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Index Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. Acasta Gneiss 6, 265, 272 dome-and-keel architecture 94–99, 100 accretion, island arcs 3, 4, 5 fractionating magma chambers 89 adakite, Kadiri greenstone belt 149, 154 geological history 84–85, 86 Adma Diorite 71, 72 greenstone successions 87–89, 93 Alpine-style orogeny, EPT and BGGT 91–92 infracrustal TTG 89, 91 Amazonian Craton 307, 308 metamorphic core complexes (MCC) 98–99 ambient-noise tomography 48, 49,50 mineral systems 91 Ameralik dykes 117, 122 PCO 98, 100 amphibolite, Isua supracrustal belt 116, 119, 123, 127 subduction–accretion model 87, 99 Andean convergent margin, Peru 307 subduction–collision metamorphism 92–94 continental growth and subduction onset 316–318 Barents Sea Group 72,73 geodynamics and magmatic source 315–316 Basal Morar Group 262, 263, 264–265 geology 308–311 zircon geochronology 267, 268, 269, 271, Hf isotopes 306–318 272–274 juvenile magmatism 314, 317–318 Basal Quartzite Member 263, 264, 265 subduction 305, 307, 308–310 zircon geochronology 267, 268, 269, andesite 271, 272, 273 Kadiri greenstone belt 147–149, 153, 155 basalt magma 1–2 Kadiri greenstone belt 145–147, 148 Antarctica 73,75 plume v. subduction-related source 152–153 apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) 23, 24, 69 magma 1–2 Franklin–Adelaide track 71, 72 see also mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB); palaeomagnetic evidence 71–75 ocean island basalt (OIB) arc accretion 3, 4, 5 ‘basalt barrier’ 35, 37 arc magmatism 3–4, 305–306 basalt–eclogite transition 18 Andean convergent margin 308–311 geodynamic model 33, 35 continental recycling 306 basin development, Hudson Bay 62 arc–plume action, Neoarchaean crust 135–158 basin sedimentation, Andean margin 310, 311 Archaean Bonar Creek orthogneiss 324, 336–337, 340, 341 continental crust 6, 7, 8, 217, 227 boninites granite–greenstone 8 Isua supracrustal belt 116, 119, 123, 124, 127 Ukrainian Shield 232–257 Kadiri greenstone belt 138 dome-and-keel architecture 94–99 Bug Series 229 ocean temperature 26 Buller Terrane 324, 325 plate tectonic onset 205–208, 217 Ardvreck Group 262, 264, 265 Canadian Shield 42 Arequipa Massif 307, 308, 317 lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary 43, 45, 52 argon, outgassing 18 lithospheric thickness 46 Arrowsmith Orogeny 45 mantle keel 45, 47–53, 60, 61 Atar Group Complex 71, 72 mantle transition zone 46, 47 atmosphere, oxygen 24–25 plate tectonics 60–61 Australia 71, 73,75 seismological studies 45–63 Azov Domain Cape Smith belt 45 age patterns 252–254 carbon, redox cycling 77,78 Archaean crust formation 254–255, 256 carbon dioxide 24, 78 geology 228, 229–231 Chesterfield Block 42, 43–44, 45 Chocolate Formation 310, 311 Badcallian metamorphic event 262 chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) Baffin Strait, seismic wavespeed 57 199, 325, 327, 347 banded iron formations 25 Churchill Plate 42, 44, 45, 57, 61 Isua supracrustal belt 114, 115, 116, 117, 123 Clachtoll Formation 263, 264 Barberton Granitoid-Greenstone Terrane zircon geochronology 267, 268, 269, 271, Alpine-style orogeny 91–92 273, 274 crustal evolution 84, 85 Clapeyron slopes 29, 30, 53 as volcanic plateau 99–103 Clarke River orthogneiss 324, 335, 341 356 INDEX Clarke River paragneiss 324, 332, 338 dome-and-keel architecture 86, 91, 92, 94–99, 100 climate history 24, 25 dunite, Isua supracrustal belt 116, 118 Columbia supercontinent 69, 165, 207, 211, 216 dykes Congo craton 165–192 Huab Metamorphic Complex 168 continental arcs 3, 5, 6 Isua supracrustal belt 117, 119, 122 continental crust Archaean 6, 7, 8, 205–208, 217, 227 Earth composition 1–3 climate and atmosphere 24–26 destruction 210–211, 215, 216 crustal generation v. crustal destruction 215–217 generation v. destruction 3, 5, 8, 211, 215–217, early evolution 83 305–306, 317–318 evolution of life 25,26 growth rate earthquakes, Hudson Bay 50 Fennoscandian Shield 281, 295–298 East European Craton 228 near-steady-state Armstrong model 211, 215 East Pilbara Terrane through time 8, 19, 211–214, 217 Alpine-style orogeny 91–92 Hadean, formation 5–6, 7, 202–205, 215, 217 crustal evolution 84, 85 in situ development 87–99 as volcanic plateau 99–103 Alpine-style orogeny 91–92 dome-and-keel architecture 86, 91, 92, 94–99, 100 dome-and-keel architecture 94–99, 100 fractionating magma chambers 89 fractionating magma chambers 89 geological history 84, 85, 86, 94 greenstone successions 87–89 greenstone successions 87, 88, 94 infracrustal TTG 89, 91 infracrustal TTG 89, 91 mineral systems 91 metamorphic core complexes (MCC) 98–99 subduction–collision metamorphism 92–94 metamorphism 89, 90, 94 lid 18, 70, 74,75–78 mineral systems 91 Neoarchaean arc–plume action 135–158 PCO 98, 100 Neoproterozoic quasi-integrity 71–75 subduction–accretion model 87 Ediacaran break-up 75–79 Eastern Cordillera 307, 308 oxygen isotopes 18, 20 metamorphism 310 preservation bias 214–215, 217 eastern Dharwar craton 136–138, 137 preserved record 22–23, 26 Kadiri greenstone belt production dacite–rhyolite 141–145, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156 episodicity 18–20, 213 geology 138–140 juvenile 208, 213–214, 217, 297, 298 Neoarchaean crust formation 155–158 Andean margin 306, 314, 317–318 volcanic rocks 138–158 recycling see recycling, crust alteration 145, 146 reworking see recycling, crust andesite suite petrogenesis 147–149 continental margins, convergent 305–306 basalt suite petrogenesis 145–147, 148 core, convection 23–24 dacite–rhyolite petrogenesis 149, 150, 151, 152 core–mantle boundary, heat flux 23–24, 27, 29, 35 major and trace elements 141–144, 146–147 cratons, mantle keels 41–42 Nd isotopes 145 Crooked River paragneiss 324, 333, 338, 346 petrography 140–141 Cu–Mo porphyry deposits, East Pilbara 87, 91 plume v. subduction-related source 152–153 Cumberland Batholith 44,45 tectonic evolution model 153, 155 cumulates, garnet-bearing 4, 5 U–Pb zircon dating 144–145 Eastern Segment, Sveconorwegian Province dacite–rhyolite 141–145, 148, 149, 150, 152, geology 282, 283 154, 155, 156 lower tectonic level 284 Damara Belt 165, 166 zircon geochronology 285–289, 291, 293 Danopolonian Orogeny 283, 292 middle tectonic level 283–284 deformation, Sveconorwegian Province 283–284 zircon geochronology 285, 286, 288, 289 delamination 3,4,5 upper tectonic level 283 Dharwar craton zircon geochronology 285, 286–287, 288 geology 136–138, 137 eclogite 21, 33 Neoarchaean geodynamic evolution 155–158 see also basalt-eclogite transition see also eastern Dharwar craton; western Ediacaran break-up 74,75–79 Dharwar craton Elatina periglacial rocks 71, 72,75 diapirism 95 Enard Bay 263, 264 Dniestr–Bug Series 229 enderbites, Ukrainian Shield 229 earliest crust 254 zircon geochronology 232–233 enderbite ages 242–245, 247, 252, 257 ages 242–245, 247, 252 INDEX 357 Eoarchaean Glenelg–Attadale Inlier 263, 265, 273 geological record 114–115 gneiss Isua proto-arc 113, 127–129 Acasta Gneiss 6, 265 North Atlantic Craton 274–275 enderbitic 229 plate tectonics 205 Eoarchaean rock 114–115 episodicity, Precambrian 17–37 Epupa complex 169–170 crustal production 18–20, 213 Huab Metamorphic Complex 168, 178 geodynamic models 26–35 geochemistry 181–183 mantle convection 8, 18, 29–30 major and trace element analysis 172 mantle depletion 19,20 U–Pb zircon geochronology 175–176, 185–186 mantle plumes 30–33 Lewisian Gneiss Complex 262, 263 subduction 26–29, 35 Sveconorwegian Province 283–284, 285, volcanism 24, 30, 33 289, 291, 293–295 epithermal vein deposits 91 Western Province 324, 325–350 Epupa complex 165, 166, 169–170 zircon 323 Eriboll Formation 265 see also orthogneiss; paragneiss extinction, Ediacaran 78 gold lode deposits 91 faint young Sun paradox 24 orogenic 21, 22 Fedorivka syncline 231 Golovanivsk suture zone 228, 229 metasediment sample 232, 233 Gondwana zircon 236, 246, 248–249, 252–254, 257 formation 20, 22, 211, 216 Fennoscandian Shield margin 208, 326 crustal growth 281 Gothian Orogeny 284, 291–292, 297 geology 282 granite U–Pb and Hf zircon geochronology 285–298 anorogenic 21 Fig Tree Group 97, 102 dome-and-keel architecture 94–99 mineral system 91–92 PCO 94–99 fluid-fluxing 121, 122, 123, 127 Sveconorwegian Province 283–285, 291–293 foliation, Kadiri greenstone belt 140–141 see also Rubha Ruadh granite Franken granodiorite 177, 178 Granite Hill Complex gneiss 324, 325 major and trace element analysis 171 granite–greenstone U–Pb zircon geochronology 174–175, 183–185 Archaean 8, 135 Franklin LIP 72,73 see also Barberton Granitoid-Greenstone Franklin–Adelaide APW track 71, 72 Terrane; Kadiri greenstone belt; Fransfontein Granite Suite 166, 167, 177, 178 Middle Dniepr Domain geochemistry 179–181 granitoids geodynamic evolution 190–192 Epupa complex 169–170 geology 169 Fransfontein Granite Suite 169 major and trace element analysis 171, 190 Kadiri greenstone belt 138–140 Rb–Sr isotopes 187–188, 189 Ukrainian Shield 229–231 Sm–Nd isotopes 187, 189, 190, 191 Great Oxygenation Event 207 U–Pb zircon geochronology 173–175, 183–185 greenhouse gases 24 Fraser Complex gneiss 324, 325 Greenland Group 324, 325, 342, fringing arcs 4, 5 346, 347, 349 Fucoid Beds 265 greenstone Azov Domain 230 garnet 4, 5, 127 BGGT 87–89, 98, 102 geochemistry dome-and-keel architecture 94–99 continental breakup 76–78 EPT 87, 89, 90,98 Isua belt 116, 118, 120–122, 123, 124–125, 126 Kadiri greenstone belt 138–158 Kamanjab Inlier 179–183 Kolar-type 137–138 geodynamic models 26–35, 36 Neoarchaean 6, 8, 135–136 geodynamics PCO 94–99, 103 Andean convergent margin 305, 309, 310, 315–316 Grenville orogenic belts 70, 73 global 21–23 isotope trends 208–209, 210 geodynamo 23–24, 35 Grootfontein gabbro
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  • Keuper (Late Triassic) Sediments in Germany 193

    Keuper (Late Triassic) Sediments in Germany 193

    NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Keuper (Late Triassic) sediments in Germany 193 Keuper (Late Triassic) sediments in Germany – indicators of rapid uplift of Caledonian rocks in southern Norway Josef Paul, Klaus Wemmer and Florian Wetzel Paul, J., Wemmer, K. & Wetzel, F. 2009: Keuper (Late Triassic) sediments in Germany – indicators of rapid uplift of Caledonian rocks in southern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology, vol. 89, pp 193-202, Trondheim 2009, ISSN 029-196X. K/Ar ages of detrital Keuper micas in the Central European Basin provide new information about the provenance of siliciclastic sediments. All sam- ples of the Erfurt Formation (Lower Keuper) and the Stuttgart Formation (Middle Keuper) indicate Caledonian (445 - 388 Ma) ages. These sedi- ments originate from the Caledonides of southern Norway. The older Fennoscandian Shield and the Russian Platform did not supply any material. In combination with zircon fission track data, we show that uplift of the Caledonides of southern Norway accelerated dramatically during the Car- nian, most likely as a result of rifting of the Viking Graben. This push of Scandinavian-derived sediments ceased in the Upper Keuper (Rhaetian). Instead of Scandinavian sediments, micas of Panafrican age were transported from southeast Poland and Slovakia into the Central European Basin. Only micas in the vicinity of the south German Vindelician High and the Bohemian Block have Variscan ages. J. Paul, K. Wemmer, F. Wetzel: Geowiss. Zentrum der Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidt-Str.3, D 37077 Göttingen. Germany, e-mail corresponding author: [email protected] Introduction Germany. Wurster (1964) and Beutler (2005) assumed that the eroded material originated from Scandinavia, As a result of hydrocarbon exploration, knowledge of but the exact provenance was not known.