKinley he flag itself, as a priceless historical object, has been referred to the flag as follows: T the subject of intensive searches and researches by “What more beautiful conception than that many individuals and agencies. The writer, during his which prompted Abraham Kohn, of Chicago, in incumbency as Chairman of the Archives Committee of February, 1861, to send to Mr. Lincoln, on the KAM Temple, became infected with this fever and eve of his starting to Washington to assume the added his efforts to those of prior researchers. But, office of president, a flag of our country, bearing where archeologists searching for lost civilizations, or upon its silken folds these words from the first anthropologists digging for skeletonic remains of early chapter of Joshua:… man, achieved some measure of success, the writer, “Could anything have given Mr. Lincoln alas—to date, as least—experienced the same more cheer, or been better calculated to sustain frustrations encountered by legendary Arthurian knights his courage or to streng-then his faith in the in their search for the fabled Holy Grail. almighty work before him? Correspondence concerning the flag was conducted “Thus commanded, thus assured, Mr. with the American Jewish Historical Society, American Lincoln journeyed to the capital, where he took Jewish Archives, Chicago Historical Society, Illinois the oath of office and registered in heaven an State Historical Library, Department of Armnd Forces oath to save the Union. And the Lord, our God, History of the Smithsonian Institution, Historical was with him until every obligation of oath and Services Division of the Department of the Army, and duty was sacredly kept and honored. the American Antiquarian Society. “Not any man was able to stand befor him. Individuals to whom inquiries were addressed were Liberty was the more firmly enthroned, the most cooperative. Dr. David C. Mearns of the Library Union was saved, and the flag which he carried, of Congress sent the writer a lengthy letter listing many floated in triumph and glory from every flagstaff references to the flag and suggesting recourse to some of of the republic.” the agencies listed above. An extensive colloquy, via correspondence, was conducted with Miss Josephine In a later letter to Mrs. Dankmar Adler (the wife of Cobb of the National Archives in Washington, who had the well-known architect and the daughter of Abraham herself previously undertaken a search. Kohn), McKinley wrote, in part: It was also suggested that an inquiry be printed in “The incident deeply impressed me when I the monthly magazine, Museum News , published by the first learned of it, and I have taken occasion to American Association of Museums. This magazine use it, as in my speech at Ottawa, to which you occasionally prints requests for assistance in locating refer.… I am glad to have been able to give specific historical items. This was done, and elicited a publicity to this striking incident, and I am sure response from someone who offered to send a picture of that the family of Mr. Kohn should feel very the flag. Since the writer is in possession of the original proud of his patriotic act.” glass negative from which all pictures were made, this The original letter from McKinley is also in the archival was a gracious though unfruitful gesture. collection of KAM. continued on page 14 6 Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 Chicago’s Jews and Abraham Lincoln: The Politics of the Civil War Era BY EDWARD H. MAZUR

In the 1850s, Chicago was a institution of slavery and the tactics Wentworth. declared approval of bastion of the Democratic Party. of the abolitionists. This is not Greenebaum’s actions and called for One chronicler of the time observed surprising since each Jewish the resistance to the “enforcement of that “if the town pump had been community, congregation, business, this barbaric law.” nominated for Mayor in those days and religious leader was free of any The historical record indicates on the Democratic ticket it would hierarchical controls. In all proba- that many German Jews were active have been elected….” However, the bility, personal background and local in the formation of Republican rise of the anti-slavery movement, allegiances rather than Jewish organizations in support of the followed by the Civil War, Recon- teaching determined Jewish views. candidacy of John C. Fremont for struction, and rapid industrialization Thus, Jewish-American citizens, President in 1856, in the canvass for in the last quarter of the nineteenth southern rabbis, and public officials Abraham Lincoln’s unsuccessful century combined to upset the from the South including United attempt to defeat Stephen A. Democratic hegemony. States Senators Judah P. Benjamin Douglas for U.S. Senator in 1858, Courting the Jewish Vote and David Yulee strongly upheld the and in Lincoln’s successful campaign institution of slavery. for the Presidency in 1860. Although the Jewish community was The issue of slavery was like a small in number, with approxi - Bernhard Felsenthal “fire bell in the night,” and divisive and Liebman Adler mately 1,500 members by 1860, and for the Jewish community. Accord- even smaller in eligible voters, the ing to Max J. Kohler, the son of Two important Jewish leaders in Jewish voters were ardently courted. Kaufman Kohler, rabbi of Sinai Civil War Era Chicago were Dr. This Jewish community was com- Temple, 1871-79, the small Jewish Bernhard Felsenthal of Sinai Temple posed of immigrants from Bavaria, community in Chicago was careful and Dr. Liebman Adler of Kehillath Bohemia, Posen, German-Poland, to not endanger its acceptance in the Anshe Maariv. They spoke from the and a smattering of Dutch and larger Chicago community. pulpit and wrote against the “pecu - Latvians, in addition to native-born Reportedly, one half of Chicago’s liar institution” of slavery, often Americans. Jewish community belonged to the antagonizing their congregants. The Jewish electorate was firmly soon to disappear Whig Party in the Felsenthal compared Negro slavery linked by their political suitors to 1850s because of the Democratic to the afflictions of Russian Jewry, the significantly larger German Party’s association with slavery. This stating that “Russia does not lie only community in the belief that both appears to be an exaggeration between Kalisz and Kamchatka, but groups shared an identity of interests because the Whig involvement with it is also on the shore of the Potomac in efficient public service, thriftiness anti-foreign elements would have and Lake Michigan.” and public freedom. Observers mitigated against such an allegiance. In March 1859, Felsenthal wrote articulated a frequently held but Michael Greenebaum to an acquaintance in Lawrenceburg, historically overstated opinion that Indiana: “…an affinity for liberalism, love of An incident involving Michael “How sure of itself the free press, more individual liberty, Greenebaum in 1853 indicates the Democratic Party was in and better opportunities for work, difficulty of remaining neutral on 1854, even in 1856; it trade, and enterprise made it natural the issue of slavery. Federal marshals considered itself quite for them [the Jews] to sympathize seeking to enforce the Fugitive Slave invincible, a veritable with the abolitionist movement and Law provisions of the Compromise Gibraltar! Today things are join the Republican Party.” of 1850 attempted to arrest a different, and even though In fact, Chicago’s Jewish popu- fugitive slave. A crowd of anti- the politicians may succeed lation reacted in diverse ways to the slavery advocates, led by Greene- in sending a Democratic growing controversy over slavery. baum, liberated the fugitive from president to the White Before the 1861 firing on Fort their custody. A mass meeting was House in 1860, the free soil Sumter, individual Jews took held at which a leading public figure idea has taken such firm positions for and against the and future mayor, “Long John” root…that it can never be Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 7

eradicated….Isn’t it true, Julius Rosenthal and of four years, Salomon moved to San friend Adler that you are Charles Kosminski Francisco where he was elected twice somewhat less enthusiastic The majority of the Chicago Jewish to the California legislature. for this filibustering, Cuba- community led by Abraham Kohn The Concordia Guards covetous, slavery spreading (see article on page 4), Bernhard corrupt Democratic Party Th issue of slavery was not the Felsenthal, Julius Rosenthal, Adolph reason why the common man, Jew than you were two years ago? Loeb, Leopold Mayer, and Charles If indeed you are still a or Gentile, went to war. Most Kosminski, supported Lincoln over Southerners wanted to protect the Democrat at all….It would Douglas. surprise me very much if I doctrine of States’ Rights. Most Julius Rosenthal, a native of Northerners joined the army to heard that you would still Liedolsheim-Baden, Germany, give your vote to Buchanan preserve the Union. Almost all of arrived in Chicago in 1854 and by them were volunteers. In 1861 and ….He is fortunate who can 1856 was elected first secretary of keep well out of the mire of 1862, public meetings were held in the John C. Fremont Club, “espous- every city and town—North and political affairs, and who has ing the Republican platform.” a realm within his home South—where speeches were given Charles Kosminski, a native of to fan the flames of patriotism—and where no hostile parties the Prussian province of Silesia, also exist, but where all are men signed up. arrived in Chicago in 1854. He One such meeting was held in attached to one another in a became an influential retail grocer spirit of love and loyalty.” Chicago on the night of August 13, and later an important banker. 1862 at the Concordia Club on Henry Greenebaum Before 1861, Kosminski headed the Dearborn Street. The speeches were In spite of such pronounce- “Washington Club,” a Republican in German because the audience was ments, there were leading members organization, and for many years made up of immigrants from of the Jewish community who headed the fourth ward’s (mid South Bavaria, , and . More continued to identify with the Side) German Republican Club. In importantly, the meeting was Democrats, and especially Stephen 1887, he was appointed to the sponsored by Ramah Lodge #33 of A. Douglas, as late as 1860. These Chicago Board of Education. B’nai B’rith, and in attendance were included hotelman Joseph Schloss- Edward Salomon leading members of the city’s Jewish man, banker Henry Greenebaum, Edward S. Salomon was born in community. By the end of the and merchant Edward Salomon. Schleswig-Holstein in 1826 and evening, ninety-six men had Henry Greenebaum and his emigrated to Chicago after volunteered, $10,000.00 had been brothers Michael and Elias were completing his secondary school pledged to provide a reward (or natives of Eppelsheim, Germany. education in Europe. In 1860, he bounty, as it was called) to the Henry arrived in Chicago in 1848 became an alderman, but when the enlistees, and a uniquely Jewish and by 1855 had established a Civil War started, he joined the resolution had been passed. successful banking business with his Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry as a Young Dankmar Adler enrolled brothers. In 1855, he was elected second lieutenant and by 1862 was in the Concordia Guards. Dankmar, Democratic alderman of the sixth promoted to the rank of major. He the only son of Rabbi Liebman ward, an area located west of the assisted in the organization of the Adler, later achieved great success as Chicago River and north of Eighty-second Illinois Infantry, the an engineer and architect. Randolph Street, “in recognition of “Concordia Guards,” and rose to the The praised the his political activity and influence rank of colonel. response of Chicago Jewry: with the voters of that party.” In 1865, he was made a “Our Israelite citizens have In 1860, Henry Greenebaum brigadier general. When the war gone beyond even their most was a presidential elector on the ended, Salomon returned to sanguine expectations. Their Democratic Douglas ticket. During Chicago and was elected, as a princely contribution of the Civil War, he became an ardent Republican, to the office of Cook itself is a record which must Republican, and in 1868, Governor County Clerk. In 1870, President ever redound to their Richard Oglesby appointed him a Grant appointed him Governor of patriotism. The rapidity with member of the first State Board of Washington Territory. After a tenure Equalization. continued on page 12 8 Chicago Jewish History Wintr 2009 Sándor (A. Raymond Katz) and The Chicagoan Magazine BY BEV CHUBAT All images courtesy of Quigley Publishing Company, a division of QP Media Inc.

ast November, a rare slice of our city’s past was served up by historian Neil Harris when his L book, The Chicagoan: A Lost Magazine of the Jazz Age , was published by the University of Chicago Press. The “platter” for his delicious dish is a visually stunning volume of large dimensions, weighing close to ten pounds. Neil Harris is the Preston and Sterling Morton Professor of History and Art History Emeritus at the University of Chicago, where he taught from 1969 to 2007. He has authored several books, but none as ambitious as this one. He describes its genesis: “While browsing the stacks of the University of Chicago’s Regenstein Library some years ago, I noticed a group of plainly bound volumes whose spines bore the name Chicagoan . Pulling down and opening one of them, I was startled to find it ablaze with glorious color covers, fanciful art, lots of cartoons, and a whole range of articles and reviews. I had never heard of the magazine before. In a first take I concluded that this was another, lesser known version of the New Yorker that I had somehow missed encountering and that I would soon learn more. But just how rare these copies were, how enveloped in oblivion, and how ensconced in Chicago’s special culture I was yet to discover.” Professor Harris learned that the first issue of The Chicagoan had appeared on newsstands on June 14, 1926, sixteen months after the first issue of the New Yorker was published, and, of course, there was a connection between them. The New Yorker was the first urban magazine. Its jazzy and sophisticated style of writing and art captured its time and place. The Chicagoan differed in that it included photographs as well as drawings, and a society page, too. Most of its articles and cartoons were imitative of the New Yorker —but the covers were spectacularly different.

ho published The Chicagoan ? Neil Harris tells W us that he was L. M. Rosen, “whose other accomplishments remain, so far, hidden from history.” The first editor was Marie Armstrong Hecht. She was a translator, poet and critic, best known as the first wife of Ben Hecht. They had divorced in 1925, and Ben had left for New York. The second issue of The Chicagoan , appeared a month after the first, with a new editor, Harry Segall, who soon departed for Hollywood, to be followed, in short order, by two other editors. Leaving Chicago for New York or Hollywood was standard practice for writers in the 1920s. Chicago had enjoyed a reputation as a literary mecca early in the twentieth century, with many gifted newspapermen, novelists, and poets, but the great ones had gone. So who were the contributors to The Chicagoan ? Robert Pollak was the music critic. He went on to the music and drama desk at the Chicago Times, and then became the drama critic for the Chicago Sun-Times. The names of three women contributors might interest a Jewish historical society: cover artist Hermina Selz, cartoonist Magda Glatter, and writer Edna Asmus.

Sandor (A. Raymond Katz), Uptown. Cover, The Chicagoan , November 23, 1929. The full color image can be seen in the web edition of CJH at www.chicagojewishhistory.org Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 9

With the issue dated March 26, 1927, Martin J. Quigley became the second and last publisher of The Chicagoan. Regular publication would continue for the next eight years. Quigley was a journalist and movie fan who combined his talent and interests by editing and publishing entertainment trade magazines. A devout Catholic, he later became one of the organizers of the Legion of Decency. Harris writes that “for much of the 1920s, at least in the pages of The Chicagoan , Quigley kept his movie crusade under wraps….” eventeen covers of The Chicagoan were painted by SSándor (SHON- dor )—the name used by by A. Raymond Katz on some of his secular commercial art. Katz was a Hungarian-born Jewish muralist, illustrator, and designer of stained glass windows for numerous synagogues and temples. Many pages of The Chicagoan are decorated with his exquisite line art. Katz signed his full name or initials on these drawings. The image below is a fine example of Katz’s work. It accompanies the profile of another talented Jew, “Emil Armin—Artist’s Artist,” by J. Z. Jacobson, published in February 1, 1930. The admiring author notes that Armin is a member of the “Fifty-seventh Street Samuel Greenburg, Portrait of Sandor (A. Raymond Katz), colony—recently rehabilitated—in the company of in the style of Katz. The Chicagoan, June 1934. several of his fellow pioneeer Chicago modernists, happier and more determind than ever and almost as poor.” The drawing above contains some interesting details. Samuel Greenburg, a respected Chicago Jewish artist and teacher, imitates his colleague’s style very well. He has included a hassidic figure pointing accusingly at Katz and his nude muse and has written the Yiddish word sheygetz (in this case, meaning a naughty, impudent boy). The jovial Sándor is shown burning a piece of paper; it is a letter from the Art Institute of Chicago rejecting his entries to a juried exhibition—oil, watercolor, tempera, and brush drawing. Katz eventually emulated Chicago’s literary lights and moved to New York. Another renowned Jewish artist, Aaron Bohrod, created some striking covers for The Chicagoan . They are painted in an abstract style, whereas his work is usually naturalistic. Welcome, Meyer Levin wrote at least one article for the magazine, on January New Members A. Raymond Katz, 12, 1929—a spot-on spoof of Ben of the Society Emil Armin, sketched from life . Hecht and Charles McArthur’s hit The Chicagoan , February 1, 1930. play, “The Front Page,” then J.B. & Sally Goldenberg running at the Erlanger Theater. Jerome S. Katzin Seymour L. Mandel eil Harris notes that “there are still gaps in the story of The Chicagoan. Debra S. Rade NThe University of Chicago copies, it turned out, constitute one of Betty C. Slutsky only two substantially complete sets in the United States.…Rarity and Neal Vogel obscurity are spurs to historical research.…There is much left to learn.…” Gillian Wolf Harris acknowledges the assistance of his wife, Teri J. Edelstein, on many Michael & Jessica Young aspects of this lengthy project and has included her name in the byline. O 10 Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 Rosika Schwimmer, Jewish Suffragist and Pacifist in Landmark Lawsuit BY WALTER ROTH

osika Schwimmer, born in Budapest, Hungary on Then, in 1916, she persuaded automobile magnate R September 11, 1877, was descended from several Henry Ford to sponsor a “Peace Ship”—an expedition generations of Jewish merchants and intellectuals. A by American women pacifist leaders to Europe as maternal uncle, Leopold Katscher, a pacifist lawyer, was unofficial mediation teams to meet with European said to have influenced Rosika in her beliefs. rulers. Jane Addams was president and Schwimmer was She became a well known author of children’s books vice-president of the delegation. Dissention occurred on and a lecturer on women’s suffrage and pacifism. She the voyage and Ford left the ship before there were any became a leader of Hungarian feminist organizations meetings with the European officials. Schwimmer led and the Women’s International League for Peace. In one conference in Stockholm, but after her efforts were 1914, after the outbreak of war in Europe, she came to attacked in the American press, she resigned her office. the United States, which was neutral, to help organize When Hungary gained its independence in 1918, meetings with President Woodrow Wilson, seeking his Schwimmer returned and was appointed to an ambassa - assistance to end the war. In this she failed. dorial post by the coalition government. But the Social Democrats were ousted by the Communists, and in the violent aftermath she was forced to flee. In September 1921, she arrived in the United States. Her sister Franciska lived in Chicago. and her close friend, Lola Maverick Lloyd, a fellow activist in women’s causes, lived in suburban Winnetka. Lola was born in Castroville, Texas, near San Antonio. Her paternal grandfather, Samuel Augustus Maverick, did not brand his roaming cattle; subsequently, unbranded cattle became known as “mavericks,” and the family name came to to describe nonconformists. he October 6, 1921 issue of the T Chicago Tribune carried an interview with Schwimmer: Pacifist Tells of Ruin of Hungary “Mme. Rosika Schwimmer, inter- national suffragist, leading lady on the Ford peace ship, erstwhile ambassador and minister plenipo - tentiary from the republic of Hungary to the republic of Switzerland, and for whose presence here department of justice officials are said to have been trying to account, was found “CONSISTENCY.” Published in Scripps-Howard Newspapers, October 5, 1928. in Chicago last night by a Tribune Rosika Schwimmer Papers, New York Public Library. reporter. Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 11

“A plump little woman, Hungary. For the last year and a “Mme. Schwimmer said she had comfortably ensconced in a half I’ve been all over Europe. to wait three months to get her cushioned chair before a Now I’m here –’. passport to come here. She fireplace in which the embers of “‘What do you think of suffrage expressed the hope that she a giant log were burning—she in Europe now?’ wouldn’t have to wait that long talked of things that have been, “‘Stagnant—the movement is in case she wanted to go back.’ things that are, and things that almost gone.’ Schwimmer decided to remain will be. She is a guest at the “‘Is there any danger of Austria in the United States and resume her home of Mrs. Lola Lloyd, 445 and Hungary going bolshevist at life as a lecturer and journalist. Her 1st Street, Winnetka. this time?’ health problems became more Haven’t Been Hiding “‘I believe there would be a serious as she suffered from diabetes. “‘No, it isn’t generally known monarchy before a soviet. There fter living in America for five that I’m in America again,’ she wouldn’t be any radical propa- A years, she applied for citizenship said, ‘but I have not been hiding ganda afloat if there were some before a circuit court in Cook my presence here. How did I way for the allies to stabilize and County, Illinois. At the time, she come in? Why, on a passport, rejuvenate our industries so the was 49 years old. She filled out a certainly, through New York people could produce.’ long questionnaire, in which one of City. In my own name? Of No More Soviets in Europe the questions asked: “If necessary, course.’ are you willing to take up arms in “‘Will you tell something of “‘What do you believe the best sort of government for the defense of this country?” your past and of your plans for Schwimmer answered: “No.” the future?’ she was asked. nations of Europe would be?’ “‘A good, plain, healthy, demo- She wrote a letter explaining that “‘I’ll be glad to—but I’m afraid her position as a pacifist was not it will be tiresome to most. You cratic government—not a monarchy and most decidedly inconsistent with her loyalty to the know I came here first in 1914 United States. But her petition was to get President Wilson to use not a soviet—the one means tyranny, the other means denied by the hearing examiner, and his influences as a neutral to her case wound up before Federal attempt to end the war. dictatorship, which is worse. I’m not a politician propagandist— District Court Judge Carpenter. “‘I stayed here then until 1916. I’m a suffragist and a pacifist. He asked her a simple question It was my suggestion that caused My main object is to keep as to what she was willing to do in the famous Ford peace trip to peace.’ case of war. She answered: “I will Copenhagen on the Oscar II. I obey every law of the United States, “‘Do you notice any difference addressed numerous meetings but I will not fight physically.” in America between your visit here. And on my return to my Asked what she would do if an here now and your last trip?’ country I was named ambas- enemy tried to kill her, she sador to Switzerland—the first U.S. Is Saner answered, “I would not kill a man woman to hold a similar post.’ “‘Indeed I do. The whole even if he tried to kill me.” Red Here—White in Hungary country is saner. It is tackling the According to an account in the , Judge Carpenter “‘Then when Bela Kun problem of reconstruction New York Times rose from the bench and pointed to overthrew our plans for a cheerfully. You’ll get somewhere.’ the American flag and bellowed: republic—I quit. There’s a funny “‘How long do you expect to “You cannot be a half-way citizen thing about that. When I was in remain here?’ under that flag. You must do what the United States I was regarded “‘I don’t know, I’m writing a few our Constitution requires of all as a radical, an I. W. W., a art criticisms now. My health American citizens—promise to serve German spy, a pacifist. When isn’t of the best—my nerves have that flag and defend it with your life, Bela Kun took charge I was been bad for some months. I if necessary. Your petition is denied.” branded an ultraconservative, don’t know when I’ll be able to Schwimmer now appealed her and was charged with spreading go home again. I’d like to stay a case to the United States Circuit propaganda against the bol- good, long while—my friends shevist movement. So I left are so kind.’ continued on page 12 12 Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009

Rosika Schwimmer community, but the naturalization District Court decision. U.S. v. department in Chicago decided to Schwimmer, 279 U.S. 644 (1929). continued from page 11 delay granting the citizenship Justice Holmes, joined by Justice certificate because of Schwimmer’s Brandeis, called Schwimmer “a Court of Appeals. She was alleged exploitation of her case for woman of superior character and represented by attorney Olive Rabe, “purposes of pacifist propaganda,” intelligence, obviously more than who later achieved considerable and with the assistance of the United ordinarily desirable as a citizen.” fame in her own right. States Attorney General delayed Holmes was 88 years old when he On June 29, 1928, the Seventh issuing the certificate until the case wrote his dissent in the Schwimmer Circuit reversed the District Court’s was ruled on by the United States case, a notable contribution to the decision and ordered that Schwim- Supreme Court. free speech law then emerging in mer’s petition for citizenship be American constitutional law. granted (Schwimmer v. United T he case came to be heard before While her case was being States, 27 F.2d 742 (1928). the United States Supreme Court deliberated, Schwimmer was under The Appeals Court cited many on April 12, 1929, with Schwimmer constant attack in the virulent right- reasons for its ruling, the most represented by Chicago lawyer Olive wing press. She filed a libel suit cogent being that under the law at Rabe, only the second woman ever against historian Fred R. Marvin the time, Schwimmer could not be to argue a case before the United who had labeled her “a German spy compelled to bear arms. “Because States Supreme Court. and Bolshevik” in his column in the she was a woman, 49 years of age; Chief Justice William Howard New York Commercial . She won the yet she is denied citizenship because Taft, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and case and was awarded $17,000 in she will not fight with her fists, or Louis Brandeis were the most damages (Schwimmer v. Commer- carry a gun.” prominent members of the Court at cial Newspaper Co. 228 N.Y.S. 220 The court gave other reasons for that time. In a six to three decision, (1928). its decision, such as free speech, the Supreme Court reversed the In the 1930s, Schwimmer was which was hailed by the pacifist Appellate Court and upheld the involved with movements for world citizenship; she worked for the creation of a world center for which the company was Chicago’s Jews and women’s rights and labored to set up enlisted has not its equal in a world constitutional convention Abraham Lincoln the history of recruiting. In during and after World War II. barely 36 hours of time they continued from page 7 The Schwimmer citizenship have enlisted a company of decision was fought by the ACLU men reaching beyond the maximum of gallant, strong-armed, and other civil rights organizations. stout-hearted men, who will make themselves felt in the The decision was finally reversed war…. Can any town, city, or state in the North show an by the United States Supreme Court equally good two days’ work? The Concordia Guards have our in Girouard v. United States 328 best wishes for their future and our hopes that victory may U.S. 61 (1946), with Justice William always crown their aims.” O. Douglas quoting the Holmes hicago Jewry lamented the assassination of the President. Liebman dissent and stating that “the victory CAdler and Bernhard Felsenthal delivered moving eulogies. Jewish for freedom of thought recorded in business establishments closed their doors, declared a day of our Bill of Rights recognizes that in mourning, and draped their windows with portraits of the martyred the domain of conscience is a moral President and memorial banners. Jews were represented in Lincoln’s power higher than the State.” Chicago funeral procession by the Hebrew Benevolent Association and Rosika Schwimmer died of the Chevra Kadisha Bikur Cholim. pneumonia on August 3, 1948, not Abraham Lincoln lay in state for two days at Chicago’s Court long after she was nominated for the House under a canopy inscribed with David’s lament from II Samuel Nobel Peace Prize. (No prize was 1:19, “The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy high places.” O awarded that year.) Her remains The introductory remarks about the Concordia Club meeting were taken from a talk by were cremated, and her ashes were Marshall D. Krolick at a CJHS open meeting in 2004. Mr. Krolick, a former member of scattered in Lake Michigan near the the Society board, is a distinguished member of the Civil War Round Table. home of her maverick friend. O Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 13 Rabbi Louis J. Chaimovitz: An Orthodox Rabbi’s Founding Role in Chicago BY SEMA CHAIMOVITZ MENORA Walter Roth, in a recent President’s Column, mentioned the Yiddish language newspaper, the Jewish Courier , and brought back the memory of my family’s beginnings. y family, the Cheskises, pharmacists on the MNear North Side, and the Averbushes, living on the South Side, brought my maternal grandparents, Rabbi Sholom and Geesa Bozman, to America in the mid-1920s from the Ukraine. Through the Jewish Courier , my grandfather found a job as a rabbi in Davenport, Iowa, where he served for over twenty-five years, before retiring to Chicago. In 1938, Rabbi Bozman’s daughter, Lillian, married a Chicago rabbi, Louis J. Chaimovitz, whose shul , Anshe Shavel Yanova, was located at 16th Street and Homan Avenue. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Chaimo- vitz Hebrew Book Store on Roosevelt Road sold books, mezuzas, taleisim, and other Jewish paraphernalia. The store was founded by Louis’s father, Rabbi Elchonon Chaimovitz, who passed away in 1932. Above the book store, in their living quarters, Rebetsn Miriam, Elcho- In 1962, the newly remodeled Congregation Anshe Shavel non’s wife, made shidukhim (arranged marriages), work Yanova in Austin (also known as Central Hebrew Congrega- tion because of its location at 52 North Central Avenue) was for which she was known throughout the West Side. dedicated. From left: Rabbi Arnold Weiner , the architect abbi Louis Chaimovitz, in addition to his book who designed the remodeled building; the spiritual leader, R store and his shul , was among the founders of the Rabbi Louis J. Chaimovitz ; and officers Ben Levin and Rabbi first Orthodox Jewish day school in Chicago, the Reuben Deitz . Photo courtesy of the author. Hebrew Parochial School at 1239 South Independence Boulevard, and served as its first executive director. n the early 1950s, Anshe Shavel Yanova moved to He would approach all the people he knew who had Ithe Austin neighborhood, to Central Avenue at school age children and fervently work to persuade Washington Boulevard. In Austin, Rabbi Bozman them to send their kids to this new start-up school. His assisted his son-in law in the shul while his wife, Geesa, own twin daughters, Chana (Kovalsky) and Sema volunteered at the BMZ (Beth Moshav Z’keinim), the (Menora) attended this school and continued on to Jewish home for the aged on the West Side. what was then the Chicago Jewish Academy, the first Orthodox medical students attending the Chicago Orthodox Jewish high school in Chicago. Medical School found Austin a convenient place to live. In the 1940s and 1950s, Rabbi Chaimovitz, known When necessary, on Shabbat or Jewish holidays, they for his oratorical skills, was called on to speak at many could walk to class. Medical students from other organizational affairs. Over the years, he conducted neighborhoods would often stay at the Chaimovitz hundreds of Chicago weddings, large and small. Many home over Shabbat when there was a special lecture that of the small weddings were held in his own home, first had to be attended at the school. on Independence Boulevard, and later, in Austin. In 1967, while on a trip to Israel with his wife, Funeral directors regularly called on him to speak when Lillian, to plan their aliya , Rabbi Chaimovitz passed the family had no rabbi of their own. Also, in the ’40s away suddenly, at the age of 53. Lillian lived until 1999. and ’50s, shkhita (kosher ritual meat slaughtering) at Within a few years after the rabbi’s passing, the major local meatpacking companies, such as Armour Anshe Shavel Yanova shul in Austin was absorbed into and Swift, was developed by Rabbi Chaimovitz, Congregation Beth Itzchok, at 6717 North Whipple bringing work to local shokhtim (ritual slaughterers), Street. Rabbi Chaimovitz’s shul had served the Austin many of whom were survivors of the Holocaust. community for almost twenty years. O 14 Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009

Start of the Wacker Drive Rehab, Part II, ABRAHAM KOHN’S 2005. From left: Senator Dick Durbin, AMERICAN FLAG Senator Barack continued from page 5 Obama, Alderman , Mayor Richard M. ooks, of course, by writers Daley, Congressman Bof American Jewish his- Danny Davis, and tory—specifically, Jacob Rader (unidentified). Photo from the Marcus, Isaac Markens, and website of former Bertram Korn—were combed; alderman Natarus. but these simply contained references to the flag and its presentation to Lincoln. Report on the Society’s January 25 Open Meeting One may ask, “Why the Burton Natarus: “Memories of A Public Official” search?” Simply stated, the About fifty hardy Chicagoans attended our open meeting on a near-zero- response would be that we degree-cold Sunday afternoon. We met in the chapel of Temple Sholom, Jews have always been a 3480 North Lake Shore Drive, after a social hour with refreshments. remembering people. We have Program Chairman Charles B. Bernstein introduced our guest speaker, always looked back upon the Burton Natarus, former alderman of Chicago’s 42nd ward (1971–2007). past with shining eyes, with an A native of Wausau, Wisconsin, Natarus was born to Jewish immigrant understandable and persistent parents from Russia. There were only four Jews in Burton’s high school. He zeal for evocations and was on the track team and credits his 10.3-second speed in the 100 yard memorabilia of Jewish worlds dash to his “training”—being chased by and escaping from non-Jews. gone by. Particularly applicable He earned a BA and LLD from the University of Wisconsin and came to to Jews, perhaps, is an expres- Chicago in 1960, hired as a trial lawyer at Montgomery Ward. He was sive statement by Goethe, introduced to politics that year as a volunteer for JFK. appearing as a preface to the In 1961, he was married to Barbara Eisendrath (deceased). She came translation of the diary of from a Reform family; his background was Orthodox/Conservative. So his Abraham Kohn: wishes for a traditional marriage ceremony required some negotiating with Happy is he who Rabbi Louis Mann of Sinai Congregation who officiated at their wedding in remembers his the Ambassador East Hotel—good practice for a politician. progenitors with pride, He was brought into the 42nd Ward Regular Democratic Organization who relates with by State Senator Ira Colitz; Commissioner “Little pleasure to the listener Jack” Levin, the longtime Madison Street restauranteur of cheesecake fame; the story of their and , the 42nd ward committeeman. When the incumbent greatness, of their 42nd ward alderman died in office, Natarus assumed his duties without pay. deeds, and silently He then became a candidate and won the next election. rejoicing, sees himslef Natarus remembers that when he first entered the city council, in 1971, linked to the end of there were a number of Jewish aldermen, including Bernard Stone and Leon this goodly chain. Despres. (Mayer Goldberg, a previous alderman of the 42nd ward, had left the council for a judgeship in 1968.) Editor’s note: In the original An expert in land use planning, Natarus considers his greatest 1983 article, Joseph Levinson accomplishments to be the rebirth of the Near North Side, sponsorship of wrote that the biblical verses on noise abatement ordinances, the hands-free cell phone requirement for the flag began with Joshua 1:5. drivers, and the ordinance permitting religious articles (including mezuzahs) McKinley, in his letter, wrote of to be displayed on condominium and apartment doors. the quotation starting with 1:4, He is rather pessimistic about the future of Jews in Chicago elective as did H.L. Meites in History office and political influence, due to changes in local demographics and of the Jews of Chicago . So we, what he feels is our failure to unite in support of co-religionists. too, began with that portion. —compiled from notes by Rachelle Gold and Ed Mazur Chicago Jewish History Winter 2009 15

ED MAZUR’S time, several hundred dollars were was supposed to speak for the raised, and hundreds of pounds of Labor Defense League. PAGES FROM bread and other foodstuffs Mr. Le Bassky claims that THE PAST promised. Supplementary to these through this action, the Institute subscriptions, was $1,000 raised wrecked the principle of free y source for these selections is by Mr. Koppel, personally. speech. In his letter of resigna- M the Chicago Foreign Language The money is being expended tion, Mr. Le Bassky states that he Press Survey Microfilm Collection at in food under the direction of attended the meeting, which, the , Harold Messrs. Koppel and Kallis. Tickets refused by the Institute, was held Washington Library Center. are issued to the hungry people. at the West Side Auditorium. In the autumn of 1936 the Those able to pay are charged ten Between 400 and 500 men and Chicago Foreign Language Press cents for a meal, but those women attended this meeting. Survey was organized under the Works without means are fed without The crowd was orderly in every Progress Administration (WPA) of cost. The food is being distributed respect, and no unpatriotic Illinois. The purpose of the Survey was to translate and classify selected news from Kallis Hall. The work will be utterances were made against the articles appearing in Chicago’s foreign kept up until times are better.— American flag. Mr. Le Bassky language press from 1861 to 1938. The Occident , August 25, 1893. declares that generally he didn’t Financial curtailments in the WPA FUND FOR REVOLUTIONARIES— see anything there except the program ended the Survey in October CHICAGO RUSSIAN JEWS educational worth of the meeting 1941. The Chicago Public Library DECLARE OUTRAGES MUST BE for the public.— Daily Jewish published the work in 1942. The AVENGED Funds for the purchase Courier , August 16, 1915 project consists of a file of 120,000 of arms and ammunition by the A SOCIALIST RABBI Not every typewritten pages from newspapers of revolutinary committee at reader could understand Rabbi 22 different foreign language St. Petersburg were collected last Jacobson’s article, “Every Pious communities in Chicago. evening at a meeting of the Jew Must Be A Socialist,” in Yiddish is the foreign language Revolutionary Society of Russian yesterday’s issue of The Daily of the Jewish press in the Survey. Jews at the West Side Auditorium. World . But everyone is interested English language periodicals are also The local branches of the Social in the phenomenon that there is included, as well as the publications Democrats and the Social Revolu- in Chicago a rabbi who declares of charitable institutions, communal organizations, and synagogues. tionists united with the Jewish himself publicly as a Socialist. Bund is urging contributions. We have had, until now, RELIEF MEETING HELD AND AID For the purpose of purchasing political rabbis or bootblacks to PROMPTLY FURNISHED HUNGRY arms for the revolutionaries the worst sort of social leaders. POLISH AND RUSSIAN JEWS $92.50 was collected. Subsequent But we never had a rabbi here Several hundred people attended personal contributions raised the with the courage to declare…that a meeting held Wednesday amount to $256.80. An attempt “Every Pious Jew Must Be A evening in Kallis Hall, 511 will be made to divert a portion of Socialist.” In Chicago we see Jefferson Street, in aid of the the general fund for arming the rabbis open their synagogues to unemployed Russian and Polish Jews of Russia for self-defense. the lowest types of politicians. Jews in this city. Alexander There will be a meeting tonight at It is therefore pleasant to see Koppel, the Canal Street banker Metropolitan Hall to further the that there are also pious Jews in presided, and exhibited a list revolutionary cause.— Chicago Chicago who cling to the ancient containing names of 213 adults Chronicle , November 17, 1905. Jewish law of Moses and the and 336 children, who were LE BASSKY RESIGNS FROM Prophets. We trust that the pious actually suffering for food. HEBREW INSTITUTE Jews will, from now on, spread Alexander Koppel, who is Attorney Jacob S. Le Bassky has their socialism in the synagogues, noted for his many charitable resigned his membership in the Hebrew schools, and theological deeds in Chicago, urged the Chicago Hebrew Institute, colleges, and will also win the meeting to take immediate because the Institute closed its respect of free thinkers.— action. As a result, in a short doors to Alexander Berkman, who The Daily World , April 27, 1918 Look to the rock from which you were hewn Non-Profit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Chicacago, IL 60611 chicago jewish historical societ y Permit No. 6590 610 South Michigan Avenue. Room 803 • Chicago, IL 60605-1901

IN THIS ISSUE: Abraham Kohn’s 1861 Flag Chicago’s Jews and Abraham Lincoln Sándor (A. Raymond Katz) and The Chicagoan Magazine Rosika Schwimmer Rabbi Louis J. Chaimovitz

Report on Jan. 25th Meeting

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