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Preface Introduction Notes PREFACE 1. John Burnet, Greek Philosophy: Thales to Plato (London: Macmillan, 1914), 12. 2. W.K.C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy: The Pre-Socratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (London: Cambridge University Press, 1965) vol. 2, 114. 3. Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Eminent Philosophers trans. R.D. Hicks (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 2, 435. 4. Theodor Gomperz Greek Thinkers: A History of Ancient Philosophy (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1964) vol. I, p. 19 l. 5. The anachronistic effort to "clarify" Aristotle's concepts in effectively Christian terms is usually blatant. Ironically, perhaps these changes prevented the text from being entirely de- stroyed. INTRODUCTION I. The combination of the words western and civilization may be either capitalized or not, or, if an author chooses, the first of them may be capitalized and the second kept in the lower case. My choice is to capitalize both in order to emphasize the unique cultural and geographical identity of Western Civilization in its advance from ancient Greece and Rome to medieval Arab cities, the Renaissance, and everything since. That this transition did in fact play a crucial role preliminary to the modern world is exactly what I try to demonstrate in this paper. 2. H. Michell, The Economics of Ancient Greece (London: Cambridge University Press, 1940), 313; Gustave Glotz, Ancient Greece at Work: An Economic History of Greece, trans. M .R. Dobie (New York: Knopf, 1926), Part III, chap. 7; Chester Starr, The Economic and Social Growth ofEarl y Greece: 800-500 B. C. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 97- 112; Johannes Hasebroek, Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece trans. L.M. Fraser and D.C. MacGregor (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1933), 140-45, in passim. 3. Carroll Quigley, The Evolution of Civilizations (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1961), 291. 4. Aristotle Metaphysics, The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Transla- tion. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Bollingen Series. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 982b23-25. 173 174 Notes 5. Georg Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy trans. E.S. Haldane and Frances Simson vols. 1 and 2. (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1974), sects. 340 and 350. 6. Karl Kautsky, Foundations of Christianity trans. Henry Mins (New York: S.A. Russell, 1953), 167; M.I. Finley, Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), 18; H. Michell, Economics of Ancient Greece, 313; Marx discusses this economic benefit in his 1857 "Notebook," cited by M.I. Finley in Economy and Society, 81. 7. Luther's translation seems to have initiated the tenfold mistake to be found in the later English translations. In any case, the lower estimate is no less hard to believe, especially if five thousand pieces of silver in ancient times was worth perhaps $20,000 in modem currency. The $200,000 value of the Ephesus bonfire as suggested in the King James version seems an obvious exaggeration. 8. Lionel Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 200 I), 92. See also Lucien Polastron, Books on Fire: The Destruction ofLibraries Throughout History (Rochester, NY: Inner Traditions, 2007). 9. Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers. A Complete Trans/at/ion of the Fragments in Diets' Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957). 1. THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS I. Kathleen Freeman, Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers, a translation of Hermann Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 5th edition. Unless otherwise noted, all fragments cited are from Freeman's translation. Only four fragments of Thales are listed in the Ancilla. A more thorough account is provided by Diogenes Laertius in Lives ofthe Eminent Philosophers, trans. R.D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, I 979), vol. I, 23-47. 2. Aristotle, De Anima in Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. ed. J. Barnes. Bollingen Series. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 405al9; 4 l la8. 3. Plutarch, "Dinner of the Seven Wise Men," trans. Frank C. Babbitt, Moralia Loeb Classical Library 222 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), vol. 2, 163E21. 4. Aristotle, Sense and Sensibilia, trans. J.I. Beare, Complete Works (Princeton), 44la.22. 5. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works (Princeton), 983b20-27. Re- cent astronomical research indicates that "water ices" probably existed in the interstellar me- dium preceding the formation of the sun and that at least half the water on the earth's surface can be traced to that particular source. 6. Cicero, Academica, De Natura Deorum: Academica. trans. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library 268 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933), 118. 7. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), l 87a2 l. 8. Anaximander, frag . I Freeman. 9. Philip Wheelwright, Heraclitus (Princeton, NJ: Princeton, 1959), 5. 10. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), 203bl3-15. 11. Kathleen Freeman, The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Companion to Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1966), 58-62. 12. John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1930), 73-76; Richard D. McKirahan, Jr. Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, lN: Hackett Publishing, 1994), 48-54. 13 . Hippolytus, Refatations of all Heresies i.7 cited by John Burnet in Early Greek Philoso- phy, 73 . 14. Heraclitus, frags. 31 and 36 F. Heraclitus excludes air from his proposed cycle of the universe, but he includes it in frag. 76. 15 . Xenophanes, frags. 23-26 F. Notes 175 16. Ibid. frags. 27-29 F. 17. Diogenes Laertius, "Xenophenes," Lives of Eminent Philosophers, trans. R.D. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library 185 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), vol. 2, 19-20. See also Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works (Princeton), 986bl 7-30. 18. Xenophanes, frags. 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6, Richard D. McKirahan, Jr., Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1994). 19. Xenophanes, frags. 29, and 3 3 F. 20. Xenophanes, frag 7.16 McKirahan. The Freeman translation is obviously more cumber- some: "Let these things be stated as conjectural only, similar to the reality." (frag. 35). 21. Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians, trans. R.G. Bury, Loeb Classical Library 291 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), vol. 2, 326. 22. Diogenes Laertius, "Pythagoras," Lives, trans. R.D. Hicks (Loeb), 8.6. 23. Ibid., 8.8. 24. Diogenes Laertius, "Pythagoras" in Lives, trans. R.D. Hicks (Loeb), 25-27. Also useful are the summaries in Aristotle's Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross (Princeton), vol. 2, 985b23- 987al9 and McKirahan's Philosophy before Socrates, 91-113. 25. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works, (Princeton), 213b22-26. 26. Diogenes Laertius, "Pythagoras," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives, (Loeb), 35. 27. Aristotle, On the Soul, trans. W.S. Hett, (Loeb), 404al 7-23 . 28. Aristotle, On the Heavens, trans. J.L. Stocks, Complete Works, (Princeton), 293al9- 294b3. 29. Philolaus, frag. 17 F. See also Plato, Timaeus, The Collected Dialogues of Plato. eds. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns. Bollingen Series (Princeton, NJ: Princeton, 1961), 34a- b. 30. Philolaus, frag. 21 F; see also Aristotle, On the Heavens, trans. J.L. Stocks, Complete Works (Princeton), 293al 7-293b22. 31. Diogenes Laertius, "Philolaus" in lives, trans. R.D. Hicks (Loeb), 85-86. 32. Heraclitus, frag. 125a F. 33. Plato, "Cratylus," trans. Benjamin Jowett, The Collected Dialogues, (Princeton), 402a, 439; Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works, (Princeton), 253a22-254a. 34. Heraclitus, frag . 103 F. 35. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 1012a25- 1012bl ; 1078bl4. 36. Heraclitus, frags. 6 and 60, F. 37. [bid. frag. 76, F. 38. Ibid. respectively frags. 90, 66, and 65 F. 39. [bid. frag. 64 F. 40. Ibid. frag. 36 F. 41. Ibid. frags . 54, 123 F. 42. Ibid. respectively frags. 53 , 80 F. 43. Ibid. frags. I, 8, 10, 45, 50, and 114 F. 44. Ibid. frag. 41 F. 45 . Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), l 146b31; Metaphysics trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works , (Princeton), 983a2-l l. 46. Heraclitus, frag. I 14 F. 47. Ibid. frags. 67, 102 F. 48. Ibid. frag.14 F. 49. Ibid. frags. 32 and 41 F. 50. Parmenides, frag. I F. 5 I. Ibid. frag. 2 F. 52. Ibid. frags . 7, 8 F. 53 . Ibid. frag. 12 F. 54. Ibid. frag. 13 F. 55 . Ibid. frag. 11 F. 56. Diogenes Laertius, "Parmenides," trans. R.D . Hicks, Lives, 22 . 176 Notes 57. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W.D. Ross, Complete Works, (Princeton), 986b25. See also Cicero's explanation inAcademica, trans. H. Rackham, (Loeb), 118. 58. Parmenides, frag. 9 F. 59. Diogenes Laertius, "Zeno ofElea," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), 26-28. 60. Melissus, frag. 8(2) F. 61. Ibid. frags. 1 and 3 F. 62. Ibid. frag. 6 F. 63 . Diogenes Laertius, "Melissus," trans. R.D. Hicks, Lives (Loeb), vol. 2, 24. 64. Melissus, frags. l, 8, 8(2), 9 and 10 F. 65. Ibid. frag. 7 (7) F. 66. Ibid. frag 8 (2) F. 67. Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), 213bl2-14. 68 . Aristotle, Physics, trans. R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye, Complete Works (Princeton), 186a8-10; On the Heavens, 298bl8. 69. Empedocles, frag. 129 F. 70. Ibid. frag. 133 F. 71. Ibid. frag. 28 F. 72. Ibid. frag 135 F. 73. Ibid. frag 12 F. 74. £bid. frag. 8 F. 75 . Ibid. frag.15 F. 76. Ibid. frag. 110 F. 77. Ibid. frags. 26 and 28 F; see also Heraclitus frag . 103 F. 78. Ibid. frag.
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