Anum, Eric Bortey (1999) the Reconstruction of Forms of African Theology: Towards Effective Biblical Interpretation
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Anum, Eric Bortey (1999) The Reconstruction of Forms of African Theology: Towards Effective Biblical Interpretation. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3466/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Reconstruction of Forms of African Theology: Towards Effective Biblical Interpretation Faculty of Divinity A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD Glasgow University by Eric Bortey Anum December, 1999 (c) t .... ;" B. AV\I.J.."".J \9"1'1 Abstract This thesis sets out to investigate current reconstruction of forms of African theology that is taking place in parts of Africa. The specific interest is to identify emerging biblical interpretative modes from these theologies and seek to suggest ways of making them effective for the benefit of African communities of readers and the biblical academia as a whole. After a brief consideration of the contribution of historical critical interpretation, this thesis then focused specifically on the development of African scholarly readings. The specific interest in these African readings is· to provide the necessary criteria which will ensure that critical scholarly readings can both be differentiated and derived from popular readings. My interest in popular readings is because of the major role they play in the provision of contextual components or the missing links that can only be obtained from ordinary readers, that the scholarly reader needs in hislher reconstruction of· African self-understanding. I have therefore looked at the attempts to structure the relationship between ordinary readers and scholarly readers and out of that has come the contribution to the theologies of reconstruction in Africa. In summary, to respond to the quest for acceptable critical models of reading the Bible using African cultural texts and world view, it has become necessary to provide recommendations for African hermeneuts which would enhance their readings in order to make their contributions to scholarly biblical interpretation to the global community more effective. This is exactly what this thesis aims at achieving. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION 12 INTRODUCTION 13 PART I 26 FROM HISTORICAL THEOLOGY TO AFRICAN THEOLOGY 26 CHAPTER ONE 26 1. THE ROOTS OF AFRICAN BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION 26 1.1. Baur's views on biblical interpretation have been influenced by theological debates in his socio- cultural context. 27 1.2. Baur's position with ordinary readers and the Church 29 1.3. Conclusions 33 CHAPTER TWO 40 2. BIBLICAL INTERPRETATIVE MODELS IN AFRICA (1): DEVELOPING HERMENEUTICAL MODELS IN TWENTIETH CENTURY AFRICA. 40 2.1. Hermeneutical developments in Africa 42 2.2. Ukpong's hermeneutical categories 43 2.2.1. Comparative Hemeneutical Practice 43 2.2.2. Evaluative Hermeneutical Practice 49 2.2.3. Inculturation biblical interpretation 61 2.2.4. Contextual Bible Study Hermeneutical approach in South Africa 65 2.2.5. Feminist hermeneutical Practice 73 2.3. Conclusions 76 2.4. Reflections 79 2.5. Highlights of the importance of 'reading with' with respect to the reconstmction of African theology81 4 CHAPTER THREE 84 3. BIBLICAL INTERPRETATIVE MODELS IN AFRICA (2): CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLES OF BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION AND TRENDS IN AFRICAN CHRISTIANITY 84 3.1. Examples of readings by African scholarly readers- Review of Semeia 73 (1996) 84 3.1.1. Identification of Ordinary Readers 86 3.1.2. Identification ofthe scholarly reader 88 3.1.3. Commonalities between Ordinary Readers and Scholarly Readers 90 3.1.4. Relationship between ordinary readers and scholarly readers 93 3.1.5. Evaluation of the views from the volume 98 3.1.6. Conclusions 103 3.2. Contemporary trends in African Christianity 108 3.3. Towards the formulation of reconstruction theologies 113 3.4. Concluding remarks 117 CHAPTER FOUR 118 4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WESTERN SCHOLARLY READINGS AND AFRICAN SCHOLARLY READINGS 118 4.1. Relationship between Oassical critical hermeneutics in Europe and Africa hermeneutics 118 4.2. The way forward: Habermas' dominance-free hermeneutics 128 4.3. Concluding remarks 142 PART II 147 FINDINGS, SURVEYS, REVIEWS AND EVALUATION REPORTS AND ANALYSIS OF READINGS AND USAGE OF THE BIBLE AMONG ORDINARY READERS 147 CHAPTER FIVE 147 5. Survey of Ordinary Readings of the Bible In Selected Areas In West Africa. 147 5.1. Data collection and analysis 153 5.2. Main Findings 155 5.2.1. Biblical Preferences of respondents 155 5.2.2. Favourite Bible messages 158 5.2.3. Context of usage of the Bible 159 5.2.4. Expectations from Readings 162 5.2.5. Benefits or gains from Church/readings in church 163 5.2.6. Local and Diverse Interpretations 166 5.2.7. Reasons for diverse interpretations ofthe Bible today 170 5.2.8. Reasons for moving from one church to another 171 5.2.9. Influence of ethnicity on biblical interpretation 173 5 5.2.10. Influence of experiences and exposures on biblical interpretation 174 5.2.11. Influence of context on biblical interpretation of respondents 175 5.3. Analysis 184 5.3.1 Biblical Preferences of the respondents 184 5.3.2. Diverse and local interpretations 187 5.3.3. Influence of culture on interpretation 187 5.3.4. Influence of Context on Biblical interpretation 188 5.4. Implications from analysis 189 5.5. The Way Forward 191 CHAPTER SIX 194 6. EVALUATION OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE'S (lSB) CONTEXTUAL BIBLE STUDY HERMENEUTICAL (CBS) PRACTICE194 6.1 The ISB's Hermeneutical Methodology 197 6.2. Evaluation of the Institute for the Study of the Bible's Contextual Bible Study hermeneutical practice200 6.2.1. Analysis of evaluation reports 200 6.2.1.1. Kenosis Lutheran Women's project 203 6.2.1.2. Amawoti Community Evaluation 209 6.2.2. Examples of Readings 217 6.2.2.1. 'Reading' Luke 17: 11-19 at Newcastle (South Africa). 218 6.2.2.2. Analysis of questions 224 6.2.3 Observations 225 6.2.4. Reflections 227 6.2.5. Conclusions 232 CHAPTER SEVEN 238 7. EVALUATION OF THE GLASGOW CONTEXTUAL BIBLE STUDY GROUP'S READINGS WITH ORDINARY READERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ISB'S EVALUATION. 238 7.1. Formation of The Contextual Bible Study Group In Glasgow (CBS) 238 7.1.1. The Reading Process 239 7.2. Review of the Glasgow CBS Group 240 7.2.1. Analysis of Data 241 7.3. Example of Readings 248 7.4. Final Observations 251 7.4.1. Reflections 251 7.4.2. Concluding remarks 252 7.5. The relationship between ISB'sCBS evaluation and Glasgow CBS group's evaluation 252 7.5.1. Identification of marginalised people 252 7.5.2. Identification of the organised poor. 254 7.5.3. The role of the ordinary reader 255 7.5.4. The task ofthe trained Reader 255 7.5.5. Dealing with conventional readings of biblical texts 256 6 7.5.6. Connections between context and text 257 7.5.7. Relationship between culture and interpretation 258 7.5.8. Relationship of biblical interpretation with historical critical readings and literary context of the text 259 7.5.9. Conversational reading and participation in the reading of biblical texts 260 7.5.10. Action Plans 261 7.5.11. Outputs of the Reading Process 262 7.5.12. Conclusion 262 PART III 264 SUGGESTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION IN AFRICA.264 CHAPTER EIGHT 264 8. TOWARDS EFFECTIVE BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF FORMS OF AFRICAN THEOLOGY: THE TASK AHEAD AND SOME RECOMMENDATIONS. 264 8.1. Who are the partners in the reconstruction of African theologies and what is their agenda and expectations? 265 8.1.1. Profile of discourse partners 265 8.1.2. Agenda of discourse partners 266 8.2. What kinds of methodology/ies do ordinary and scholarly readers employ in their theological reconstrucnon? 269 8.2.1. Dialogical methodologies and approaches to biblical interpretation 269 8.2.2. Power Relations 270 8.2.3. Different modes of theological reconstruction 273 8.3. What are/will be the most appropriate outputs or products of the attempts by scholarly readers to reconstruct forms of African theology? 274 8.3.1. Academic Reporting 274 8.3.2. Generating, collecting and analysing popular readings 276 8.4. Conclusions 278 8.5. Recommendanons 278 8.5.1. Agendas and expectations of discourse partners 278 8.5.2. Power relations 282 8.5.3. Methodologies and approaches to biblical interpretation by discourse partners 282 8.5.4. Use of the Bible in missionary history 285 8.5.5. Outputs and products ofthe communication practice 287 8.5.6. Towards frame work for biblical interpretation and the reconstruction of forms of African theology 290 APPENDICES I - IV 295 Appendix I 295 1.The Debt of culture to African theologians 295 Appendix n 302 2. Stewart Gillan's case cited from his thesis Mayi buye i Africa! : 302 7 A grounded theology of Land Restitution in South Africa (1996). 302 Appendix ill 305 A 305 Evaluation of Report of Glasgow CBS participants 305 B 306 CBS sample evaluation questionnaire for participants 306 Appendix IV 308 A 308 Madina, Jos and Mubi Survey Report 308 B. 335 Madina, Jos and Mubi Survey Questionnaire 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 339 8 Preface This thesis is in three parts.