Ekologia Kulturowa Część ENG FINAL
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CULTURAL ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVES AND INTERPRETATIONS Kinga Czerwińska, Anna Drożdż, Maciej Dzięgiel, Monika Kujawska, Maciej Kurcz, Łukasz Łuczaj, Katarzyna Marcol, Grzegorz Odoj, Magdalena Szalbot Katowice 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Maciej Kurcz, Katarzyna Marcol Preface …………………………………………………………………………….…………………………… ......5 I Introduction Grzegorz Odoj Cultural Ecology – Concept a nd Method ……………………………….............………. ........................... 10 II The Ethno-ecological Research of the Past and the Present Monika Kujawska, Łukasz Łuczaj The Vegetal Resources Management by Rural Population of the Second Republic of Poland. The elaboration conducted on the basis of surveys gathered by Adam Fisher ............................................28 Anna Drożdź Požehnaní host’, čo si si zaujal, abiz mau dost’ – the folk ways of counteracting the effects of fire in narrations of the correspondents of Ethnographic Atlas of Slovakia . ………..…………………………. 53 Maciej Kurcz Ecology, Culture and Change in the Middle Nile - About the role of the river within the North Sudan folk culture …………………………………………………….…….................................…….. .........73 III Ecology, Tourism, Art Katarzyna Marcol Ecology - Tourism - the Cultural Heritage. The Modern Beskids’s Pastoralism in the Balanced Development………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 106 Kinga Czerwińska In search of the Lost Symbiosis. Matter of the Relation between Design and Nature …………… …127 Magdalena Szalbot Towards a Museum Ecology ………………… .......……………………………………………………… ….146 IV Examples of Revitalization Practices Maciej Dzięgiel The Methodology of Development of chosen Post-industrial Structures for Ecological, Touristic and Recreational Purposes on the Example of Cracow and the Surrounding Area …………………….. 159 The Authors of the Volume ……………………………………………………………………...…..182 Summaries …………………………………………………………………………………… ... ……185 Preface Man and his culture remain the inherent parts of environment and the relations that occur between them are uniquely complex. On the one hand the nature shapes human behaviours, influences on the social relations, energizes the economic and cultural development; however, on the other hand human actions influence and modify nature. The civilization changes lead to profound and permanent transformations of the natural environment. Man colonised the world and transformed it into a global ecumene. These processes are still in progress and become more and more visible. We are thus constantly improving our technology - the primary instrument of progress and civilization. It is crucial to remember though that technology brings as many benefits as it brings risks. Especially nowadays, the list of the latter ones is disturbingly long: devastated landscape, smog, water contaminated with industrial toxins, non-renewable waste - these are just a few of representative examples. Advanced technology caused many ecological crises, like the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 or massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. The task of the cultural ecology is to explain the mutual relation between man – a being shaped by society and a creator of culture - and the environment. It explains how anthropos was able to adapt to almost every possible habitat and how it happened that it took control of the ecosystem and rearranged it almost completely. Cultural ecology leads to understanding of these processes from a particular perspective. It investigates the relation between culture and ecosystem taking into consideration both the time and space parameters. This methodology has accompanied the cultural anthropology - of which cultural ecology is an inseparable part - practically since the very beginning. The environmental determinism, which is a view that ecology has an important influence on the quality of human life while culture is itself an adaptive mechanism, is an old scientific tradition which dates back to the times of ancient Greece and ancient China. Today it is already known that the issue of the human - nature relation is far more complicated. This knowledge stems from, among others, significant theoretical and methodological achievements of scientists and the anthropological contribution in this subdiscipline comes from the elaborations of scientists like: Daryll Forde, Julian Steward, Leslie White, Edmund Leach, Roy Rapport, Roy Ellen or Clifford Geertz. Even today, a numerous group of anthropologists, who represent almost every school and trend, deal with the ecological aspect of human existence. Many disciplines include ecology within the scope of their research field. Each of those disciplines perceives ecology either from biological or socio-cultural perspective. The present study is a set of essays, the authors of which focus basically on the latter perspective (we do acknowledge, at the same time, that biology is at least of the same importance in this regard). The primary objective of our work is to present anthropological aspect of the ecology studies. Above all, we placed emphasis on showing its multidirectionality. Though it is not a complete or a model image. In the presented collection of texts we can encounter both certain local and global perspectives. The issue of concern is how the traditional culture used and adapted itself to the natural environment as well as the issue of reclamation of the lands that were transformed by men to the extreme. Various research perspectives were applied in the presented texts. However, they are connected by common issues and a joint anthropological point of view. The volume begins with an introduction to the theory of the cultural ecology and an attempt to familiarize the readers with its basic concepts, notions and assumptions (“Cultural Ecology – the Concept and Method”). In this part, the names of scientists that have had certain achievements in this scientific field are presented, in particular Julian Haynes Steward, a propagator of an innovative concept of cultural ecology. In the second part of the hereby monograph, authors present and analyse the botanical and ethnographic source materials. This section contains explications of ethno-botanical collections based on the surveys elaborated by Adam Fisher and gathered in the years 1929-1934, as well as the ethnographic interviews that were conducted in the years 1971-1975 and which are included within the Ethnographic Atlas of Slovakia. In the chapter “The Ethno -ecological Research of the Past and the Present” the text that contains the issue of the relation of Nile and the North Sudan folk culture is presented. The third part of the volume - “Ecology, Tourism, Art” - is dedicated to the concept of the balanced development. From this perspective the issue of the environment and culture friendly tourism in the context of the reborn pastoralist economy is raised (“Ecology - Tourism - the Cultural Heritage. The Modern Beskids’s Pastoralism in the Balanced Development”). In a ddition, the chapter presents studies of examples of ecological activities at the intersection of science and art: the first text refers to the international project dedicated to designers “Wool Design. Carpathians”; while the second elaboration refers to the concept of eco-museum implemented by Museum of Palace at Wilanów. The volume ends with an analysis of the examples of revitalization practices on the post-industrial areas. Finally, we would like to emphasize to all the readers that this publication could be published thanks to the EEA Grants and Norway Grants subsidies within the framework of “Scholarship and Training Fund.” Financial mechanism. The aim of this project was to create a new specialty of “Cultural Ecology” at the University of Silesia’s I nstitute of Ethnology and Anthropology of Culture, at the faculty of ethnology. This monograph, being one of the results of the project activities, is meant to help understand the assumptions of cultural ecology and is dedicated not only to students of the ethnology and cultural anthropology, but also to everyone interested in the ecological aspect of human existence.. The elaborated contents of this volume are both of scientific and didactic nature. The authors, by describing the analysed cases, indicate examples of good practices and present the effects of their field study. Thanks to this exemplification the presented works are not only theoretical, but also strictly connected with practice. The “Cultural Ecology. Perspectives and Interpretations” publication is meant to show the importance of actions being taken to protect the environment, indicating a direct relation between the state of environment and the state of the quality of life. We believe that thanks to this knowledge, students will be able to become in the future valuable associates of various government and non-government institutions, cultural institutions, commercial enterprises working in support and for the benefit of the environmental use and protection and the associated with them cultural heritage. We also hope that every reader, having read this publication, will become a more conscious member of the social life, making responsible choices and representing a lifestyle that remains in conformity with the assumptions of ecology. Maciej Kurcz Katarzyna Marcol INTRODUCTION GRZEGORZ ODOJ Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of Culture University of Silesia in Katowice CULTURAL ECOLOGY – CONCEPT AND METHOD The precise and accurate explanation of the term “cultural ecology” and unequivocal indication of the epistemological-methodological status of this scientific field may cause