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Concepciones Psicoanalíticas De La Adolescencia

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CONCEPCIONES PSICOANALÍTICAS DE LA ADOLESCENCIA (INFORME FINAL INVESTIGACIÓN CODI‐UDEA MEDIANA CUANTÍA) Director e Investigador principal Mauricio FERNÁNDEZ ARCILA Co-autores e integrantes del Grupo de Investigación: Henry-Daniel ESPINOSA DUQUE Wilson-Adolfo GALLEGO HOYOS Fredy-Ricardo MORENO CHÍA Frank-Herr RICO BARBOSA Nicolás-Ignacio URIBE ARAMBURO Margarita VALENCIA VALENCIA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES – CISH GRUPO ESTUDIOS SOBRE JUVENTUD MEDELLÍN – 2011 AGRADECIMIENTOS El presente texto es producto de un proyecto de investigación para cuyo desarrollo se contó con el apoyo de la convocatoria 2006 mediana cuantía del CODI (Comité para el Desarrollo de la Investigación), del Centro de Investigaciones y del Departamento de Psicoanálisis de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. A todas estas instancias de la Universidad de Antioquia agradecemos su importante colaboración. LOS AUTORES: El desarrollo de esta investigación estuvo bajo la responsabilidad del Grupo de Estudios sobre Juventud (Código Colombiano de Registro de Grupos Colciencias CCRG: COL0031225). Los investigadores y colaboradores en la redacción de este informe hacen parte todos de este Grupo: Espinosa Duque, Henry Daniel: Psicólogo (UdeA ‐ Medellín); Filósofo (UPB ‐ Medellín); Máster en psicoanálisis y filosofía de la cultura (Universidad Complutense de Madrid España); estudiante Doctorado en Psicoterapia (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile); estudiante Doctorado en Filosofía (Universidad Complutense de Madrid España). Temas y autores que documentó: Melanie Klein, Winnicott, Edith Jacobson, Arminda Aberastury, Mauricio Knobel. Fernández Arcila, Mauricio: Profesor titular Departamento de Psicoanálisis (UdeA); Coordinador del Grupo Estudios sobre Juventud; DEA en Psicoanálisis (U de París 8); Doctor en Psicopatología Fundamental y Psicoanálisis (U de París 7); miembro de la Associação Universitária de Pesquisa em Psicopatologia Fundamental (Brasil); miembro de la Tavistock Latin American Network for the Development of New Approaches to Adolescent Mental Health (Londres). Temas y autores que documentó: Sigmund Freud, Sociedad de Viena, Hermine Hug‐Hellmuth, Anna Freud, August Aichhorn, Sociedad Británica, Ernest Jones, Controversias Klein‐Freud, Psicoanálisis en Norteamérica, Leo Spiegel, Kurt Eissler, Lampl‐de‐Groot, Psicoanálisis en Francia, Pierre Mâle, Évelyne Kestemberg, Philippe Gutton, Historia del movimiento psicoanalítico. Gallego Hoyos, Wilson Adolfo: Psicólogo (UdeA ‐ Medellín); Especialista en Psicología Clínica (U del Norte – Barranquilla). Temas y autores que documentó: Helene Deutsch, Moses Laufer. Moreno Chía, Fredy Ricardo: Psicólogo (UdeAMedellín); ‐ Magister en Investigación Psicoanalítica (UdeA ‐ Medellín). Temas y autores que documentó: Sigmund Freud, Sociedad de Viena, Ernest Jones, Peter Blos, Rezende‐Cardoso. Rico Barbosa, Frank Herr: Psicólogo (UDES ‐ Bucaramanga); Magister en Investigación Psicoanalítica (UdeA ‐ Medellín); estudiante Doctorado la Facultad de Psicología (U de Buenos Aires ‐ Argentina). Temas y autores que documentó: August Aichhorn, Kate Friedlander, Kurt Eissler, Jean‐Jacques Rassial, Sonia Alberti. Uribe Aramburo, Nicolás Ignacio: Psicólogo (Fundación Universitaria María Cano – Medellín) ; Magíster en Investigación Psicoanalítica (UdeA ‐ Medellín). Temas y autores que documentó: Anna Freud, Erik Erikson. Valencia Valencia, Margarita María: Psicóloga (UdeA ‐ Medellín); Magíster en Investigación Psicoanalítica (UdeA ‐ Medellín). Temas y autores que documentó: Adolescencia en la literatura, Movimientos de juventud, Sigfried Bernfeld, Wilhelm Reich, Karen Horney, Maud y Octave Mannoni, Françoise Dolto. TABLA DE CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1. IDEAS INAUGURALES EN EUROPA HASTA FINALES DE LA PRIMERA GUERRA ..................................... 7 1.1 La adolescencia en la obra freudiana ............................................................................................ 7 1.1.1 ¿Pubertad o adolescencia? la dificultad terminológica .......................................................... 8 1.1.2 Momentos de la concepción freudiana de la adolescencia ................................................. 11 1.1.3 La pubertad en la etiología de las neurosis .......................................................................... 13 1.2 Sociedad de Viena, inicio del movimiento psicoanalítico ............................................................ 23 1.2.1 Debates sobre el onanismo .................................................................................................. 24 1.2.2 La pubertad en Las Minutas ................................................................................................. 30 1.3 Construcción del concepto de adolescencia ................................................................................ 31 1.3.1 Los Wandervögel (“pájaros migratorios”) ............................................................................ 33 2. ENTRE LAS DOS GUERRAS .................................................................................................................. 35 2.1 Los pioneros ................................................................................................................................. 36 2.1.1 HUG‐HELLMUTH, Hermine ................................................................................................... 38 2.1.3 Siegfried BERNFELD .............................................................................................................. 45 2.2 Psicoanálisis con niños y educación ............................................................................................. 51 2.2.1 AICHHORN, August ............................................................................................................... 51 2.2.3 FREUD, Anna ......................................................................................................................... 61 2.3 Psicoanálisis y movimientos de juventud .................................................................................... 78 2.3.1 BERNFELD y el movimiento de juventud .............................................................................. 79 2.3.2 REICH, Wilhelm ..................................................................................................................... 80 2.4 La Sociedad Británica de Psicoanálisis ......................................................................................... 85 2.4.1 Ernest JONES, el fundador .................................................................................................... 85 2.4.2 Desarrollo del psicoanálsisis en la British Society ................................................................. 87 2.4.3 JONES y la adolescencia ........................................................................................................ 87 3. LA HUIDA DEL NAZISMO Y LA MIGRACIÓN AL MUNDO ANGLOSAJÓN .............................................. 91 3.1 Londres y sus relaciones con Europa continental ........................................................................ 92 3.1.1 Controversias Melanie Klein / Anna Freud ........................................................................... 93 3.1.2 Melanie KLEIN ....................................................................................................................... 95 3.1.3 Kate FRIEDLANDER ............................................................................................................... 99 3.1.4 Los aportes de WINNICOTT ................................................................................................ 102 3.2 Norteamérica: emigrantes reformadores y ortodoxos .............................................................. 109 3.2.1 Karen HORNEY y el culturalismo ........................................................................................ 111 3.2.2 Helene DEUTSCH ................................................................................................................ 116 4. MEDIADOS DE SIGLO: NUEVA CONCIENCIA, NUEVO IMPULSO ....................................................... 137 4.1 Preguntas por el estado de la teoría y la técnica ....................................................................... 138 4.1.1 SPIEGEL ¿un balance positivo o aparente? ........................................................................ 138 4.1.2 Anna FREUD: la adolescencia ha sido una “cenicienta” ..................................................... 141 4.1.3 EISSLER: perspectivas teóricas sobre el tratamiento ......................................................... 154 4.1.4 LAMPL‐DE‐GROOT: nuevos conocimientos, nuevas posibilidades .................................... 157 4.1.5 KESTEMBERG: las otras “cenicientas” ................................................................................ 159 4.2 La expansión de los sesenta ....................................................................................................... 161 5. NORTEAMÉRICA: EGOPSYCHOLOGY Y RELACIONES OBJETALES ...................................................... 163 5.1 Erik ERIKSON .............................................................................................................................. 164 5.2 Edith JACOBSON ......................................................................................................................... 176 5.2.1
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