Encyclopedia of Tribology

Q. Jane Wang and Yip-Wah Chung (Eds.)

Encyclopedia of Tribology

With 3650 Figures and 493 Tables Editors Q. Jane Wang Yip-Wah Chung Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center Surface Engineering and Tribology for Surface Engineering and Tribology Northwestern University Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA Evanston, IL, USA

ISBN 978-0-387-92896-8 ISBN 978-0-387-92897-5 (eBook) ISBN 978-0-387-92898-2 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-92897-5 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013939053

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Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Preface

The Encyclopedia of Tribology is the culmination of collaborative efforts among many authors, section editors, reviewers, and production editors. It is an international endeavor with authors from many countries, representing contributions from universities, industries, government laboratories, and research institutes. The Encyclopedia of Tribology would not have become a reality without the enthusiastic contributions of authors and section editors from their precious knowledge and many years of experience in the field, the careful critique by reviewers, and the detailed editing by editors of Springer. The Encyclopedia of Tribology contains 649 entries in 30 technical areas. It covers not only the traditional subjects, such as friction, wear, lubricants, and lubrication, but also topics related to biomedical and biomechanical designs, condition-based monitoring, molecular dynamics simulations, and materials science. Its scope spans from tribological science rooted in classical theories, to modern surface and interfacial engineering, from microscale contacts in compo- nents to automotive and aerospace tribology, from tribological designs to manufacturing processes, from instrumenta- tions to testing techniques, and from analytical-numerical methods to technological innovations. In addition to the hard copy, the Encyclopedia of Tribology has an online version, which makes it dynamic and allows the team to modify and enrich its content as the field continues to evolve. Tribology is “the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices,” as defined in the 1975 textbook, Principles of Tribology, of Professor J. Halling. The term “tribology” is derived from the Greek word, tribos, meaning rubbing. It was coined in the well-known Jost Report,“Lubrication (Tribology), Education and Research: A Report on the Present Position and Industry’s Needs,” in 1966, made by the British Department of Trade and Industry Committee, headed by Peter Jost, now President of International Tribology Council. The term “tribology” has been rapidly adopted worldwide; for example, the American Society of Lubrication Engineers (ASLE), founded in 1944 in Chicago, USA, was renamed the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers in 1987, and one of her technical publications, Transactions of ASLE, has now become Tribology Transactions. The use of friction to make fire can be dated back to the prehistoric Paleolithic age. The ability to produce and control fire by rubbing tree branches against each other changed the ancient human life – it improved health, provided warmth and comfort, and extended human activities beyond daylight hours. Fire-making is perhaps the first engineering technology derived from tribology, and this contribution of friction marks one of the tipping points in the evolution of human civilization. Lubrication engineering is probably one of the earliest engineering professions, as evidenced in many archaeological finds and artifacts. Fast forward several thousand years, tribology has permeated every corner of modern industries and advancements of modern transportation and energy production technologies. “Without tribology...... that is surfaces rolling on each other, surfaces sliding over each other and surfaces rubbing on each other, life would be impossible,” wrote Peter Jost in the Foreword of Halling’s Principles of Tribology. Many phenomena in tribology are complicated, and many aspects of tribological research are not easy. For example, we still do not have a governing equation for wear of materials, like Newton’s law for mechanics, because wear is not a singular phenomenon and depends on the system in question. Therefore, tribology must be multidisciplinary, requiring the integration of basic science, modeling and simulation, and the support of design and manufacturing. Modern tribology has embraced and intersected with advances in other disciplines, such as surface physics and chemistry, materials science and engineering, a wide range of micro- and nanoscale characterization techniques, multiscale simulations, and high-speed computations. There are many challenges awaiting us; but more than ever, we are better equipped to confront them. The Encyclopedia of Tribology is born at the critical moment of global energy and environmental concerns when we strive to advance systems that are energy-efficient and durable. These volumes intend to provide a quick reference to many important topics in tribology and related areas. Each entry is a short article that offers the definition, a short explanation of the underlying scientific fundamentals, and demonstrations of applications. Links to vi Preface

related entries are provided, along with references. These short articles are suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, school teachers, researchers, and practicing engineers. Overall, the Encyclopedia of Tribology should well serve schools and universities, industries, government laboratories, and research institutes, as well as the public at large. This encyclopedia project is the work of hundreds of individuals. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all authors, section editors, and reviewers for their hard work and cooperation to make this project a reality, and to the production editors at Springer for following through every nuance of the publication process. Happy Reading!

April 2013 Q. Jane Wang and Yip-Wah Chung Center for Surface Engineering and Tribology Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Acknowledgments

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Professors Kenneth L. Johnson, Hugh Spikes, R. W. Snidle, Herbert S. Cheng, Leon. M. Keer, David Bogy, Frank Talke, F. F. Ling, Francis E. Kennedy, Richard F. Salant, Farshid Sadeghi, Michael Bryant, Jianbin Luo, Yuanzhong Hu, Youbo Xie, and Koji Kato for their advisory and suggestions in the course of the preparation of this Encyclopedia. We would like to express our deep gratitude to all section editors and contributing authors, reviewers, and editorial experts for their enthusiastic commitments that make this Encyclopedia possible. We like to express our thanks to Northwestern University, Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineering (STLE) and the Tribology Division of American Society of Mechanical Engineers International (ASME) for their strong support of the Encyclopedia project.

Editors-in-Chief

Qian Jane Wang received her PhD (Mechanical Engineering) from Northwestern University, USA in 1993. She taught at Florida International University in Miami for about five years before joining Northwestern in 1998 as an Associate Professor. She is now a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Northwestern and an Adjunct Professor in the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission at Chongqing University, China. Professor Wang served Northwestern’s Mechanical Engineering as Director of the Graduate Studies Committee from 2003 to 2007 and Adviser of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Student Chapter from 1998 to 2003. She was a Board of Director of Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE), 2008-2009, Chair of the 2011 ASME/STLE International Joint Tribology Conference, Chair of the STLE Annual Meeting Program Committee, 2007–2008, Secretary of the 2005 Word Tribology Congress Technical Program Committee, and a member of the Organization Committee of the 2007 International Symposium on Computational Mechanics. Professor Wang was named Fellow of ASME and STLE. She is one of the awardees of STLE’s Surface Engineering Technical Committee Best Paper Award, 2011, Edmond E Bisson Best Written Contribution Award, 2010, and Captain Alfred E. Hunt Best Paper Award, 1997. She received a CAREER Award from US National Science Foundation, 1997, and a Ralph R. Teeter Educational Award from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 2000. She was named Journal of Tribology Reviewer of the Year, 1998. x Editors-in-Chief

Yip-Wah Chung obtained his BS (Physics and Mathematics) and MPhil (Physics) degrees from the University of Hong Kong. He then went to California and obtained his PhD (Physics) from the University of California at Berkeley in 1977. Immediately after completing his PhD study, he joined the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University. He served as Director of the Center for Engineering Tribology at Northwestern from 1987 to 1992, as Department Chair from 1992 to 1998, and as program officer in surface engineering and materials design in the Civil and Mechanical Systems Division at the National Science Foundation. He has served many years on the Hong Kong Research Grants Council and is currently a member of the Hong Kong University Grants Committee. He has published 200 papers in surface science, thin films, tribology, and alloy design, two textbooks (Practical Guide to Surface Science and Spectroscopy, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering), and one monograph (Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena in Tribology). Prof. Chung was named Fellow, ASM International; Fellow, AVS; and Fellow, Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. His other awards include Teacher of the Year in Materials Science, Innovative Research Award and Best Paper Awards from the ASME Tribology Division, Technical Achievement Award from the National Storage Industry Consortium, Bronze Bauhinia Star Medal from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, and Advisory Professor from Fudan University. Section Editors

Section: Aerospace Tribology LUIZ CARLOS CASTELETTI AMADEU LOMBARDI LEWIS ROSADO Depto. de Eng. De Materiais, Aeronautica AFRL/RZTM e Automobilistica, Escola de Engenharia de Sao Carlos WPAFB Universidade de Sao Paulo Dayton, OH SaoPaulo USA Brasil

Section: Automotive Tribology Section: Condition Based Monitoring GARY BARBER GANG (SHENG)CHEN Mechanical Engineering Engineering and Computer Science Oakland University Marshall University Rochester, MI Huntington, WV USA USA

Section: Biotribology Section: Conformal-Contact Lubrication ZHONGMIN JIN MICHEL FILLON State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Mechanical Engineering & Complex Systems Engineering Universite´ de Poitiers School of Mechanical Engineering Futuroscope Xi’an Jiaotong University France Xi’an People’s Republic of China Section: Contact Fatigue

XIAOQING JIN MARKUS A. WIMMER LEON M. KEER Section of Tribology, Department of Orthopedics Rush University Medical Center Center for Surface Engineering and Tribology Chicago, IL Northwestern University USA Evanston, IL USA Section: Coatings and Coating Tribology Section: Contact Mechanics ALI ERDEMIR TIMOTHY C. OVAERT Energy Systems Division Mechanical Engineering Argonne National Laboratory University of Notre Dame Argonne, IL Notre Dame, IN USA USA Section: Coatings and Surface Treatments Q. JANE WANG GEORGE E. TOTTEN Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Mechanical and Materials Engineering Surface Engineering and Tribology Portland State University Northwestern University Portland, OR Evanston, IL USA USA xii Section Editors

Section: CVT Section: Lubricants

Q. JANE WANG TZE-CHI JAO Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Afton Chemical Corporation Surface Engineering and Tribology Richmond, VA Northwestern University USA Evanston, IL USA Section: Lubrication Fundamentals

MICHAEL M. KHONSARI Section: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Mechanical Engineering

DONG ZHU Louisiana State university School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Baton Rouge, LA Sichuan University USA Chengdu, Sichuan Q. JANE WANG People’s Republic of China Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Surface Engineering and Tribology Section: Electric Contact Northwestern University XIN ZHOU Evanston, IL Innovation Center USA Eaton Corporation Moon Township, PA Section: Magnetic Storage Tribology USA C. S. BHATIA ECE Department Section: Friction National University of Singapore Singapore PETER J. BLAU Singapore Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Section: Manufacturing Tribology Oak Ridge, TN USA JIAN CAO KORNEL EHMANN Section: Gas and Vapor Phase Lubrication Mechanical Engineering Northwestern University SEONG KIM Evanston, IL Chemical Engineering USA Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA Section: Polymer Tribology USA NIKOLAI MYSHKIN Tribology Department DAEJONG KIM Metal-Polymer Research Institute, Belarus National Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Academy of Sciences University of Texas at Arlington Gomel Arlington, TX Belarus USA Section: Rolling-Element Bearings Section: Gears XIAOLAN AI ROBERT ERRICHELLO Timken Technology Center GEARTECH The Timken Company Townsend, MT Canton, OH USA USA Section Editors xiii

Section: Seals Section: Surface Texturing

RICHARD F. SALANT IZHAK ETSION George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Technion Atlanta, GA Haifa USA Israel

Section: Solid Lubricants Section: Surface Topographic Analysis

LIPING WANG FEODOR M. BORODICH Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Cardiff University Chinese Academy of Sciences Cardiff, Wales Lanzhou UK People’s Republic of China Section: Textile Tribology Section: Surface Characterization PAUL D. SEEMUTH ∗ GRACE JINLIU WANG Tribology Consulting International LLC National Science Foundation Ringgold, GA Arlington, VA USA USA Section: Tribochemistry Section: Surface Physics WILFRED T. TYSOE HONG LIANG Chemistry and Biochemistry Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Texas A & M University Milwaukee, WI College Station, TX USA USA

Section: Wear JIADAO WANG YUANZHONG HU OYELAYO AJAYI State Key Laboratory of Tribology Energy Systems Division Tsinghua University Argonne National Laboratory Beijing Argonne, IL People’s Republic of China USA

∗ The views expressed in the articles of section “Surface Characterization,” section editor: Grace Jinliu Wang, do not necessarily represent the view of the NSF or the United States.

List of Contributors

JUSSI AALTONEN AHMET ALPAS Department of Intelligent Hydraulics and Automation Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering Tampere University of Technology Unviersity of Windsor Tampere Windsor, ON Finland Canada

CLODOMIRO ALVES HISHAM A. ABDEL-AAL Laboratoire de Me´canique et Proce´de´ de Fabrication Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Arts et Me´tier ParisTech Natal, RN Chaˆlons-en-Champagne, Cedex Brazil France ANDRE´ ANDERS Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory GEORGE G. ADAMS Berkeley, CA Mechanical Engineering USA Northeastern University Boston, MA LUIS SAN ANDRE´S USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Turbomachinery Laboratory V. N. ADERIKHA Texas A&M University Technology of Polymer Composite Materials and Parts College Station, TX V.A. Belyi Metal Polymer Research Institute USA National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Gomel JAMES R. ANGLIN Belarus Alcoa Technical Center Alcoa Inc. New Kensington, PA JOHN AGAPIOU USA General Motors R&D Rochester Hills, MI TORU (TOHRU)ARAI USA Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken Japan XIAOLAN AI

Timken Technology Center ODOLBERTO DE FRANCISCO ARAU´ JO The Timken Company Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-a´rido Canton, OH Mossoro´,RN USA Brazil

ANDREAS ALMQVIST A. T. ASHCROFT Division of Machine Elements Unilever Research and Development Lulea˚ University of Technology Port Sunlight Laboratory Lulea˚ Bebington, Wiral Sweden UK xvi List of Contributors

ANNA MARIA SRI ASIH ULRICH BAUDIS Swinburne University of Technology Durferrit GmbH Hawthorn, VIC Mannheim Australia Germany

GERARD A. ATESHIAN WILFRIED BAUER Department of Mechanical Engineering Polytec GmbH Columbia University Waldbronn New York Germany USA EDWARD P. BECKER

HENRI V. AZIBERT Powertrain Division Mechanical Seal Division General Motors, LLC A.W. Chesterton Co Pontiac, MI Groveland, MA USA USA GREGORY A. BELL DuPont Performance Lubricants Technical Service TOMASZ BABUL E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Heat Treatment Department Wilmington, DE Institute of Precision Mechanics USA Warsaw Poland JONATHAN W. BENDER Afton Chemical Corporation SHYAM BAHADUR Richmond, VA Mechanical Engineering Department USA Iowa State University Ames, IA JOSE´ ROBERTO BERRETTA USA Centro de Lasers e Aplicac¸o˜es Instituto de Pesquisas Energe´ticas e Nucleares – IPEN SCOTT BAIR Sa˜o Paulo, SP School of Mechanical Engineering Brazil Georgia Institute of Technology

Atlanta, GA PAUL A. BESSETTE USA Triboscience & Engineering, Inc Fall River, MA GARY C. BARBER USA Department of Mechanical Engineering Automotive Tribology Center CHARANJIT SINGH BHATIA Oakland University Dodge Hall of Engineering ECE Department Rochester, MI National University of Singapore USA Singapore Singapore

CLAUDE BATHIAS Emeritus Professor DAVIDE BIANCHI University Paris Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology AC2T Ville d’Avray Wiener Neustadt France Austria List of Contributors xvii

DARIUSZ M. BIELIN´ SKI DAVID B. BOGY Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology Computer Mechanics Laboratory Technical University of Ło´dz´ Department of Mechanical Engineering Ło´dz´ University of California at Berkeley Poland Berkeley, CA and USA Division of Elastomers & Rubber Technology Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials & Dyes MIROSŁAW BONEK Piasto´w Poland Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials Silesian University of Technology Gliwice DIRK BIERMANN Poland Department of Machining Technology Institute of Machining Technology Technische Universita¨t Dortmund DOMINIQUE BONNEAU Dortmund Mechanical Engineering, Structures and Complex Germany Systems Department PPRIME Institute, CNRS – University of Poitiers – ENSMA THIERRY A. BLANCHET Poitiers Department of Mechanical, Aerospace & Nuclear France Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute E. R. BOOSER Troy, NY Engineering Consultant USA Vero Beach, FL USA PETER J. BLAU Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory ALBERTO BORGHI Oak Ridge, TN CNR-ISTITUTO NANOSCIENZE Research Center on 3 USA nanoStructures and bioSystems at Surfaces (S ) Modena Italy HORST BODSCHWINNA Institut of Measurement and Automatic Control Leibniz University Hannover FEODOR M. BORODICH Hannover School of Engineering Germany Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales S. P. BOGDANOVICH UK Department of Polymer Composites V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute of National BENYEBKA BOU-SAI¨D Academy of Science Gomel LaMCoS-INSA Lyon Belarus Villeurbanne Cedex France

PAVEL N. BOGDANOVICH Materials Science Department STEPHEN BOYDE Belarus State University of Transport bm4tech Ltd Gomel Guisborough Belarus UK xviii List of Contributors

MINEL J. BRAUN RACHEL J. CANNARA Department of Mechanical Engineering Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology The University of Akron National Institute of Standards and Technology Akron, OH Gaithersburg, MD USA USA

CLAIRE BROCKETT PHILIPPA M. CANN Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering Tribology Group School of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College University of Leeds London Leeds UK UK

MIGUEL A´ NGEL SELLE´S CANTO´ RAINER BRODMANN Polytechnic University of Valencia OptoSurf GmbH Valencia Ettlingen Spain Germany

ANDRE´ RICARDO CAPRA MARK D. BROWN Departamento de Mecaˆnica – DPME Cross Chemical Company, Inc Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento – (A division of Cross Technologies Group) LACTEC Westland, MI Curitiba, Parana´ USA Brazil

SUSAN C. BROWN ROBERT W. CARPICK Consultant, retired Pratt & Whitney Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics Johnson City, NY University of Pennsylvania USA Philadelphia, PA USA MICHAEL D. BRYANT Department of Mechanical Engineering DALE CARR The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX Chemtura Corporation USA Middlebury, CT USA

BRIAN BUSH Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering CARLO CARRARO University of California Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Berkeley, CA University of California USA Berkeley, CA USA

JAMES P. BUTLER Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine M. J. CARRE´ Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical Department of Mechanical Engineering School The University of Sheffield Boston, MA Sheffield USA UK List of Contributors xix

LUIZ CARLOS CASTELETTI GANG CHEN Department of Materials Engineering Mechanical Engineering Sa˜o Carlos School of Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Sa˜o Paulo Cambridge, MA Sa˜o Paulo, SP USA Brazil SHENGFU CHEN LORELLA CESCHINI University of Washington Department of Metals Science, Electrochemistry and Seattle, WA Chemical Techniques USA University of Bologna and Bologna Zhejiang University Italy Hangzhou People’s Republic of China KWAI S. CHAN

Mechanical Engineering Division W. WAYNE CHEN ® Southwest Research Institute Mechanical Engineering San Antonio, TX Northwestern University USA Evanston, IL USA SIRICHANOK CHANBAI

NanoFocus AG CHENG-KUNG CHENG Oberhausen Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory Germany Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Yang-Ming University CONSTANTINOS A. CHARITIDIS Taipei Department of Materials Science and Engineering Taiwan, ROC School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens H. S. CHENG Zographos, Athens Department of Mechanical Engineering Greece Northwestern University

DAVID E. CHASAN Evanston, IL USA BASF Corporation Tarrytown, NY EUGENE L. CHEZ USA Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

HERVE´ CHAVANNE Northwestern University HEF R&D Evanston, IL Z.I. Sud USA Andre´zieux–Bouthe´on Cedex France THOMAS H. C. CHILDS and School of Mechanical Engineering H.E.F. USA University of Leeds Springfield, OH Leeds USA UK

DU CHEN PHAM DUC CHINH Western Digital Corporation VAST San Jose, CA Hanoi USA Vietnam xx List of Contributors

JAEWON CHOI MICHAEL J. COVITCH Department of Mechanical Engineering The Lubrizol Corporation The University of Texas at Austin Wickliffe, OH Austin, TX USA USA M. CRAIG National Centre for Advanced Tribology SUSAN CHUBINSKAYA Facility of Engineering and the Environment Department of Biochemistry University of Southampton Rush University Medical Center Hampshire, Southampton Chicago, IL UK USA

WEICHENG CUI

YIP-WAH CHUNG China Ship Scientific Research Center Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Wuxi Jiangsu Center for Surface Engineering and Tribology People’s Republic of China Northwestern University Evanston, IL LESZEK DA˛ BROWSKI USA Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Gdansk University of Technology Gdansk JAMES DAVID CLARKE Poland Department of Mechanical Engineering

The University of Sheffield AZZEDINE DADOUCHE Sheffield Aerospace Portfolio UK National Research Council Canada Ottawa, ON

RAFAEL COLA´ S Canada Universidad Auto´noma de Nuevo Leo´n ZHENDONG DAI San Nicola´s de los Garza Mexico Institute of Bio-inspired Structure and Surface Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics JOHN R. COLBOURNE Nanjing, Jiangsu Department of Mechanical Engineering People’s Republic of China University of Alberta Edmonton, AB GREGORY DALTON Canada TribSys Inc. Sudbury, ON

MARTIN J. CONLON Canada Aerospace Portfolio DAN DANKS National Research Council Canada Danks Tribological Services Ottawa, ON Portland, OR Canada USA

RODRIGO COOPER AARON JAMES DANNER Department of Mechanical Engineering ECE Department Texas A&M University Main Campus National University of Singapore College Station, TX Singapore US Singapore List of Contributors xxi

STEVEN DANYLUK STEPHEN V. DIDZIULIS George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Space Materials Laboratory Georgia Institute of Technology The Aerospace Corporation Atlanta, GA El Segundo, CA USA USA

CRAIG V. DARRAGH HUALI DING The Timken Company The Ohio State University Canton, OH Columbus, OH USA USA

PETER A. DEARNLEY KAN DING National Centre for Advanced Tribology (nCATS) Swinburne University of Technology University of Southampton Highfield Campus Hawthorn, Victoria Southampton, Hampshire Australia UK

∗ WALDEMAR M. DMOCHOWSKI SCAN M. DECAMILLO Kingsbury Inc Philadelphia, PA MIHAI B. DOBRICA USA Tecnitas, Bureau Veritas Group Levallois-Perret Cedex

CHRISTOPHER DELLACORTE France Tribology and Surface Science NASA Glenn Research Center SLAVKO DOLINSEK Cleveland, OH Faculty of Mechanical Engineering USA University of Ljubljana Ljubljana CATHY DEVLIN Slovenia Afton Chemical Corporation

Richmond, VA ANA SOFIA CLI´MACO MONTEIRO D’OLIVEIRA USA Mechanical Engineering Department Universidade Federal do Parana´ MARK T. DEVLIN Curitiba, PR Afton Chemical Corporation Brazil Richmond, VA USA JUN DONG Chemtura Corporation RICHARD E. DEVOR Middlebury, CT Mechanical Engineering Laboratory USA University of Illinois Urbana, IL USA DUNCAN DOWSON School of Mechanical Engineering

MANICKA DHANASEKAR The University of Leeds School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment Leeds Queensland University of Technology UK Brisbane ∗ Australia Deceased. xxii List of Contributors

SHUANLIN DUAN ROBERT ERRICHELLO Hitachi Global Storage Technology GEARTECH San Jose, CA Townsend, MT USA USA

BOB DUGGAL H. P. EVANS Afton Chemical Corporation School of Engineering Richmond, VA Cardiff University USA Cardiff, Wales UK JOHN H. DUMBLETON Stryker Orthopaedics RYAN D. EVANS Mahwah, NJ USA The Timken Company Timken Tech Center – North Canton Canton, OH GABRIEL DUMITRU USA BCI Group Grenchen Switzerland CLAUDIU VALENTIN FALUB Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials

ALISON C. DUNN Testing and Research Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Du¨bendorf, ZH University of Florida Switzerland Gainesville, FL

USA T. N. FARRIS School of Engineering STEPHAN EBERSBACH Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey School of Engineering and Physical Sciences NJ James Cook University USA Townsville, QLD Australia AURELIAN FATU Mechanical Engineering, Structures and Complex IHSAN EFEOGLU Systems Department Department of Mechanical Engineering PPRIME Institute, CNRS – University of Poitiers – ENSMA Atatu¨rk University Poitiers Erzurum France Turkey

ANDRE´ FERRARESE KORNEL EHMANN Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Innovation Management Northwestern University MAHLE Metal Leve SA Evanston, IL Jundiaı´, Sao Paulo USA Brazil

ALI ERDEMIR M. FESANGHARY Energy Systems Division Department of Mechanical Engineering Argonne National Laboratory Tribology Section Louisiana State University Argonne, IL Baton Rouge, LA USA USA List of Contributors xxiii

PETER FILIP V. FRIDRICI Center for Advanced Friction Studies Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Syste`mes Southern Illinois University UMR CNRS 5513 Carbondale, IL E´cole Centrale de Lyon USA Ecully France

MICHEL FILLON Institut Pprime, Department GMSC K. FRIEDRICH CNRS - Universite´ de Poitiers - ENSMA Institute for Composite Materials (IVW GmbH) Futuroscope Chasseneuil Cedex Technical University Kaiserslautern France Kaiserslautern Germany and ALFONS FISCHER CEREM Werkstofftechnik King Saud University University of Duisburg-Essen Riyadh Duisburg Saudi Arabia Germany

RAINER GADOW JOHN FISHER Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering Components and Composites School of Mechanical Engineering University of Stuttgart University of Leeds Stuttgart Leeds Germany UK

PAMELA GARCI´A LEIGH FLEMING Arsitek, S.A. de C.V. Centre for Precision Technologies Monterrey University of Huddersfield Mexico Huddersfield England MAREK GAWLINSKI Mechanical and Power Engineering ROBERT K. FLITNEY Wroclaw University of Technology Sealing Technology Wroclaw Craven Arms Poland UK

SHIRONG GE G. FOX-RABINOVICH Institute of Tribology and Reliability Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Technology McMaster University China University of Mining and Technology Hamilton, ON Xuzhou, Jiangsu Canada People’s Republic of China

F. FRANEK VICTORIA J. GELLING Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology AC2T Department of Coatings & Polymeric Materials research GmbH North Dakota State University Wiener Neustadt Fargo, ND Austria USA xxiv List of Contributors

HERMAN F. GEORGE IRINA GORYACHEVA Applied Science Ishlinsky Institute for Problems in Mechanics of Russian The Lubrizol Corporation Russian Academy of Sciences Wickliffe, OH Moscow USA Russia

J. GERINGER THOMAS GRADT Center of Health Engineering-Ecole Nationale BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Supe´rieure des Mines Testing Saint-Etienne Berlin France Germany

ERIK VAN DER GIESSEN AARON GRECO Department of Applied Physics, Zernike Institute for Department of Mechanical Engineering Advanced Materials, Micromechanics of Materials Northwestern University Group Evanston, IL University of Groningen USA Groningen The Netherlands ITZHAK GREEN

DAVID L. GLAENZER George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Afton Chemical Corporation Georgia Institute of Technology Mechanicsville, VA Atlanta, GA USA USA

SERGEI GLAVATSKIH J. A. GREENWOOD Machine Design Department of Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology University of Cambridge Stockholm Cambridge Sweden UK and Department of Mechanical Construction and JANEZ GRUM Production University of Ljubljana Ghent University Ljubljana Ghent Slovenia Belgium

ANGELO L. GOBBI CHANG-DONG GU Microfabrication Laboratory Department of Materials Science and Engineering Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory Zhejiang University Campinas, SP Hangzhou Brazil People’s Republic of China

SUK MENG GOH ENRICO GUALTIERI Department of Mechanical Engineering Centro Interdipartimentale INTERMECH - MO.RE. Curtin University Sarawak University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Miri, Sarawak Modena Malaysia Italy List of Contributors xxv

DAN GUO ROBERT F. HANDSCHUH State Key Laboratory of Tribology NASA Glenn Research Center Tsinghua University Cleveland, OH Beijing USA People’s Republic of China

JAMES B. HANNON RUISHENG GUO Division of Exxon Mobil Corporation State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou ExxonMobil Lubricants & Petroleum Specialties Institute of Chemical Physics Company Chinese Academy of Sciences Allentown, NJ Lanzhou USA People’s Republic of China

WILLIAM M. HANNON X.-C. GUO The Timken Company Disk Development Timken Technology Center-North Canton Hitachi Global Storage Technology Canton, OH San Jose, CA USA USA

MARTIN HARTL Y. B. GUO Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of Technology The University of Alabama Brno Tuscaloosa, AL Czech Republic USA

T. J. HARVEY PRADEEP K. GUPTA National Centre for Advanced Tribology PKG Inc Facility of Engineering and the Environment Clifton Park, NY University of Southampton USA Hampshire, Southampton UK

VINEET GUPTA University of California NORIO HASEBE Berkeley, CA Department of Civil Engineering USA Nagoya Institute of Technology Nagoya Japan DAVID W. HAHN Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Florida ROLAND HAUERT Gainesville, FL Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials USA Testing and Research Du¨bendorf, ZH Switzerland JULFIKAR HAIDER School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences JIZHONG HE Northumbria University Hitachi Global Storage Technology Newcastle upon Tyne San Jose, CA UK USA xxvi List of Contributors

YI HE L. HOUPERT University of Washington The Timken Company Seattle, WA Timken Technology Center-North Canton USA Canton, OH USA

S. D. HEINTZE

Research & Development DONALD R. HOUSER Department of Preclinical Research Gear and Power Transmission Research Laboratory Ivoclar Vivadent Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Schaan The Ohio State University Liechtenstein Columbus, OH USA KENNETH O. HENDERSON McEinri Associates LLC KARINE HOVHANNISYAN Port matilda, PA State Engineering University of Armenia USA Yerevan Armenia A. H. HEUER Department of Materials Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University K. JIMMY HSIA Cleveland, OH Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering USA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL

THIERRY HOC USA Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Laboratory of Tribology and Dynamic of Systems YIAO-TEE HSIA UMR 5513 CNRS-ECL-ENISE HDD H/M Tribology & Mechanical Integration University of Lyon Western Digital Corporation Ecully Cedex San Jose, CA France USA

DAVID W. HOEPPNER DIANN Y. HUA Department of Mechanical Engineering Quality Technical Center and Integrity Design Engineering Center Caterpillar Inc. QIDEC Peoria, IL University of Utah USA Salt Lake City, UT USA YUAN-ZHONG HU

KENNETH HOLMBERG State Key Laboratory of Tribology VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Tsinghua University VTT Finland Beijing People’s Republic of China

JEFF T.M. De HOSSON Department of Applied Physics, Materials Innovation MICHAEL HUEBNER Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Principal Engineer University of Groningen Flowserve Corporation Groningen, AG Deer Park, TX The Netherlands USA List of Contributors xxvii

STEVE HUTCHINS ROBERT L. JACKSON Keronite International Ltd Department of Mechanical Engineering Cambridge Auburn University Great Britain Auburn, AL USA

DAVID ALLAN HUTCHISON NITEEN JADHAV Afton Chemical Corporation (US) Department of Coatings & Polymeric Materials Powhatan, VA North Dakota State University USA Fargo, ND USA

PYUNG HWANG BEHROOZ JALALAHMADI School of Mechanical Engineering Yeungnam University Sentient Corporation Gyongbuk Buffalo, NY Gyeongsan-si USA South Korea J. Y. JANG Department of Mechanical Engineering S. ILINCIC Louisiana State University Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology AC2T Baton Rouge, LA research GmbH USA Wiener Neustadt Austria HO JANG Department of Material Science and Engineering

TAKASHI IMANISHI Friction Materials Research Laboratory Korea University CVT Project Team, Technology Development Division Seoul Headquarters Korea NSK Ltd. Fujisawa-Shi, Kanagawa Japan TZE-CHI JAO Department of R & D Afton Chemical Corporation ICHIRO INASAKI Richmond, VA Institute of Science and Technology Research USA Chubu University Kasugai - shi, Aichi Prefecture LOUISE JENNINGS Japan Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds ARSHAK ISAJANYAN Leeds State Engineering University of Armenia UK Yerevan Armenia XIAOQING JIN Department of Mechanical Engineering CRAIG A. JACKSON Northwestern University Greenwood, SC Evanston, IL USA USA xxviii List of Contributors

ZHONG MIN JIN AHMET KAHRAMAN School of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University The Ohio State University Xi’an, Shaanxi Columbus, OH People’s Republic of China USA and School of Mechanical Engineering M. KALIN Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds University of Ljubljana Leeds Ljubljana UK Slovenia

K. L. JOHNSON MIYOSHI KAMIO Department of Engineering Kyodo Yushi Co., Ltd University of Cambridge Fujisawa Cambridge Japan UK MOTOHIRO KANETA LUCILE JOLY-POTTUZ Faculty of Mechanical Engineering INSA de Lyon, MATEIS Lab., UMR CNRS 5510 Brno University of Technology University of Lyon Brno Villeurbanne Cedex Czech Republic France YOUNG SUP KANG SUKBAE JOO The Timken Company Department of Mechanical Engineering Canton, OH Texas A&M University USA College Station, TX USA JOSEPH P. KAPERICK R&D Department S. V. JOSHI Afton Chemical Corporation International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Richmond, VA Metallurgy & New Materials USA Hyderabad India AJAY KAPOOR Swinburne University of Technology TOM JOYCE Hawthorn, VIC School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering Australia Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne SHIV G. KAPOOR UK Mechanical Engineering Laboratory University of Illinois ARTURO JUA´ REZ Urbana, IL Universidad Auto´noma de Nuevo Leo´n USA San Nicola´s de los Garza Mexico PH.KAPSA Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Syste`mes CHRISTIAN KADDICK UMR CNRS 5513 EndoLab GmbH E´cole Centrale de Lyon Deutschland Ecully Germany France List of Contributors xxix

PAUL H. KASAI FRANCIS E. KENNEDY MORESCO (Matsumura Oil Research Corp.) Thayer School of Engineering Kobe-city, Hyogo Dartmouth College Japan Hanover, NH USA

SUBRAMANYAM V. KASISOMAYAJULA

Department of Coatings & Polymeric Materials M. M. KHONSARI North Dakota State University Department of Mechanical Engineering Fargo, ND Louisiana State University USA Baton Rouge, LA USA EWA KASPRZYCKA Mechanics and Petrochemistry DAEJONG KIM Warsaw University of Technology Plock Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Poland University of Texas at Arlington and Arlington, TX Institute of Precision Mechanics USA Warsaw Poland DAE-EUN KIM School of Mechanical Engineering KOJI KATO Yonsei University Department of Mechanical Engineering Seoul College of Engineering Nihon University South Korea Koriyama Japan K. KIM School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering RAJA R. KATTA Korea Aerospace University Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Hwajeon–dong, Deogyang–gu University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Goyang, Gyeonggi–do Champaign Urbana, IL Republic of Korea USA and Materials Science Department MOHAMMAD R. KAZEMI Penn State University Tyco Thermal Controls University Park, PA Menlo Park, CA USA USA

SEONG H. KIM LEON M. KEER Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University Northwestern University University Park, PA Evanston, IL USA USA and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering YOSHITSUGU KIMURA Northwestern University The University of Tokyo/Kagawa University Evanston, IL Tokyo USA Japan xxx List of Contributors

R. GORDON KIRK KARI T. KOSKINEN Mech. Eng Department of Intelligent Hydraulics and Automation Virginia Tech Tampere University of Technology Blacksburg, VA Tampere USA Finland

JACOB KLEIN PETER V. KOTVIS Department of Materials and Interfaces Benz Oil, Inc Weizmann Institute of Science Milwaukee, WI Rehovot USA Israel

M. N. KOTZALAS

ALEX KLEIN-PASTE The Timken Company Norwegian University of Science and Technology Canton, OH Trondheim USA Norway

and ALEXANDER KOVALEV University Centre on Svalbard Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing Longyearbyen, Svalbard (BAM) Norway Scanning Probe Microscopy, Tribology and Wear Protection JENS KO¨ NIG Berlin Department of Manufacturing Technology Germany Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management Technical University Berlin A. P. KRASNOV Berlin N.A. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Germany Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow

NIKOLAI I. KOBASKO Russia IQ Technologies Inc Akron, OH ROLF KRU¨ GER-SEHM USA Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Working Group 5.14, Roughness Measurement Intensive Technologies Ltd Methods Kyiv Braunschweig Ukraine Germany

JEAN-RENE´ KOCH JACQUELINE KRIM Timken Europe Department of Physics Colmar Cedex North Carolina State University France Raleigh, NC USA

VALERY V. KONCHITS Department of Tribology NEIL KRISHNAN V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute of National Oil & Gas Products Academy of Sciences of Belarus Diamond Innovations Gomel Worthington, OH Belarus USA List of Contributors xxxi

IVAN KRUPKA REIJO LAPPALAINEN Brno University of Technology Department of Applied Physics Brno University of Eastern Finland Czech Republic Kuopio Finland ILYA I. KUDISH Department of Mathematics ROLAND LARSSON Kettering University Division of Machine Elements Flint, MI Lulea˚ University of Technology USA Lulea˚ Sweden RICHARD E. KUHLMAN Afton Chemical Corporation DENNIS A. LAUER Southfield, MI Kluber Lubrication North America L.P. USA The Villages, FL USA PUNIT KUMAR Department of Mechanical Engineering MAXIME LAUGIER National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Global Research and Development – Maizie`res Process Kurukshetra, Haryana Arcelor Mittal India Maizie`res-les-Metz France CHANG-HUNG KUO Department of Civil Engineering MAXIMILIEN E. LAUNEY National Chi Nan University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Puli, Nantou University of California Taiwan Berkeley, CA USA SHERI KURGIN General Motors Powertrain Headquarters MICHEL P. LAURENT Pontiac, MI Department of Orthopedics USA Rush University Medical Center Chicago, IL CARLOS E. F. KWIETNIEWSKI USA Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering RICHARD LEACH Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Engineering Measurement Division Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul National Physical Laboratory Brazil Teddington UK MARTINE LABERGE Department of Bioengineering ALAN O. LEBECK Clemson University Mechanical Seal Technology Inc Clemson, SC Albuquerque, NM USA USA

ROBERT H. LACOMBE JONAH H. LEE Materials Science and Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering CONFERENCES University of Alaska Hopewell Junction, NY Fairbanks, AK USA USA xxxii List of Contributors

WINSON C. C. LEE JUN LIANG Department of Health Technology and Informatics State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Hong Kong Chinese Academy of Sciences People’s Republic of China Lanzhou People’s Republic of China NICOLAS LEGRAND

Global Research and Development – Maizie`res Process XUE-SONG LIANG Arcelor Mittal Department of Materials Science Maizie`res-les-Metz Institute for Advanced Ceramics France School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology YAJIE LEI Harbin, Heilongjiang Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering People’s Republic of China The George Washington University

Washington, DC D. Y. LI USA Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta YONGSHENG LENG Edmonton, AB Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Canada The George Washington University

Washington, DC SHENG LI USA Department of Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University DARREN LESINSKI Columbus, OH Chemtura Corporation USA Middlebury, CT USA WANFENG LI

CHI-HUNG LEUNG Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Delaware AMI Doduco Newark, DE Export, PA USA USA

XIAO-WU LI AARON K. L. LEUNG Department of Health Technology and Informatics Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry The Hong Kong Polytechnic University College of Sciences Hong Kong Northeastern University People’s Republic of China Shenyang People’s Republic of China

ROGER LEWIS Department of Mechanical Engineering SEH CHUN LIM The University of Sheffield Department of Mechanical Engineering Sheffield National University of Singapore UK Singapore Republic of Singapore HONG LIANG Department of Mechanical Engineering CHIH LIN Texas A&M University Baker Hughes, Inc. College Station, TX The Woodlands, TX USA USA List of Contributors xxxiii

SHIH-CHIEH LIN YUHONG LIU National Tsing-Hua University State Key Laboratory of Tribology Hsinchu Tsinghua University Taiwan Beijing People’s Republic of China

JEFFREY R. LINCE AMADEU NETO LOMBARDI Space Materials Laboratory The Aerospace Corporation Department of Materials Engineering El Segundo, CA Federal University of Sa˜o Carlos USA Sa˜o Carlos, SP Brazil

TOMASZ LISKIEWICZ STEPHEN H. LORING iETSI Dept. Anesthesia, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of Leeds Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Leeds Medical School UK Boston, MA USA FENG LIU

School of Mechanical Engineering C. T. JOHN LOW Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering Faculty of Engineering and the Environment University of Leeds Engineering Sciences Leeds University of Southampton UK Southampton UK

GENG LIU Mechanical Engineering MARITZA LOZANO Northwestern Polytechnical University Arsitek, S.A. de C.V. Xian, Shaanxi Monterrey People’s Republic of China Mexico

JINJUN LU KAI LIU State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication XI’AN University of Technology Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics XI’An, Shaanxi Chinese Academy of Sciences People’s Republic of China Lanzhou People’s Republic of China WEI-MIN LIU

State Key Laboratory Solid Lubrication ZHIBIN LU Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Science Lanzhou Lanzhou PR China People’s Republic of China

YUCHUAN LIU D. A. LUCCA Powertrain CAE Methods School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering General Motor Corporation Oklahoma State University Pontiac, MI Stillwater, OK USA USA xxxiv List of Contributors

HANNAH J. LUNDBERG STEPHEN MALKIN Department of Orthopedic Surgery Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Rush University Medical Center University of Massachusetts Chicago, IL Amherst, MA USA USA

D. B. LUO DAVID MANAS School of Mechanical Engineering Department of Production Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Tomas Bata University Chengdu Zlin People’s Republic of China Czech Republic

JIANBIN LUO J. KEITH MARTIN State Key Laboratory of Tribology Department of Environmental and Mechanical Tsinghua University Engineering Beijing The Open University People’s Republic of China Milton Keynes, Bucks UK

QUANSHUN LUO Materials Analysis and Research Service JEAN MICHEL MARTIN Materials and Engineering Research Institute Ecole Centrale de Lyon Sheffield Hallam University University of Lyon Sheffield Ecully UK France

MAYURAM M. M. ASHLIE MARTINI Department of Mechanical Engineering School of Engineering Machine Design Section University of California Merced Indian Institute of Technology Madras Merced, CA Chennai, TN USA India

CARLA MARTINI ROYA MABOUDIAN Department of Metals Science, Electrochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Chemical Techniques University of California University of Bologna Berkeley, CA Bologna USA Italy

IAN MACPHERSON DIEGO MARTI´NEZ-MARTI´NEZ Afton Chemical Corporation Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla Richmond, VA (CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla) USA Sevilla Spain

MARK J. MALATESTA Department of Mechanical Engineering ALLAN MATTHEWS Automotive Tribology Center Department of Materials Science and Engineering Oakland University Dodge Hall of Engineering University of Sheffield Rochester, MI Sheffield USA UK List of Contributors xxxv

DONALD M. MATTOX HARRY M. MEYER, III Management Plus Inc Division of Materials Science and Technology and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Society of Vacuum Coaters Oak Ridge, TN Albuquerque, NM USA USA

PHILIPPE MAURIN-PERRIER CYRIL A. MIGDAL HEF R&D Chemtura Corporation Z.I. Sud Middlebury, CT Andre´zieux–Bouthe´on Cedex USA France

BRENDAN MILLER CHRIS J. MAY Department of Physics Priceville, ON North Carolina State University Canada Raleigh, NC USA JOHN B. MEDLEY Department of Mech & Mechatronics Engineering

University of Waterloo ICHIRO MINAMI Waterloo, ON Department of Chemical Engineering Canada Iwate University Iwate

SHREYES N. MELKOTE Japan George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Georgia Institute of Technology Division of Machine Elements Atlanta, GA Lulea˚ University of Technology USA Lulea˚ Sweden

QINGEN MENG Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering MYO MINN School of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds National University of Singapore Leeds Singapore UK Singapore

YONGGANG MENG

State Key Laboratory of Tribology KAZUHISA MIYOSHI Tsinghua University North Olmsted, OH Beijing USA People’s Republic of China

MARIE-HE´LE`NE MEURISSE PIERRE MONTMITONNET CNRS, INSA-Lyon, LaMCoS UMR5259 CEMEF – UMR CNRS 7635 Universite´ de Lyon MINES ParisTech Villeurbanne Cedex Sophia-Antipolis France France xxxvi List of Contributors

G. E. MORALES-ESPEJEL PEDRO A. P. NASCENTE SKF Engineering & Research Centre Department of Materials Engineering Nieuwegein Federal University of Sao Carlos The Netherlands Sao Carlos, SP and Brazil Universite´ de Lyon, CNRS INSA–Lyon, LaMCoS UMR5259 Villeurbanne SAYED A. NASSAR France Department of Mechanical Engineering Oakland University CAROL MUEHLEMAN Rochester, MI Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology USA Rush University Medical Center

Chicago, IL LYNN NIEL USA Edlan Research Centre Bingley TERUO MURAKAMI UK Research Center for Advanced Biomechanics Kyushu University JAMES P. NETZEL Fukuoka Yorkville, IL Japan USA

C. MURATORE SUM HUAN NG Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology Manufacturing Directorate (SIMTech) Wright Patterson Air Force Base Singapore Ohio, OH Singapore USA

VALENTINA NGAI ULRICH MU¨ LLER Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing Biomechanical engineering and Research Robson Forensics Inc Du¨bendorf, ZH Chicago Switzerland USA

NIKOLAI K. MYSHKIN GRACIOUS NGAILE Department of Tribology Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute North Carolina State University National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Raleigh, NC Gomel USA Belarus CHAOYING NI KEIJI NAKAYAMA Department of Materials Science & Engineering Chiba Institute of Technology University of Delaware Narashino-shi, Chiba Newark, DE Japan USA

ALEKSANDER NAKONIECZNY ARMANN NORHEIM Institute of Precision Mechanics Avinor AS Warsaw Oslo Poland Norway List of Contributors xxxvii

JOSE´ L. OCAN˜ A GEORGE A. PANTAZOPOULOS Centro La´ser UPM ELKEME Hellenic Research Centre for Metals S.A. Universidad Polite´cnica de Madrid Athens Madrid Greece Spain BRIAN L. PAPKE

BRIAN M. O’CONNOR Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc The Lubrizol Corporation Houston, TX Wickliffe, OH USA USA TIMOTHY PASANG

L. O’DONNELL Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering Auckland Technical University Case Western Reserve University Auckland Cleveland, OH New Zealand USA MIRCEA D. PASCOVICI Department of Machine Elements and Tribology JUNFEI OU POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Bucharest Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Romania Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Lanzhou CHARLES A. PASSUT People’s Republic of China Afton Chemical Company Richmond, VA JIA-HU OUYANG USA Department of Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Ceramics DUWAYNE PAUL School of Materials Science and Engineering ® Spiroid – A Business Unit of ITW Heartland Harbin Institute of Technology Alexandria, MN Harbin, Heilongjiang USA People’s Republic of China

A. PAUSCHITZ TIMOTHY C. OVAERT Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology AC2T Mechanical Engineering research GmbH University of Notre Dame Wiener Neustadt Notre Dame, IN Austria USA

BRADLEY M. PEDERSON CODA H. PAN Advanced Engineering Technology Global Technology The Timken Company Millbury, MA Canton, OH USA USA

ZEHBOUR PANOSSIAN YUTAO PEI Corrosion and Protection Laboratory Department of Applied Physics, Materials Innovation Institute of Technological Research of Sa˜o Paulo State Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Polytechnic School of Sa˜o Paulo University University of Groningen Sa˜o Paulo Groningen, AG Brazil The Netherlands xxxviii List of Contributors

ZHONGXIAO PENG JAROSLAV POLA´ K School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Low Cycle Fatigue Group The University of New South Wales Institute of Physics of Materials, ASCR Sydney, NSW Brno Australia Czech Republic

ANDREAS A. POLYCARPOU NICK A. PEPPIATT Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering Hallite Seals International Ltd University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Hampton, Middlesex Champaign Urbana, IL UK USA

S. S. PESETSKII MARGARET P. PROCTOR Department of Polymer Composites NASA Glenn Research Center V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute of National Cleveland, OH Academy of Science USA Gomel Belarus DAVID PYE Pye Metallurgical International Consulting W. DAVID PHILLIPS St Annes on Sea, Lancashire Manchester UK UK

LINMAO QIAN THOMAS R. PITCHFORD Tribology Research Institute Seagate Technology National Traction Power Laboratory Bloomington, MN Southwest Jiaotong University USA Chengdu, Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China

ALESSANDRO PODESTA`

Department of Physics and CIMAINA WANG QINGYUAN University of Milano, Molecular Beams and Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Nanocrystalline Materials Laboratory Sichuan University Milano Chengdu Italy People’s Republic of China

ALBERT POGOSIAN JUN QU State Engineering University of Armenia Division of Materials Science and Technology Yerevan Oak Ridge National Laboratory Armenia Oak Ridge, TN USA

TOMAS POLCAR Department of Control Engineering, Faculty of Electrical MIGUEL ANGEL SA´ NCHEZ QUINTANILLA Engineering Dpto. Electro´nica y Electromagnetismo Czech Technical University in Prague University of Seville Prague Seville Czech Republic Spain List of Contributors xxxix

JAN QUINTELIER EHSAN RISMANI-YAZDI Department of Mechanics Department of Mechanical Engineering University College Ghent National University of Singapore Ghent Singapore Belgium Singapore and Department of Mechanical Construction and ROBERT O. RITCHIE Production Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ghent University University of California Ghent Berkeley, CA Belgium USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory FARRUKH QURESHI Berkeley, CA Applied Science USA The Lubrizol Corporation Wickliffe, OH BARBARA RIVOLTA USA Dipartimento di Meccanica Politecnico di Milano Milano D. SRINIVASA RAO Italy International Advanced Research Centre for Powder

Metallurgy & New Materials CESAR AUGUSTO DUARTE RODRIGUEZ Hyderabad Instituto de Quı´mica de Sa˜o Carlos India Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo Sa˜o Carlos, Sa˜o Paulo Brazil LEV RAPOPORT Department of Sciences WAGNER DE ROSSI Holon Institute of Technology Centro de Lasers e Aplicac¸o˜es Holon Instituto de Pesquisas Energe´ticas e Nucleares – IPEN Israel Sa˜o Paulo, SP Brazil

NING REN W. BRIAN ROWE Department of Mechanical Engineering Northwestern University Liverpool John Moores University Evanston, IL Liverpool, England USA UK

MARINA RUTHS

CAROLINE RICHARD Department of Chemistry Universite´ de Tours Franc¸ois Rabelais/Polytech’Tours University of Massachusetts Tours Lowell, MA France USA

IGOR RYCHLIK SEBASTIAN RICHARZ Mathematical Sciences Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management Chalmers University of Technology and University of Technical University Berlin Gothenburg Berlin Gothenburg Germany Sweden xl List of Contributors

ZYGMUNT RYMUZA LUIS SAN ANDRE´S Warsaw University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Warsaw Turbomachinery Laboratory Poland Texas A&M University College Station, TX USA MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN SABOUR Aerospace Department JOHN SANDER University of Tehran Lubrication Engineers, Inc. Tehran Wichita, KS Iran USA

FARSHID SADEGHI DEREK SARGANT Purdue University Materials Development West Lafayette, IN Trelleborg Sealing Solutions USA Somersworth, NH USA

RICHARD F. SALANT NALAM SATYANARAYANA George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Atlanta, GA National University of Singapore USA Singapore Singapore

IMAN SALEHI AFFATATO SAVERIO Swinburne University of Technology Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica Hawthorn, VIC Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli Australia Bologna Italy

MOHAMMED ABDUL SAMAD Department of Mechanical Engineering KOICHIRO SAWA National University of Singapore Department of System Design Engineering Singapore Keio University Singapore Kohoku-ku, Yokohama Japan

FIONA SAMMLER W. GREGORY SAWYER Head of Cutting Tools Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management University of Florida Technical University Berlin Gainesville, FL Berlin USA Germany

DIETMAR SCHERER JOHNSON SAMUEL Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering Components and Composites Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute University of Stuttgart Troy, NY Stuttgart USA Germany List of Contributors xli

STEVEN R. SCHMID JIAN SHANG Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication University of Notre Dame Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Notre Dame, IN Chinese Academy of Sciences USA Lanzhou People’s Republic of China

THOMAS SCHUELKE LEON L. SHAW Fraunhofer Center for Coatings and Laser Applications Department of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Fraunhofer USA, Inc. Engineering Michigan State University Institute of Materials Science East Lansing, MI University of Connecticut USA Storrs, CT USA CHARLES D. SCHULTZ Beyta Gear Service SHENG SHEN Winfield, IL Mechanical Engineering USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA USA CHRISTIAN J. SCHWARTZ

Department of Mechanical Engineering GANG SHENG Texas A&M University Department of Mechanical Engineering College Station, TX University of Alaska USA Fairbanks, AK USA

TIMOTHY W. SECOMB DUNCAN E. T. SHEPHERD Department of Physiology University of Arizona School of Mechanical Engineering Tucson, AZ University of Birmingham USA Birmingham UK

PAUL D. SEEMUTH SIMON SHEU Tribology Consulting International LLC Alcoa Technical Center Ringgold, GA Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) USA Alcoa Center, PA USA

JO¨ RG SEEWIG HUA-CHU SHIH Lehrstuhl fu¨r Messtechnik & Sensorik Advanced Applications Technology Technische Universita¨t Kaiserslautern United States Steel Corporation Kaiserslautern Troy, MI Germany USA

REZA SHAHBAZIAN-YASSAR CLEITON C. SILVA Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Mechanics Welding Engineering Labor Michigan Technological University Federal University of Ceara´ Houghton, MI Fortaleza, Ceara´ USA Brazil xlii List of Contributors

SUJEET K. SINHA DAVID A. STEPHENSON Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan National University of Singapore Ann Arbor, MI Singapore USA Singapore

JASON R. STOKES NIRMAL K. SINHA School of Chemical Engineering Institute for Aerospace Research The University of Queensland National Research Council Canada Brisbane, QLD Ottawa, ON Australia Canada

ROBERT K. STURK G. SIVAKUMAR Techincal Center International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Federal-Mogul Corporation Metallurgy & New Materials Plymouth, MI Hyderabad USA India

SESHADRI S.K. HEINZ STURM Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing Indian Institute of Technology Madras (BAM) Chennai Scanning Probe Microscopy, Tribology and Wear India Protection Berlin Germany STEVEN J. SKERLOS and Mechnical Engineering Department TU Berlin, Institute of Machine Tools and Factory University of Michigan Management Ann Arbor, MI Berlin USA Germany

R. W. SNIDLE SATHYAN SUBBIAH Mechanical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Cardiff University Singapore Cardiff Singapore UK

MAGALHA˜ ES DE ROˆ MULO RIBEIRO SOUSA B. SUBRAMONIAN Instituto Federal de Educac¸a˜o, Cieˆncia e Tecnologia do Department of Space Piaui Space Tribology, ISRO Inertial Systems Unit Teresina, Pi Trivandrum, Kerala Brazil India

V. E. STARZHINSKY D. C. SUN V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute of National Department of Mechanical Engineering Academy of Sciences of Belarus State University of New York at Binghamton Gomel Binghamton, NY Belarus USA List of Contributors xliii

XIAOJUN SUN WILLIAM WEI TAO State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Chrysler Group Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Auburn Hills, MI Chinese Academy of Sciences USA Lanzhou, Gansu People’s Republic of China MARTHA TATE Kimberly-Clark Corporation N. SUNDARAM Roswell, GA Center for Materials Processing and Tribology USA Purdue University West Lafayette, IN USA JOHN M. TAYLOR Afton Chemical Corporation G. SUNDARARAJAN Richmond, VA International Advanced Research Centre for Powder USA Metallurgy & New Materials Hyderabad EDUARDO K. TENTARDINI India Nu´cleo de Cieˆncia e Engenharia de Materiais – NUCEM UFS – Federal University of Sergipe IN-HA SUNG Sa˜o Cristo´va˜o, Sergipe Department of Mechanical Engineering Brazil Hannam University and Daejeon CCET, Caxias do Sul University South Korea Brazil

ANDRAS Z. SZERI PHILIP TERRY Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Delaware Chief Metallurgist – P Terry and Associates Newark, DE Lufkin, TX USA USA

EDSON HIROMASSA TAKANO SAMUEL H. TERSIGNI PG-Mec Afton Chemical Corporation Universidade Federal do Parana´ Richmond, VA Curitiba USA Brazil

PETER THEOBALD FRANK E. TALKE Institute of Medical Engineering & Medical Physics Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Cardiff School of Engineering University of California Cardiff University San Diego Cardiff, Wales La Jolla, CA UK USA

HONG-ZHI TANG LAURA THORP Department of R & D Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Afton Chemical Corporation Rush University Medical Center Richmond, VA Chicago, IL USA USA xliv List of Contributors

GO¨ TZ THORWARTH GEORGE EDWARD TOTTEN Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Texas A&M University Du¨bendorf, ZH College Station, TX Switzerland USA

YU TIAN GERMANO TREMILIOSI-FILHO State Key Laboratory of Tribology Instituto de Quı´mica de Sa˜o Carlos Tsinghua University Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo Beijing Sa˜o Carlos, Sa˜o Paulo People’s Republic of China Brazil

JOHN TICHY MARIO ERNESTO TREVIN˜ O Department of Mechanical Engineering Universidad Auto´noma de Nuevo Leo´n Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute San Nicola´s de los Garza Troy, NY Mexico USA

ROLAND S. TIMSIT ANDRE´ PAULO TSCHIPTSCHIN Timron Advanced Connector Technologies Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department A Subsidiary of Timron Scientific Consulting Inc. University of Sa˜o Paulo Toronto, ON Sa˜o Paulo, SP Canada Brazil

DENIS V. TKACHUK SANKARA NARAYANAN T.S.N. Department of Tribology National Metallurgical Laboratory V.A. Belyi Metal-Polymer Research Institute of National Madras Centre Academy of Sciences of Belarus Chennai Gomel India Belarus

VLADIMIR TSUKRUK GU¨ LCAN TOKTAS¸ Materials Science and Engineering Department Department of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Materials Science and Balikesir University Engineering Balikesir Atlanta, GA Turkey USA

KRISTIAN TØNDER JOHN TURTLE Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Afton Chemical Corporation Trondheim Richmond, VA Norway USA

BERNARDO TORMOS WILFRED T. TYSOE CMT-Motores Te´rmicos Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Universitat Polite`cnica de Vale`ncia University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Valencia Milwaukee, WI Spain USA List of Contributors xlv

YOSHITAKA UCHIYAMA FABRICE VILLE Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology LaMCoS Kanazawa University Universite´ de Lyon. INSA de Lyon Kanazawa Villeurbanne Japan France

ECKART UHLMANN A. A. VOEVODIN Department of Manufacturing Technology Air Force Research Laboratory Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Technical University Berlin Wright Patterson Air Force Base Berlin Ohio, OH Germany USA

SERGIO VALERI CYRIL VOISARD Department of Physics Synthes GmbH University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Langendorf Modena Switzerland Italy and CNR-ISTITUTO NANOSCIENZE Research Center on DALIBOR VOJTEˇCH nanoStructures and bioSystems at Surfaces (S3) Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering Modena Institute of Chemical Technology Italy Prague Czech Republic

ROBERTO VARGIOLU

Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Laboratory of Tribology and G. VORLAUFER Dynamic of Systems Austrian Center of Competence for Tribology AC2T UMR 5513 CNRS-ECL-ENISE research GmbH University of Lyon Wiener Neustadt Ecully Cedex Austria France

TOSHIAKI WAKABAYASHI JAN VATAVUK Department of Advanced Materials Science Department of Materials Engineering Kagawa University Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie Takamatsu - shi, Kagawa Prefecture Sao Paulo, SP Japan Brazil

ANDRE VERHELST DANE E. WALKER Fomer Member of CIMAC Department of Materials Texaco R&D Loughborough University Ghent Loughborough, Leicestershire Belgium UK

CHRISTOPHER A. VETTER PETER WALL Department of Coatings & Polymeric Materials Division of Mathematical Sciences North Dakota State University Lulea˚ University of Technology Fargo, ND Lulea˚ USA Sweden xlvi List of Contributors

FRANK C. WALSH HAI-DOU WANG Faculty of Engineering and the Environment National Key Lab for Remanufacturing Engineering Sciences Academy of Armored Forces Engineering University of Southampton Beijing Southampton People’s Republic of China UK

HANYU WANG R. J. WALTMAN Bradford Grammar School Disk Development Bradford, West Yorkshire Hitachi Global Storage Technology UK San Jose, CA USA JEN-LUNG WANG SHANHONG H. WAN Evonik Oil Additives State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Wax Modifier Business Segment Manager Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Horsham, PA Chinese Academy of Sciences USA Lanzhou People’s Republic of China JIADAO WANG

AIGUO WANG State Key Laboratory of Tribology Stryker Orthopaedics Tsinghua University Mahwah Beijing USA People’s Republic of China

XIAO-BO WANG JIAXU WANG State Key Laboratory Solid Lubrication Chongqing University Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chongqing Chinese Academy of Sciences People’s Republic of China Lanzhou People’s Republic of China JINQING WANG

CHENGTAO WANG State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Shanghai Jiao Tong University Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Shanghai Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) People’s Republic of China Lanzhou People’s Republic of China FANG WANG

China Ship Scientific Research Center LING WANG Wuxi Jiangsu School of Mechanical Engineering People’s Republic of China University of Leeds Leeds FENGCAI WANG UK School of Mechanical Engineering Wuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan, Hubei LIPING WANG People’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication and Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics National Research Centre of Bearing Technology (ZWZ) Chinese Academy of Science Xi’an Jiaotong University Lanzhou People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China List of Contributors xlvii

Q. JANE WANG MARK WEBER Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for NanoFocus AG Surface Engineering and Tribology Oberhausen Northwestern University Germany Evanston, IL

USA KLAUS WEINERT Department of Machining Technology QIANZHI WANG Institute of Machining Technology School of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universita¨t Dortmund Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Dortmund Nanjing Germany People’s Republic of China

SHENGMIN WEN QINGLIANG WANG Department of Civil Engineering Institute of Tribology and Reliability Northwestern University Department of Materials Science and Technology Evanston, IL China University of Mining and Technology USA Xuzhou, Jiangsu

People’s Republic of China WARREN J. WHITNEY Techincal Center WEN-ZHONG WANG Federal-Mogul Corporation School of Mechanical Engineering Plymouth, MI Beijing Institute of Technology USA Beijing

People’s Republic of China GEOFFREY D. WILCOX Department of Materials XIANFENG WANG Loughborough University College of Civil Engineering Loughborough, Leicestershire Shenzhen University UK Shenzhen, Guangdong

People’s Republic of China SOPHIE WILLIAMS Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering YANSONG WANG School of Mechanical Engineering Baker Hughes Incorporated University of Leeds Houston, TX Leeds USA UK

YONGXIN WANG RYAN WILLING State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Hand and Upper Limb Centre Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics St. Joseph’s Health Centre Chinese Academy of Science University of Western Ontario Lanzhou London, ON People’s Republic of China Canada

MICHAŁ WASILCZUK MARKUS A. WIMMER Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department of Orthopedics Gdansk University of Technology Rush University Medical Center Gdansk Chicago, IL Poland USA xlviii List of Contributors

BRET C. WINDOM YOU-BAI XIE Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering University of Florida Shanghai Jiao Tong University Gainesville, FL Shanghai USA People’s Republic of China

GEORG WIORA SHANGWU XIONG NanoFocus AG Department of Mechanical Engineering Oberhausen Northwestern University Germany Evanston, IL USA

MICHAŁ WODTKE HUA XU Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Gdansk University of Technology Theory of Lubrication and Bearing Institute Gdansk Mechanical Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Poland Xi’an, Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China

R. J. K. WOOD JIANFENG XU National Centre for Advanced Tribology HDD H/M Tribology & Mechanical Integration Facility of Engineering and the Environment Western Digital Corporation University of Southampton San Jose, CA Hampshire, Southampton USA UK

THOMAS J. YAGER DAVE WOOTON NASA Langley Research Center Wooton Consulting Hampton, VA Beaverdam, VA USA USA

MAOCHENG YAN CASSANDRA J. WRIGHT-WALKER Department of Coatings & Polymeric Materials Department of Bioengineering North Dakota State University Clemson University Fargo, ND Clemson, SC USA USA

YU YAN JUN JIE WU Corrosion and Protection Center, Key Laboratory for School of Engineering and Computing Sciences Environmental Fracture (MOE) Durham University University of Science and Technology Beijing Durham Beijing UK People’s Republic of China

SHIFENG WU PEIRAN YANG Mechanical Seal Division School of Mechanical Engineering A.W. Chesterton Co Qingdao Technological University Groveland, MA Qingdao USA People’s Republic of China List of Contributors xlix

SHENGRONG YANG J. S. ZABINSKI State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Air Force Research Laboratory Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Wright Patterson Air Force Base Lanzhou Ohio, OH People’s Republic of China USA

XIANJIE YANG HASSAN ZAHOUANI Department of Mechanical Engineering Ecole nationale d’Inge´nieur de Saint Etienne, Laboratory Oakland University of Tribology and Dynamic of Systems Rochester, MI UMR 5513 CNRS-ECL-ENISE USA University of Lyon Ecully Cedex THIRUMAL YASODHA France Department of pharmacology Al-Tahadi University ALAN T. ZEHNDER Libya Field of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Cornell University LIONEL A. YOUNG Ithaca, NY Advanced Technology USA Flowserve Corporation Temecula, CA ZHIXIANG ZENG USA Ningbo Key Laboratory of Marine Protection Materials, Surface Engineering Division BINGJUN YU Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Tribology Research Institute Engineering National Traction Power Laboratory Chinese Academy of Sciences Southwest Jiaotong University Ningbo Chengdu, Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China

ROLF ZENKER JIAXIN YU TU Bergakademie Freiberg Tribology Research Institute Institute of Materials Engineering National Traction Power Laboratory Freiberg Zenker Consult Southwest Jiaotong University Mittweida Chengdu Germany Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China CHENHUI ZHANG

QIUMING YU State Key Laboratory of Tribology University of Washington Tsinghua University Seattle, WA Beijing USA People’s Republic of China

RONALD E. YUNGK G. A. ZHANG Air BP Lubricants Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Naperville, IL Lanzhou USA People’s Republic of China l List of Contributors

JIAN-HUA ZHANG ZHONGPING ZHANG School of Mechatronics and Automation The Science Institute Shanghai University Air Force Engineering University Shanghai Xi’an People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China

JUNYAN ZHANG JIANG ZHAO State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Institute of Chemistry Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Lanzhou People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China JINMIN ZHAO

MING ZHANG Spintronics, Media and Interface Division, Agency for Department of Health Technology and Informatics Science, Technology and Research (A*star) The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Data Storage Institute Hong Kong Singapore People’s Republic of China Singapore

TONG-YI ZHANG WENJIE ZHAO Department of Mechanical Engineering Ningbo Key Laboratory of Marine Protection Materials, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR Engineering People’s Republic of China Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo XIANG-JUN ZHANG People’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Tribology Tsinghua University HUI ZHENG Beijing School of Mechanical Engineering People’s Republic of China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai XINGHANG ZHANG People’s Republic of China Department of Mechanical Engineering

Materials Science and Engineering Program JING ZHENG Texas A&M University Tribology Research Institute College Station, TX Southwest Jiaotong University USA Chengdu, Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China YOUYUN ZHANG

Theory of Lubrication and Bearing Institute HUANG ZHIYONG Xi’an Jiaotong University Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Xi’an, Shaanxi Sichuan University People’s Republic of China Chengdu People’s Republic of China ZHENYU ZHANG Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional FEI ZHOU Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Academy of Frontier Science Dalian University of Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Dalian Nanjing People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China List of Contributors li

FENG ZHOU DONG ZHU State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chongqing University Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing Lanzhou People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China

YONGSHENG ZHU KUN ZHOU Theory of Lubrication and Bearing Institute School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Xi’an Jiaotong University Singapore Xi’an, Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China

XIN ZHOU Innovation Center QIAN ZOU Eaton Corporation Mechanical Engineering Department Moon Township, PA Oakland University USA Rochester, MI USA

ZHONG-RONG ZHOU Tribology Research Institute KENNETH J. ZWICK Southwest Jiaotong University Kimberly-Clark Corporation Chengdu, Sichuan Province Neenah, WI People’s Republic of China USA