Management and Development of Inter-modality and Maritime Transport

Maritime and intermodal transport system: Overview Intermodality - origens

• Historical background of intermodality: • Use of land bridges (Alexandria-Suez and Panama-Colon) • “loose boxes” for Bridgewater Canal coal for • Piggyback before WWII railroad • Malcom McLean – 1955 – Sea • RCH container (UK) the first Land standard (early XX century) • The istmos approach Intermodal transport

• Intermodal transport ( two

or more transport modes) Multimodal • Intermodal transport (movement of goods in one cargo unit or vehicule, successively using two or more transport modes, with no contact with the goods in the modal connection operations) Combined Transport - definitions

• The railroad segment, inland or maritime waterway should exceed 100 Km “as the crow flies” • The initial and final road segments in the road-rail combination should be limited to transportation between the place of loading / unloading and the nearest rail station with the right conditions for the transfer • In the river road and maritime combinations the initial and final road segments may not exceed 150 km “as the crow flies” combined transport EC definition Consolidation

‘1º Km’ • Basic intermodal transport structure: Transfer

Transportchain • Consolidation Interchange • Transfer (park) • Interchange(new mode) • The deconsolidation Deconsolidation Source: Intermodality ‘last Km’ The importance of the intermodal node

• Greater mobility of production factors (particularly capital). • Better use of comparative costs (especially labor). • Need to strengthen the transactional and legal environment. • Growth of intermodal transport supported in . • Terminals (or transfer points) as hubs for the efficiency of transport networks • New terminals and locations (dry ports). • Increasing of flow speed. Characteristics of intermodal transport

• Pick up (generally truck) • Advantages: door-to-door • Trunk line (mostly maritime • On a larger scale maritime but can also be rail and transport, but also rail and inland waterways) inland waterways have • Distribution (normaly truck) lower costs then road • Intermodality with air • Disadvantages; cost of transport is distinct mode changes: terminals Hardware intermodal-

• GT :Gross • – displacement • LOA – Total lenght • B – • Dw – deadweight • d – • Cgt – compensated Hardware intermodal-ship

Self unloading

Malaccamax Characteristics of the maritime transport market • Concentration of transport operators • Concentration ports • Port operators concentration • Economies of scale • Sharing slots Intermodal hardware Intermodal Hardware - barges

Barges Beam Length Draft TEU’s

Kempenaar 7 63 2,5 32 class

Container 11,4 110 3 200 vessel

Container 17 135 3 470 vessel Jowi class Intermodal hardware ISO 668 e ISO 1496-1

Dimensions in feet (meters) Type Lenght 20 (6,058) 40(12,192) 45(13,716) 8 (2,438) 8 (2,438) 8 (2,438) Standard Width 8-2 7/16(2,5) 8-2 7/16(2,5) 8-2 7/16(2,5) Pallet wide Other dimensions (non 8-6 (2,591) 8-6 (2,591) 8-6 (2,591) Standard Height intermodal): 9-6 (2,896) 9-6 (2,896) 9-6 (2,896) High Cube 53’ USA - rail 48’ USA - truck Swap bodies – EU - truck Dimensional adaptability

• Pallet wide allows a better use for the transport of pallets • High cube allows a better use for some equipment and low density loads. Open top

dry

flatrack Intermodal hardware Tanque

Open side reefer Largest container shipping operators

3500000 3.056.272

3000000 2.680.109 2500000 Fonte: Statista 2015.08.19 2000000 1.788.210 1500000

1000000 Capacity in TEUs in Capacity 958.358 948.815 500000 866.260 707.513 0 622.190 616.866 591.306

data Logistics operators

Top 10 Global Freight forwarders • There are no alliances but only support networks for small operators. • World Cargo Alliance and World Freight Alliance • Above all they share a wider infostructure Intermodality: advantages

• Some maritime transport Drivers of intermodality: operators have NVOCC • containerization subsidiaries to cover intermodality. • Improved efficiency in modal nodes (terminals). • Freight forwarders globally • Economies of scale in • 3PL ocean transport • DST and development of (gigantism) inland waterways (Rhine) Geographical distribution and evolution of the fleet Major container shipping routes (MTEU’s)

North Europe-North America

Asia-Middle East Total Asia-Mediterranean East bound Asia-North Europe West bound

Asia-North America

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 Container shipping routes (MTEU’s)

North America-East Coast South America North Europe/Mediterranean-East Coast South America Total South bound Asia-East Coast South America North bound

Australia-Far East *

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 Intermodal hardware : contentores

• Inspeções periódicas • Container rating • Planos de manutenção • Container tare mass aprovados • Contayner payload • Desequilíbrios nos fluxos Motorways of the sea:

• Baltic; • Western Europe (linking Portugal and Spain via the Atlantic Arc to the North and Irish Seas) • South East Europe • Southwest linking the South East Europe maritime motorway Intermodal infrastructure for inland navigation

• Sena-Schedt Canal • Sena • Schedt • Rhine • Main • Danube • Black Sea? Inland Waterways Inland Waterways

Via Navegável do Boca Comprimento Calado Douro Todas eclusas 11,4 83 3,3 Crestuma-Lever 11,4 89 3,8 UNECE 60-04 11,4 83 3,8

Via Navegável do Largura Via Navegável do Cota (Sr) Douro Douro Canal-zona 40 Pinhão-Pocinho 2,5 rochosa Restantes zonas 4,2 Canal – zona 60 aluvionar Inland waterways for combined transport • The suitability of a particular • B — Waterways suitable for combined waterway for combined transport is transport but restrictions apply. This is marked as follows: mainly interpreted by Governments as • A — Waterways suitable for combined inland waterways allowing the transport. This means that inland transport of at least two layers of navigation vessels with a width of containers, 50 per cent or less of them 11.40 or 11.45 m and a length of being empty, sometimes with the use approximately 110 m are able to of ballasting; operate on such waterways carrying • C — Waterways not suitable for three or more layers of containers, 50 combined transport. These are the per cent of containers being empty. waterways where the transport of Otherwise a permissible length of even two layers of containers is pushed convoys of 185 m should be impossible. possible, in which case they could operate with two layers of containers, 50 per cent of containers being empty; Railroad Infrastructure

• Railroad Motorways • Betuweroute Netherlands – Germany • Alameda rail corridor – USA West Coast • Sines-Badajoz & Aveiro- Vilar Formoso • Bottlenecks Transport Corridors Coopetition trends in intermodal operators

Barge – OFG Alliance Penta Alliance Upper Rhine Container alliance