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Home , Diogenes of Apollonia, Kathleen Freeman

Notes

PREFACE

1. John Burnet, Greek Philosophy: Thales to (London: Macmillan, 1914), 12. 2. W.K.C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy: The Pre-Socratic Tradition from to (London: Cambridge University Press, 1965) vol. 2, 114. 3. Laertius Lives of the Eminent Philosophers trans. R.D. Hicks (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 2, 435. 4. Theodor Gomperz Greek Thinkers: A History of (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1964) vol. I, p. 19 l. 5. The anachronistic effort to "clarify" 's concepts in effectively Christian terms is usually blatant. Ironically, perhaps these changes prevented the text from being entirely de- stroyed.

INTRODUCTION

I. The combination of the words and civilization may be either capitalized or not, or, if an author chooses, the first of them may be capitalized and the second kept in the lower case. My choice is to capitalize both in order to emphasize the unique cultural and geographical identity of Western Civilization in its advance from ancient Greece and Rome to medieval Arab cities, the Renaissance, and everything since. That this transition did in fact play a crucial role preliminary to the modern world is exactly what I try to demonstrate in this paper. 2. H. Michell, The Economics of Ancient Greece (London: Cambridge University Press, 1940), 313; Gustave Glotz, Ancient Greece at Work: An Economic History of Greece, trans. M .R. Dobie (New York: Knopf, 1926), Part III, chap. 7; Chester Starr, The Economic and Social Growth ofEarl y Greece: 800-500 B. C. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 97- 112; Johannes Hasebroek, Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece trans. L.M. Fraser and D.C. MacGregor (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1933), 140-45, in passim. 3. Carroll Quigley, The Evolution of Civilizations (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1961), 291. 4. Aristotle , The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Transla- tion. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Bollingen Series. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 982b23-25.

173 174 Notes

5. Georg Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy trans. E.S. Haldane and Frances Simson vols. 1 and 2. (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1974), sects. 340 and 350. 6. Karl Kautsky, Foundations of Christianity trans. Henry Mins (New York: S.A. Russell, 1953), 167; M.I. Finley, Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), 18; H. Michell, Economics of Ancient Greece, 313; Marx discusses this economic benefit in his 1857 "Notebook," cited by M.I. Finley in Economy and Society, 81. 7. Luther's translation seems to have initiated the tenfold mistake to be found in the later English translations. In any case, the lower estimate is no less hard to believe, especially if five thousand pieces of silver in ancient times was worth perhaps $20,000 in modem currency. The $200,000 value of the Ephesus bonfire as suggested in the King James version seems an obvious exaggeration. 8. Lionel Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 200 I), 92. See also Lucien Polastron, Books on Fire: The Destruction ofLibraries Throughout History (Rochester, NY: Inner Traditions, 2007). 9. Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers. A Complete Trans/at/ion of the Fragments in Diets' Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957).

1. THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS

I. Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers, a translation of Hermann Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 5th edition. Unless otherwise noted, all fragments cited are from Freeman's translation. Only four fragments of Thales are listed in the Ancilla. A more thorough account is provided by Diogenes Laertius in Lives ofthe Eminent Philosophers, trans. R.D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, I 979), vol. I, 23-47. 2. Aristotle, De Anima in Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. ed. J. Barnes. Bollingen Series. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 405al9; 4 l la8. 3. , "Dinner of the Seven Wise Men," trans. Frank C. Babbitt, Moralia Loeb Classical Library 222 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), vol. 2, 163E21. 4. Aristotle, Sense and Sensibilia, trans. J.I. Beare, Complete Works (Princeton), 44la.22. 5. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works (Princeton), 983b20-27. Re- cent astronomical research indicates that "water ices" probably existed in the interstellar me- dium preceding the formation of the sun and that at least half the water on the earth's surface can be traced to that particular source. 6. , Academica, De Natura Deorum: Academica. trans. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library 268 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933), 118. 7. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), l 87a2 l. 8. , frag . I Freeman. 9. Philip Wheelwright, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton, 1959), 5. 10. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), 203bl3-15. 11. Kathleen Freeman, The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Companion to Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1966), 58-62. 12. John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1930), 73-76; Richard D. McKirahan, Jr. Philosophy Before (Indianapolis, lN: Hackett Publishing, 1994), 48-54. 13 . Hippolytus, Refatations of all Heresies i.7 cited by John Burnet in Early Greek Philoso- phy, 73 . 14. Heraclitus, frags. 31 and 36 F. Heraclitus excludes from his proposed cycle of the , but he includes it in frag. 76. 15 . , frags. 23-26 F. Notes 175

16. Ibid. frags. 27-29 F. 17. Diogenes Laertius, "Xenophenes," Lives of Eminent Philosophers, trans. R.D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library 185 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 2, 19-20. See also Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works (Princeton), 986bl 7-30. 18. Xenophanes, frags. 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6, Richard D. McKirahan, Jr., Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1994). 19. Xenophanes, frags. 29, and 3 3 F. 20. Xenophanes, frag 7.16 McKirahan. The Freeman translation is obviously more cumber- some: "Let these things be stated as conjectural only, similar to the reality." (frag. 35). 21. , Against the Logicians, trans. R.G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library 291 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), vol. 2, 326. 22. Diogenes Laertius, "," Lives, trans. R.D. Hicks (Loeb), 8.6. 23. Ibid., 8.8. 24. Diogenes Laertius, "Pythagoras" in Lives, trans. R.D. Hicks (Loeb), 25-27. Also useful are the summaries in Aristotle's Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross (Princeton), vol. 2, 985b23- 987al9 and McKirahan's Philosophy before Socrates, 91-113. 25. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works, (Princeton), 213b22-26. 26. Diogenes Laertius, "Pythagoras," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives, (Loeb), 35. 27. Aristotle, On the Soul, trans. W.S. Hett, (Loeb), 404al 7-23 . 28. Aristotle, On the Heavens, trans. J.L. Stocks, Complete Works, (Princeton), 293al9- 294b3. 29. , frag. 17 F. See also Plato, Timaeus, The Collected Dialogues of Plato. eds. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Bollingen Series (Princeton, NJ: Princeton, 1961), 34a- b. 30. Philolaus, frag. 21 F; see also Aristotle, On the Heavens, trans. J.L. Stocks, Complete Works (Princeton), 293al 7-293b22. 31. Diogenes Laertius, "Philolaus" in lives, trans. R.D. Hicks (Loeb), 85-86. 32. Heraclitus, frag. 125a F. 33. Plato, "," trans. Benjamin Jowett, The Collected Dialogues, (Princeton), 402a, 439; Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works, (Princeton), 253a22-254a. 34. Heraclitus, frag . 103 F. 35. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 1012a25- 1012bl ; 1078bl4. 36. Heraclitus, frags. 6 and 60, F. 37. [bid. frag. 76, F. 38. Ibid. respectively frags. 90, 66, and 65 F. 39. [bid. frag. 64 F. 40. Ibid. frag. 36 F. 41. Ibid. frags . 54, 123 F. 42. Ibid. respectively frags. 53 , 80 F. 43. Ibid. frags. I, 8, 10, 45, 50, and 114 F. 44. Ibid. frag. 41 F. 45 . Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), l 146b31; Metaphysics trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works , (Princeton), 983a2-l l. 46. Heraclitus, frag. I 14 F. 47. Ibid. frags. 67, 102 F. 48. Ibid. frag.14 F. 49. Ibid. frags. 32 and 41 F. 50. Parmenides, frag. I F. 5 I. Ibid. frag. 2 F. 52. Ibid. frags . 7, 8 F. 53 . Ibid. frag. 12 F. 54. Ibid. frag. 13 F. 55 . Ibid. frag. 11 F. 56. Diogenes Laertius, "Parmenides," trans. R.D . Hicks, Lives, 22 . 176 Notes

57. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 986b25. See also Cicero's explanation inAcademica, trans. H. Rackham, (Loeb), 118. 58. Parmenides, frag. 9 F. 59. Diogenes Laertius, "Zeno ofElea," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), 26-28. 60. Melissus, frag. 8(2) F. 61. Ibid. frags. 1 and 3 F. 62. Ibid. frag. 6 F. 63 . Diogenes Laertius, "Melissus," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), vol. 2, 24. 64. Melissus, frags. l, 8, 8(2), 9 and 10 F. 65. Ibid. frag. 7 (7) F. 66. Ibid. frag 8 (2) F. 67. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), 213bl2-14. 68 . Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), 186a8-10; On the Heavens, 298bl8. 69. , frag. 129 F. 70. Ibid. frag. 133 F. 71. Ibid. frag. 28 F. 72. Ibid. frag 135 F. 73. Ibid. frag 12 F. 74. £bid. frag. 8 F. 75 . Ibid. frag.15 F. 76. Ibid. frag. 110 F. 77. Ibid. frags. 26 and 28 F; see also Heraclitus frag . 103 F. 78. Ibid. frag. 26 F. 79. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines ofPyrrhonism, trans. R.G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library 273 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), Cpt. 3,.30. 80. As an incidental personal note that unavoidably colors my acceptance of this account, my wife and I were horrified when our nine-year old daughter Kristin almost fell into Mt. Aetna. Fortunately our guide saved her life, tearing her raincoat in pulling her back to safety from the edge of the volcano. 8 I. , frag. I F. 82. Ibid. frag. 4 F. 83. Ibid. frag. 9 F. 84. Ibid. frags. 2, 4-6 F. 85. Aristotle,Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 984al2-16. 86. Anaxagoras, frag. 12 F. 87. Ibid. frag. 12 F. 88. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, trans. H. Rackham, (Loeb), 1.26. 89. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 1075b8-12. 90. Plato, Phaedo, The Collected Dialogues ofPlato , trans. Hugh Tredennick, (Loeb), 97c. 91. Aristotle, On the Soul, trans. J.A. Smith Complete Works, (Princeton), vol. 1, 413al2- 26; 414a22-24; 415al 7-30, 415bl3-22, etc. 92. Anaxagoras, frag. 12 F. 93. Ibid. 94. Anaxagoras, frags. 12-16 F. 95. Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption, trans. J.L. Stocks, Complete Works, (Prince- ton, 322bl4-22. 96 . W. K. C. Guthrie "Diogenes of Apollonia," Stromateis record (A 6), cited in A History of Greek Philosophy, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), vol. 2,370. 97 . Kathleen Freeman, "Diogenes of Apollonia," Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers, 88. 98. Diogenes of Apollonia, frag. 5 F. 99. Ibid. frags. 2,3, and 5 F. 100. , frag. 2 F. 101. Diogenes Laertius, "Leucippus," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), vol. 2, 30. Notes 177

102. Simplicius, frag. (Commentaria in De Caelo, 294.33-295.22). Quoted in Complete Works, (Princeton), vol. 2, 2446. It can be mentioned here that the entire text, necessarily of essential importance in linking Democritus and Aristotle's respective philosophies, was lost as late as the sixth century AD, apparently while in the possession of Christian monks. 103 . H. Ritter and L. Preller, Historia Philosophiae Graecae, quoted by John Burnet in Early Greek Philosophy (Adam & Charles Black), 194. 104. Diogenes Laertius, "Leucippus," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), vol. 2, 31. 105. Ibid. 106. Christopher Conselice, " A Universe of Two Trillion Galaxies," Royal Astronomical Society, Oct. 24, 2016. 107. Diogenes Laertius, "Leucippus, " trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), vol. 2, 33. 108. Commentaria in De Caelo 294.33-295.22-Aristotle, Complete Works, (Princeton), vol. 2, 2446. 109. Aristotle, De Anima trans. J.A. Smith Complete Works, (Princeton) 405a8-15; see also Diogenes Laertius, trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), vol. 2, 45. l l 0. Diogenes Laertius, "Democritus," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives, (Loeb), vol. 2, 45; Cicero, Academica (Loeb) 2.55. Supportive of Democritus' thesis, recent astronomical findings con- firm the existence of at least two trillion galactic systems beyond our own galaxy. One can only guess how many of these galaxies contain stars with planets-apparently one apiece on the average--that sustain life on an evolutionary basis. ll l. Aristotle, On the Soul, trans. J.A. Smith, Complete Works (Princeton), vol. I, 1.405a7- \3. 112. Ibid., 404a8-9, 404b3-6, 405b8-16. 113. Aristotle, On the Soul, trans. J.A. Smith, Complete Works, (Princeton), vol. I, l.405a7- 13. 114. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 1009bl2-16. 115. Aristotle, "Sense and Sensibilia," trans. J.I. Beare, Complete Works, (Princeton), 442a29-442b2. 116. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, Loeb Classical Library 268 (Cambridge, MA: 1979), 1.29-see also 1.120. 117. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 4.1009b 11; Ci- cero, Academica, trans. H. Rackham, (Loeb) 1.44-45; 2.73. 118. NB Sextus Empiricus, Against the Physicists trans. R.G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library 311 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936), vol. 3, 1.24. 119. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Physicists trans. R.G. Bury (Loeb), vol. 3, 17. 120. Diogenes Laertius,"Democritus," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), vol. 2, 40. 121. In the three texts combined, De Caelo, On Generation and Corruption, and De Anima, Aristotle referred by name to Democritus 14 times and Leucippus 4 times as compared to Anaxagoras 13 times and Plato 4 times. Interestingly, most of his references by name were to Empedocles (33 times), followed by the Pythagoreans (6 times), Thales (3 times), and with no reference whatsoever to Socrates. 122. A modern counterpart to this dilemma could well be illustrated by the unresolved dis- tinction between quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of relativity.

2. PLATO AND THE AGE OF PERICLES

I. Sextus Empiricus. Against the Logicians, trans. R.G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library 291 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983) 1.65. 2. Ibid. 1.53. 3. Metrodorus, frags. I and 2. Kathleen Freeman, Ancil/a to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers, a translation of Hermann Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 5th ed. (Cambridge, MA: Har- vard University Press, 1957), 120- 121. 4. Greek Lyric, trans. David A. Campbell, Loeb Classical Library 476, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 199 I), vol. 3, 363-4. 178 Notes

5. , frag. 25 Freeman. 6. NB In his biography of Pericles, Plutarch incidentally mentions this reciprocal dislike since their service together in combat many years earlier. 7. , frag. 1 F. 8. Ibid. frag. 4 F. 9. Diogenes Laertius, "Socrates," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives ofEminent Philosophers (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. I, 2.21 -22. See also Plato, Phaedo, 96a and Plato Apology, 19a both in The Dialogues ofPlato. trans. Benjamin Jowett. Great Books of the Western World. ed. Mortimer Adler (: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952); 10. Plato, Apology trans. Benjamin Jowett, Dialogues ofPlato (Great Books), 27b. 11 . Ibid., Cratylus, (Great Books), 400a-c. 12. Ibid., Phaedo, (Great Books), 97b-d. 13 . Ibid., 96a-c. 14. Anaxagoras, frag. 12, F. 15 . Plato, Timaeus, (Great Books), 30a. 16. Ibid., The Republic, II, (Great Books), 382e. 17. Ibid., Laws, IV., (Great Books), 716c. This sentence bears obviously monotheistic impli- cations, suggesting the likelihood of its later interpolation similar to those used to modify Aristotle's arguments as discussed in the next chapter. In fact several if not all the examples used here might also be Christian interpolations. 18. Ibid., Laws, VII., (Great Books), 803c. 19. Ibid., Timaeus, (Great Books), 68d. 20. Ibid., Crito, (Great Books), 44e. 21. Ibid., The Republic VII, (Great Books), 514a-520a. 22. Ibid., Theaetetus, (Great Books), 166d and 171c. 23 . Ibid., Timaeus, (Great Books), 28c. 24. Ibid., (Great Books), 58b. 25. Ibid., (Great Books), 92c. 26. Ibid. 48d-e. 27. Plato, Theaetetus, (Great Books), 172b. 28. Ibid., Timaeus, (Great Books), 40e. 29. Ibid, (Great Books), 30b. 30. Ibid, Timaeus, 40d-e. 31 . Ibid., Laws X, Plato: The Collected Dialogues, trans. A.E. Taylor, ed. by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 89le-899d. 32. Ibid, 892c. 33. Ibid, 896e. 34. Ibid, 899b. 35. Ibid, 886a. 36. Ibid., 888c, p. 1444. 37. Ibid, 890a, p. 1445. 38. Ibid, 908 b-e, p. 1464, 39. Ibid, 910d, p. 1465. 40. At the ripe age of eighty-three I suggest this possibility with all due respect.

3. EARLY ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)

1. Aristotle Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation . Edited by J. Barnes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 188al6-17. See also De Caelo, trans. J.L. Stocks (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1922), 302b27-30. 2. Plutarch 's Lives, trans. John Dryden and Arthur H. Clough, Great Books of the Western World, Mortimer Adler. (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), vol. 14, 543-542. Notes 179

3. W.K.C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy: VJ. Aristotle An Encounter (London: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 41, 50-52. 4. Aristotle, Generation of Animals, trans. A. Platt, Complete Works Princeton), 760b29- 33. 5. The full implications of Aristotle's change in attitude toward Melissus will be discussed at greater length in Chapter 4 in the segment pertaining to de Cae/o. 6. Aristotle On the Heavens, trans. J.L. Stocks, Complete Works (Princeton), 296b8-20. 7. Plato Phaedo, trans. Hugh Tredennick, The Collected Dialogues of Plato, . Edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton, 1961 ), 109 b-c. 8. Plutarch, "Reply to Co/ates," Moralia. trans. Benedict Einarson and Phillip de Lacy, Loeb Classical Library 428 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), vol. 14,, 1115. 9. Ibid., 11 l 5A-B. 10. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works (Princeton) Aristotle, l 178b9-24. 11. Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics trans. J. Solomon, Complete Works (Princeton), 1248a25-29. 12. Other passages that can be submitted to similar scrutiny include 270b5-I0; 399bl9-24; and 1326a3 l-32. 13. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. Hugh Tredennick, Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947), 1072b27-31. 14. Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics, Complete Works (Princeton), l 178b9-24. 15. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, The Works of Aristotle, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930), l 85al3-15. This translation is strikingly different from the P.H. Wick- steed and F.M. Cornford translation in the Loeb classics, "Let us then start from the datum that things of Nature, or (to put it at the lowest) some of them, do move and change, as is patent to observation." 16. Aristotle, Physics trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, The Works of Aristotle, (Oxford) Ibid., 185b26-27. 17. Ibid., 207a8. 18. Ibid., I 85a 14-15. 19. Ibid., I 88b25. 20. Ibid., 188b24-190al3-14. 21. Ibid., 198al 8-26 22. Ibid., 205b 13-16, 26-27. 23. Ibid., 213b32. 24. Ibid., 214a29-30. 25. 236b33-237b22. 26. 250bl0-14. 27. 25lbl7. 28. 251a28. 29 . 252b7-20. 30. 259a7-14. The archaic translation "movent," by Hardie and Gaye refers to both a mover and whatever moves or is moved. The more recent translations by Stocks (in the Princeton edition) and Wicksteed (in Loeb) simply refer to a "mover," apparently suggestive of supernat- ural authority such as a god. 31. 265a6-27. 32. 266b5-6. 33. 267bl8-26. 34. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, The Works of Aristotle, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, I 930). The three passages that reference Physics in Metaphysics include 993al 1-12, 1042b8, 1059a35-37. 35. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, The Works of Aristotle (Oxford), 982b- 983a 10. 36. See De Anima 433a13-15. Much later David Hume dared to be less circumspect in his definition: Poets themselves, "tho liars by profession, always endeavour to give an air of truth to their fictions." A Treatise ofHuman Nature, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960), 121. 37. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, The Works ofAristotle (Oxford), 997bl 0-11. 180 Notes

38. Ibid., 1015a13-19; 1026a25-32. 39. Simplicius, "Commentarius in de Anima," Frag. 46 in Complete Works (Princeton The Complete Works ofAristotle, vol 2, 2403. 40. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, The Works ofAristotle (Oxford), 1074bl-15. 41. Later disdainful references to the orthodox populace by secularists have included Juven- al's "thoughtless mob," Bruno's "rude populace," Tindal's "bulk of mankind," Rousseau's "common herd," Hume's "great mass of believers," Schopenhauer's "ordinary mind," and Haeckel's "credulous masses." Even Kant spoke of"common people." 42. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, The Works of Aristotle (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-52), 1062b23. 43. Aristotle, The Works of Aristotle, ed. W.D. Ross (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-52), 13. 149, 179 44. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, The Works of Aristotle (Oxford), 1069al6- 1076a4. 45. Ibid., 1074a37-39. 46. Ibid., 1075al2-l 7. 47. Ibid., 1075a36-1075bl. 48. Ibid.,1075a9-10. Italics in the original. 49. Ibid.,1075b25.

4. LATE ARISTOTLE

1. Aristotle, On the Heavens. trans. W.K.C. Guthrie, Loeb Classical Library 338 (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 278bl 1-22. Plato's two references may be found in Timaeus 34ab and Laws JO, 893. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 279bl-4. 4. Aristotle, De Cae/o, trans. J .L. Stocks (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922), 269a3 l-35. 5. Ibid., 270b5-12. The Guthrie translation of the passage accentuates the logical discrep- ancies suggestive of interpolation relevant to the first of these passages: "From all these prem- ises therefore it clearly follows that there exists some physical substance besides the four in our sublunary world, and moreover that it is more divine than, and prior to, all these." 6. Aristotle, On Sophistical Refutations, trans. E.S. Forster, Loeb Classical Library 400 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 167b 13-16. 7. Ibid, 18la27-30. See also 167b13-20. 8. Aristotle, Physics, trans. Philip H. Wicksteed and Francis M. Cornford, Loeb Classical Library 228 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), 186a6-10. 9. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. Hugh Tredennick, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), 986bl4-26. 10. Aristotle, De Caelo, trans. J.L. Stocks (Oxford at Clarendon), 298bl 5-20. II. Heraclitus, frags., 12, 31, 41, Kathleen Freeman, Ancil/a to the Pre-Socratic Philoso- phers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957), translation of Hermann Diels, Frag- mente der Vorsokratiker .. 12. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. Hugh Tredennick, (London: William Heinemann, 1956), 986a19-20. 13 . Aristotle, De Cae/o, trans. J.L. Stocks (Oxford at Clarendon), 292a32-33. 14. Ibid, 279a6-l l. 15 . Ibid. 284a3-12. 16. Ibid. 279a6-l l. 17. Ibid., 276a30-3 l. 18. Ibid., 278bl5-l 7. 19. Aristotle, Physics trans., Philip H. Wicksteed and Francis M. Cornford, Loeb Classical Library 228 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), 208b29-39. 20. Kathleen Freeman, Ancil/a, (Harvard), frags. 41 and 103. Notes 181

21. Aristotle, De Caelo, trans. J. L. Stocks (Oxford at Clarendon), 283 b 17-21. 22. Ibid., 283b26-284a.6. 23. Ibid., 284a23-27. 24. Ibid., 284a28-3 l . 25. Ibid., 30lal 8-20. 26. Ibid., 303a4-303b7. 27 . Ibid., 309a.1 -309b.25. 28 . Ibid., 280a30, 293b32, 300al , 300bl8, 306bl9, and 308b4. 29. Aristotle, De Caelo, trans. J.L. Stocks (Oxford at Clarendon), 3 l 3b24 and On Genera- tion and Corruption, 314a I. 30. Ibid., On Generation and Corruption, 337a.l 7-22. 31. Ibid., 337a31-35. 32. Ibid., 314b27. 33. Ibid., 315a24-25. 34. Ibid., 3 l 6b.27-34. 35. Ibid., 3 l 8a23-25. 36. Ibid., 3 l 9al 8-23. 37. Ibid., 33lb2-4. 38. Ibid., 332b6-8. 39. Ibid., 333a7-9. 40. Ibid., 334a7-9. 41. Ibid., 334a I 0-11. 42. Ibid., 316al0-12. 43. Ibid., 336b3 l-35. 44. Ibid., 337al 7-22. 45. Ibid., 337b29-31. 46. Ibid., 338bl3-21. 47. Aristotle, De Anima, trans. R.D. Hicks (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2008), 408a35-38; 41 lbl I. 48. Ibid., 415bl 7-25. 49. Ibid., see respectively 406b27; 407bl0; .410b5. 50. Ibid., 407a33-35. 51. Aristotle. De Caelo, trans. J.L. Stocks (Oxford at Clarendon), 292a33-292b3. 52. Ib id., On Generation of Animals, trans. A. Platt, Th e Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Bollingen Series. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 731b31-39. 53. Aristotle, De Anima, trans. R.D. Hicks (Cosimo Classics), 403b24-27. 54. Ibid., 402a5-8. 55. Ibid., 414al6-29. 56. Ibid., in passim, 407b7-26. 57. Ibid.,412al7-28, 412b34-36. 58. Ibid., 432a3-6. 59. Ibid., 427bl 7-21 . My earlier book Negative Poetics explores this Freudian aspect of the imagination relevant to literary experience. 60. Ibid., 433a8- l 3. 61. Ibid.,402b34 and 409b44-410a for oblique references to God. 62. Aristotle, Metaphysics , trans. W.D. Ross, The Complete Works ofAristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, I 984). 982b l l-983a. l l. 63. Aristotle, De Anima, trans. R.D. Hicks, (Cosimo), 427b9-427b22. 64. Ibid., 428b24-428b39. 65. Ibid., 427bl 8-22, 24-34. 66. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics in The Great Books, vol. 11 , trans. by W.D. Ross, p. 352, l 106b7-28. The revision of this translation by J.O. Urmson in vol. 2 of the Princeton edition of Aristotle's writings substitutes the word "excellence" for "virtue." 182 Notes

67 . Summarized by W.K.C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy. vols. 1-6 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1962-81 ), 59-61. 68. Bertrand Russell A History of . (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1945), 159.

5. THE LYCEUM AFTER ARISTOTLE

I. Carroll Quigley The Evolution of Civilizations (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1961), 293-94. Quigley indicates that democracy declined at the time as the result of rationalism, not irrationalism. 2. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers trans. R.D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library 185 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 2, 431. 3. , Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross and F.H. Fobes (Chicago, IL: Pub- lishers, 1978), I .4. 4. Ibid., 4.15. 5. Ibid., 4.16. 6. Ibid., 8.27-28. 7. Ibid., 9.30. 8. Ibid., 9, 32. Italics in the original. 9. Ibid., 9.33. 10. Theophrastus, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross and F.H. Fobes (Ares) 9.34. 11. Strata ofLampsacus: Text, Translation, and Discussion. eds. Marie-Lauren Desclos and William Fortenbaugh. Series: Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities (New Bruns- wick, NJ: Transaction Pub., 2011), v. 16. It should be mentioned here that this excellent volume provides a comprehensive summary of Strato's remaining fragments as well as comments by others, especially Simplicius. 12. Cicero, De Natura Deorum: Academica. trans. H. Rackham (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933). 1.35. 13. Antony Flew, God & Philosophy (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1966), 69 . 14. Plutarch, "Reply to Co/otes," Mora/ia. trans. Benedict Einarson and Phillip de Lacy, Loeb Classical Library 428 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), vol. 14, 1115B. 15 . Minucius Felix, Octavius 19.8, 19B and Lactantius, On the Wrath of God 10.1, 19C. Both in Strata ofLampsacus, trans. Desclos and Fortenbaughm, (Rutgers), 6 I. 16. Cicero, Academica, trans. H. Rackham (Harvard), 2.121. 17 . Ibid. 18 . Aristotle identified gravity in at least three contexts: On The Heavens, trans. J.L. Stocks, 311b5, 311b8-9, and Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, 1052b28-29. All from The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. ed. J. Barnes. 2 vols. Bollingen Series. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984). 19. Geoffrey E. Lloyd Greek Science after Aristotle. (London: Chatto & Windus, 1973), 15- 17. 20. Ibid. Also Strata ofLampsacus, Desclos and Fortenbaugh, (Rutgers), 103. 21. "On Motion" quoted by Simplicius in Commentary on Aristotle's Physics in Geoffrey E. Lloyd Greek Science after Aristotle (Chatto & Windus), 16. 22. Strata ofLampsacus, Desclos and Fortenbaugh, (Rutgers), 40, SOB. 23 . Plato, Timaeus, trans. Benjamin Jowett, The Dialogues of Plato, Great Books of the Western World. ed. Mortimer Adler (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), 68d, 24. Stobaeus, Selections 26B; Hero, Pneumatica 30B. Both in Desclos and Fortenbaugh, Strata of Lampsacus (Rutgers). Also see Kirk Sanders, "Strato on Microvoid," in Strata of Lampsacus, 263-276. 25. Hero, Pneumatica Strata ofLampsacus, 30B. 26. Geoffrey E. Lloyd, Greek Science (Chatto & Windus), 16-17. 27. Aristotle, On the Heavens, trans. J.L. Stocks, The Complete Works of Aristotle (Prince- ton), 312bl3-20. Notes 183

28. This debt to Strato as well as and Cameades will be explored at greater length in Chapter Seven. 29 . Geoffrey E. Lloyd, Greek Science, (Chatto & Windus) 49-50; 53-74.

6. THE EPICUREANS

I. Diogenes Laertius, "," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Loeb Classical Library 185 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 10, 26 . 2. Plutarch, "A Pleasant Life Impossible," in Moralia, trans, Benedict Einarson and Phillip de Lacy, Loeb Classical Library 428 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), vol. 14, 1100. 3. Diogenes Laertius, "Epicurus," Lives (Loeb), vol. I 0, 8; Cicero, De Natura Deorum : Academica, trans. H. Rackham, Loeb 268 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 19, 93 and 91. 4. Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus" in The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, trans. Cyril Bailey, ed. by Whitney Oates (New York: Modern Library, 1940), 30. 5. Ibid., 33. 6. Diogenes Laertius, "Epicurus," Lives (Harvard), bk.10,133. 7. Ibid., 125. 8. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines ofPyrrhonism , trans. R.G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library 273 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), vol.I , 229. 9. Pliny, Natural Histo,y, trans. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library 352 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), bk 7, 188. 10. Cicero. Natura Deorum , trans. H. Rackham, Loeb 268 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), bk. I, 123. 11. Ibid., bk. 3, 3. 12. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Physicists and Against the Ethicists trans. R.G. Bury Loeb Classical Library 311 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), bk. I, 58-60. 13. Diogenes Laertius, "Epicurus," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Harvard), bk. I 0, 39-40. 14. Ibid., 40, 42. 15. Ibid., 41. 16. Cicero. De Natura Deorum (Harvard), bk. 1,69. 17. Diogenes Laertius, "Epicurus," Lives (Harvard), bk. I 0, 40. 18. Ibid., 63-4. 19. Ibid., 66. 20. Ibid., 67. 21. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians, trans. R.G . Bury (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), bk 2, 355. 22. Diogenes Laertius, "Epicurus," Lives (Harvard), bk. 10, 69. 23. Ibid., 77-78. 24. G.B Townend, "The Poems," Cicero, ed. T.A. Dorey (New York: Basic Books, 1965), 123. 25. . On the Nature of Things. trans. W. H. D. Rouse, rev. Martin F. Smith, Loeb Classical Library I 8, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), bk. 4, 8-9. See also fn. a, 8. 26. Lucretius, "On the Nature of Things," The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, trans. by H.A.J. Munro (New York: Modem Library, 1940), bk. I, 45-52. 27 . Ibid., 55-61. 28 . Lucretius. On the Nature of Things. trans. W. H. D. Rouse, rev. Martin F. Smith, Loeb Classical Library 18, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), bk. I, 205-70. 29. Ibid., 328 and 270-71. 30. Ibid., 329. 31. Ibid., 383-85. 32. Ibid., 419-22. 184 Notes

33. Ibid., 445-49. 34. Ibid., 599-610. 35 . Ibid., 630-639 and 705-715. 36. Ibid., 778-95. 3 7. Ibid., 830-40. 38. Ibid., 875-80. 39. Ibid., 894-6. 40. Ibid., 995-97. 41. Ibid., 1040-42. 42. Ibid., 1082. 43. Ibid., bk.2, 128, 105ff; and 184, 109ff. 44. Ibid., 216-24; 223-28; 403-8. 45. Ibid., 179-82. 46. Ibid., 646-48. 47. The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, (Modem Library), bk. 2, 1055-1066. Today of course this probability of life elsewhere in the universe seems highly likely if 300 billion stars have been counted in our galaxy, the Milky Way, and if stars are now estimated to have an average of one planet apiece, and if as many as 2 trillion other galaxies have recently been detected. 48. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things. trans. W. H. D. Rouse, rev. Martin F. Smith, Loeb Classical Library 18, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), bk. 2, 1110-20 and 1090-94. 49. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, Translated by H.A.J. Munro, The Stoic and Epicur- ean Philosophers (New York: Modern Library, 1940), Book II, lines 1114-18; 1140-41. 50. Ibid., (Modern Library), bk. 3, 122-3. 51. Lucretius, On the Nature ofThings (Harvard), bk. 3, 830. 52. Ibid., 1089-90. 53. Ibid., bk. 4, 478-90. 54. Lucretius, On the Nature ofThings (Modern Library), bk. 4,512. 55. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things (Harvard), bk. 5, 384. 56. Ibid., 330-3 I. 57. Ibid., 1183-88. 58. Ibid., bk. 6, 1000-2. 59. Ibid., 1024-41. 60. Ibid., 1119-24. 61. Ibid., bk. 5, 245-6.

7. SKEPTICISM

I. Richard Popkin. The History ofSkepticism from Erasmus to Spinoza. (Berkeley: Univer- sity of California Press, 1979). Popkin provides a useful history of Pyrrhonian skepticism. Also John Mackinnon Robertson, A History of Freethought: Ancient and Modern to the Period of the French Revolution. vol. I, 4th ed. rev. (London: Watts & Co., 1936). Robertson provides the standard history of secularism. 2. Recent news stories tell of clouds of ice specks that floated through the universe billions of years ago, and that half the water on earth can be traced to these clouds. Nicholas St. Fleur. "The Water in Your Glass Might Be Older Than the Sun," New York Times (New York, NY), Apr. 15, 2016. 3. Diogenes Laertius, "," trans. R.D. Hicks, in Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Loeb Classical Library 185 (Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 2, bk. 9, 62-63. Pyrrho had also been a pupil of Bryson, of the Megaric School, and in turn Pyrrho's followers included of Teos, a teacher of Epicurus, whose moderate version of hedonism seems to have inspired Pyrrho's concept of ataraxia as achieved tranquility. Notes 185

4. Epoche is described by both Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers (Har- vard), vol. 2, 9.108, 519; and by Sextus Empiri<; us, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, trans. R.G. Bury Loeb Classical Library 273 (Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press, 1976), bk. 1, 29-30 and 234,. 5. The resemblance between epoche and other aspects of oriental philosophy is discussed by Jay Garfield in "Epoche and Suunyataa: Skepticism East and West," Philosophy East and West, vol. 40, no . 3 (July, 1990), 285-307. See also D.T. Suzuki' s explanation of satori in Zen Buddhism (New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1956), 84-85, 95-96, and 103-108. 6. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers (Harvard), bk. 9 .61-62. 7. Ibid. 8. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines ofEmpiricism (Harvard), vol. 1.14. 9. Cicero, Academica, (Harvard), 1.45. I 0. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians, trans. R.G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library 291 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), bk. 1,155. 11 . Plato, "Meno," trans. W.K.C Guthrie, in The Collected Dialogues ofPlato, ed. by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton: NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 86e-87b. 12. Charles Saunders Peirce, "Pragmatism and Abduction," in Collected Papers (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934), vol. 5, 121-22 and John Dewey, Logic: The Theoryoflnquiry(NewYork: Henry Holt, 1938), 7-9, 11, 13. 13. Edmund Husserl, Ideas, trans. W.R. Boyce Gibson (New York: Humanities Press, 1931), 107-11. 14. Sextus Empiricus Against the Logicians (Harvard), vol. 1.165-170. For the full summary see all of 1.159-189. 15 . Plato, "Timaeus," trans. Benjamin Jowett, in The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 72d, 1195. 16. Aristotle, Prior Analytics, trans. A.J. Jenkinson in The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York: Random House, 1941), 70a3-5. 17. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians (Harvard), bk. 1.166-182. 18 . Sextus Empiricus, Outlines ofPy rrhonism, (Harvard), bk 3, 2-12. 19. Ibid., esp. bk. 3, 11. 20. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Physicists, trans. R.G. Bury in Sextus Empericus III , Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936), bk. I, 151-186. 21. Ibid., 1.172-173.

8. CICERO (106-43 B.C.)

I. G.B. Townend, "The Poems" in Cicero, ed. T.A. Dorey (Basic Books, 1965), 123. 2. Cicero, De Natura Deorum: Academica, trans. H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library 268 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 1.27 . 3. Ibid., Academica bk 3,7-9. 4. Ibid., bk. 2, 16-17. 5. Ibid., bk. 2, 18 . 6. Ibid., bk. 2, 26-27. 7. Ibid., bk. 2, 61-62. 8. Ibid., bk. 2, 59. 9. Ibid., bk. 2, 66-68. 10. Ibid., bk. 2, 103-105. 11. Ibid., bk.2, 7-8. 12. Ibid., bk. 2, 99. 13. Ibid., bk. 2, 108-109. 14. Ibid., bk. 2, 118-119. 15. Ibid., bk. 2, 121123. 16. Ibid., bk. 2, 123 . 186 Notes

17. Ibid., De Natura Deorum bk. 1,. 11. 18 . It can be mentioned here that Diodotus lived in Cicero's house until his death in 59 BC. , who died in 51 BC, seven years before the publication of Cicero's text, was one of Cicero's teachers and the dominant Stoic philosopher at the time. Just before his death, Posi- donius authored his own book upon the gods with the identical title, De Natura Deorum. Cicero choice in adopting the same title for his text would seem a gesture of personal indebtedness. 19. Cicero, De Natura Deorum, trans. H. Rackham (Harvard), bk. 1, 2. 20. Ibid., 4. 21. Ibid., 25-29. 22 . Ibid., 35-36. 23. Ibid., 43. 24. Ibid., 61. Cotta overlooks the probable atheism in two passages by Democritus quoted in this book's Chapter 1, fns. 118 and 119. 25. Ibid., 69-70. 26. Ibid., 72. 27. Ibid., 93-94. 28. Ibid., 75-76. 29. Ibid., 9 I. 30. Ibid., 113-114. 3 I. Ibid., 123. 32. Ibid., bk. 2, 16. 33. Ibid., 39-46, esp. 45. 34. Ibid., 47. 35. Ibid., 58. 36. Ibid., 78-79. 37. Ibid., 85 . 38. Ibid., 87 . 39. Ibid., 93-94. 40. Ibid., 99. 41. Ibid., 118. 42. Ibid., 154. 43. Ibid., 167-68. 44. Ibid., bk. 3, 6-7. 45. Ibid., 11. 46. Ibid., 17. 47. Ibid., 25. 48 . Ibid., 23 . 49. Ibid., 27-28. 50. Ibid., 33-34. 51. Ibid., 37. 52. Ibid., 38 . 53. Ibid., 39. 54. Ibid., 70-71. 55. Ibid., 75. 56. Ibid., 90. 57. Ibid., 93. 58 . Ibid., 95 59. Ibid., bk. 1, 6. 60. Ibid., 11.

EPILOGUE

I. Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: How the World Became Modern, (New York: W.W Norton, 2011), 25. Notes 187

2. Plutarch, Moralia, trans. Frank Cole Babbitt. vol. 2. Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1928, 455-95. Human sacrifice as a pagan practice is obscured in the ritual celebrations of Christ's crucifixion and the Eucharist. 3. Ibid., 75. Celsius' book is On the True Doctrine: A Discourse Against the Christians. trans. R. Joseph Hoffmann, Loeb Classical Library, (Oxford University Press, 1987). 4. All the relevant passages above are quoted in Homer Smith's. Man and his Gods, (Boston: Little, Brown and Company), 168-69. 5. Acts, 17:16-34; 19:18-20. Not long after his stay in , Paul supposedly witnessed the destruction of pagan texts in a bonfire that may have been a test of allegiance to Christian- ity. 6. Saint Augustine, Against the Academics (Newman Press, 1951), chap. 5, 110. 7. Henry Leas' three-volume text, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, (1887) remains the standard reference on this topic. More recent assessments can be found on the Intenet, for example long pieces by David Plaisted and Kelsos. 8. James Haught, 2000 Years of Disbelief Famous People with the Courage to Doubt (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1996), 45. 9. Nate Cohn, "Big Drop in Share of Americans Calling Themselves Christian," (May 12, 2015). This is based on a National Opinion Research Center poll con- ducted three years ago. 10. Jeanna Bryner, LiveScience Managing Editor, April 28, 2012. 11. "Leading Scientists Still Reject God," Nature, vol. 394, No. 6691 ( 1998), 313. 12 . James Randerson's article, "Childish superstition: Einstein's letter makes view of relig- ion relatively clear," in , May 13 , 2008.