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CONTENTS Tourism Concepts and Linkages (MTTM101) TOURISM CONCEPTS & LINKAGES MTTM 101 CONTENTS Tourism Concepts and Linkages (MTTM101) S. NO. UNIT DETAILS PAGE NO. Block 1: Tourism: Definition, Meaning, Nature and Scope Unit 1 Tourism – Meaning, Nature and Scope 2-19 Unit 2 Travel and Tourism Through The Ages; ‘Emergence of the Concept of 20-36 Neo Tourism’ Unit 3 Key Components and Their Interdependence; Elements of Tourism 37-49 Unit 4 Different Approaches to Study Tourism and Their Application 50-60 Unit 5 Types and Typologies of Tourism and the Emerging Trends 61-74 Block 2: Tourism – Growth Perspectives and Typologies Unit 6 Factors Responsible for the Dramatic Growth of Tourism vis a vis 75-82 Inhibitory Forces Unit 7 Recreation - Leisure - Tourism: Inter-relationship and Interdependence 83-92 Unit 8 Concept of Push and Pull Forces in Tourism 93-113 Unit 9 Travel and Tourism Motivators; Relevance of Motivation Studies; Travel 114-125 de-motivators Block 3: Tourism Infrastructure and Industry Perspective Unit 10 Organizational and Functional Perspectives of Tourism Industry 126-141 Unit 11 Tourism Superstructures and Infra structure – Types and Typologies 142-165 Unit 12 Chain of Distribution in Tourism Industry and Significance of Forward 166-182 and Backward Integration; Tourism Conglomerates and Common Interest Bodies Block 4: Tourism Product, Tourist Demand & The Supply-Mix Unit 13 Tourism Product and Its Components; Background Elements of Tourism 183-197 Product; Unit 14 Tourist Demand – ‘Concept’, ‘Types’ and ‘Unique Features’, Tourism 198-212 Supply-mix Unit 15 The Tourism System – Dimensions, Interplays and Applications 213-229 Unit 16 Tourism Linkages – Significance, Scope and Challenges 230-241 Uttarakhand Open University 1 TOURISM CONCEPTS & LINKAGES MTTM 101 UNIT 1: TOURISM – MEANING, NATURE & SCOPE STRUCTURE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Tourism: Definitions 1.3 Elements Of Tourism 1.4 Conceptual Discussions 1.5 Global Tourism Scenario 1.6 Drivers Of Tourism Growth 1.7 Summary 1.1 Introduction Travel is one of the oldest activities. It existed even before the recorded history, when the man was roaming in search of food and shelter. From the very earliest historical period, travel has fascinated mankind in various ways. Much of travel in the beginning was largely unconscious and rather a simple affair. Travel in the distant past was not a thing of pleasure as is the case now. The travellers of the past were merchants, pilgrims, scholars in search of ancient texts and even a curious wayfarer looking forward to new and exciting experiences. Trade and commerce was however sole motivating factor in the ancient past, which made people travel to distant lands in order to seek fortunes. Travel got a big boost with the opening of the trade routes as the travellers from distant lands started moving about in large numbers and visited many places for the business purposes. Thus opening of new trade routes provided market places to merchants and these trade relations matured into cultural relations and better understanding of each other’s way of life. Various arts, culture and customs exchanged and science, technology, religious faith also experienced influence of each other. Today we are living in economic era. The only country having a sound economic status can enjoy freedom by all ways. The concept of developed and developing nations is nothing but an economic criteria depending upon the living standards of these countries. To get financial sound status all countries are making their efforts, during sound financial position many countries have started nearly blind race of industrialization, which raised a big problem of environmental pollution. So the need of such industry felt which could earn maximum foreign exchanges being least pollutant. The quest ends with the promotion and development of tourism industry, which is the second largest industry of the world. The most significant characteristic of this industry is that it is least pollutant for which it is also called “Smokeless Industry”. The importance of this industry can well understand as it promotes national integration, builds better international Uttarakhand Open University 2 TOURISM CONCEPTS & LINKAGES MTTM 101 understanding besides generating a vast employment opportunities. In fact, the whole economy of many countries like Singapore, Thailand and France etc. is solely based on tourism. One of the major characteristics of modern times is the phenomenon of travel and tourism. Almost all inventions and innovations in the world have in some way contributed to the increased ability of people to travel. Today, people talk of visiting capitals and exotic places around the world almost as an everyday happenstance. It is seldom one goes to a party or social function without hearing people talking about far off places they have visited or intend to visit soon. Our world has become a world where countries and communities are in contact with each other. One major avenue through which this contact is made is tourism. Today, tourism is at its peak. It is more highly developed than it has even been. People have always travelled, but in the first few thousand years of human history only a select few could do so. Most people were concerned with the daily task of living; their idea of a trip was to their neighbour’s farm, or to the local town market. The transition from a rural society to an industrial one brought with it the tourism phenomenon. In fact, one characteristic of industrial and post- industrial society is the onset of leisure time associated with travel. The first major change in modern history came with the Industrial Revolution. Modern machines and techniques brought people into the cities. As we moved to an urban society, changes in religious organizations and in rural kinship system led to the formation of recreational groups. Leisure pursuits became a new aspect of our society. There was a change from the concept that “the idle mind is the devil’s workshop” to the realization that leisure is a human right if not a God-given one. Still, old habits die hard, and whether conscious or unconscious, many people still think of idleness as wrong. The use of computers in recent years has resulted in what we may call a second industrial revolution. Computers have not only increased our ability to work quickly and produce more, they have given us even more leisure time and better incomes with which to pursue other interests. Although attitudes towards our work ethic and our free time are changing, most people still feel that they must work hard and play hard; that their leisure pursuits, which may be healthy and restful, should also keep them busy. General Concepts of tourism Krippendorf explored the identification of leisure as one of the major influences of an industrial society. He indicated that man in an industrial society is concerned with three primary things: work, habitat, and leisure. The industrial society can be understood to have four subsystems that relate to these concerns: (1) its values, (2) its economy, (3) its government and (4) its environment or resources. In turn, each of these parts of society can be analyzed further. Its values stress wealth and consumption. The economy can develop into super companies and a concentration of wealth. The environment can be treated as Uttarakhand Open University 3 TOURISM CONCEPTS & LINKAGES MTTM 101 having either limited or infinite resources. Government’s policies have direct influence on the lives of its people. According to Krippendorf’s analysis, people travel so they can better endure their work and home life. Krippendorf documented a growing feeling among people that society is going through such profound changes that it will no longer be a society known for its work. He stated that the post-industrial society will be one that: …. should put the art and quality of life before the standard of living. Values such as freedom,participation, autonomy, and the desire for self-fulfilment are gaming priority in the hierarchy of needs. The professional careers, security, and salaries are losing importance. One begins to realize that man has an overabundance of money and possession, but that he does not have enough time. People are rediscovering the meaning of time. He concluded with the statement that, although the character of travel will change as society changes, tourism will contribute to the desire for a better life and help in building a better society. The study of tourism has become very complex. To understand it better, there is a need to consider the various points of view held by many participants in the field. These different perspectives are held by tourists, businesses, governments of tourist generating countries (subsequently referred to as tourist governments), host governments, and the host communities. Tourists: Tourists have a set of need and wants that travel fulfils. These needs and wants depending upon the tourist’s time, money, cultural background, and social characteristics. The needs and characteristics of tourists help determine the destinations and activities chosen. Business: The opportunity to provide services and products that meet the needs and desires of tourists, either to assist them in transportation or at the destination, is a market function, referred to as the tourist industry. The tourist industry is divided into its components of transportation, accommodations, shopping, and activities. All these components, from a duty-free stone in an international airport through festivals, super bowls, hotels, or rides in horse carriages are highly organized. Tourist Governments: Economically and politically governments view tourism as a competitive export – money flows from their country or region to another. To some governments, particularly socialist nations, the flow of money is very important to their economy and stability, and must be carefully controlled. Host Governments: Host governments enjoy the benefits of tourism – income, jobs, and tax revenues.
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