„The Epic American... – Garry Winogrands Blick Auf Die USA“

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„The Epic American... – Garry Winogrands Blick Auf Die USA“ „The Epic American... – Garry Winogrands Blick auf die USA“ Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) von der KIT-Fakultät für Architektur des Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation von Aline Vanessa Bruand, M.A. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 01.10.2020 Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Martin Papenbrock 2. Prof. Dr. Oliver Jehle Impressum Herausgeberin: Aline Vanessa Bruand Layout und Satz: Aline Vanessa Bruand Coverbild: © Paul McDonough for Garry Winogrand The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco 1. Auflage, Karlsruhe, November 2020 © Copyright 2020, Aline Vanessa Bruand Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist – mit Ausnahme des Covers, der Bilder und der Grafiken – lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung – Nicht kommerziell – Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International Lizenz (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DE): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de 1 Danksagung Mein besonderer Dank gilt Für die akademische sowie persönliche Betreuung und Unterstützung am KIT Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fakultät für Architektur, Institut für Kunst und Baugeschichte Prof. Dr. Martin Papenbrock Prof. Dr. Oliver Jehle Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Wagner Helga Lechner Nina Dürr Für Ideen, Interview und die Bereitstellung von Textmaterial Prof. Klaus Honnef und Gabriele Honnef-Harling Für die Unterstützung im Archiv, Bereitstellung zahlreicher Medien aus dem Archiv des Center for Creative Photography University of Arizona und für die konstruktiven Gespräche Leslie Squyres, Archivist and Head of Research Emily Una Weirich, Associate Archivist for Digital Initiatives & Team Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Für die Unterstützung im Archiv, die Bereitstellung zahlreicher Medien aus dem Archiv des Museum of Modern Art, New York Michelle Elligott, Chief of Archives & Team Archive of The Museum of Modern Art, New York Für die konstruktiven Gespräche und Hilfestellung bei der Recherche in dem Archiv des Museum of Modern Art, New York Martin Hartung Für die Bereitstellung und Nutzung von Reproduktionen aus dem Nachlass von Garry Winogrand, Faenkel Gallery, San Francisco Rebecca Robertson, Press and Permissions & Team Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco 2 Für die persönliche Korrespondenz, die Reproduktion und Bereitstellung von Abbildungen Don Eddy Für die persönliche Korrespondenz, die Reproduktion und Bereitstellung von Abbildungen Robert Frank Maureen McLaughlin, PACE/MACGILL GALLERY, New York Für die persönliche Korrespondenz, die Reproduktion und Bereitstellung von Abbildungen Ed Ruscha Zoë Roché, RUSCHA STUDIO Für die persönliche Unterstützung Hanna Bruand, Michel Bruand und meiner gesamten Familie Für die persönliche Unterstützung, die konstruktiven Gespräche und gemeinsame Archivaufenthalte Benjamin Endres, Dipl.-Ing. Für konstruktive Gespräche und Lektorat Yvonne Hasel, M.A. Stefan Kirrstätter, Studiendirektor Für die Gestaltung des Covers Selina Becker, M.A 3 1. Einführung...............................................................................................................5 1.1. Erarbeitung der Fragestellung „The Epic American...“ – Garry Winogrands Blick auf die USA 12 2. Garry Winogrands Blick auf die USA..................................................................20 2.1. Kurze Übersicht über zentrale Motiv- und Themenfelder in den Fotografien und Projekten 20 2.2. Erste Annäherung an Bildaufbau und Fotoästhetik Garry Winogrands 22 3. Biografie, künstlerischer Werdegang und Rezeption ........................................24 4. Übersicht der Werkgruppen Garry Winogrands und exemplarische Kurzanalysen einzelner Aufnahmen............................................................34 4.1. Frühe Arbeiten 34 4.2. „The Animals“, Ausstellung und Publikation, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1969 38 4.3. „Woman Are Beautiful“, Ausstellung und Publikation, Light Gallery, New York, 1975 40 4.4. „Public Relations“, Ausstellung und Publikation, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1977 45 4.5. „Stock Photographs: The Fort Worth Fat Stock Show and Rodeo“, Monografie, University of Texas Press, 1980 48 4.6. „Winogrand. Figments from the Real World“, Ausstellung und Publikation, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1988 52 4.7. „Arrivals and Departures. The Airport Pictures of Garry Winogrand“ Monografie, Distributed Art Publishers, New York, 2004 58 4.8. Setfotografie 61 4.9. Späte Arbeiten 1980 bis 1984 68 5. Künstlerischer und sozialgeschichtlicher Kontext............................................71 5.1. Die politische Lage ab den 1920er bis 1960er Jahren in den USA 71 5.1.1. Franklin D. Roosevelt und der New Deal 74 5.1.2. Die politische Lage der 1960er und 1970er Jahre in den USA 76 5.2. Die Entwicklung der Fotografie in den USA 82 5.2.1. Die Selbstdarstellung der USA in der Fotografie 82 4 5.2.2. Herausbildung einer amerikanischen Ikonografie durch die Arbeit der Farm Security Administration 86 5.2.3. Die Fotografie wird zur Populärkultur – „The Family of Man“ 93 5.2.4. Von Pictorialism zu Straight Photography 95 5.2.5. John Szarkowski und die Straight Photography 97 5.2.6. Ein neuer Pluralismus – American Documentary, Social Documentary, Social Landscape und die US-amerikanische Street Photography 99 5.2.7.The New Documents – Walker Evans, Robert Frank, Diane Arbus und Lee Friedlander 121 6. Künstlerische Tendenzen in Kunst, Film, Literatur und Musik der 1960er und 1970er Jahre und mögliche Bezüge zu Garry Winogrands Arbeiten...................................................................139 7. Ästhetische Konzepte in den Fotografien Garry Winogrands........................153 7.1. Die Farben der Fotografie 153 7.2. Aberrationen als stilbildende Mittel in der Fotografie: Die Schnappschussästhetik – Ausschnitt, Fragment und Detail 156 7.3. Verfahren der Sinnstiftung und Analogiebildung – Das Unheimliche 159 7.4. Etablierung von Themen- und Motivfeldern – Die Reise, die/der Passant*in und die Anonymität 163 7.5. Perspektiven einer neuen Ära – Der „windshield shot“ 169 7.6. The Epic American... – Garry Winogrands subjektiver Blick 172 8. Schlussbetrachtung............................................................................................175 9. Anhang.................................................................................................................184 9.1. Literaturverzeichnis 184 9.1.1. Monografien und Ausstellungskataloge Garry Winogrand (in chronologischer Ordnung) 184 9.1.2. Portfolios Garry Winogrand (in chronologischer Ordnung) 185 9.1.3. Literatur (in alphabetischer Ordnung) 186 9.1.4. Artikel und Zeitschriften (in alphabetischer Ordnung) 197 9.1.5. Internetquellen (in alphabetischer Ordnung) 198 9.2. Abbildungen (nach Reihenfolge in Publikation) 199 5 1. Einführung „Zum ersten Mal – einem rigorosen Determinismus entsprechend – entsteht ein Bild der Außenwelt automatisch, ohne das kreative Eingreifen des Menschen. Die Persönlichkeit des Fotografen spielt nur für die Auswahl und Anordnung des Objektes eine Rolle, und auch für die beabsichtigte Wirkung. Wenn auf dem fertigen Werk Spuren der Persönlichkeit des Fotografen erkennbar sind, so ist diese dennoch nicht vom gleichen Rang wie die des Malers.“1 Nachdem sich die Fotografie im 19. Jahrhundert zunächst entwickeln und als neues Medium etablieren musste, waren spätestens seit der Jahrhundertwende die wichtigsten Verfahren und Apparaturen allgemein bekannt. Die Fotografie entwickelte sich stetig weiter, es folgten die Einführung von kleineren und flexibleren Kameras, lichtempfindlicherem Filmmaterial, speziellen Objektiven und nicht zuletzt der Farbfotografie, prinzipiell folgten aber bis zu den Anfängen der digitalen Fotografie um 1970 keine tiefgreifenden Veränderungen. Hinsichtlich der Verwendung von fotografischen Bildern änderte sich der Gebrauch der Fotografien, sie waren nicht länger nur als visuelle Belege von Identität und bürgerlichem Status, als Sammler- sowie Kunstobjekte und dergleichen gefragt. „Vielmehr wurde die Fotografie ›entdeckt‹ als ein Medium des kulturellen und nicht nur individuellen Gedächtnisses.“2 Ob die Fotografie ein wissenschaftliches Instrument zum Erfassen von Wirklichkeit oder Kunst sei, entwickelte sich kurz nach ihrer Einführung zu einer Streitfrage, auf die je nach Kontext unterschiedliche Antworten gegeben werden müssen. Auch heutzutage bleibt die Frage offen, denn noch immer wird die Fotografie für beides – künstlerischen Ausdruck und einer möglichst objektiven Repräsentation von Realität, eingesetzt. 1 Zitat Bazin, André in Schröter, Jens „Das ephemere Detail und das Maschinelle“ in Schnell, Ralf; Stanitzek, Georg (Hrsg.): Ephemeres. Mediale Innovationen 1900/2000. Seite 85-86 2 Zitat Ruchatz, Jens in Böger, Astrid in Decker, Christof (Hrsg.) Visuelle Kulturen der USA. Zur Geschichte von Malerei, Fotografie, Film, Fernsehen und Neuen Medien in Amerika. Seite 118 6 Die Fotografie stand von Beginn an mit etablierten Künsten insbesondere mit der Malerei in Konkurrenz, um die angemessenere und damit einer geeigneteren Form der zweidimensionalen Wirklichkeitsdarstellung. Während sie in der Zeit nach ihrer Einführung vor allem als ein mechanisches Instrument zur präzisen Wirklichkeitserfassung diente, entwickelte sich seit etwa 1850 ein künstlerisches Interesse an fotografischen Bildern, das weit über eine reine Abbildungsfunktion hinausging.3 Schneider und Grebe formulieren in „Wirklich wahr! Realitätsversprechen von Fotografien“ aus dem Jahr 2004 „Fotografie [...] ist vielmehr die apparativ generierte
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