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SOCIO-ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF AREA OF INTEREST (A0I),

PREPARED FOR: OCEANS MANAGEMENT SECTION SCIENCE, OCEANS AND ENVIRONMENT BRANCH DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND OCEANS P.O. BOX 5667 ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND AlC 5X1

PREPARED BY: PAUL TAYLOR

MARCH 21, 2002

QH 91 . 75 N4 T3 Fisheries and Oceans Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 0 9 SEP 2004 Table of Contents List of Appendices, Tables, and Figures ii NAFOLthrary•—•NIL Reg on List of Acronyms 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 - Background Information 1 - MPA History 1 - Leading Tickles AOI 2 - Community Coastal Resource Inventory 3 1.2 - Structure of Document 3 2.0 REGIONAL CONTEXT 4 3.0 COMMUNITY PROFILES 7 3.1 - Leading Tickles 7 3.2 - Glovers Harbour 11 4.0 HUMAN USE AND DEVELOPMENT 12 4.1 - Fisheries 12 4.2 - Aquaculture 15 4.3 - Marine Flora 18 4.4 - Marine Mammals 18 4.5 - Marine Related Birds 19 4.6 - Tourism and Recreation 23 4.7 - Forestry 27 4.8 - Agriculture 32 4.9 - Mining and Mineral Processing 32 4.10 - Oil and Gas 33 4.11 - Manufacturing 33 5.0 MANAGEMENT ISSUES 35 5.1 - Pollution 35 5.2 - Other Marine Use Conflicts 38 5.3 - Onshore Use Conflicts 39 6.0 SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATIONS 40 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 41 7.1 - Personal Communications 41 7.2 - References 42

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland ii

List of Appendices Appendix 1 Area of Interest: Leading Tickles Appendix 2 DFO time-series landing statistics, 1987-2001

List of Tables Table 1.1 Time-line of events in Leading Tickles MPA designation 2 Table 3.1.0 Current population profile for Leading Tickles 8 Table 3.1.1 Historical population profiles for Leading Tickles 8 Table 3.1.2 Resource Inventory for Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour 10 Table 4.2 Commercial aquaculture operations 15 Table 4.7.0 History of forest fires for District 8, 1986-2001 30 Table 4.7.1 Lumber production for District 8, 1999-2000 31

List of Figures Figure 2.1.0 Map of Regional area 5 Figure 2.1.1 Map of Economic Zone 12 6 Figure 4.1 Map of NAFO areas 14 Figure 4.2 Map of aquaculture areas 16 Figure 4.5.0 Map of Hunting Zones for migratory birds 21 Figure 4.5.1 Map of Hunting Zones for murres 21 Figure 4.5.2 Map of CCRI migratory bird areas 22 Figure 4.6.1 Map of and Bear Management areas 26 Figure 4.7.0 Map of Forest Management District 8 28 Figure 4.7.1 Map of land tenure in District 8 29 Figure 4.10 Map of oil and gas licences for offshore areas 34 Figure 5.1.0 Sewage outfalls 36 Figure 5.1.1 Shellfish closure areas 37

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland iii

List of Acronyms

AAC - the (Annual Allowable Cut) amount of wood permitted to be harvested in the province within a one year period to ensure the sustainablility and productivity of our forests.

AOI (Areas Of Interest)

CCG (Canadian Coast Guard)

CCRI (Community Coastal Resource Inventory)

CWS (Canadian Wildlife Service)

DFA (Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture)

DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans)

EVEDC ( Economic Development Corporation)

EVTA (Exploits Valley Tourism Association)

FFAW (Fish, Food, and Allied Workers Union)

MEQ (Marine Environmental Quality)

MPA (Marine Protected Areas)

NAFO (North Atlantic Fisheries Organization)

NAIA (Newfoundland Aquaculture Industry Association)

REDB (Regional Economic Development Board)

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In an effort to have an area surrounding the community of Leading Tickles in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, as an official Marine Protected Area (MPA), this draft report reviews the major social, economic, and cultural characteristics for the communities of Leading Tickles, Glovers Harbour, and its surrounding Region. The document was written in compliance with the Terms of Reference (TOR) developed to guide the collection and presentation of information relevant to describing the socio- economic characterizes for Areas Of Interests (AOIs). A combination of primary and secondary research efforts were carried out during the writing stage of this report. Primary research, included telephone interviews with relevant individuals, government agencies and organizations, and secondary research efforts focussed on reviewing pertinent documents relating to human use and development. This paper is a Working Document and is intended to aid Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) and local stakeholders in further decision-making and research. As further information is collected, relating to socio-economic and technical issues, this document will be updated before final publications are released.

1.1 Background Information

MPA History

In 1997, Canada adapted the Oceans Act, providing the DFO and stakeholders with the tools necessary to promote sustainable development in conjunction with integrated management planning. Under this Oceans Act, three complementary initiatives for conservation and protection of the oceans are outline.

The Marine Protected Areas program (MPA), a tool supporting the Government of Canada's Oceans Management Strategy, is designed to conserve and protect areas and resources of special interest. Section 35 (1) of the Oceans Act defines an MPA as:

"an area of the sea that forms part of the internal waters of Canada, the territorial sea of Canada, or the exclusive economic zone of Canada and has been designated under this section for special protection for one or more of the following reasons" (DF0,1999) (a) the conservation and protection of commercial and non-commercial fishery resources (e.g. marine mammals and their habitats) (b) the conservation and protection of endangered or threatened marine species, and their habitats; (c)the conservation and protection of unique habitats; (d) the conservation and protection of marine areas of high biodiversity or biological productivity; and (e) the conservation and protection of any other marine resource or habitat as is necessary to fulfill the mandate of the Minister (of Fisheries and Oceans Canada).

Stakeholders such as coastal communities, environmental organizations, or other individuals or groups, can approach DFO to propose that an area be considered under the MPA Program. Following a preliminary review, DFO may identify the proposed location as an Area of Interest (AOI). After being

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 2 identified as an AOI, DFO has the responsibility to investigate and identify the ecological, technical, and socio-economic merits of designating the area as a MPA.

As indicated above, one step in the evaluation of an AOI is the preparation of a detailed socio- economic assessment of the study area. A socio-economic overview provides baseline information based on published and non-published sources (e.g. interviews) that will help identify key attributes associated with the AOI. It is important that socio-economic overviews undertaken for different AOIs are consistent in level of effort and the types of information collected. These overviews can be updated periodically as new or more detailed information becomes available.

Leading Tickles AOI

In the fall of 1997, two proposing organizations, the Town of Leading Tickles and the Leading Tickles- Glovers Harbour Fisherpersons Committee, submitted a proposal to DFO to consider the marine waters surrounding Leading Tickles, approximately 50 km 2, as a MPA (Appendix 1). Both groups and local fishers, have recognized the need to conserve and protect commercial and non-commercial fishery resources and their associated habitats. Species of interest include cod, blackback flounder, capelin, and lobster. Areas of importance for marine birds have also been identified, as well as an offshore island of historical significance (BAI&RN, 2000). In June 2001, Leading Tickles was announced as an AOI in Canada's MPA Program. Table 1.1 gives a time-line of events thus far in the process of designating waters surrounding Leading Tickles as a MPA.

Table 1.1 Time-line of events in Leading Tickles MPA designation

Summer 1997 Community Meeting Fall 1997 Proposal Submitted DFO 1998 - Spring 2000 Correspondence DFO Fall 2000 Fall Experimental Lobster Fishery & Bathymetric Mapping Winter 2001 Planning Biophysical Overview Project Spring 2001 Steering Committee Summer 2001 Press Release A01 Workshop Winter 2002 Planning Socio-Economic Overview Project

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 3

Community Coastal Resource Inventory (CCRI)

A Community Coastal Resource Inventory (CCRI) was undertaken in the Notre Dame Bay region in 1997. That work detailed traditional fishing grounds, marine mammal resources, municipal infrastructure (e.g. sewage outfalls), coastal infrastructure (e.g. aquaculture sites, processing plants, navigation routes, government wharfs), and culture and tourism resources (e.g. historic sites, ship wrecks, recreation areas) related to the marine environment surrounding Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour. The information collected was based on interviews with local residents and is therefore considered traditional ecological knowledge. As a warning to users of CCRI information, the data collected has not been verified by DFO and thus should be used with some caution.

Various sections of this Overview make reference to this inventory, therefore readers should be aware of the potential misleading information that might be presented. However it is the opinion of the author that data referenced from the CCRI for the Leading Tickles study area is an accurate reflection of the resources that exist in the area. For further information on this system contact DFO.

1.2 Document Structure

This Overview is structured in the following manner. The next section of this overview (Chapter 2) describes the regional context, including Central Newfoundland, Notre Dame Bay, and Exploits Valley Economic Zone 12. Community profiles are described in Chapter 3 and details location, population statistics, and social and cultural history of both locations to present date.

The main chapter of this document (Chapter 4) describes the human use and development of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbours resources. It discusses first, marine resources including fish, marine flora, marine mammals, and marine related birds. It then reviews the human use and development of tourism and recreation, forestry, agriculture, mining and mineral processing, oil and gas activity, and manufacturing. For each section, a brief review of past and present use, potential future use, and management and planning mechanisms are outlined.

Chapter 5 describes resource use conflicts around Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour and related management issues. Chapter 6 gives a brief summary and recommendations to guide future research and decision making. The final section (Chapter 7) of the Overview lists all related personal communications and reference sources.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 4

2.0 REGIONAL CONTEXT

Scenic Notre Dame Bay, located on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, is situated between Fogo Island and Cape St. John, on the Baie Verte Peninsula (Figure 2.1.0). One of Newfoundlands most irregular shaped bays, the shoreline is deeply incised with finger-like projections and is spotted with more than 350 islands. Historically numerous fishing settlements, established by early Europeans dotted the coastline. Before their time, areas surrounding the were home to the , a now extinct group of natives, who hunted and fished the interior during winter months and exploited the rich marine resources along the coastline during summer months. Present day communities still rely heavily on the fishery as the mainstay of the economy, but have in the past, and continue in the future, to explore other resource and non-resource base options.

The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is divided into twenty economic zones each represented by a Regional Economic Development Board (REDB), organizations established to develop and expand new and existing business opportunities in each zone. Located in the provinces REDB Zone 12 (Figure 2.1.1), are two coastal communities, Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour. The Exploits Valley Economic Development Corporation (EVEDC), the REDB, have identified both communities as underdeveloped areas of the Exploits Region but acknowledge that they possess vast resources, tourism potential, and a rich history and culture (Butt, 2001). Over the years the corporation has worked closely with both communities to expand their economic sectors and initiate future development.

Exploits Valley Economic Zone 12 covers an area of 14,950 square km and is the 6 th largest zone by population according to 2001 statistics, with 26,941 persons. According to the EVEDC, the region is experiencing extensive economic growth, with major generators of income from the pulp and paper industry, service centres (e.g. business sector, port facilities, regional health care facilities), various lumber yards, retail sector, and small scale manufacturing (EVEDC, 1997). The zone also exhibits less dependancy on seasonal employment and transfer payments than many other economic zones.

The Exploits Valley benefits in terms of diversity from the presence of its regional service centre in Grand Falls-Windsor. Located 456 km west of St. John's and 272 km east of Corner Brook, Grand Falls is one of the major suppliers of newsprint to world centres. Here the main financial core can be found, including financial institutions, insurance agencies and brokers, and investment dealers. There are also a variety of services made accessible to the public, including several federal and provincial government services, full health care facilities, and core educational facilities. Grand Falls-Windsor also has core tourism attractions and recreational facilities. Visitors can spend time at the Mary March Regional Museum, Mary March Park, Beothuk Park Logging Exhibit, Corduroy Brook Enhancement Project, and the Salmonid Interpretation Centre. Recreation facilities are also located in and around the Grand Falls area including a 9-hole golf course, softball fields, curling clubs, arenas, and swimming pools. Other communities of interest located with the Region include the Towns of, Bishop Falls, who once had a long outstanding relationship with the (maintenance depot for the now discontinued `Newfie Bullet') and is presently a major manufacturing area for the region; , which is the major shipping port in the and in the early 1900s was chosen as the site for a Trans-Atlantic seaplane base and later the site of military opeiations during World War II. March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland Page 5

NOTRE DAME BAY

Leading Tickles West ading ooA Ticklts South

0.1 Glovers Harbou 6 0

Pfiradisg

Point Leamington

LABRADOR

QUEBEC Brown's Arm wisporte

Northern Arm

Botwood

Peterview

Norris Arm

Grand Falls - Windsor

0 10 20 kilometers

Figure 2.1.0 Map of Regional Area

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland Page 6

Figure 2.1.1 Map of Economic Zone 12

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 7

3.0 COMMUNITY PROFILES

3.1 Leading Tickles

The community of Leading Tickles is located on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, in central Notre Dame Bay (Figure 2.1.0). By road the community is approximately 490 km from St. John's, the provincial capital, and approximately 100 km from the Town of Grand Falls-Windsor, the nearest regional service centre. Established as a fishing and lumbering community in the early 1800s, the town was incorporated in 1961, has a total land area of 26.73 square kilometres and a current population of 453 individuals. Table 3.1.0 shows the most current population profile for Leading Tickles and Table 3.1.1 outlines historical populations based on various censes.

Like many Newfoundland communities, Leading Tickles name originated from its physical geography. A passageway between a group of islands and a mainland promontory, form a sheltered harbour or tickle. A rock, named by locals as the Ladle because of its resemblance to a device used for bailing boats, is located at the narrows. Consequently, when the community first appeared in census records, it was recorded in 1836 as Ladle Tickles, and in 1845 as Lading Tickles.

Original settlement was likely initiated in the late 1700s by a member(s) of the Rowsell family, a contention supported by the name of nearby Thomas Rowsell Island (ENL, 1997). Two brothers, Thomas Rowsell and George Rowsell were servants of Matthew Ward, a pioneer settler of Western Notre Dame Bay, who conducted a large trade in salmon and furs from New Bay and Halls Bay. Conflict often arose between these early settlers and the , an extinct tribe of natives who lived and travelled the Exploits area. In 1789, the Beothuks, seeking revenge, killed Thomas Roswell and beheaded him at New Bay.

According to the first census taken in Newfoundland, 15 people in two families lived at Leading Tickles, in 1836. Subsequent census returns reported population increasing rapidly from 98 people in 1845 to 399 by 1891 (ENL, 1997). At the turn of the century many smaller fishing settlements were growing around Leading Tickles. Census returns from 1911 show three distinct settlements, including Leading Tickles East and West, and Cull's Island.

The fishery, being the mainstay of the local economy, employed 111 men in 1884 including some 58 men engaged in the Labrador fishery (TNH, 2000). Increasingly as men diversified into the lumber industry and seal harvesting, the Leading Tickles area became recognized as a commercial centre with two merchants and three traders.

Unfortunately, the early 1900's saw a decline in the fishery throughout Newfoundland. Parallelling current trends, inhabitants departed the area in search of employment in neighbouring communities of Botwood, Grand Falls, , and eventually larger centres, including mainland Canada and the United States.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 8

Table 3.1.0 Current population profile for Leading Tickles

Characteristics Leading Tickles

Population in 2001 453

Population in 1996 513 1996 to 2001 population change (%) -11.7 Total private dwellings 188 Population density per square 16.9 kilometre Land area (square kilometres) 26.73

Source: Statistics Canada, 2002

Table 3.1.1 Historical population profiles for Leading Tickles

Year Total Population

1836 15

1845 98 1857 302

1891 399 1945 302

1981 641 1986 607 1991 564 1996 513 2001 453

Source: Statistics Canada Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 9

By the early 1970s, the Newfoundland fishery was experiencing economic recovery and with that brought a substantial influx of settlers. By the early 1980s the population had risen close to 650 people (ENL, 1997). Improvements to fish plant facilities and upgrades to fishing vessels soon followed. In the early 1990s, census reports still indicated most residents of Leading Tickles made their living from the inshore fishery of cod and lobster, or by logging for sawmills in the area and cutting pulpwood for the Grand Falls paper mill. The remainder worked in various service industries within the community and in neighbouring communities.

Throughout Newfoundland culture the church has always been an important symbol in many communities. The communities denominational makeup was predominantly Church of England, until the arrival of the Salvation Army in 1935 and the Pentecostal Assemblies in the 1970s. Presently there are two churches in the community. Two schools have been built, the first in 1891 and the second in 1901. The present elementary school is located in Leading Tickles and the highschool is located in Point Lemington.

The community of Leading Tickles is located at the end of Route 350, which branches off Route 1 (TCH), near Bishop Falls. Route 350 is approximately 71 km in length and was last upgraded in stages between 1970 and 1990. No future upgrades are scheduled, however sections of Route 350 have been given high priority in the Provincial capital program (R. Churchill, pers. comm.). A causeway, built in 1969, links Cull's Island to the mainland portion of Newfoundland. This causeway is approximately 100 meters from shore to shore including the bridge and although in need of some cosmetic work, is still in fair driving condition.

The Town of Leading Tickles presently does not own any land to develop. An application to the provincial Department of Government Services and Lands, Crown Lands Administration, would be necessary if the town would require additional land to develop.

The Town of Leading Tickles does have access to the internet via telephone lines (with the exception of high speed DSL). The town is currently connected to a single phase power system, with Newfoundland and Labrador Power as the utility supplier.

There are no aboriginal land claims or settlements within Leading Tickles or the surrounding region.

Refer to Table 3.1.2 concerning resource inventory for Leading Tickles.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 10

Table 3.1.2 Resource Inventory for Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour

Leading Tickles

Current Services Current Businesses Tourism Overview Important Land Features

Water Supply - Islandside Manor Ltd. Ocean View Park Green Island (possible Cookes Pond seabird habitat) Landfill site (open Roadside Convenience Community Festival Sculpin Island (possible burning) seabird habitat) Sewage (5 outfall Leading Tickles Iceberg and whale Burnt Island (possible pipes) Seafood Inc. watching Beothuk settlement) Town Council office Islandside Restaurant Oceanside Nature Trail and Take-out Volunteer Fire Islandside General East Tickle Trail Department Store Ltd. Post Office Gloria's Variety Elementary School (K-6) Anglican Church

Pentecostal Church Community Wharf

Slipway Fish Plant

Glovers Harbour

Current Services Current Businesses Tourism Overview Important Land Features Salvation Army May's Variety Community Festival Church Anglican Church Giant Squid replica Heritage Centre RowseII's Trail

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 11

3.2 Glovers Harbour

Located 12.5 kilometres from the community of Leading Tickles (Figure 2.1.0), Glovers Harbour is a basin situated at the head of the northeastern arm of Seal Bay south of Leading Tickles and is entered by a group of islands known as Thimble Tickle (TNH, 2000). The unincorporated community was not connected by road until 1962 and has primarily relied on the cod fishery as the main source of employment, supplemented by seasonal woods work. Population was estimated at 121 individuals in 1996 (NSA, 2001).

Glovers Harbour acquired its name as a tribute to once Governor of Newfoundland, Sir John Glover (1876-1881). The first settler of Glovers Harbour was Joseph Martin, a native of Harbour Grace, who came to the area in the late 1800s (ENL, 1997). Establishing his fishing premises on forested land, Martin cleared his claim for growing vegetables, and raising livestock.

Glovers Harbour made its mark on the world on November 2 of 1878. It was on this day Joseph Martin discovered a 333 kilogram Atlantic giant squid washed ashore. Its body measured 6.1 metres long and one of its tentacles measured 10.7 metres long (Carberry, 2001). This element of history is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records and is currently the communities major tourist attraction.

For the tiny community of 70 people, the small boat inshore fishery was the main source of employment, supplemented by winter work in the woods, until the late 60s and early 70s (ENL, 1997). Well documented are records of men participating in the Labrador fishery and seal hunt, as well as the operation of lobster factories and a commercial family-owned sawmill.

Once the road opened in 1962 connecting Glovers Harbour to Route 350, the advancement of opportunity increased within the community. Fish products could be transported to markets in Leading Tickles and , businesses & services offered by larger centres were easily accessible, and many families decided on resettlement from other nearby communities. By 1971, mainly as a result of a government resettlement program, the communities population reached 145 people (ENL, 1997). This influx of new residents from Lockesporte, Winter House Cove and Ward's Point, increased and altered the needs and services of the community.

After individuals moved from Lockesporte, Glovers Harbour eventually became a predominantly Salvation Army community. A citadel was erected in the community, which serviced as a church and school. When the people of Winter House Cove resettled in Glovers Harbour, their Anglican Church was floated from its old location on the neck of Winter House Brook, where it too served as a chapel and school. However, eventually both schools were closed and students were bussed to the elementary school in Leading Tickles and the high school in Point Leamington. Presently both denominations continue to practice in the community.

Refer to Table 3.1.2 concerning resource inventory for Glovers Harbour.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 12

4.0 HUMAN USE AND DEVELOPMENT

This section of the report describes the human use and development of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbours resources. It discusses marine resources including fish, marine flora, marine mammals, and marine related birds, as well as tourism and recreation, forestry, agriculture, mining and mineral processing, oil and gas activity, and manufacturing. For each section, a brief review of past and present use, potential future use, and management and planning mechanisms are outlined. A number of tables and maps are also provided to complement the information presented.

4.1 Fisheries

Past and Present Use

The commercial fishery has always been an important part of the economic and social makeup of coastal communities around Newfoundland and Labrador. Traditionally a predominantly salt cod trade, early fishermen in Notre Dame Bay engaged in an inshore fixed gear fishery. In 1857 for example, the community of Leading Tickles was producing 3450 quintals of fish (1 quintal = 100 kilograms) and 3080 gallons of cod liver oil (1 gallon = 3.79 liters) (Decks Awash, 1981). In more recent years however, the fishery in Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour has been dominated not only by cod but also by lobster, capelin, squid, and queen/snow crab. Information regarding official DFO time-series landing statistics, for the years 1987 to 2001 are outlined in Appendix 2.

As indicated above the economic make-up of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour revolves around the commercial fishery. Between 1987-1991 the total landed value of the fishery was estimated at $2,045,077, and between 1992-1996 and 1997-2001, approximately $2,321,984 and $5,751,697, respectively (however some landed values are not yet available for 2001) (A. Russell, pers. comm.). Between these same time periods lobster represented 40.9% ($4,137,838) of the landed value and crab represented 36.2% ($3,660,393), cod represented 7% ($710,945), caplin represented 6.8% ($689,547), and squid represented 3.6% ($363,221) of the landed value. Catch values for crab are attributed to changes in the Newfoundland and Labrador fishery after the announcement of the groundfish moratorium in 1992. The harvesting of queen and snow crab was not initiated until 1995 and since this time, as a result of fisheries diversification around the province and high market value and demand for crab products, this species has been harvested intensely. Finally, as a result of the 1992 moratorium fishers did lose a valuable commercial salmon fishery.

The community of Leading Tickles has one fish plant. The plant is presently owned by the Leading Tickles/Glovers Harbour Fisherpersons Committee, who then lease it to an operating company. Currently, Leading Tickles Seafood Inc. operates the plant, which is a hold-over area for products to be processed elsewhere. This plant is considered a non-core plant facility. Recent issues concerning the fishery in Leading Tickles include the lack of infrastructure for bait holding and cold storage, and the lack of 3 phase power (Butt, 2001). As it stands, Newfoundland Power is not willing to upgrade the single phase system which starts in Point Lemington, primarily due to the enormous costs involved (I. Sheppard, pers. comm.). It has been estimated that the total cost of developing 23 km of new March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 13 infrastructure needed for three phase power would be $400,000 (Butt, 2001).

The fishery has also been a major employer in the communities of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour. Presently an estimated 80 individuals are directly involved in catching fish species and an additional 20 are employed at the local fish plant (S. Ward, pers. comm. & S Hannam, pers. comm.).

Potential

The distribution of commercial fish stocks around Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour are reasonably well known and documented in the DFO CCRI. Further information on various stock status can be acquired from DFOs Science, Oceans, and Environment Branch. For instance, in 2001 a document published by DFO claimed there is considerable uncertainty about the structure of cod stocks in 2J+3KL (DFO, 2001a). According to the stock status report, the sentinel catch rates, commercial catch rates, and the fall research bottom-trawl survey data for inshore strata in 3K and 3L all indicate a downward trend in the biomass of commercial size fish. Recent efforts to improve the cod fishery of Leading Tickles also include the establishment of a cod farming operation near the community, information on this topic can be found in Section 4.2.

Since the collapse of the cod stocks and the closure of the cod fishery various departments in government have begun to look at alternative ideas in developing long-term employment for coastal communities. The development of new fisheries or the enhancement of under-utilized fisheries has been one avenue where government has been trying to diversify the future fishery of Newfoundland and Labrador. In the fall of 1999, the provincial and federal government announced a $10 million `Fisheries Diversification Program', focussing on diversification and environmental sustainability. Applications for this program are considered under four categories: emerging fisheries development; productivity and product enhancement; market intelligence and trade development; and environmental awareness and conservation Technology. According to a representative of the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leading Tickles has not participated in this program and no current applications are under review (G. Parsons, pers. comm.).

Management and Planning

Commercial fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador are managed by the various department in DFO. Using the latest research and stock status reports, DFO in consultations with fishers, industry representatives, government counterparts, and union boards (ie. the Fish, Food, and Allied Workers Union - FFAW), design management objectives and set the total allowable catch (TAC), quotas, licences, trap limits, etc, for North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) areas surrounding Newfoundland and Labrador. Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour are located in NAFO area 3K (Figure 4.1) Enforcement and compliance activities, including air and sea monitoring by DFO, industry funded dockside monitoring and unboard observers, and mandatory logbook records also play an important management role in promoting conservation and sustainability of various fishery resources.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland Page 14

Figure 4.1 Map of NAFO areas

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 15

4.2 Aquaculture

Past and Present Use

It is estimated that over 25% of the world's seafood production now comes from aquaculture. In 2000, Newfoundland and Labrador produced 2,724 metric tonnes of aquaculture product for a total farm gate value of $13,732,294 (DFA, 2000a). The province's primary species, include blue mussels, Atlantic salmon, rainbow/steelhead trout, and Atlantic cod. In 1999, the aquaculture industry employed approximately 261 people full time and 210 people part time (DFA, 2000b).

Located in rural and coastal areas, aquaculture production creates an environment that promotes employment opportunities and economic growth, both in the harvesting sector and support industries. The area surrounding Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour has been described as suitable for many aquaculture opportunities (B. Tompkins, pers. comm.). A list of commercial aquaculture operations surrounding Leading Tickles is presented in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2 identifies current locations of aquaculture sites around Leading Tickles.

Table 4.2 Commercial aquaculture operations

Name Location Species Harvested

Atlantic Ocean Farms Fortune Harbour Blue Mussels

Thimble Bay Farms Botwood Blue Mussels, Gaint Scallop, Oyster Hazen Chippett, et al. Ward Island Atlantic Cod Cross Bay Mussel Farms Seal Bay Blue Mussels

The tourism industry has benefited from the aquaculture industry through supplying local commercial needs to area restaurants. There are also a great many businesses in and around the Exploits Valley that have benefited from the aquaculture industry, including companies that manufacture shellfish socking and harvesting equipment, finfish cage construction and harvesting equipment, net manufacturing, and suppliers of rope, anchors, floats or bouys, and vessel construction (B. Tompkins, pers. comm. & EVEDC, 1997).

Potential

With abundant physical resources, skilled workers, and scientific and technical support, there is considerable potential for growth in the province's aquaculture industry (FPAWG, 1994) and for development around Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour. Potential resource conflicts concerning aquaculture are addressed in the Management Issues Section (Section 5.2).

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland Page 16

Commercial Aquaculture eAtlantic Cod (1) OBlue Mussels (31) •Giant Scallop (2) ORainbow Trout (1)

Notre Dame Boy

Leading Fortune Harbour Tickles9

Robe Arm CD -Glovers Harbour CO 0

Point Leamington

Point of-Bay

Botwood

Bishop Falls

0 10 20

Grand Falls - Windsor kilometers

Figure 4.2 Map of aquaculture areas

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 17

The following paragraphs outline some potential aquaculture operations for Leading Tickles which have been addressed in various published and unpublished sources.

Cod Farming Cod farming is showing economic potential in Newfoundland and Labrador. Cod farming provides the opportunity to obtain significant income value by growing-out cod for a period of 5 to 6 months. This grow-out period allows fish to double there weight in approximately 100 days, giving harvesters a chance to add value to their fishing quotas, selling them later in the season when market prices are higher. In Leading Tickles a site off of Ward Island has been designated for a cod grow-out operation. To date 6 individuals are registered on the licence for that site but they have been unsuccessful in obtaining their catch quotas (D. Rose, pers. comm.). The future of this operation and potential for other options will be discussed at up coming meeting with the EVEDC. Issues concerning this facility in the past have focussed on the lack of inexpensive bait and cold storage facilities, and the potential spin-off employment expected from the success of the project.

Blue Mussel Blue mussels occur wild throughout the coastal waters of Newfoundland. The physical geography of Notre Dame Bays coastline, including its protective coves and bays, is favourable for mussel production. According to a government representative, the Notre Dame Bay region is excellent for the culture of blue mussels due to the constant presence of the cold northern currents, which brings large amounts of nutrients south from the arctic region. Water temperatures in the summer can reach as high as 18 or 20 degrees Celsius. This fact, combined with the high nutrient levels, results in excellent growing conditions for blue mussels on the North East Coast (B. Tompkins, pers. comm.).

Leading producers surrounding Leading Tickles, include Thimble Bay Farms, Cross Bay Mussel Farms, and Atlantic Ocean Farms. Presently there are no commercial ventures in the Leading Tickles study area, however the geographical area surrounding Leading Tickles is ideal for a Blue Mussel aquaculture facility (Sutterlin et al., 1981).

Sea Urchin No sea urchin aquaculture projects take place within the Leading Tickles study area (B. Tompkins, pers. comm.). However sea urchin roe enhancement may have considerable potential for the Leading Tickles area (EVEDC, 1997).

Management and Planning

The provincial Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DFA) is the central licensing body for the aquaculture industry. The department administers the provincial Aquaculture Act, including regulations and enforcement, and encourages the development of new aquaculture initiatives. DFO also promotes and supports development of the aquaculture industry. Their responsibility is to ensure that the industry is managed properly with respect to the impacts of aquaculture activity on wild fish stocks and their habitat, public health, and the transport/transfer of live fish. These two governmental organizations have a Memorandum of Understanding which eliminates the duplication of services. The

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 18

Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) also works with DFA to ensure project proposals do not conflict with safe navigation in marine waters and that aquaculture sites comply with the Navigable Waters Protection Act.

There are also a number of organizations concerned with the planning and promotion of development opportunities. The Newfoundland Aquaculture Industry Association (NAIA) acts as an industry advocate coordinating research and development, training, and communication within the industry and between industry and government. The REDBs also work with government to identify the potential for economic development opportunities in the field of aquaculture.

4.3 Marine Flora

Past and Present Use

The plant life that exists around the coast of Newfoundland are found in the inter-tidal and deeper ocean areas. Plants found on shorelines are collectively known as "seaweeds". Harvesting of these green, brown, and red plants traditionally occurs after storm-wash activity, and common usage is for soil conditioner for crops and feed supplement for livestock.

Presently there is no active industry for seaweed harvesting in or around Leading Tickles, Glovers Harbour, or for that matter Notre Dame Bay (E. Way, pers. comm.).

Potential Use

In recent years government support for emerging fisheries, an effort to accommodate displaced harvesters and processors of the 1992 cod moratorium, has focussed on the potential for commercializing Newfoundland's kelp and seaweed resources. With the increased demand worldwide for these products, especially in the Orient, commercial and experimental harvesting and processing operations have been established at Isle aux Morts and Ramea (DFA, 2000c). Commercial markets for kelp and seaweed occur in the agriculture industry, the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, and for industrial uses.

Surveys have not been completed in Notre Dame Bay regarding the quantity of seaweed bio-mass available to support a commercial industry (E. Way, pers. comm.).

Management and Planning

DFO regulates the harvesting of seaweed under the Fisheries Act, and is responsible for issuing harvesting licences that must be renewed annually.

4.4 Marine Mammals

Past and Present Use March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 19

Historically marine mammals, including whales and seals, have been an important part of Newfoundland and Labrador's history. Presently primary use of marine mammals is either for harvesting or tourism purposes. During summer months in Notre Dame Bay, whales are quite easily spotted and have been the focus of tourism campaigns. Seals have been the focus of harvesting for subsistence and commercial value.

During the 18 th century, the summer fishery was supplement by heading north to participate in the winter commercial seal hunt. Men would battle the harsh conditions in search of food, fur, and oil. The sealing industry was a way of life for many Newfoundland outport communities until the upset of European markets occurred in the 1980s. Presently harp, hooded, ring, and bearded seals are some of the seals found in the waters off the coast of Notre Dame Bay.

The most common whales around Leading Tickles are humpbacks, minkes, and fins. Atlantic white sided dolphins and white-beaked dolphins are also often seen. The humpbacks are the most exciting to watch, often engaged in breaching, blowing and slapping their flukes on the surface. Humpbacks are an important tourist attraction and are usually found in Newfoundland waters from May to September, arriving in search of food.

Potential Use

Eco-tourism, or nature based tourism, is an expanding field. People are looking for vacations that will bring them closer to the natural environment and provide them with the opportunity to learn more about individual species and protecting resources through interactive study tours. Notre Dame Bay may have the potential to expand its tour guide industry and whale watching industry.

Management and Planning

DFO is responsible for managing marine mammals under the Fisheries Act. Within this act, the Marine Mammals Regulations section outlines the management and control of fishing for marine mammals and related activities. Currently DFO is inviting public comments on proposed changes to these regulations relating to the hunting of seals (DFO, 2002). Attempts to improve legislation regarding marine mammals and tourism are being investigated. However available scientific literature on long-term, negative impacts of whale watching on the conservation of whale and dolphin populations is lacking (Lien, 2001).

4.5 Marine-Related Birds

Past and Present Use

Newfoundland and Labrador has one of the largest seabird populations in the world and millions of birds nest here each year (Lock, et al. 1994). The combination of productive, nutrient rich marine environments and suitable physical terrain on many coastal islands accounts for the major breeding March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 20

grounds around both Newfoundland and Labrador. In accordance, traditionally certain species of birds have been the focus of subsistence hunting and egg gathering, and recently aggressive attempts have been made to market seabirds as tourism assesses in many coastal communities (EVEDC, 2002a).

Notre Dame Bay has been the focus of seabird and waterfowl harvesting by natives, explorers, colonizers, and residents over the years. The Beothuks, leading a particularly nomadic lifestyle, journeyed to coastal areas of Notre Dame Bay to harvest eggs and hunt birds. Earlier explorers, including Sir Humphrey Gilbert, landed on nearby Funk Island to replenish their food supplies with the Great Auk, a flightless bird which has since become extinction due to its ease of capture. Present day residents participate in a fall and winter hunt of most notably thick-billed and common murres, and common eider ducks. Figures 4.5.0 and 4.5.1 outline the hunting zones for migratory bird species in Newfoundland and Labrador. Other species commonly hunted in Newfoundland and Labrador include, mergansers, geese, snipe, oldsquaw and scoters.

There are no recorded seabird colonies around Leading Tickles, other than those noted as bird sites, in the DFO CCRI (Figure 4.5.2). Sculpin Island, Green Island and Mouse Island have been identified by local residents as locations where specific species nest. Specific seabirds seen around Leading Tickles include storm petrels, murres, puffins, common tern, arctic tern, greater shearwaters, scooty shearwater, northern Fulmar, northern gannet, herring gulls and great black-back gulls. The nearest major breeding site is Funk Island. Presently the island is a Provincial Ecological Reserve and is the most important seabird colony in the Atlantic Provinces (Lock et al., 1994).

Other marine-related birds include birds of prey and common shorebirds. Birds of prey include bald eagles and ospreys which have been spotted nesting on islands surrounding Leading Tickles and in Glovers Harbour. A determination of shorebird species is presently not documented, however it may be assumed that small coves with limited tidal flats possibly attract common Newfoundland species of shorebirds (LGL, 2001).

Potential

As indicated earlier, bird watching offers opportunities for eco-tourism. Local tourism operators give guided tours of colonies and point out various species to visitors when on the look-out for icebergs and whales.

Management and Planning

The management of migratory birds is coordinated through the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), a division of Environment Canada. The establishment of the Migratory Bird Convention (1916), the Canada Wildlife Act, and recent amendments concerning the Newfoundland and Labrador murre hunt, govern the harvesting of seabirds and water fowl (S. Gilliland, pers. comm.). Further information on this hunt can be found in the Newfoundland and Labrador Hunting and Trapping Guide 2000/2001.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Econornic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland Page 21

NORTH MN COASTAL

• NORTHERN INLAND

NORTHEASTERN COASTAL

AVALON•EURIN INLAND

AVALON-SIM:71N COASTAL

Figure 4.5.0 Map of hunting zones for migratory birds

Figure 4.5.1 Map of hunting zones for murres

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland Page 22

NOTRE DAME BAY

Leading Tickles West .0 • Fortune Leading Harbour o Tickle's to► South* 9. Cottrell's Cove .• LoCke—s Harbour

Point Leamington

Point.of Bay Brown's Arm - G,;:f3 Phillips Head

ei" Laurenceton Northern Arm

Bawood

I I II Peter'view JO I I I I I I

Norris Arm

Grand Falls - Windsor Marine Related Birds Eagle Bird Breeding Site yt Gull Guillemot 10 ; 20 kilometers

Figure 4.5.2 Map of CCRI migratory bird areas

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 23

4.6 Tourism and Recreation

Past and Present Use

Tourism is an essential component of the economy of Newfoundland and Labrador. Each year expenditures, including resident and non-resident travel (e.g. auto, air and cruise) total more than $600 million (GNL, 2001 a). The success of this industry to the province is primarily the result of, well planned special celebrations (e.g. Cabot 500, Vikings! 1000 year, Macroni celebration), new and enhanced transportation infrastructure (e.g. ferries, Trans Labrador Highway), aggressive promotion by tourism agencies, and continued advances in service quality. Recreational activities are also important attributes for local residents. The associated infrastructure and services, contribute to participants quality of life. The community resource inventory (Table 3.1.2) outlines the main tourism attractions for Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour.

Central Newfoundland has a rich history and cultural heritage, with a range of related tourist attractions and events. The slogan of the Exploits Valley Tourism Association (EVTA), 'Exploits - Wild and Free-', is a complementing phrase which narratively describes the potential elements the region has to offer. The Exploits Valley Salmon Festival is one of the main attractions for the region and the province, and plays a major role in promoting the region and its various features. It is estimated that the event bring in $1.5 million to the regional economy each year (EVEDC, 1997). In Leading Tickles, the community sponsors a major festival each summer usually held in early August. In previous years activities have included a parade through town, games of chance, bingo, BBQ specials, traditional meals, and a field dance. The community of Glovers Harbour similarly celebrates a community day, usually the last weekend in July and consists of similar events. As indicated earlier Glovers Harbour's main attraction is the Giant Squid replica and history surrounding it (M. Marsh, pers. comm.).

Stories of great ships that bowed to the elements off Newfoundlands water are well documented. There has only been one record of a shipwreck off the coast of Leading Tickles. On December 6, 1867, the Swansea, a 360 ton ship from Wales, left St. John's on a course to , a copper mining town on the Baie Verte Peninsula (Kelsey, n.d.). Four month later, remain of individuals where found on Gull Island. Scribbled notations found in the pockets of some cloths gave details of the horrific events that took place on December 12.

Ecotourism is becoming increasingly important in tourism development and management. Notre Dame Bay is well known in spring and summer months as a place where huge icebergs and spectacular whale sightings can be photographed. The breathtaking scenery, of a rugged coastline and nearby iceberg alley improve the nature experience people are more increasingly looking for. A number of operators currently offer interactive guided tours of these natural occurrences, including bird watching and educational aquaculture tours. Outdoor recreational pursuits can also be taken advantage of in the many bays and inlets of Notre Dame Bay. Increasingly sea kayaking and scuba diving adventures are filling this void.

The events and attractions described above and those to come are complemented by a range of tourism- March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 24 related infrastructure and services, including accommodations (hotels, motels, lodges, bed and breakfasts), food and beverage establishments, and other related services (craft shops). These tourism businesses provide a critical role in supporting the attractions and they enhance the quality of service that is expected by visitors. This is also where significant economic benefits from the tourism industry are realized including, sales, marketing and employment (EVEDC, 1997). In Leading Tickles, many of these services are limited or do not exist.

Communities in Central Newfoundland have also established and maintain their own recreational infrastructure and services. The Town of Leading Tickles operates a municipal park. Located on the north-east side of Cull's Island, 'Ocean View Park' offers free overnight camping on 12 unserviced sites. It has a playground, 2 log BBQ huts, a large building, 3 sandy beaches and a hiking trail approximately 1/2 km long up to a 200 ft look out. Recent funding, in the amount of $500,000, has been approved for park renovations for the spring of 2002, including up-grading of campsites to include water, sewer, and electricity (J. Preston, pers. comm.). The town also promotes two hiking trails, the East Tickle Trail which starts near the entrance of the town and is approximately 1 km in length and Ocean Side Nature Trail, which is supported by the EVEDC's Coastal Tourism Initiative program. This trail is scheduled to be 4 km in length but only 2 km have been constructed to date. There is also an un-marked hiking trail near Glovers Harbour called Rowsell's Trail.

Various trail networks including logging roads, former railbeds, and other trail systems are utilized by community members for winter snowmobiling and summer ATVing in Newfoundland. Plans to extend the East Tickle Trail system are presently underway. This upgrade will provide a linkage to the trail system in Point Lemington, allowing access then onto Botwood and other networks around the island. Snowmobiling has been identified as a growing sector of Newfoundland's tourism industry and snowmobiling associations continue to develop a groomed trail system similar to that which exists in other provinces. Winter months also provide activities such as cross-country skiing and ice fishing

Fishing and hunting are also important recreational activities around Leading Tickles, as well as being important to its tourism industry. Between June and early September, approximately 22,000 residents and 1,600 non-resident anglers prosecuted the recreational salmon fishery in Newfoundland and Labrador on more than 176 scheduled salmon rivers (DFO, 2001 b). Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour are located in Atlantic Salmon Management Area 4. There are no scheduled salmon rivers in the Leading Tickles study area, however nearby rivers, including Western Arm River, Mill River, and the Exploits River offer some of the best Atlantic salmon fishing in Newfoundland. Central Newfoundland also offers unspoiled wilderness, with many lakes and ponds suitable for trout fishing on shore or in various watercrafts. Fishing at the mouth of rivers for anadromous trout is also possible around this area. Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour are located in Trout Angling Zone 1, which covers the entire province. Further information on Angling in the province can be found in the Angular's Guide 2001 produced by DFO (DFOc, 2001).

The abundance of wildlife within the Exploits Valley provides opportunities for both consumptive and non-consumptive tourism. Large populations of wild game, including moose and black bears, as well as small game, waterfowl, and seabirds are well represented. These resources provide hunting

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 25 opportunities for both local residents and non-residents, who take advantage of many outfitting operations which are located in this area, (e.g. Ocean Side Country Lodge operating in Point Lemington). Packages offered through various outfitters consist of licensed guides, transportation, traditional home cooked meals, and lodging. Big Game outfitting is an important sector of the economy of Newfoundland and Labrador and draws an annual $40 - $44 million (D. Chaisson, pers. comm.). Leading Tickles is located in moose management and bear management District 15 (Figure 4.6.1). In 2001, open season on moose hunting began on September 8 to December 8 and 1700 licences were issued. Bear bag limit is one bear per licence and open season for the fall of 2001 was September 8 to October 27 and spring season is scheduled for May 11 to July 13 of 2002. Further information on hunting activities, including big game and small game, can be found in the Newfoundland and Labrador Hunting and Trapping Guide 2000/2001 (DFRA, 2001). For information concerning the hunting of migratory birds refer to Section 4.5.

As a result of the closure of the groundfish fishery in 1992, residents of Newfoundland had no access to a traditional groundfish fishery. Access to a Recreational Food Fishery was reinstated on a limited basis in 1996, with the fishery being held over two or three designated weekends. However, concerns over safety, as a result of weather and sea state conditions during these designated periods, promoted DFO to announce a Marine Recreational Licence pilot programme for the summer of 2001 (DFO, 2001d). Consequently, the recreational fishery for 2001 ran from July 18 to September 19. Given the concern around the status of the stocks by government and industry, individuals were permitted one licence with 30 tags providing access to a maximum of 30 cod over the entire season. Additionally, recreational licences were sold at all Canada Post outlets throughout Newfoundland and Labrador for a fee of $10, with proceeds from the issuance of the licences going to administering the program, enforcement, and conservation awareness. While there has been no specific data collected on the amount of cod taken from the recreational fishery, 2000s estimated total for 2J3KL was about 500 tonnes (DFO, 2001a).

Potential

Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour recognize the potential their communities have to offer visitors and the potential tourism has at creating significant seasonal employment (EVEDC, 1997 and BAI&RN, 2000). In recent years both communities have attempted to promote their area as a tourist destination (EVEDC, 1997; Carberry, 2001; L. Rowsell, pers. comm.; J. Perston, pers. comm.; Butt, 2001). Both communities have also sought funding to purchase infrastructure to improve their attractions. Leading Tickles for example has looked into the purchase of an old general store in the community in an effort to turn the facility into a Heritage Centre. At this point in time they have not been successful at purchasing the property (L. Rowsell, pers. comm.). As well, the town also explored the potential of a seaquarium, a doughnut-shaped interpretative centre which would give visitors a 360- degree view of an ocean environment. Unfortunately this project did not receive funding from HRDC (L. Rowsell, pers. comm.). In Glovers Harbour, the recreation committee has purchased a house to create a Heritage Centre, designed to promote the giant squid replica (Mills, 2000).

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 26

Management and Planning

The development and promotion of tourism activity in central Newfoundland is the responsibility of many organizations, including the EVTA, EVEDC, private businesses, municipalities, and the provincial Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation. Annual vacation guides are produced by the EVTA

Deer Lake pkip Windsor Grand Falls

Corner Brook Gander

Figure 4.6.1 Map of moose and bear management areas

Source: Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods and the Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation, showcase community events, tourism operations, accommodations, and cultural events.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 27

Other government departments and agencies have direct or indirect responsibilities for managing or regulating various aspects of tourism and recreation, especially hunting and fishing activities. The provincial Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods administers the provincial Wildlife Act, DFO administers the Fisheries Act and Fishing and Recreational Harbours Act, and CWS administers the Canada Wildlife Act.

4.7 Forestry

Past and Present Use

Historically, forestry has been an important commercial sector in the Newfoundland and Labrador economy. Development of logging and sawmill industries in central Newfoundland have played important roles in the social and economic make-up of the area, especially for residents in and around the Grand Falls-Windsor Paper Mill, currently operated by Abitibi-Consolidated Inc.. The current forest industry is centered on primary commodity products, (e.g. newsprint and lumber). Domestic harvesting for fuel wood has also been heavily utilized by residents of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour.

Several key initiatives in the late 1800s and early 1900s are credited with the economic success of Central Newfoundland. The development of the sawmill industry in Notre Dame Bay began in the mid-1800s. By the 1890s there were several important lumber mills at Point Leamington, Botwood, Norris Arm, and Campbellton who employed men from surrounding areas (ENL, 1997). In 1905, the British Harmsworth brothers established the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company to begin construction of a pulp mill at Grand Falls. Later in 1909, the start up of that mill dramatically affected all of central Newfoundland. A huge number of seasonal jobs became available in the lumber camps and provided an important source of winter work for fishing communities like Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour (ENL, 1997). The company also built a shipping port at Botwood, which was connected to Grand Falls by a 22 mile railway. Presently there are approximately 600 people employed at the Grands Falls-Windsor mill and at operations in Botwood and Bishops Falls (EVEDC, 1997).

Leading Tickles study area is located in the provinces Forest Management District 8 (Figure 4.7.0). District 8 covers a total area of 282,800 Ha, of which approximately 212,800 Ha (75.12%) is forested and 128,000 Ha (60.2%) is considered productive forest. The Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) established by the Newfoundland Forest Service for District 8 is 760,800 m 3 solid (total volume of wood fibre), however this figure is presently under review (A. Boyde, pers. comm.). There are also a number of logging roads in the District, including 4 main access roads which branch off the Botwood Highway. The main commercial harvesting areas include Southern Lake & Big Lake. Figure 4.7.1 shows land tenure for District 8.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 7K

Western Region

5

"'Western Region ElEastern Region DLabrador Region Eastern Region

Figure 4.7.0 Map of Forest Management District 8

March 21, 2002

District 8 Land Tenure 1:120,000

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-• .... •.-•-_•-•••••• ..... ••"••-_-_•-••••-• 0 3.75 7.5 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 30

The province of Newfoundland is divided into 9 ecoregions and 17 subregions, within which the relationship between plants and their environment is basically the same (DFRA, 1998). District 8 is a part of two ecoregions, the North Shore and Central. Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour lie in the North Shore ecoregion, which is a narrow coastal zone along the northern part of REDB zone 12. These ecoregions are important because they help managers classify site productivity and species composition.

Human induced forest fires are also prevalent in District 8 (D. Hewitt, pers. comm.). Table 4.7.0 outlines the history of forest fires in this district from 1986 to present.

Table 4.7.0 History of forest fires for District 8, 1986-2001

Year Total Area Burnt (ha) Cause Total Man-made Lightning 1986 2,254.50 21 1 22 1987 16 25 25 1988 14.4 12 12 1989 142.1 21 1 22 1990 1.5 18 1 19 1991 11 9 9 1992 9.1 11 11 1993 0.7 5 5 1994 39.1 9 9 1995 0.9 6 6 1996 1 5 5 1997 0.8 5 1 6 1998 7.5 7 1 8 1999 8.9 13 3 16 2000 0.9 6 6 2001 12.1 6 6 12 Total 2,520.50 179 14 193

Source: Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods, Forest Protection Centre

Sawmilling is the second largest manufacturing activity in the province's forest industry (S. James, pers. comm.). The most recent statistics available for sawmill activity in District 8 are for the fiscal year 1999-2000. Tables 4.7.1 outline some of the more relevant data available from Forest March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 31

Engineering and Industry Services Division of the Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods.

Table 4.7.1 Lumber Production for District 8, 1999-2000

Total # of Domestic Intergrated Sawmill Commercial Production Total Production Mills Production Production 122 127,423 fbm 42,260,000 fbm (3 mills) 4,580,877 fbm (58 mills) 46,968,000 fbm 55,400,000 fbm * (3mills) * 2000-2001 statistics fbm = feet board meters Source: Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods, Forestry Engineering and Industry Services

Exploitation of forest resources mainly in coastal areas was initiated by early settlers and migratory fishermen. Balsam fir and black spruce were used to build stages, flakes, wharves, storage sheds, boats, and houses (ENL, 1997). Presently, local residents engage in domestic fuel wood harvesting as an economical fuel source for home heating, mostly in the vicinity of their communities. The number of domestic fuel wood permits issued in District 8 for 2001 was 2700, for a total of 45,815 m 3 solid (A. Boyde, pers. comm.).

Potential

It appears likely that forest harvesting, particularly commercial activity, will continue in the study area in the next decade. However by far the biggest challenge to the forest industry of Newfoundland and Labrador is an adequate wood supply to maintain the demands of Newfoundland's three paper mills, numerous sawmill operations, and local domestic cutting needs (DFRA, 1998).

Management and Planning

The general objective of governmental forest policy is to manage the forest for timber while being consistent with other resource management objectives, sound environmental practices, and the principle of sustainable development. At the district level three plans are prepared to guide forest management & planning: (A) Management Plan Report Outlines strategy for managing the district and relies on the provincial strategy document for direction. (B) Five Year Operating Plan The Five-Year plan outlines on a 1:50,000 scale maps where forest management activities (e.g. timber harvesting, sivilculture, road construction) will occur over that time period. (C) Annual Work Schedule Identifies specifically, where forest management activities will occur for the year

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 32

The District Management Plan Report and Five-Year Operating Plan are prepared through a consultative process where different interests are represented on a planning team. These teams are comprised of resource managers (e.g. commercial operators, governmental agencies), local organizations (e.g. REDBs, Newfoundland and Labrador Lumber Association, environmental groups) and the general public who assist the district manager in preparing the plan. District 8 is currently in the process of this consultation process for its new 5 year plan, which should outline forest management in the district for 2003-2008. Prior to this plan, District 8 did not have a 5 Year Operating Plan (A. Boyde, pers. comm.).

4.8 Agriculture

Commercial farming is not present in Leading Tickles or Glovers Harbour. Traditionally, early settlers of Glovers Harbour cleared small amounts of land for raising vegetables and livestock. Historically, nearby Point Lemington and Pleasantview were engaged in the agriculture sector. Pleasantview for example, became a major food producer for the Tilt Cove copper mining operation.

According to an Agrifoods representative, the topography and soil quality surrounding Leading Tickles is not suitable to commercial rootcrop activities (B. Rowsell, pers. comm.). The only potential would be livestock production.

Presently the closes commercial farming activity to Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour is in Point Lemington, where there is a hog farm and poultry farm, and an assortment of root crops.

4.9 Mining and Mineral Processing

Central Newfoundland has been at the forefront of exploration and development activities in commercial mining since the late 1800's (EVEDC, 2002b). Due to the tremendous mineral potential of the region, there are presently in excess of 30 companies exploring areas of the Exploits Valley. Historically the Lockport mine, located near Glovers. Harbour, was the site of small scale mining operations in the late 19 th century (ENL, 1997). Currently Altius Minerals Corporation has claim to the property and has been conducting a number of successful surveys in the area.

Copper-bearing mineral deposits are found in various locations around Newfoundland and in Labrador. In the late 1800s copper mining exploded across the province and especially in the Notre Dame Bay area. The first copper deposits in Notre Dame Bay were discovered by Smith McKay in 1857 (Martin, 1983). Primary mining techniques involved blasting and then striking away barren rock from rich ore portions with a hammer. Evidence of this historic production were found at test sites used by Altius Resources Inc. Ore from the area was probably transported to a larger processing facility in Tilt Cove on the Baie Verte Peninsula (Martin, 1983). Work by Fogwill (1965) further documented geology in the area and gave estimates on reserve percentages of zinc and copper (EVEDC, 2002b).

The geology of this area consists of volcanic rocks, highly prospective in volcanogenic massive March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 33

sulphide (VMS) mineralization and alteration associated with copper, zinc, gold, and silver (Altius, 2002). Recently the site has been explored and core samples taken from the ground show promising potential. At the present time however, Altius Minerals Corporation is concentrating on other projects and is in search of new partners for future development of the Lockport site. Company officials maintain that the site still has excellent potential and they will maintain a close working relationship with individuals in the community (R. Churchill, pers. comm.). Any future economic spin-off from the operations of mineral development are sure to be directed towards the Glovers Harbour and Leading Tickles area.

4.10 Offshore Oil and Gas Development

Oil and gas activity in the province has recently been experiencing significant developments and opportunity, expanding economic wealth for Newfoundland and Labrador. Offshore development initiated in the mid-1960s, has resulted in the development of the Hibernia and Terra Nova sites. Activity on a third potential development, White Rose, is expected to begin development in late 2004 using a floating production storage and offloading system (GNL, 2001 a). This activity throughout the province in oil development and exploration, including activity on land, will continue to build a sustainable industry for years to come. See Figure 4.10 for oil and gas licences for offshore areas.

The potential for development of this industry around Leading Tickles is extremely low (D. Hicks, pers. comm.). Currently there are no offshore land holdings as indicated in the Canada-Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Boards Annual Report (2000-2001) (CNOPB, 2001).

4.11 Manufacturing

Manufacturing shipments for Newfoundland and Labrador for 2000 were estimated at $2.14 billion (GNL, 2001 a). Closer to home, the Exploits Valley Region is recognized as a leader across Canada in the development and diversification of non resource-based manufacturing. The Exploits Manufacturing Initiative (Bishop's Falls Development Corporation) lists approximately 39 manufacturing businesses in the Exploits Valley Region (EVMI, 2001).

There are currently no manufacturing activities in Leading Tickles or Glovers Harbour (J. Fancy, pers. comm.). In Leading Tickles, the lack of three phase power has hindered opportunities for future investment in the manufacturing sector, including expansion of the local fish plant and the establishment of a tannery proposed by Superior Gloves Ltd., located in nearby Point Lemington.

Organizations concerned and responsible in the development of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbours manufacturing sector include, the provincial Department of Industry, Trade, and Rural Development, the Town of Leading Tickles, the Exploits Valley Development Corporation, the Exploits Manufacturing Initiative, local manufactures, and related organizations (e.g. Canadian Manufactures & Exporters)

March 21, 2002

Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland

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March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 35

5.0 MANAGEMENT ISSUES

This section of the report provides an overview of management issues related to Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour. Issues addressed concern, onshore and nearshore discharges of domestic sewage and industrial effluent (Section 5.1), marine use conflicts, including those between different fisheries, between fisheries and aquaculture, and between aquaculture and other marine uses (Section 5.2), and concerns about onshore use conflicts (Section 5.3). For each section a brief review of past and present use, potential future use, and management and planning mechanisms are outlined.

5.1 Pollution

Onshore and Nearshore Discharges of Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents

Globally there is considerable concern about onshore and nearshore discharges of domestic sewage and industrial effluents, their effect on the marine and coastal environments, and their users. Many communities around Newfoundland, including Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour, lack primary and secondary sewage treatment facilities. In Leading Tickles, the community has 5 separate outfalls that discharge raw sewage into the marine environment as indicated in (Figure 5.1.0). Key issues concerning sewage outfalls relate to bacterial contamination of shellfish areas and decreases in aesthetic value, resulting in a loss of recreational tourism benefits. In the Leading Tickles study area, areas subjected to shellfish closures are indicated in (Figure 5.1.1) and concerns over aesthetic value near outfall sites have not been addressed or identified in any published or unpublished sources.

Pollution from other point sources, including designated landfill sites, agriculture, forestry, mining and minerals processing, offal and detritus from fish processing and aquaculture operations, construction, and periodic industrial activity can present a range of marine pollution problems. DFO is currently in the process of identifying Marine Environmental Quality (MEQ) concerns for the Leading Tickles study area. Some of the points to be highlighted include:

- Atmospheric deposition from airborne emissions; including burning from a local landfill site and nearby community incinerators, effluent from the Grand Falls-Windsor paper mill, and aerial pesticide spray programs for forest management; - Water borne contaminants; effluent discharged from fish plant facilities, sewage outfalls, landfill sites, sawmill operations, the Grand Falls Paper Mill, golf courses, aquaculture operations, and historic mining activities; - Accidental discharge of chemicals and increased siltation from construction activities and other periodic industrial activities.

Management Consideration Considering the population around Leading Tickles has been declining since the early 1990s, and will most likely continue to decline, future increases in domestic sewage are unlikely. Also considering the local fish plant has seen a decline in the amount of fish processing and is not considered a core fish processor, future increases in associated fish processing wastes are unlikely. As such, the feasibility of March 21, 2002

Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 3 6

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Figure 5.1.0 Sewage outfalls

March 21, 2002

Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 37

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March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 38 an expensive sewage treatment facility is unlikely to be supported by levels of government unless new technologies become available.

The management of environmental quality falls under the jurisdiction of many federal and provincial governmental departments. In the case of aquaculture facilities, the provincial Aquaculture Act outlines guidelines for strict compliance. As well, DFO and Environment Canada jointly administer the Canadian Shellfish Sanitation Program with supplementary assistance from the Department of National Health and Welfare. Other government agencies are responsible for legal requirements concerning land use activities (e.g. road construction, agricultural practices, and forest harvesting) near water body areas. In the event of new project proposals, which may affect the overall environmental quality of the Leading Tickles study area, acts, regulations, and guidelines have been established by both the provincial and federal Departments of Environment to address concerns.

5.2 Other Marine Use Conflicts

Open space competition and navigational conflicts resulting from possible collisions are important issues in marine water bodies. Surrounding the Leading Tickles study area, a number of vessels utilize the waters of Notre Dame Bay. Local fishing vessels, recreational pleasure crafts, and vessels shipping paper products and importing oil products to the port at Botwood make-up the bulk of the traffic. In Canadian waters the use of VHF radios is a major means of communication for vessel operators and the CCG. Designated channels provide weather conditions, indicate marine hazards, and allow vessels to converse with one another or contact the CCG, to avoid collisions or minor mishaps. The Navigable Waters Protection Act guides the use of vessel navigation in coastal waters surrounding the Leading Tickles study area.

Pollution concerns resulting from minor, major, or chronic oil spills are also important issues in marine water bodies. A number of acts, regulations, and guidelines, including the Canadian Shipping Act, the Fisheries Act, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act, and the Navigable Waters Protection Act, apply to oil and gas related activities in Canadian waters. Concerns over oil spills in marine areas surrounding the Leading Tickles study area have not been addressed or identified in any published or unpublished sources.

Aquaculture operations can also present a significant navigational hazard to vessel users. Aquaculture operations are required to meet regulations stipulated in the Aquaculture Act and comply with the Navigable Waters Protection Act. However the potential exists for other users (e.g. recreational boaters and fishers) who lack a knowledge of navigational rules concerning aquaculture, to damage not only aquaculture gear but also their own vessels.

There are also potential conflicts between different fisheries and between fishing and aquaculture which warrant mention. As a general example, conflicts between different fisheries may result from the disposal of fish wastes in shallow waters. This act, which provides an alternative food source for benthic species, may have a effect on lobster catches. Potential resource conflicts can also exist over aquaculture operations. These conflicts are usually concerns from the public or fishers with respect to March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 39 accessing recreational boating areas, traditional fishing grounds, and cabin areas or view concerns with local cabin owners. These conflicts are resolved using discussion, compromise, and following the provincial Sharing Coastal Resources management plan (B. Tompkins, pers. comm. & DFA, 1998). To date, no conflict has arisen over the cod grow-out facility near Ward Island (D. Rose, pers. comm.) or from near-by blue mussel aquaculture sites (B. Tompkins, pers. comm.).

5.3 Onshore Use Conflicts

Specific onshore resource use conflicts (e.g. forestry, agriculture, and mining) have not been identified through published or unpublished sources.

As indicated above the management of environmental quality falls under the jurisdiction of many federal and provincial governmental departments and a number of acts, regulations, and guidelines exist to address onshore use conflicts.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 40

6.0 SUMMARY & RECOMMENDATIONS

Following the social and economic challenges that resulted from the collapse of the groundfish sector, many difficult lessons have been learned about the importance of conservation and sustainable utilization. It is from this evaluation that the fishers of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour decided to express an interest in having a portion of their marine environment established as a MPA. DFO, in accordance with the Oceans Act, has initiated the development of their request and commissioned this write-up of a socio-economic overview for the study area.

The information highlighted in the previous sections, detail the social, economic, historical and cultural elements of human activities related to the Leading Tickles AOI. With this information stakeholders can identify management and planning issues and determine how the establishment of an MPA would be affected by the presence of these human aspects. Consequently, assessing the effects of establishing an MPA in Leading Tickles/Glovers Harbour is beyond the scope of this paper and further collaboration between DFO and stakeholders is needed before a socio-economic assessment can be prepared.

- Further work may be warranted, detailing an overview of key species harvested in the study area. Information from the Biophysical Overview, prepared by LGL Limited, would be relevant in this case. This endeavour would give enhanced background information to Steering Committee members on specific species, especially those cited as justification for the Leading Tickles/Glovers Harbour MPA. Contact DFO representatives in St. John's, Newfoundland for stock status information: Snow Crab - Earl Dawe @ 772-2094 Lobster - G.P. Ennis @ 772-2094 Cod - George Lilly @ 772-0568 Caplin - J. Carscadden @ 772-5541 - Further work should be commissioned to investigate the validity of Burnt Island, located within the Leading Tickles AOI, as an important historic settlement of the Beothuk Indians. - Contact was made with DFOs Licencing & Appeals Department. According to Tom Perry (contact @ 772-3657) the Chief, Licencing & Appeals representative, Jackie Cobbs (contact @ 772-4032) the Acting Regional Licensing Clerk has been forwarded the information requested for (a) the number of vessels registered in Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour, (b) the sizes of those vessels, and (c) the major licences each vessel holds.

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 41

7.0 BIBLOGRAPHY

7.1 Personal Communications

Boyde, A. Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods - Conservation Officer, Lewisporte, NF

Chaisson, D. Department of Tourism, Culture & Recreation - Outdoor Product Development Officer, Corner Brook, NF

Churchill, R. Altius Minerals Corporation - Lands Manager, St. John's, NF

Gilliland, S. Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), Environment Canada - Waterfowl Biologist, Mount Pearl, NF

Fancy, J. Exploits Valley Manufacturing Initiative - Manager, Bishop's Falls, NF

Hannam, S. Leading Tickles Seafood Inc. - Manager, Leading Tickles, NF

Hewitt, D. Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods - Forest Protection Centre, Gander, NF

Hicks, D. Department of Mines & Energy - Energy Branch, Policy & Strategic Planning Division, St. John's, NF

James, S. Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods - Forestry Engineering and Industry Services (sawmills), Corner Brook, NF

Marsh, M. Chair of the Local District for Glover's Harbour, Glover's Harbour, NF

Parsons, G. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DFA) - Fisheries Field Officer, Wesleyville, NF Preston, J. Town of Leading Tickles - Administrator, Leading Tickles, NF

Rose, D. Exploits Valley Economic Development Corporation - Natural Resource Officer, Grand Falls - Windsor, NF

Rowsell, B. Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods - Agriculture Representative, Gander, NF

Rowsell, L. Leading Tickles MPA - Coordinator, Leading Tickles, NF.

Russell, A. Department of Fisheries and Oceans - Statistics Division, Senior Statistics Officer, St. John's, NF

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 42

Sheppard, I. Newfoundland Power - Senior Technician, Grand Falls -Windsor, NF

Tompkins, B. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DFA) - Aquaculture Field Officer, Grand Falls -Windsor, NF

Ward, S. Leading Tickles/Glover's Harbour Fisherpersons Committee - Secretary, Leading Tickles, NF

Way, E. Department of Fisheries and Oceans - Program Planning & Coordination, Fisheries Management, Senior Advisor Emerging Fisheries, St. John's, NF

7.2 Reference List

Altius ( Altius Minerals Corporation). (2002). Central Newfoundland Zinc Project: Lockport. St. John's, NF. http://www.alt-min.com .

BAI&RN (Blackmore and Associates Inc., and Resource North). (2000). An Area of Interest for a Pilot Marine Protected Area: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland. St. John's, NF.

Butt, A. (2001). Economic Development Potential For The Towns Of Leading Tickles, Northern Arm, & Point Lemington. Grand Falls-Windsor, NF: Joint Economic Development Committee & Exploits Valley Economic Development Corporation.

Carberry, N. (2001). Giant squid makes second landing in Glover's Harbour. Advertiser, vol.65, n.63. Grand Falls-Windsor, NF.

CNOPB (Canada-Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Board). (2001). Annual Report 2000-2001. St. John's, NF.

n.a. (1981). Leading Tickles. Decks Awash, 10 (5). p.12.

DFA (Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture). (2000a). Newfoundland and Labrador Fishing and Aquaculture Industry Highlights - 2000 (preliminary). www.gov.nf.ca/fishaq/Industry/Fact.htm

DFA. (2000b). FAQs - How many people are employed by aquaculture in the province. www.gov.nf.ca/fishaq/FAQ.htm

DFA. (2000c). The New Fishery... Diverse and Dynamic: Seaweed. St. John's, NF:

www.gov.nfcaJfishaq/publications/newfishery/newfishery.htm#FISHERIES

DFA. (1998). Sharing Coastal Resources: A study of Conflict Management in the Newfoundland and Labrador Aquaculture Industry. St. John's, NF: Aquaculture Component of the Economic Renewal Agreement. March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 43

DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans). (2002). Proposed Changes to Marine Mammals Regulations Related to Seals Published in Canada Gazette. Ottawa, Ont.: News Releases http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/newsre1/2002/hq08_e.htm

DFO. (2001a). Northern (2J+3KL) Cod: Stock Status Report A2-01. St. John's, NF: DFO Science. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/csas/status2001/a2-01e.pdf .

DFO. (2001b). Recreational Salmon Intergrated Fisheries Management Plan 1999-2001. St. John's, NF

DFO. (2001c). Angler's Guide 2001. http://www.nfl.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm/rmirecfish/ang_guide_01/default.htm

DFO. (2001 d). Backgrounder: Atlantic Recreational Fishing Licence Program For Groundfish, B-HQ- 01-70(179). http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/backgrou/2001/hq70(179)_e.htm

DFO. (1999). National Framework for Establishing and Managing Marine Protected Areas. Ottawa, Ont.

DFRA (Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods & the Newfoundland Forest Service). (1998). 20 Year Forestry Development Plan 1996-2015. St. John's, NF.

DFRA (2001). Newfoundland and Labrador Hunting and Trapping Guide 2000/2001. St. John's, NF.

ENL (Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrdaor). (1997). Leading Tickles, Glovers Harbour, Grand Falls, Seal Bay, Lockesporte, Winter House Cove, Ward-Matthew, Forestry, Pulp and Paper Manufacturing. http://enl.cuff.com .

EVEDC (Exploits Valley Economic Development Corporation). (1997). Strategic Economic Plan for the Exploits Valley Region: Economic Zone 12. Grand Falls-Windsor, NF.

EVEDC. (2002a). Birdwatching in the Exploits Valley. http://www.exploitsvalley.nf.ca/birding/default.htm

EVEDC (2002b). Mining and Dimension Stone. http://www.exploitsvalley.nf.ca/mining/ .

EVMI (Exploits Valley Manufacturing Initiative). (2001). Exploits Valley Manufacturing: Our Manufacturers. Bishop's Falls, NF. http://www.exploitsmanufacturing.nEca/our_manufacturers.php3 .

FPAWG (Federal/Provincial Aquaculture Working Group). (1994). Aquaculture Growing Opportunites: A Discussion Paper on the Future of the Newfoundland and Labrador March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 44

Aquaculture Industry.

GNL (Government of Newfoundland and Labrador). (2001 a). The Economy 2001. PDF File. St. John's, NF: Department of Finance, Economics and Statistics Branch. http://www.gov.nf.ca/Budget2001/economy/contents.htm .

Kelsey, J. (n.d.). The tragedy of the QUEEN OF SWANSEA at Gull Island, Peninsula, Newfoundland. http://websites.ntl.cim —winemaker/queen_of swansea.htm

LGL (LGL Limited. Environmental Research Associates). (2001). A Biophysical Overview of Leading Tickles, Notre Dame Bay (unpublished). St. John's, NF.

Lien, J. (2001). The Conservation Basis for the Regulation of Whale Watching in Canada by the Deparment of Fisheries and Oceans: A Precautionary Approach. Can. Tech. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2363. p. vi + 38.

Lock, A.R., R.G.B. Brown, S.H. Gerriets. (1994). Gazetter of marine birds in Atlantic Canada: an atlas of seabird vulnerability to oil pollution. Prepared for Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), Atlantic Region. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

Martin, W. (1983). Once Upon A Mine: Story of Pre-Confederation Mines on the Island of Newfoundland. Montreal, Quebec. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/environment/mine/default.html .

Mills, J. (2000). Famed squid means new tourism dollars. The Advertiser, v. 64, (65). Grand Falls- Windsor, NF. p.1.

NSA (Newfoundland Statistics Agency). (2001). Population of Communities by Economic Zone: Newfoundland and Labrador, 1991 and 1996 Census. St. John's, NF: Department of Finance, Economics and Statistics Branch. www.nfstats.gov.nfica/statistics/Census_PDF/EconomicZone.pdf

Sutterlin, A., D. Aggett, C. Couturier, R. Scaplen, and D. Idler. (1981). Mussel culture in Newfoundland waters. Marine Science Research Laboratory Tech. Rep. 23, pp. 82.

TNH (The Newfoundland Herald). (2000). Salute to Newfoundland Communities: Leading Tickles, vol.55, no.2 & Glovers Harbour, vol.55, no.8. St. John's, NF

March 21, 2002 Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 45

APPENDIX 1

March 21, 2002 LEADING TICKLES The Town of Leading Tickles is located in Notre Dame Bay on the Northeast coast of the island of Newfoundland. The rugged coastline consists of rocky headlands, coves, and beaches bordered by several large islands including Burnt Island, Cull Island, and Alcock Island. The waters surrounding Leading Tickles support a vast array of marine diversity including various species of groundfish, pelagic fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and aquatic plants. The numerous islands in the area provide habitat for marine waterfowl such as eider ducks, black ducks, terns, and the recent return of the American cormorant.

The people of Leading Tickles and nearby Glovers Harbour have benefited from their proximity to these rich marine resources. The commercial fishery continues to be the basis of the local economy with lobster, crab, and groundfish species currently the most valuable. It is the value of the marine resources that prompted the people of Leading Tickles and Glovers Harbour to approach Fisheries and Oceans Canada to implement measures that will ensure the conservation of the local species and their habitat.

In 1997, the Town of Leading Tickles, with the support of the Leading Labrador Sea Tickles-Glovers Harbour Fisherpersons Committee, presented a proposal to Fisheries and Oceans Canada to consider the marine waters surrounding Leading Tickles (approx. 50 km 2 ) as a Marine Protected Area (MPA) under the Oceans Act. With the support of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the local fishers have identified key species and habitats that may require special protection.

Atlantic Ocean In June 2001, Leading Tickles was officially announced as an Area of Interest (AO') in the Marine Protected Area Program. Fisheries and Leading Tickles Oceans Canada is committed to working with the sponsors and stakeholders in the ongoing development and further evaluation of this Newfoundland site as a potential Marine Protected Area. This site offers Fisheries and

St. John's Oceans Canada an opportunity to work in partnership with fishers, local interest groups, and other provincial and federal departments en towards a common goal of ocean conservation.

For further information please contact: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Oceans Programs Division, Newfoundland Region P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, NF A 1 C 5X1 www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceanscanada

Fisheries and Oceans Peches et Oceans Canada Canada Canada.

Zones de protection marines

LEADING TICKLES

La yille de Leading Tickles est situee sur les rives de la baie Notre Dame, sur la cote nord-est de l'ile de Terre-Neuve. La cote, accidentee, est ponctude de caps rocheux, d'anses et de plages et bordee de plusieurs grosses Iles parmi lesquelles figurent les Iles Burnt, Cull et Alcock. Les eaux de ce secteur recelent une faun et une flore marines d'une diversite remarquable; on y trouve de nombreuses especes de poisson de fond, de poissons pelagiques, de mollusques, de crustaces, de mammiferes marins et de plantes aquatiques. Les nombreuses Iles avoisinantes abritent diverses especes d'oiseaux de mer comme l'eider, le canard noir et la steme; le cormoran y est egalement depuis peu de retour.

Les residants de Leading Tickles et de l'agglomeration voisine de Glovers Harbour ont su firer profit de la proximite de ces precieuses ressources. La peche commerciale continue d'être a la base de l'economie locale, les especes les plus prisees etant le homard, le crabe et le poisson de fond. C'est parce qu'ils sont conscients de la grande valeur de ces ressources que les residants de Leading Tickles et de Glovers Harbour ont demande au ministere des Peches et des Oceans Canada d'adopter des mesures pour assurer la conservation des especes locales et de leur habitat.

En 1997, la vile de Leading Tickles a presente, avec l'appui du Leading Mar du Labrador Tickles-Glovers Harbour Fisherpersons Committee, une proposition au ministere des Peches et des Oceans Canada afin que les eaux entourant Leading Tickles (superficie d'environ 50 km 2) soient designees Zone de protection marine (ZPM) en vertu de la Loi sur les oceans. Avec l'aide du Labrador Ministere, les pecheurs locaux ont determine quelles especes et quels habitats Ocean atlantique pourraient avoir besoin d'une protection speciale.

En juin 2001, le ministere des Peches et des Oceans Canada a annonce la designation officielle de Leading Tickles comme site d'interet dans le cadre de son Programme de ZPM. Le Ministere s'est engage a travailler avec les promoteurs et les intervenants pour faire de ce site une ZPM. II a ainsi l'occasion de travailler en partenariat avec les pecheurs, les grouper d'interet locaux et St John's 100 d'autres ministeres des gouvemements federal et provincial a la conservation Ion des oceans.

Pour plus d'information : Peches et Oceans Canada, Division des programmes sur les oceans, Region de Terre-Neuve C.P. 5667, St. John's, Terre-Neuve A 1C 5X1 www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceanscanada

Peches et Oceans Fisheries and Oceans I*1 Canada Canada Canada . Socio-Economic Overview: Leading Tickles, Newfoundland 47

APPENDIX 2

March 21, 2002 Numbers and Values of Landings (Kgm), Shellfish and Groundfish species: Leading Tickles/Glovers Harbour

Shellfish 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 19921 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Lobster 33,693 33,982' 51,418 44,391 41,146 30,190 36,119 36,119 27,734 151,098 128,867 66,051 930,006 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 367,339 244,623 235,779 244,411 285,962 206,050 242,430 242,430 230,922 284,587 413,593 322,786 345,522 303,336 168,068 4,137,838 Landed Value Crab, Queen/Snow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19,950 123,323 101,169 608,560 1,246,301 1,062,437 1,101,913 4,263,653 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 109,955 297,217 198,515 269,979 879,250 1,035,940 869,537 3,660,393 Landed Value Crab, Spider/Toad 0 0 28,980 0 0 22,328 51,308 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 0 32,022 0 0 4,348 36,370 Landed Value Squid, IIlex 7,421 14 59,285 42,142 37,433 57,487 448 424 0 303,518 161,144 35,814 29,223 734,353 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 1,761 78 10,500 7,603 13,854 20,728 148 144 0 202,725 100,654 2,958 2,068 363,221 Landed Value Mussels 45 94 124 0 0 0 0 1,307 272 0 0 1,842 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 40 120 110 0 0 0 0 1,152 240 0 0 1,662 Landed Value Scallop, Iceland 0 0 495 0 0 495 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 0 680 0 0 680 Landed Value Scallop, S 0 610 0 0 0 610 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm . 0 323 0 0 0 323 Landed Value Whelks 2,205 2,205 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 25 25 Landed Value Shrimp 926 926 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 247 247 Landed Value

Groundfish 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Cod, Atlantic 31,159 8,829 21,544 23,652 6,149 1,259 6,545 1,066 5,683 32,434 0 525,906 927,913 173,481 182,832 1,948,452 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 23,657 4,443 10,329 13,697 5,523 694 4,041 753 5,301 29,680 0 178,328 315,067 58,832 60,600 710,945 Landed Value Cod, Rock 0 0 105 0 0 105 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 0 117 0 0 117 Landed Value American Plaice 7,932 3,800 9,862 7,589 3,620 190 0 34 3,101 187 0 584 873 1,129 24 38,925 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 4,243 5,745 5,745 4,384 2,157 113 0 19 2,559 122 0 101 148 186 4 25,526 Landed Value Winter Flounder 3,027 1,149 2,748 2,996 0 0 0 390 2,509 589 3,036 150 370 73 17,037 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 1,001 342 814 892 0 0 0 120 1,499 414 376 19 46 9 5,532 Landed Value Cunners 43 43 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 79 79 Landed Value Skate 173 20 17 322 532 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 250 49 6 19 324 Landed Value Catfish 82 6 6 0 0 0 4 49 93 240 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 21 1 1 0 0 0 84 3 5 115 Landed Value Greysole 0 180 0 0 0 180 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 107 0 0 0 107 Landed Value Turbot 30 3139 1327 1464 997 0 0 0 0 0 0 216 9455 6086 22,714 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 28743 1405 671 921 857 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 31142 1990 65,800 Landed Value Salmon 3812 1897 2853 2634 339 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,535 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 17179 8315 13911 11712 1543 0 0 0 0 0 0 52,660 Landed Value Redfish 5182 348 5,530 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm I 687 47' 734 Landed Value 7 Numbers and Values of Landings (Kgm), Pelagic species and Miscellaneous products: Leading Tickles/Glovers Harbour

Pelagics 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Trout 0 23 20 0 0 43 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 34 45 0 0 79 Landed Value Capelin 124 161432 147933 413900 516150 695412 33931 0 191 268021 184169 762006 1114639 477746 4,775,654 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 16 92194 39662 76397 97788 148051 20129 0 55 49080 26905 41777 68243 29250 689,547 Landed Value Eels 95 0 0 459 34 0 315 213 127 39 0 1,282 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 316 0 0 2179 150 0 1361 911 693 234 0 5,844 Landed Value Herring 26282 18009 17146 240238 112932 127938 21320 13129 39888 23857 0 22952 663,691 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 3415 2382 2268 30738 14939 22323 2350 1447 7914 4208 0 606 92,590 Landed Value Mackerel 328 138579 29392 16167 272 651809 7788 170 3318 0 0 1420 44259 893,502 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 60775 22968 6065 7128 66 134770 1716 38 1680 0 0 145 1270 236,621 Landed Value

Miscellaneous 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Tongues 0 45 45 68 182 0 0 290 65 0 0 119 35 849 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 100 100 150 424 0 0 722 162 0 0 54 0 1,712 Landed Value Lump Roe 0 0 0 23 41 100 184 168 0 289 225 368 1563 10123 13,084 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 50 95 334 974 937 0 1914 994 167 773 4591 10,829 Landed Value Cod Roe 754 368 1,122 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 208 167 375 Landed Value Beater 0 53 99 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 412 126 38 134 48 1,018 Num 0 596 735 620 0 0 0 0 0 0 213 2330 333 1349 1272 7,448 Landed Value Bedlamer 21 95 82 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 153 62 37 12 464 Num 201 1028 295 0 0 0 0 9 0 1288 477 315 180 3,793 Landed Value Old Harp 18 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 30 81 Num 189 110 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 178 192 677 Landed Value Yound Hood 0 14 0 0 0 0 14 Num 0 194 0 0 0 0 194 Landed Value Old Hood 1 7 7 0 0 0 15 Num 14 107 76 0 0 0 * 197 Landed Value Ringed/Jar 1 1 Num 8 8 Landed Value Seal Meat 0 0 0 4025 11243 11406 26,674 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 0 0 0 2246 2619 771 5,636 Landed Value Penis 11 5 16 Num 188 75 263 Landed Value Fat 3625 3,625 Landed Amt/Rd/Kgm 247 247 Landed Value