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Journal of Threatened Taxa PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication A diversity of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from a cashew ecosystem in Kerala, India Mamparambath Subramanian Smitha & Ambalaparambil V. Sudhikumar 26 September 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 13 | Pages: 16879–16884 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5973.12.13.16879-16884 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2020 | 12(13): 16879–16884 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5973.12.13.16879-16884 #5973 | Received 10 April 2020 | Final received 11 September 2020 | Finally accepted 17 September 2020 S h o A diversity of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from a cashew ecosystem in r t Kerala, India C o 1 2 m Mamparambath Subramanian Smitha & Ambalaparambil V. Sudhikumar m u 1 College of Hortculture, Vellanikkara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India. n 2 i Centre for Animal Taxonomy & Ecology, Department of Zoology (DST-FIST), Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, c Kerala 680125, India. a 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected] t i o n Abstract: An exhaustve study was conducted to document spider fauna The World Spider Catalog (2020) documents a total in cashew orchards of the Cashew Research Staton, Madakkathara, Kerala, India from January 2015 to July 2017. A total of 63 species of of 48,642 described species belonging to 4,173 genera spiders under 52 genera belonging to 14 families were recorded. The and 128 families worldwide. Presently, 1,843 species most species-rich families were Saltcidae and Araneidae representng under 471 genera in 61 families are known from India 33 and 27 per cent, respectvely, of the total spider fauna. A guild structure analysis revealed six feeding guilds, viz.: stalkers, orb-web (Caleb & Sankaran 2020). Spiders have an important role builders, foliage runners, scatered line weavers, ground runners, and in ecosystem functoning (Kralj-Fiser & Gregoric 2019) ambushers. The occurrence of spiders was at a maximum during the and were reported as predators of the Tea Mosquito Bug monsoon with 59 species, followed by 26 during winter, 16 species during summer, and eight species being present all-round the year. Helopelts antonii Signoret, a major insect pest of cashew, causing economic yield loss (Devasahayam & Nair 1986). Keywords: Araneidae, Cashew orchards, guild structure, The diversity as well as the role of spiders in Madakkathara, Saltcidae, seasonal variaton. agricultural felds have been documented in several studies (Breene et al. 1993; Marc et al. 1999; Rajeshwaran Cashew is a perennial agricultural ecosystem with et al. 2005; Baba et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2018). They a rich arthropod diversity including pests and natural serve as general predators in agricultural ecosystems enemies. Cashew growers mainly depend on synthetc (Riechert & Bishop 1990) especially in orchard crops insectcides for the management of insect pests without associated with diverse pest fauna. So far, a few atempts any consideraton to the system that may have deleterious have been made to document spider fauna associated efects on natural pest controlling biota. Hence, there is with the cashew ecosystem in Kerala. Choudhuri a need to redefne pest management with an emphasis (1962) reported spiders under seven families occurring on non-chemical methods. Ants and spiders are the in cashew plantatons of Kerala. Raghavendra (2001) most abundant general predators in a cashew ecosystem collected 156 spider specimens belonging to Araneidae, (Beevi & Mahapatro 2008). Saltcidae, Thomisidae, and Oxyopidae. Several spiders Editor: John Caleb, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India. Date of publicaton: 26 September 2020 (online & print) Citaton: Smitha, M.S. & A.V. Sudhikumar (2020). A diversity of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from a cashew ecosystem in Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(13): 16879–16884. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5973.12.13.16879-16884 Copyright: © Smitha & Sudhikumar 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Directorate of Cashew Research(ICAR-DCR), Putur, Karnataka. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Acknowledgements: We thank Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Directorate of Cashew Research (ICAR-DCR), Putur for funding and support. We thank Professor & Head, Cashew Research Staton, Madakkathara (KAU) for providing facilites, and Sri Sachin Krishna, College of Forestry (KAU) for preparing the map used in this paper. We thank the anonymous reviewers, Subject Editor and Chief Editor for their critcal comments and suggestons. 16879 J TT Spider diversity from a cashew ecosystem in Kerala Smitha & Sudhikumar Figure. 1. Locaton map of Cashew Research Staton Farm, Madakkathara, Thrissur, Kerala were reported predatng on early instar nymphs of H. Materials and Methods antonii (Sundararaju 1984; Devasahayam & Nair 1986). The study was carried out in cashew plantatons of Among a list of arthropod predatory fauna recorded from 120 acre farm area under Cashew Research Staton, cashew panicles, Sundararaju (2003) reported six species Madakkathara, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, of spiders. A notable initatve was made by Beevi & India in two crop seasons in felds planted under normal Mahapatro (2008); they recorded 35 species of spiders spacing of 7m × 7m. The farm is situated between under nine families and diferentated them under four 10.555–10.548 N & 76.259–76.268 E and at an alttude guild structures, namely: stalkers, orb weavers, and of 30m. Soil type is laterite with pH 5.5, annual rainfall foliage & ground runners. According to Bhat et al. (2013), of 280cm, maximum temperature 29.1–36.5 0C and among 117 species under 18 families recorded in a cashew minimum temperature 21.2–25.1 0C (Beevi & Mahapatro ecosystem, Telamonia dimidiata, Oxyopes shweta, and O. 2008). The study area consists of only cashew plantatons sunandae have a preference for the Tea Mosquito Bug in with diferent weeds including grasses in the ground level spite of spiders being generalist predators. vegetaton. Systematc documentaton is necessary to conserve Field observatons were made from January 2015 these natural pest-regulatng factors for maintaining to July 2017. Spiders were handpicked from the foliage ecosystem sustainability and conservaton of biodiversity. and twigs, covering all age-classes of cashew trees. The The studies that have been done so far in Kerala specimens were collected from reachable tree-heights documented some species but almost a decade has and were preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol in glass vials passed and there has been no atempt to update labeled with the date of collecton. The spiders were the status of spider diversity associated with cashew categorized based on their abundance in the cashew ecosystems. In view of the importance of spiders in orchard and noted with respect to their seasonal an ecosystem, the present study will help improve the occurrence. Specimens were observed under a Leica understanding on diversity and seasonal occurrence M205 C stereozoom microscope and identfed following and thereby help in developing a future integrated pest the literature available from World Spider Catalog (2020). management strategy (IPM) in cashew. Voucher specimens were deposited at Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology (CATE), Department of Zoology, 16880 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2020 | 12(13): 16879–16884 J TT Spider diversity from a cashew ecosystem in Kerala Smitha & Sudhikumar Table 1. List of spider species collected from cashew ecosystem with seasonal occurrence. Seasonal occurrence IX. Philodromidae Species M S W Philodromus bigibbus (O. Pickard- 32 + - - I. Araneidae Cambridge, 1876) Anepsion maritatum (O. Pickard- X. Saltcidae 1 + - - Cambridge, 1877) Asemonea tenuipes (O. Pickard- 33 + + - 2 Araneus
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