Ibecker Sociopoetics Final

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ibecker Sociopoetics Final THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO SOCIO/POETICS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE BY INGRID DESTRAY BECKER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2019 © Copyright by Ingrid Becker 2019 ALL Rights Reserved For Susan and Enno CONTENTS AcknowLedgements v Abstract vii Introduction CaLculable/IncaLculable 1 Chapter 1 Type/SeLf 42 Chapter 2 Statistic/ReLation 91 Chapter 3 Survey/Voice 142 Chapter 4 Case/Problem 199 Bibliography 238 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I submit this dissertation fulL of gratitude to aLL the people who have guided and supported me on the doctoraL journey. I want to express my thanks first and foremost to the members of my committee, Deborah NeLson, RacheL GaLvin, and Andrew Abbott, for their counseL and encouragement. A mentor since my first year in the PhD program, Debbie has done no less than heLp me discover and define myseLf as a thinker, writer, and teacher. RacheL’s enthusiasm and abundant insights, from substantiaL recommendations to Line-edits, were integraL to the gestation of this project and to my scholarly deveLopment. I could not have reaLized my interdiscipLinary aims without Andy, who guided me through the landscape of sociology, its complex histories and humanistic connections, with acuity and patience. I am grateful for the sense of community created by the staff of the English Department, especiaLLy Lex Nalley Drlica and AngeLine Dimambro, as weLL as by the students and faculty. Maud ELLman, Kenneth Warren, and Christopher Taylor were vaLuable interlocuters in the formative stages of my research. Ken, John Muse, James Sparrow, Nora Titone, SonaLi Thakkar, BiLL Brown, and Lisa RuddicK were not only pivotaL in my pedagogicaL deveLopment but aLso modeLs for inhabiting different modes of scholarship in research and in the cLassroom. I am grateful for the staff and professionaLization programming of UChicagoGRAD, and for the resources of the Humanities Division and the University of Chicago that made this project possible. I am indebted to my friends and colLeagues in countLess ways, and this dissertation bears the mark of their kindness and colLective inteLLect. Thanks to Hadji Bakara, OLiver Cussen, James Duesterberg, David Gutherz, Amanda Swain, my feLLow members of Debbie’s student workgroup, the Poetry and Poetics Workshop, the 20th/21st Century Workshop, and everyone that has taken the time to engage with my work and given me the chance to learn from theirs. To v Carmen Merport Quiñones and ELiza StarbucK-LittLe, who have heLped me put together multitudes of conceptuaL, editoriaL, and literaL puzzLes, and whose companionship sustained me throughout this project. To Hannah Brooks-MotL, my ongoing colLaborator in so many new endeavors, thoughts, spaces, and gestures. Thanks to Lucas Guimarães Pinheiro, whose discerning vision and rigor of thought were essentiaL in the evolution of this manuscript, and whose partnership across continents and languages has infused the years of dissertation writing with adventures and joys. I thank the staff of the Chicago Review for our explorations of the wide and sometimes wild world of contemporary poetry, Jennifer SprowL and my feLLow dancers at Duncan Dance Chicago for our ceLebrations of embodied knowLedge and art, and John Dove for showing me how to be a Life-Long learner in any professionaL environment. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Susan and Enno Becker, who have aLways nourished my curiosity, imparted wisdoms, and embraced new ideas and pathways. I cherish and Learn from aLL our moments together. I am aLso indebted to ELLen and Coleman Kane, Katherine Beattie, Kim Brizzolara, and my other wonderful famiLy members and friends whose influence, generosity, and care have shaped me as a human being and enabled me to arrive where I am. vi ABSTRACT This dissertation eLucidates the neglected yet intimate history of literature and sociology in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. “Sociopoetics” is the term I use to distinguish texts marked by a seLf-conscious, reciprocaL cross-polLination between literary and sociologicaL vocabularies, forms, and methods of inquiry. My approach to such objects involves a combination of historicaL and formaL anaLysis that accomplishes two major aims. First, in order to iLLustrate the widespread presence of sociopoetics, I assemble a diverse archive of works that places sociaL and literary theorists, researchers and literary authors in conversation for the first time. Second, drawing on thinkers such as W. E. B. Du Bois, I. A. Richards, C. Wright MiLLs, and Kenneth Burke, I argue that sociopoetics is most productiveLy construed as a strategy. More specific than forms or genres, strategies name and navigate typicaL, recurrent situations in the world that correspond to the particularities of sociaL structures. Conceived of as a strategy, on my definition sociopoetics adopts an interactive, problem-solving attitude to sociaL issues like raciaL and economic inequaLities as weLL as to more abstract questions around disciplinary modes of inquiry, authority, and representation. In bridging aesthetic and sociaL structures, sociopoetics animates meaningful yet underexplored connections between literary and sociologicaL ways of apprehending human actions, interactions, and culturaL products. My archive demonstrates that the tensions between “the evident rhythm of human action” and “the evident incaLculabiLity in human action,” as Du Bois put it in 1902, has implications for debates about the distinctiveness of aesthetic objects, the association of literature with the “incaLculable” aspects of experience, and our contested practices of cLose reading. I buiLd upon “sociologicaL turns” in literary criticism—such as digital humanities, surface and flat reading, thick description, and actor-network-theory—that have vii applied interpretative methods with roots in sociaL science, but have yet to notice and assess the substantiaL range of interdisciplinary experiments on which I eLaborate. Through four conceptuaL chapters, I examine how writers and sociologists negotiated emergent paradigms for thinking about human beings both empiricaLLy and imaginativeLy, as a matter of colLective fact and individuaL feeLing. In Chapter one, I tracK emergent sociopoetic practices through the 1930s, when sociologicaL studies of “typicaL” people and communities as weLL as documentary-Literary works were proliferating. Robert and HeLen Lynd’s Middletown studies, James Agee and WaLker Evans’ documentary photo-book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, and MurieL Rukeyser’s poem sequence The Book of the Dead each chaLLenge a newLy visible conflation of sociaL type and subjective seLf. I show that their accounts of a typicaL Midwestern city, an average famiLy of tenant farmers, and a representative incident of industriaL atrocity deploy objective, empiricaL approaches infused with humanizing, individuating poetic tropes and devices. Chapter two shifts away from the issue of totaLizing types and towards a series of post- WWII experiments concerned with the statistical enumeration and fragmentation of individuaLs as weLL as with Literature’s capacity to express sociaL facts at scaLe. DeLving into the technicaL procedures of quantitative methodologies, I use the attitude studies of sociaL psychologist L. L. Thurstone to reveaL the reLationaL, provisionaL character of probabiListic inference and highlight the statistical “rotation” of patterns and correLations in literary form. Attending to a broader cross-section works by mid-twentieth and early twenty-first century poets, from W. H. Auden and Langston Hughes to Evie ShocKLey and C. D. Wright, I draw connections between statistical vocabularies and Literary devices like enjambment, anaphora and parataxis as they function to divine knowLedge about radicaLLy indeterminate subjects. viii My third chapter arranges the growing archive of sociopoetics around the themes of seLf- reflection, seLf-fashioning, and self-expression in response to the specific forms of address constituted by the inquiries of survey anaLysis. I read works, like John Ashbery’s “Proust Questionnaire,” that engage with surveys as ubiquitous culturaL sites at which negotiations between the coded worldviews of individuaLs, colLectives, and institutions take place. WhiLe Ashbery’s poem performs an act of answering, Charles Bernstein’s “Questionnaire” and Ron SiLLiman’s Sunset Debris are composed soleLy of questions; stylisticaLLy varied, these works disturb the unequaL power hierarchies of interrogation and forge new encounters between officiaL and personaL registers of language. I aLso turn to projects by poet Bhanu KapiL and sociologists such as LaureL Richardson that remediate actuaL responses to surveys and interviews, recovering the voices of respondents otherwise rendered into trends in quantitative studies. The finaL chapter deveLops its inquiry aLong the lines of the recaLcitrant sociaL and conceptuaL problem of singularity through a case study on Richard Wright. I reframe his well- known engagement with sociology in terms of the tension between “personaLity” and “environment” rehearsed throughout his oeuvre on the shifting stage of globaL race politics. Focusing on 12 Million Black Voices and The Color Curtain, I explore narrative shifts between abstracted sociaL forces and mass agency to the particularized emotions and experiences of people of color. I concLude by offering a meditation on the haiku Wright composed seriaLLy
Recommended publications
  • Curriculum Vitae
    JAMES J. CONNOLLY Ball State University [email protected] Education: Ph.D. American History. Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, 1995. M.A. History. University of Massachusetts-Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, 1989. B.A. English. College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1984. Professional Experience/Appointments: Director, Center for Middletown Studies, Ball State University, 2005- Co-Director, Digital Scholarship Lab, Ball State University, 2016- George and Frances Ball Distinguished Professor of History, Ball State University, 2014- Professor of History, 2009-2014 Associate Professor, 2000-2009 Assistant Professor, 1996-2000 Visiting Professor of History/Fulbright Scholar, Free University Berlin, 2013 Director, History Graduate Program, Ball State University, 2000-2004 Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Texas-Arlington, 1995-1996 Visiting Lecturer, University of Washington, 1995 Instructor, University of Massachusetts-Boston, 1993 Instructor, Boston University, 1992 Teaching Assistant, Brandeis University, 1990-1992 Survey Researcher, Abt Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987-1992 Work in Progress: Publications: “From the Middle to the Margins: Globalization in an Emblematic American Town” (book project, in development) “Mood, Rhythm, Texture: Everyday Life Studies in Middletown,” (article manuscript, in preparation with Patrick Collier) Digital Projects: Everyday Life in Middletown, 2017- [Digital archive of day diaries, text analysis tool, and blog documenting and investigating everyday life;
    [Show full text]
  • Nelson A. Rockefeller's Office of Inter
    i i i Cramer_Prutsch 6/20/2012 10:47 Page 15 i Nelson A. Rockefeller’s Office of Inter-American Affairs and the Quest for Pan-American Unity: An Introductory Essay Gisela Cramer and Ursula Prutsch This volume is concerned with a United States war agency that was estab- lished in August 1940 as the Office for Coordination of Commercial and Cul- tural Relations Between the American Republics (OCCCRBAR), but came to be better known as the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Af- fairs (OCIAA) or Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA). The OIAA, as we will refer to it for the sake of brevity, was the product of intense security concerns. By mid-1940, Nazi Germany had occupied vast areas of continental Europe and now seemed poised to crush the last remnants of Allied resistance. Though the future course of the war was impossible to foresee, U.S. policy makers feared that Nazi Germany’s vastly enhanced power would have pro- found repercussions well beyond the confines of the Old Continent and not least in Latin America. To many observers in the United States, Latin Amer- ica seemed ripe for a political, cultural and economic penetration, or even invasion, by Nazi Germany. Few observers in the United States trusted in the steadfastness of Latin American governments when it came to resisting the lures of Nazi Germany and its fascist allies. Democracy had not taken root in most of the countries south of the Rio Grande, and while knowl- edgeable analysts distinguished between Latin-style authoritarianism and the newer brands of European totalitarianism, they still viewed them as being rather compatible in practical policy terms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Place of NORC in the Development of Survey Research in the U.S.1
    FINAL The Place of NORC in the Development of Survey Research in the U.S.1 Norman M. Bradburn and James A. Davis NORC at the University of Chicago What we now think of as public opinion research, based on the new technology of sample surveys, came into being in the 1930s, notably through the work of George Gallup, Elmo Roper and Archibald Crossley. Harry H. Field, an ex-pat Englishman, who in 1935 had worked for Gallup in Young and Rubicam’s research department, and later formed his own People’s Research Corporation to conduct sample surveys, worried that the results of these new sample surveys, which were mostly reported in newspapers, would be distorted or comprised by the political bias of the sponsors. He believed that a non-profit public opinion research organization that would conduct research in the public interest was needed to protect democracy from the potentially politically biasing effects of the media. It would not do market research or even forecast elections. It would offer its national sample and field staff, on a cost basis, to nonprofit organizations and to university social scientists. It would also conduct methodological experiments to improve the art and science of public opinion measurement. With this idea in mind, he set out in 1941 to found such an organization. The fruit of his efforts was the National Opinion Research Center, now NORC at the University of Chicago. Establishing such a center was not easy. Harry Field, however, had the strong support of the leaders in the world of survey research such as Gallup, Roper and Crossley.
    [Show full text]
  • Visions of a Technological Future
    Visions of a Technological Future: Experience and Expectation of Progress in the Interwar United States Antti Alanko University of Jyväskylä Department of History and Ethnology General History Master’s Thesis JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian ja etnologian laitos Tekijä – Author Antti Mikael Alanko Työn nimi – Title Visions of a Technological Future: Experience and Expectation of Progress in the Interwar United States Oppiaine – Subject Työn laji – Level Yleinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika – Month and year Sivumäärä – Number of pages Kesäkuu 2015 129 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Tarkastelen tutkielmassa maailmansotien välisenä aikana Yhdysvaltalaisissa tiede- ja tekniikkajulkaisuissa Popular Mechanicsissa ja Popular Science Monthlyssa esiintynyttä tulevaisuusajattelua. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää mitä tulevaisuudesta maailmansotien välisenä aikana Yhdysvalloissa ajateltiin. Erityisesti tarkastelen mitä edellä mainituissa aikakauslehdissä kirjoitettiin kaupungin, rakentamisen ja kodin tulevaisuudesta. Käsittelen aineistoa pääosin historiallisen kuvatutkimuksen keinoin. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys pohjaa Reinhart Koselleckin historiallisten aikojen teoriaan, erityisesti kokemustilan ja odotushorisontin väliseen suhteeseen. Tämän tutkielman hypoteesi on, että kirjoittajien optimistiset tulevaisuudenodotukset syntyivät 1800- luvun lopun ja 1900-luvun alun hyvin nopean ja kiihtyvän teknologisen kehityksen seurauksena. Tämä teknologisen kehityksen kokemus tuotti
    [Show full text]
  • Children's Mental Health in the United States
    Children’s Mental Health in the United States: The Development of Child Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins, 1890-1945 by Alysia Young Han A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Thomas Laqueur, Chair Professor James Vernon Professor Charis Thompson Fall 2012 Children’s Mental Health in the United States: The Development of Child Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins, 1890-1945 © 2012 by Alysia Young Han TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 9 Adolf Meyer and the Social Potential of Children, 1913-1925 CHAPTER 3 26 Training Social Workers at Johns Hopkins, 1919-1929 CHAPTER 4 51 Treating the “Whole Child”: Pediatrics, Psychiatry, and Philanthropy CHAPTER 5 68 Leo Kanner’s Clinic, 1931-1945: Developing a Specialty EPILOGUE 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY 88 Acknowledgements I am indebted to my committee members - Tom Laqueur, James Vernon, and Charis Thompson - for their persistence, encouragement, and faith throughout the last decade. I also wish to thank Marc Jacobs, Stuart Lustig, and Victor Reus at UCSF who worked with me to create possibilities to pursue research and writing during residency and fellowship. Special thanks goes to Penny Ismay and my sister Clara Han for their critical engagement with my work. Finally, enough cannot be said for my friends and family who were my life support throughout this strenuous process. Thank you. ii ABSTRACT Children’s Mental Health in the United States: The Development of Child Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins, 1890-1945 by Alysia Young Han Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Thomas Laqueur, Chair This dissertation tracks the development of child psychiatry as a medical specialty as it emerged at Johns Hopkins University from 1890 to 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Staughton Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd Papers
    Robert Staughton Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2010 Revised 2014 November Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010315 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm78051664 Prepared by Manuscript Division Staff Collection Summary Title: Robert Staughton Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd Papers Span Dates: 1895-1968 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1922-1968) ID No.: MSS51664 Creator: Lynd, Robert Staughton, 1892-1970 Creator: Lynd, Helen Merrell Lynd, 1896-1982 Extent: 4,000 items ; 15 containers ; 6 linear feet ; 8 microfilm reels Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Sociologist and educator (Robert Staughton Lynd). Sociologist (Helen Merrell Lynd). Family and general correspondence, writings and lectures, notes, research material, student papers, and miscellaneous biographical and genealogical material chiefly relating to the Lynds' sociological research and writings, especially their study of "Middletown," Muncie, Indiana. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Brinton, Crane, 1898-1968--Correspondence. Diamond, Sigmund--Correspondence. Erikson, Erik H. (Erik Homburger), 1902-1994--Correspondence. Lynd, Helen Merrell, 1896-1982. Robert Staughton and Helen Merrell Lynd papers. 1895-1968. Lynd, Robert Staughton, 1892-1970. Lynn family. Merton, Robert King, 1910-2003--Correspondence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Nelson Rockfeller´S Office of Inter-American Affair in Brazil During World War Ii
    Passagens. Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica, Rio de Janeiro: vol. 2 no.4, maio-agosto 2010, p. 181-216. AMERICANIZATION OF BRAZIL OR A PRAGMATIC WARTIME ALLIANCE? THE POLITICS OF NELSON ROCKFELLER´S OFFICE OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIR IN BRAZIL DURING WORLD WAR II AMERICANIZAÇÃO DO BRASIL OU ALIANÇA PRAGMÁTICA EM TEMPOS DE GUERRA? A POLÍTICA DO OFFICE OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS DE NELSON ROCKFELLER NO BRASIL DURANTE A II GUERRA MUNDIAL AMERICANIZACIÓN DE BRASIL O ALLIANZA PRAGMÁTICA EN TIEMPOS DE GUERRA? LA POLÍTICA DEL OFFICE OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS DE NELSON ROCKFELLER EN BRASIL DURANTE LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL AMÉRICANISATION DU BRÉSIL OU ENGAGEMENT PRAGMATIQUE EN TEMPS DU GUERRE? LA POLITIQUE DE L’ OFFICE OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS DE NELSON ROCKFELLER AU BRÉSIL PENDANT LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE Ursula Prutsch ABSTRACT This article considers firstly the wide range of activities spearheaded by the Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) in Brazil and the significance of this wartime institution. The OIAA was created in 1940 and headed by Nelson A. Rockefeller to combat Axis inroads into the South of the Western Hemisphere and deepen U.S. influence in the region. Toward this end it was engaged in a variety of spheres, including finance, commerce, and manufacturing industry, communications and mass media, culture and education. Its politics in Brazil, the most important hemispheric partner moreover, serves to illustrate the intertwining of economy, politics, and culture in United States foreign policy, especially towards Latin America. Secondly, the article will also show that the Brazilian government – rather than being a passive recipient of dictums from Washington – worked hard to appropriate the OIAA’s agenda to the demands of its 181 own interests in the ongoing nation-building process.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Stories
    The Complete Stories by Franz Kafka a.b.e-book v3.0 / Notes at the end Back Cover : "An important book, valuable in itself and absolutely fascinating. The stories are dreamlike, allegorical, symbolic, parabolic, grotesque, ritualistic, nasty, lucent, extremely personal, ghoulishly detached, exquisitely comic. numinous and prophetic." -- New York Times "The Complete Stories is an encyclopedia of our insecurities and our brave attempts to oppose them." -- Anatole Broyard Franz Kafka wrote continuously and furiously throughout his short and intensely lived life, but only allowed a fraction of his work to be published during his lifetime. Shortly before his death at the age of forty, he instructed Max Brod, his friend and literary executor, to burn all his remaining works of fiction. Fortunately, Brod disobeyed. Page 1 The Complete Stories brings together all of Kafka's stories, from the classic tales such as "The Metamorphosis," "In the Penal Colony" and "The Hunger Artist" to less-known, shorter pieces and fragments Brod released after Kafka's death; with the exception of his three novels, the whole of Kafka's narrative work is included in this volume. The remarkable depth and breadth of his brilliant and probing imagination become even more evident when these stories are seen as a whole. This edition also features a fascinating introduction by John Updike, a chronology of Kafka's life, and a selected bibliography of critical writings about Kafka. Copyright © 1971 by Schocken Books Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Schocken Books Inc., New York. Distributed by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
    [Show full text]
  • Haunted Middletown, Usa: an Analysis of Supernatural Beliefs of Protestants in Muncie, Indiana
    HAUNTED MIDDLETOWN, USA: AN ANALYSIS OF SUPERNATURAL BELIEFS OF PROTESTANTS IN MUNCIE, INDIANA A THESIS SUMBITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS BY LAUREN HOLDITCH DR. CAILÍN MURRAY DR. PAUL WOHLT DR. JENNIFER ERICKSON BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, IN MAY 2013 1 Table of Contents Title Page 1 Table of Contents 2 Acknowledgements 4 Abstract 6 Chapter I: Introduction Ghosts in Contemporary America 8 Supernatural Scholarship and 12 Religious Context Purpose of this Study 16 Terminology 18 Chapter II: Literature Review Early English Ghost Beliefs 22 Migration of Ghost Beliefs 25 from England to America Spiritualism and Skepticism 28 Social Scientific Theories 32 Middletown, USA: Background 37 Research on Muncie, Indiana Chapter III: Methodology Utilization of Qualitative 41 Methods 2 Data Collection 43 Interviews 45 Chapter IV: Results Ghostly Experiences 48 Alternative Theories and 52 Demonic Forces The Holy Spirit as an 58 Anti-Viral System Paranormal Reality-based 63 Television Shows Chapter V: Discussion Lack of Discussion in Church 66 Church Transitions 69 David Hufford’s Experiential 71 Source Theory Role of the Media 72 Chapter VI: Conclusions 77 References 81 Appendix A – Interview Questions 87 Appendix B – Consent Form 88 Appendix C – Ghost Media Examples 90 3 Acknowledgements I would like to show my deepest appreciation to my committee members. First, my thanks to Dr. Jennifer Erickson, who was willing to join my committee, even though it was late in the process and I was already on the other side of the country. Despite all this, she provided me with wonderful perspective that helped shape the style of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • INDULGENCES and SOLIDARITY in LATE MEDIEVAL ENGLAND By
    INDULGENCES AND SOLIDARITY IN LATE MEDIEVAL ENGLAND by ANN F. BRODEUR A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto Copyright by Ann F. Brodeur, 2015 Indulgences and Solidarity in Late Medieval England Ann F. Brodeur Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2015 Abstract Medieval indulgences have long had a troubled public image, grounded in centuries of confessional discord. Were they simply a crass form of medieval religious commercialism and a spiritual fraud, as the reforming archbishop Cranmer charged in his 1543 appeal to raise funds for Henry VIII’s contributions against the Turks? Or were they perceived and used in a different manner? In his influential work, Indulgences in Late Medieval England: Passports to Paradise, R.N. Swanson offered fresh arguments for the centrality and popularity of indulgences in the devotional landscape of medieval England, and thoroughly documented the doctrinal development and administrative apparatus that grew up around indulgences. How they functioned within the English social and devotional landscape, particularly at the local level, is the focus of this thesis. Through an investigation of published episcopal registers, my thesis explores the social impact of indulgences at the diocesan level by examining the context, aims, and social make up of the beneficiaries, as well as the spiritual and social expectations of the granting bishops. It first explores personal indulgences given to benefit individuals, specifically the deserving poor and ransomed captives, before examining indulgences ii given to local institutions, particularly hospitals and parishes. Throughout this study, I show that both lay people and bishops used indulgences to build, reinforce or maintain solidarity and social bonds between diverse groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Essays in History}
    3/31/2021 Personality Testing in the Thirties and the Problem of the Individual in American “Mass” Society — {essays in history} {essays in history} The Annual Journal produced by the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia Personality Testing in the Thirties and the Problem of the Individual in American “Mass” Society David A. Varel Volume 46 (2013) University of Colorado at Boulder www.essaysinhistory.net/personality-testing-in-the-thirties-and-the-problem-of-the-individual-in-american-mass-society/ 1/35 3/31/2021 Personality Testing in the Thirties and the Problem of the Individual in American “Mass” Society — {essays in history} In the early 1930s, personality psychologist Henry Murray asked subjects to tell a story including both a hero and a universal human dilemma. The stories had to be based on a series of illustrations, however, such as one where “a woman has her hands squeezed around the throat of another woman whom she appears to be pushing backwards across the banister of a stairway.”[1] Around the same time, another psychologist named Starke Hathaway asked subjects to reply “True,” “False,” or “Cannot Say” to a collection of 550 items, including “If the money were right, I would like to work for a circus or carnival.”[2] Within the answers to such questions, both men saw the key to understanding the human personality. Murray’s personality test was a “projective” one premised on human irrationality and complexity, whereas Hathaway’s was rigidly empirical, premised on human rationality and transparency. Despite the dubious nature of these tests and their strikingly dierent aims and assumptions about human nature and how to measure it, both soon achieved a wild popularity among personality psychologists across the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Origins of Communication Research: Walter Lippmann’S World War II Adventure in Propaganda and Psychological Warfare
    International Journal of Communication 11(2017), 3721–3739 1932–8036/20170005 Revisiting the Origins of Communication Research: Walter Lippmann’s World War II Adventure in Propaganda and Psychological Warfare DOMINIQUE TRUDEL1 Concordia University, Canada Based on a close study of Walter Lippmann’s correspondence and publications, this article aims to critically reconsider his legacy in the field of communication. To this end, I focus on Lippmann’s involvement in propaganda and psychological warfare activities during the Second World War. Following a succinct overview of the history of the psychological warfare and propaganda agencies, I successively explore three different aspects of Lippmann’s involvement. First, this article examines Lippmann’s contribution to the activities of the Committee for National Morale. Second, the article focuses on the relationship between Lippmann and William “Wild Bill” Donovan, the director of the Office of the Coordinator of Information and the Office of Strategic Services. Third, the article turns to the relationship between Lippmann and Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy, and explores Lippmann’s role in the War Department’s Psychological Warfare Branch. Keywords: communication research history, propaganda, psychological warfare, Second World War Ex-Soviet agent Alexander Vassiliev, who was temporarily granted access to the KGB archives in the mid-1990s, recently revealed some interesting details about Soviet espionage activities in the United States during the Second World War. According to Vassiliev, Walter Lippmann, the famous columnist and communication research pioneer, was an important target for Soviet spies. They recruited his own secretary, Mary Price, as an agent (Haynes, Klehr, & Vassiliev, 2009). In November 1941, Price reported to her Soviet handlers that Lippmann was cutting short his newspaper articles and giving more of his time to secret meetings with government officials.
    [Show full text]