Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5

Research Article AJGRR (2018) 1:5

American Journal of Geographical Research and Reviews (ISSN:2577-4433)

Role of Geospatial technology in Crime Mapping: A case study of state of

Firoz Ahmad 1*, Md Meraj Uddin2, Laxmi Goparaju1

1Vindhyan Ecology and Natural History Foundation, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2University Department of Mathematics, MCA, University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

ABSTRACT

Crime is a social stigma which needs to be addressed beyond *Correspondence to Author: talks. In developed country Geospatial technology has become Firoz Ahmad well established within the criminology and forensic fields in Vindhyan Ecology and Natural His- recent past. In order to achieve this proper database of various tory Foundation, Mirzapur, Uttar crimes (state/ district level) should be available for decision Pradesh, India making. The present study was an attempt made to study the district wise crime data (IPC crime registered) for murder, rape, kidnapping, dacoity, burglary, theft and riots of state of How to cite this article: Jharkhand for the year 2013 to understand the crime trend. We Firoz Ahmad, Md Meraj Uddin, Lax- have generated various maps including crime density map of mi Goparaju. Role of Geospatial Jharkhand based on crime types using ARC/ GIS Software and technology in Crime Mapping: A MS EXCEL. The crime density such as murder, rape, kidnaping case study of Jharkhand state of In- and riots were found in the range of (2.2 to 17.8), (1.6 to 12.6), dia. American Journal of Geograph- (2.3 to 10.4) and (1.0 to 17.5) respectively. Murder crime density ical Research and Reviews, 2018; was highest in Gumla district whereas it was found to be lowest 1:5. in Gridih district. Sahebganj district has high crime density for rape and kidnapping. Palamu district had low crime density in rape, whereas Ranchi district recorded low crime density in kidnapping. Crime density for riots was found lowest for district Simdega whereas highest for Koderma. The Indian police and eSciPub LLC, Houston, TX USA. law enforcement departments has not yet exploited the GIS Website: http://escipub.com/ aspect which will fetch better result as far as crime control is considered. Keywords: Crime Analysis, Geographical Information Systems, Crime Mapping, Jharkhand

AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0001 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5 Introduction documents, digital pictures, and video and Crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state. audio recordings. More recent innovations in Based on the map of world crime index spatial tracking device (GPS, Cell phones, (http://chartsbin.com/view/39717) the country Automated License Plate Readers, Unmanned Venezuela occupied the top with the crime Aerial Vehicles and Radio Frequency index value 84.44. South Sudan, South Africa Identification devices) have further extended and Papua New Guinea occupied 2nd, 3rd and the potential for law enforcement agencies to 4th position respectively South Korea occupied more easily apprehend offenders and prevent in bottom exhibit least crime index value 14.31. crime while keeping investigation officers safe. Based on this value India occupied 53rd position Thermal imaging technologies create an image from top among all 117 countries retaining a using temperature (Asano et al. 2012) are value of 46.59. widely used for marijuana related growing operations (Davenport 2001 ; Schreiber 2009 ; The traditional criminal record system and its Schultz 2008 ) whereas Ground-Penetrating maintenance have become very difficult in the Radar has been used successfully by law existing crime scenario. Manual processes enforcement agencies to locate a variety of neither provide accurate, reliable and forensic evidence (Schultz 2012 ).Geographic comprehensive data round the clock nor does it Profiling (Canter and Hammond 2007) a very help in trend analysis, prediction and decision common examining methods and one of the support. Geospatial technologies (Remote more specialized approach of crime mapping sensing, GIS and GPS) become worldwide and analysis which integrates the theory from acceptable in society, a wide range of criminal investigative analysis, environmental disciplines and professions/scientist/researcher criminology , ethnographic geography and adopt them for collecting, storing, manipulating, criminal geographic targeting to support law updating, analyzing, and displaying spatial enforcement and investigating agencies in data , resulting in the generation of new solving difficult serial crimes (Canter 2009 ).The information and simulation models for policy advancement in information technology and and decision making. The solution to this ever- concept of digital India (initiated by Indian increasing problem lies in the effective use of government) has tremendous pressure in Geospatial tools which provide a unique various department including law enforcement contribution to forensics. (McKinley et al. 2008; agencies to implement it as the earliest. Noond et al. 2002; Wolff and Asche 2009) Although police forces have started using GIS Crime mapping and GIS based spatial analysis technology which is limited to big cities, the and modeling in crime is considered as penetration of GIS into every application is powerful tool for the study and control of crime, relatively low. because crime maps help police to Crime mapping basically has three major identify/locate problems at various levels. A functions within the crime analysis, firstly it growing number of police/law enforcement provides cartographical map that helps to departments of developed country routinely manifest the analysis results. Secondly it map and analyze crime data for different facilitates the spatial pattern and its nature for purposes (Mamalian and LaVigne 1999 ; visualization with statistical analysis based on Markovic et al. 2006 ; Nelson 1999 ; Wang crime and other types of event. Thirdly it allows 2005 ; Wartell 2003 ). GIS database not only the analysts to link other data sources together support geocoded thematic layers but also based on its geographical location such as traditional tabular-based data, such as census information, socioeconomic condition spreadsheets, and additional multimedia based and historical crime data for a common area. information, such as word processing AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0002 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5 The study conducted by Ahmad et al. 2017b socioeconomic status of the people), are well about the crime of India reveals the crime studied by various researcher (Alves et al. density in India in the year 2013 was within the 2013; Anderson and Anderson 1984; Lawrence range of 61.5 to 527.6 based on the IPC crime and Cohen 1979; Cotte Poveda 2012; registered. The Nagaland state shows the low Cusimano et al. 2010; Hojman 2002; Hojman crime density whereas Kerala state shows the 2004; Kelly 2000; Levitt 2001). The crime high crime density. The Jharkhand state was prediction based on its occurrence is new trend the ninth lowest state with value 146.The crime and highly useful because of its prospective percent increase was noticed in Jharkhand in benefits and utility toward crime identification. the year 2013 was 17.8% when compared with (Gerber 2014: Gorr et al. 2003; Liao et al. 2010; the preceding year. Mohler et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2010). The availability of satellite RS data freely has Gupta et al. 2012 have studied crime analysis opened up the opportunity for researcher in in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, India and mapping when coupled with GIS and other demonstrated the capability of Kriging as well thematic vector data (free downloaded) has as weighted overlay analysis for identifying enhance the capability of mapping for various crime patterns by integrating socio- economic studies. It has been used widely in study factor in GIS domain. The study reveals that the natural resources like, forest/ vegetation social factors have strong correlation with mapping (Ahmad and Goparaju 2017a), different types of crime. Thangavelu et al. 2013 agroforestry suitability (Ahmad et al. 2017a; studied Coimbatore rural area of Tamil Nadu, Ahmad and Goparaju 2017b), Land use land India. The study highlights the importance of cover (LULC) analysis (Ahmad and Goparaju police departments for identifying and detecting 2016), soil and water conservation prioritization rural crime areas based on thematic mapping. (Ahmad and Goparaju 2017c) spatial expansion Shahebaz and Kale 2014 studied crime of mines, natural hazards calamities etc. Little mapping in Aurangabad city of Maharashtra has been done in the field of crime mapping state, India. They utilized Kernel Density and monitoring. Estimation, Inverse Distance Weighted and Developed countries like Canada (Eikelboom et Getis-Ord Gi methods for crime incidence like al. 2017), USA (Jefferson 2017; Bunting et al. Murder, Day House Break and Night House 2017) and New Zealand (Curtis-Ham and Break. They found that the result were Walton, 2017) have proved the worth of GIS in satisfactory as crime analysis is concerned and crime mapping. It is in a nascent stage in a will help a lot to police department if it is country like India where it will get time to gain effectively used. Malvika (2015) analyzed the momentum. scenario of crime of Rajasthan, India at district level. The study shows that the The location in crime is important and it is application of GIS, graphical tool and spatially identified (Longley et al. 2005). GIS statistics in crime mapping is the need of the analysis mostly focuses on crime suspect hour and should be given preference over the identification and its pattern evaluation in linking traditional/manual crime recording methods. their activities with offenses (Groff and La Vigne Karuppannan et al. 2004 evaluated the crime 1998; LaVigne and Groff 2001).The topology of Chennai city of India in GIS domain. The (spatial relationship) of location of crime with study reveals that, GIS is a much more other thematic layers such as proximity to compatible application tool of crime pattern roads, schools/colleges, shopping centre, analysis than the current processes because commercial establishment and recreational of its locational geographic referencing area, demographical parameter (population abilities. density, housing, illiteracy, unemployment and AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0003 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5 The potential aspect of using GIS is its become a state in the year 2000. The capability to map /analyze/query and hotspot geographical coordinates are from latitude 21 º generation. This has not been fully utilized in 58' 02'' N to 25 º 08' 32''N and longitude 83º 19' crime evaluation, identification and prediction in 05''E to 87º 55' 03 '' E. It is surrounded in east various state of our country therefore it is by the state West Bengal, on the west by the potential research gap which need to be state Chhattisgarh, on the north by the state addressed efficiently such that it can be highly Bihar and on the south by Orissa state. useful for improving the life of citizens. By Jharkhand is rich in minerals accounts for 40% enforcing strict laws, crime can be controlled of the mineral resources of India, but it suffers and citizen safety be ensured. with poverty as 39.1 per cent of the population The present study aims to evaluate the district is below the poverty line. As per 2011 Indian wise crime data ( IPC crime registered) for Census Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 murder, rape, kidnapping, dacoity, burglary, million with literacy rate 67.63% whereas theft and riots of state of Jharkhand for the year Ranchi district being the most educated at 2013 to understand the district wise crime trend 77.13% when compared to the rural Pakur and produce the crime density map. district being least at 50.17%. The State is primarily a rural state as only 24 percent of the

population resides in cities. The overall crime The Study area rate for the year 2013 was found lowest in The study was carried out in one of the states Jharkhand equal to 146 compared to National of India named Jharkhand (Figure. 1) which crime rate average 218(ncrb.gov.in).

A B

Figure 1. The location of the study area (A: India, B: Jharkhand)

Material and methods (http://www.neighbourhoodinfo.co.in/crime/Jhar The vector files for the state and all the districts khand). The analysis and evaluation was done were downloaded from DIVA GIS website in ARC/ GIS Software and MS EXCEL. Various (http:// www.diva-gis.org/Data). District wise district wise attribute columns in polygon vector crime data (murder, rape, kidnapping, dacoity, layer for the crime types murder, rape, burglary, theft and riots) for the year 2013 was kidnapping, dacoity, burglary, theft and riots downloaded from the website and for population 2011were created in ARC/ AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0004 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5 GIS Software. The crime number and Result and Discussion population were filled in each respective The total number of crime reported in column. The census data for India is available Jharkhand for the year 2013 was 48208. The at an interval of 10 year. In our study we have violence crime number was 7138 whereas the used Indian census data 2011 (latest) to rest was related to property. The violence crime understand crime density for each district. include crime like Murder, rape, robbery, Based on this data we have created crime map kidnaping and riots whereas crime like dacoity, showing various crime type. The crime density burglary, theft were kept under property related (CD) in our study means number of crime per crime. The evaluation of crime data district wise lakh population. Three districts such as West (IPC registered) for violence (murder, rape, Singhbhum, East Singhbhum and Sarikhela kidnapping and riots) and property (dacoity, Kharsawan don’t have crime data and were left burglary and theft) for the year 2013 with crime blank in the map. type are given in figure 2 and figure 3.

Violence crime density (crime per lakh population) of Jharkhand for the year 2013

Bokaro Ramgarh18.00 Chatra Khunti 16.00 Deoghar 14.00 Simdega 12.00 Dhanbad 10.00 8.00 Sahibganj Dumka 6.00 4.00 Murder Ranchi 2.00 Garhwa Rape 0.00 Kidnapping Palamu Giridih Riots

Pakur Godda

Lohardaga Gumla

Latehar Hazaribag Koderma Jamtara

Figure 2: Violence crime density of Jharkhand for the year 2013

The graph representing in figure 2 shows and riots). Similarly figure 3 shows the theft is synoptic overall view at a glance. Gumla, the major contributor in property crime. The Khunti and Simdega district of the Jharkhand Dhanbad, Bokaro and Ranchi show more crime shows high crime density in murder whereas like theft. Koderma, Deogarh and Gridih are high in crime Mapping technology became boon in the recent riots. Rape is more in the district of Sahebganj days for the citizen and administration due to its and Lohardaga whereas Ranchi exhibit least in potentiality to pool various data set which is crime like violence (murder, rape, kidnapping widely available with them. The advancement

AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0005 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5 and improvement in computer science and its respectively. Sahebganj district leads in the various user friendly modules/algorithms such crime like rape ( roughly 3 times with state as image processing techniques and GIS average) and kidnapping( roughly 2.5 times toward mapping enable a logical conclusion to with state average) as far as crime density is find out various re-search problems. The ARC/ concern. Lohardaga district occupied 2nd GIS software was used here to generate, position in rape and kidnapping crime density. display and compose of map based on the Palamu was found lowest in rape whereas existing data sets are given in figure 4. The Ranchi was found lowest in kidnapping. Riots crime density (crime per lakh population) of crime density was found lowest in Simdega Jharkhand in violence and property were found whereas highest in Koderma. to be in the range of (14.9 to 34.2) and (7.7 to The property crime density such as theft, 52.6) respectively given in the figure 4. dacoity and burglary were found in the range of Sahebganj district leads in crime like violence (3.1 to 45.1), (0 to 1.6) and (0.9 to 77) whereas Dhanbad district leads in property respectively. Dhanbad district leads in crime crime. The crime density such as murder, rape, like theft (roughly 2.8 times with state average) kidnaping and riots were found in the range of and dacoity (roughly 2.4 times with state (2.2 to 17.8), (1.6 to 12.6), (2.3 to 10.4) and average) whereas Khunti district exhibit least (1.0 to 17.5) respectively. Murder crime density crime in dacoity and burglary. Gharwa district was highest in Gumla district (roughly 3 times was found lowest in theft whereas Bokara with state average) whereas found lowest in district occupied highest value in burglary. The Gridih district. In Gumla, Khunti and Simdega similar study on crime mapping was done by districts the crime density of murder were in Ahmad et.al., 2017b at country level. double digit with value 17.5, 16.9 and 12.2

Property crime density (crime per lakh population) of Jharkhand for the year 2013

Bokaro Ramgarh50.00 Chatra Khunti 45.00 Deoghar 40.00 35.00 Simdega Dhanbad 30.00 25.00 Sahibganj 20.00 Dumka 15.00 10.00 Theft Ranchi 5.00 Garhwa 0.00 Dacoity Burglary Palamu Giridih

Pakur Godda

Lohardaga Gumla

Latehar Hazaribag Koderma Jamtara

Figure 3: Property crime density of Jharkhand for the year 2013 AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0006 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5

a b

c d

Mapping technology became boon in the recent days for the citizen and administration due

e f

AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0007 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5

g h

Crime density map of Jharkhand a: Violence crime i b: Property crime c: Murder crime d: Rape crime e: Riots crime

f: Kidnapping crime g: Theft crime h: Dacoity crime i: Burglary crime

Figure-4 (a, b, c, d, e,f, g, h, i): Crime density map with respect to crime types of Jharkhand Conclusion CCTV camera, establishing the new police Remote sensing data, GIS and GPS can be station post and mobilizing the police patrolling. potentially used to harness in variety of Jharkhand retain abundant natural and applications in crime mapping, prediction and mineral resources, hardworking human identification. Historical crime data and its population of tribal origin with a rich cultural location when analyzed with other thematic heritage and traditional knowledge but is one data sets such as location of police station, of the most poverty dominated state in India road network, shopping malls, buildings, bus and well identified by World Bank (Singh et al. stand, recreational centre with urban sprawl 2012). Several district of the state Jharkhand and girls school and colleges, mobile police van are affected and are under the influence of location and installed camera location etc naxal movement and poverty. Poverty is both a manifest several logical clues which can be cause and consequence of the exclusion and highly useful for crime identification and discrimination. Several innocent people prevention. Furthermore data of various hotspot including political leader, police officers has of crime can be potentially utilized to install new been reported killed in past due to this, although most of the rural area dominated by

AJGRR: http://escipub.com/american-journal-of-geographical-research-and-reviews/ 0008 Firoz Ahmad et al., AJGRR, 2018; 1:5 tribal people is highly innocent and peace socioeconomic condition and slow disposal of loving. Gladson Dungdung is a general court case are the reason of crime in society. secretary of Jharkhand Human Rights movement of India and one of leading human Acknowledgement rights defender and writer spoken internationally on human rights issues, The authors are grateful to National Crime including atrocities, violence against women Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, India and gross violation of the rights of indigenous portal for providing the crime data and DIVA peoples of Jharkhand. He believes “In the GIS website for vector data. name of development, the State is taking resources from poor people and handing it over Conflict of Interest: to the rich. Government policies are creating The authors do not have any competing more and more disparity.”( interest. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/gla dson-dungdung) Antonio Maria Costa an Executive Director of the United Nations Office Funding source: No funds have been provided on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and Director- for this study. General of the United Nations Office in Vienna, quoted “Crime was both the cause and References consequence of poverty, insecurity and Ahmad, F. & Goparaju, L. (2016) Analysis of Urban underdevelopment” in one of the debate on Sprawl Dynamics Using Geospatial Technology in crime prevention and criminal justice and Ranchi City, Jharkhand, India. J. Environ. Geogr. 9 (1– international drug control 2): 7–13. DOI: 10.1515/jengeo-2016-0002 (https://www.un.org/press/en/2005/gashc3817. Ahmad, F., Meraj Uddin, M & Goparaju, L. (2017b) doc.htm). Role of Geospatial technology in Crime Mapping: a perspective view of India. World Scientific News. The Jharkhand coal mines activity especially in 88(2):221-226 the Dhanbad district was the first areas in India Ahmad, F., Goparaju, L. & Abdul Qayum, A. (2017a) witnessed organized crime. Mafia (organized Agroforestry suitability analysis based upon nutrient groups) run parallel economy has developed availability mapping: a GIS based suitability mapping. with involving local population employed by the AIMS Agriculture and Food. 2(2): 201-220. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2017.2.201 mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal Ahmad, F. & Goparaju, L. (2017a) Long term for long distances for sake of money is the deforestation assessment in Jharkhand state, India: A major cause of crime in Dhanbad. grid based geospatial approach. Biological Forum Safety and security of people is vital for the 9(1):183-188. peaceful loving business, education and overall Ahmad, F. & Goparaju, L. (2017b) Land Evaluation in development. Some of the measures that need terms of Agroforestry Suitability, an Approach to Improve Livelihood and Reduce Poverty: A FAO based to addressed are better policing, inclusive Methodology by Geospatial Solution: A case study of adequate urban planning to counter the risk of Palamu district, Jharkhand, India Ecological Questions spreading crimes, technological advancement 25, 67-84 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2017.006 in security, and socio-economic up gradation Ahmad, F. & Goparaju, L. (2017c) Soil and Water and development of overcrowded slum areas Conservation Prioritization Using Geospatial that are prone to criminal acts and violence. Technology – a Case Study of Part of Subarnarekha This is the duty of every citizen of the state to Basin, Jharkhand, India. AIMS Geosciences, 2017, 3(3): 375-395. doi: 10.3934/geosci.2017.3.375. be aware of their role in ensuring the safety and Wang, D., Ding, W., Lo, H. et al. (2013) Crime security of society at large. By and large hotspot mapping using the crime related factors—a unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, poor

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