Julián Briz Manfred Köhler Isabel de Felipe MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN The book is a fruitful collaboration between institutions, organizations, enterprises and expertise’s in green urban infrastructures under the common idea that Humanity needs a sustainable development, where urban areas has to look for INFRASTRUCTURE ecosystemic services. Solutions to many problems may resolved under the nature experience which for thousand years have Editors: Julián Briz, Manfred Köhler, Isabel de Felipe been adapted to the environment.

We present the experience of specialist in a broad range of disciplines, which deal with topics as mimicry, energy saving, Food Health landscape or urban planning. Biodiversity Environment Along 352 pages the publications includes 17 chapters with 30 authors from 17 countries. There is a special section, which describes international and national organization from 30 Recreation countries. Photography color, tables and graphics facilitate the Biomimetisme SDG lecture and understanding of the topic green urban infrastructure. Socioeconomics Energy Landscape Climate change MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

2019

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Editors: Julián Briz, Manfred Köhler, Isabel de Felipe

Food Health Biodiversity Environment Recreation Biomimetisme SDG Socioeconomics Energy Landscape Climate change Title: Multifunctional Urban Green Infrastructure

Edition: © Julián Briz, Manfred Köhler, Isabel de Felipe

Design: Editorial Agrícola Española S.A. Daniel Fernández-Caro Chico Editorial Agrícola Española S.A.

ISBN: 978-84-92928-96-5 ISBN (Digital): 978-84-17884-00-0 Depósito Legal: M-11856-2019

Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra solo puede ser realizada con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO ( Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, www.cedro.org) si necesita fotocopiar, escanear o hacer copias digitales de algún fragmento de esta obra. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 5

INDEX

PREFACE ...... 9

FOREWORD...... 11

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...... 13

SPONSORS...... 14

PART I FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES...... 20

CHAPTER 1...... 23 SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES Julián Briz, Isabel de Felipe

CHAPTER 2...... 37 LIVING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE Hartmut Wurster

CHAPTER 3...... 43 MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES Maria Auböck, Janós Kárász, Franziska Leeb

CHAPTER 4...... 61 BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS Cristina Jorge Camacho

CHAPTER 5...... 79 BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE Manuel Quirós

CHAPTER 6...... 93 LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES Valentina Oquendo-Di Cosola, Francesca Olivieri 6 INDEX

CHAPTER 7...... 113 CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION Radu M. Giurgiu, Rares C. Nistor, Alexander van Tuyll, Seppe Salari, Zjef van Acker, Manfred Köhler, Dan C. Vodnar

CHAPTER 8...... 135 VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK Ignacio Solano

CHAPTER 9...... 149 LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR Andreas Schmidt, Yaël Ehrenberg

CHAPTER 10...... 163 NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN CITIES Jorge Adán Sánchez Reséndiz

CHAPTER 11...... 175 ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTUREFOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS R. Andrés Ibáñez G.

CHAPTER 12...... 201 GREEN FAÇADES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING Carl Stahl

PART II COUNTRY EXPERIENCES...... 208

CHAPTER 13...... 211 EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS Manfred Köhler, Ulrike Grau

CHAPTER 14...... 229 DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED Steven W. Peck MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 7

CHAPTER 15...... 249 A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL? Sérgio Rocha

CHAPTER 16...... 263 GREEN ROOFS IN PORTUGAL: FROM INVISIBILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INCENTIVE POLICY FOR THE CITY OF PORTO Beatriz Castiglione and Paulo Palha

CHAPTER 17...... 271 ENGLAND: GREEN ROOFS IN LONDON FROM POLICY TO DELIVERY Dusty Gedge, Ben Moat

PART III NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS...... 277

AUSTRALIA...... 279 IRAN...... 315 AUSTRIA...... 284 ISRAEL...... 318 BELGIUM ...... 286 ITALY...... 322 BOLIVIA...... 287 JAPAN...... 324 BRAZIL...... 289 KOREA...... 326 CHINA...... 290 MEXICO...... 328 COLOMBIA...... 293 PERU...... 330 CUBA...... 296 POLAND...... 332 CZECH REPUBLIC...... 300 PORTUGAL...... 334 EFB...... 302 SCANDINAVIA...... 336 FRANCE...... 304 SINGAPORE...... 338 GERMANY...... 306 SPAIN...... 339 HONG KONG...... 308 TAIWAN...... 342 HUNGARY...... 312 THE NETHERLANDS...... 344 INDIA...... 313 USA / CANADA...... 347 8 PREFACE MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 9 Green roof in Spain. I. de Felipe

PREFACE

The World Green Infrastructure Network con- WGIN, who supported this project. Every im- tinues with its own publications. After its first plementation of green infrastructure projects book “Green Cities in the World” in 2014, the needs competent partners, have a look at what update in 2015 and the Spanish version in 2016, they have to offer. the “Vertical urban agriculture” book followed in 2018. Now you have our new book in your We are on a tour with more stories coming up, hands, which also updates the overview of na- so pay attention to the next WGIN-congresses tional green infrastructure associations around with face to face contacts. Meanwhile here are the globe. some stories – we are happy about responses and we would like to get to know your thoughts The present book is a product of several WGIN about green infrastructure in some feed-back to members and other selected authors. We are the authors and editors. very grateful to all these contributors. The aim of this new book is to highlight some specific I also want to thank Isabel de Felipe and Julian examples of implemented projects around the Briz for all their great editing work and their exiting world of green infrastructure. One fo- belief in the printed word, though we are also cus are insight stories about lessons learned in going digital – this book is available as e-book green infrastructure. or pdf in order to reach as many readers as pos- sible. Why this collection? Green infrastructure offers some answers to Green infrastructure has become a hot topic all several of today’s big questions and urban pro- around the globe; this book can help to expand blems like urban heat island mitigation, rain your knowledge about the associated benefits. water management and biodiversity, and last Combining construction with plants and incor- but not least, Green roofs and all other green porating their functionality into the architectu- structures are very enjoyable if they are well ral design is today much more accepted than done. years ago. For much more greenery in future cities – the- This publication is an insight view of several re is the space and the need. pioneer projects and some detailed solutions, which are worth replicating or adapting to Enjoy the reading. other climates, regions or cultures. Manfred Köhler WGIN President Many thanks to the authors who delivered their February 2019 stories, as well as to the corporate members of

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 11 Wintergarden. MÅhlgrund. Vienna. Auboeck-Karasz

FOREWORD

The publication of the book Multifunctional Ur- Consequently it is very important to explain to ban Green Infrastructure calls the attention on public opinion the relevant role of green urban the variety and heterogeneous effects of green infrastructure in our daily life. Politician, te- areas in our daily life. chnicians and functionaries should have clear ideas about all their dimensions in order to im- Urban Green Infrastructure has both a direct prove urban life. and indirect functions. Some of them are visi- ble in the short run: energy saving, water ma- The 17 chapters include some of the mentioned nagement, recreation, food supply and healthy multidimensions. This publication is organized environment among others. In our former in three different sections. The first one about publications (“Green Cities in the World” and functions, the second one about experiences “Vertical Urban Agriculture”), there is a des- in some countries and the third one deals with cription of technical and socioeconomic dimen- national organization related to green urban sions related to those functions. infrastructure.

The present publication describes some One of our goals has been to emphasize the functions with an indirect effect in the long importance of green urban infrastructures for run. While direct function are easy to identify, a sustainable horizon of our cities, with a des- evaluate and measure, it is more difficult to do cription of practical examples in some coun- it with the indirect ones. Frequently, these in- tries. Finally, there are some guide lines for direct functions are hidden or forgotten by our the reader, about national and international society (biomimicry, botanic research). The- organizations of green urban infrastructures, refore, there are some barriers to expose clear to stimulate getting in touch with colleagues, arguments to the citizenship and get resources professionals and academics. for their activities. Madrid, February 2019 Julián Briz, Isabel de Felipe

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 13 Globaler Hof. Vienna. Auboeck-Karasz

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Multifunctional Urban Green Infrastructure Special acknowledgments to the sponsors Carl have a broad and holistic scenario which inclu- Stahl, Kanauf Insulation, Sempergreen and des a great variety of topics and the concourse Taktorv which cooperate to finance the publi- of different professions. cation and give to us the opportunity to divulge and extend the knowledge about urban green In this publication, we have had the opportu- infrastructure . nity to get the collaboration of authors who develop very different activities in several cou- We thank to the authors who have dedicated ntries. WGIN and PRONATUR have been the their knowledge and enthusiasm in this task. melting pot where the basic ideas has been se- lected and discussed for several years. Last but not least we recognize once more the task of the publisher Editorial Agricola for pu- We profit also of the relationship with the Ho- blishing this book with high quality at the right chschule Neubrandenburg (Germany) and time. itdUPM (Spain) which have provided human and socioeconomic resources in favor of the February 2019 green infrastructure. Julián Briz, Manfred Köhler, Isabel de Felipe

SPONSORS

Berlin. Kerstin Rîrich PART 1 FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 23 Green Wall. Santo Domingo Hotel. Madrid. I de Felipe

CHAPTER 1 SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

Julián Briz President of PRONATUR

Isabel de Felipe itdUPM

INTRODUCTION have became more important in the second position, due to the lack of available land in rban climate change improvement the city. For instance, the idea of the green is a very broad and complex topic; corridor in roofs and walls may facilitate the Uconsequently, it requires a holistic cooling of areas and wind movement, which approach. All the stakeholder involved need clean the polluted air. to be coordinated with different interaction. Private and public sector have to design a Green infrastructures play a significant multiscale agenda, where environmental role in our urban environment, through urban policy match with the available multifunctional activities. We focus on the technologies and human resources. Thus, attention in climate change and the positive urban society may have the resilience capacity impact of green areas. to face new challenges. Concerning urban environment, some Urban green infrastructure contributes to questions have rising recently (EU, 2018), mitigation of climate change in different related to Smart cities, including climate scenarios. At a global horizon, their influence change due to their direct and indirect impact is in the long run with lower significance. in our daily life. Climate Smart Change (CSC) However, in city limits, the results are short is an important element for Smart Urban term and more relevant, so the dweller Environment (SUE) evolution. In addition, may check them. Green roofs and walls SUE is a component of Ecology Cities, which 24 CHAPTER 1 - SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

is a requirement for Smart cities. In this way, But GI also include agricultural urban farming there is an interaction between CSC and SUE. (Lipper et al. 2014).In this orientation we need an approach for transforming and reorienting At the special seminar “Who owns the right agricultural systems to support food security to the city? EU Research and innovation under climate change. Coordinating actions for inclusive urban regeneration” organized by farmers, policymakers, public and in Brussels on October 9th, 2018, some private institutions, research and university significant questions were raised: How can organizations, will increase efficiency and the city contribute to urban inclusivity? What innovation. The three pillars of Climate Change challenges have to move towards inclusive nature based are productivity (sustainable urban regeneration? How may the Research intensification), adaptation (protect ecosystem and Innovation actions reduce gentrification services) and mitigation (reduce greenhouse and inequalities within and between cities? gas emission).They are the challenges of Partial solutions to these questions may be large cities for improving their economic solved by the Green Infrastructures actions, competitiveness in a sustainable environment which move urban areas toward the Ecocities and maintaining investment and skilled scenario. However, the urban environment workers (ISPI. 2008) is very complex and with great diversity, therefore we describe different items in a brain There is a societal acceptance for urban storming way in order to call the attention of agriculture (UA) in the traditional way but some of the most significant scenarios. some negative reactions for artificial high tech. UA offers new models for the coming Another important element for the analysis future with opportunities for gender balance, of city environment is the concept of natural community interaction and social inclusion of capital in the urban Green Infrastructure refugees (EP. 2018 page 29). (GI) which provides socioeconomic benefits to citizens for free, such as recreation spaces, UA provides public goods to urban dwellers, healthier air and environment. In economic mainly related to socioeconomic and words, we may identify the GI as positive environmental dimensions. The reduction externalities. (Greater London Authority. of carbon and energy footprints, circular October 2017) Natural capital has to be economy, food quality, biodiversity and climate allocated establishing priorities according change reductions. Green Infrastructures urban demographic distribution, air and offer a great variety of forms, from backyard acoustic pollution and social demands. gardens o community garden roofs and Green walls, urban farms and others. However, Although in general GI create positive effects UA has been neglected by local and national in the city, most of them are focused on the policies. Recently academic and policy makers local resident of certain areas. GI urban policies consider a lack of action in programs for are costly for the community; therefore, the research, innovation and subsidies and need promoters have to demonstrate clearly the net to change the current situation. value of recreation, amenity, property prices and other positive externalities. Proximity to urban community gives special situation to UA, with opportunities to Traditional GI are identified in parks and tree improve environment and life conditions. streets, but there is a geographic limitation Also UA plays a bridging role between to expand them in most cities. Therefore the city and rural world, with asymmetric it is necessary to strengthen vertical urban situation in economic and political power farming, occupying underused spaces (walls, which is in a concentration process in urban roofs), as important issues. communities. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 25

UA has a community involvement through Greenhouse gas accumulation due to human education, cultural activities and social activities contribute to global and local integration movements, a place to meet people. warming with catastrophic consequences in Besides, there are intercultural gardens where health and quality environments. Therefore, heterogeneous population such as refugees the solution comes for decreasing the emission and immigrants may interact, based in respect of contaminants (traffic, central heating and and tolerance, with communication during others) and the inmission of them (Edwin R. farming activities, maintaining their cultural et al 2007). diversity. (Moulin- Doos, C. 2014). Green infrastructure strengths the resilience Structure and socioeconomic transformations of urban environments to respond to current in UA will happen in the coming future: and future challenges to climate change and From old to young persons, from amateurs other elements (food security, biodiversity, to professional farmers, UA will be a new health). A review of peer- published research proactive business model with innovation in between 2012- 2014 concludes as results that green infrastructures and digital technologies, some of the benefits of green infrastructures farming practices and control of environment are improving human health, biodiversity conditions in greenhouses. and climate conditions. Other positive aspects are urban food production and economic Another significant element in the urban prosperity (Pitman S., et al 2015). food chain value is the socioeconomic transformation of consumers, with Urban planners need evidence to develop preference for fresh vegetables, cultivated strategies for climate mitigation. However, there in the proximity, do-it- yourself culture, food is a lack of long-term studies of urban climates sovereignty and so on. All of this may change and their impacts. It is important to look for also consumer habits and attitudes as citizens cross-disciplinary projects between regions as in relation to environmental policy programs most of the research is focused on local and and circular economy. single disciplines. To understand urban climate

Figure 1. Climate urban scenario

Smart Urban Environment

Domestic and External International elements Policies SCP

Multifunctions

Climate change Health Biodiversity Socioeconomic 26 CHAPTER 1 - SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

Table 1. GUI Activity and Multifuntionality Evaluation

Function Evaluation GUI Landscape Air Food Air Activity Acustic Temperature Humidity Recreation ornamental Quality Supply circulation

Green wall 1 2 3 5 4 1 6 Green roof 2 2 3 4 Inside green 1 2 3 Inside orchard 5 2 Tree streets 3 2 1 Parks 2 2 3 4 1 3 Green towers 1 2 3 3

change we have to work in several areas: expand As a practical example, we describe two observations in quantity, quality and type of hypothetical tables about the interaction of data collected (Bai X et al. 2018). Green Urban Infrastructure activities and their functions. (Table 1). Climate interactions is a complex process as pollution or impermeable surfaces interact In Table 2) it is described the evaluation of with temperature and rainfall flood. In specific projects in Madrid with the different socioeconomic horizon studying informal functions. In both tables, the potential settlement, by 2050 three billion people will be evaluation establishes the 1st , 2nd, 3rd living in slums under bad conditions affected priorities, given by the interviewed persons. by climate changes. Therefore, harness disruptive technologies (digital revolution, METHODOLOGY green infrastructure reducing flood risk) will support such transformation where strategies Climate Smart is focused maintly in greenhouse are needed for resilient cities with local gas emission, cost and carbon emission, innovation. resilient economy and business. However, in a holistic framework of new urban metropolis In the coming future, city stakeholders should and looking the increasing role of Green incentive University programs and long term Infrastructure (GI), it is considered relevant to research, coordinated with policymakers, analyze a “Smart Urban Environment” (SUE) businesspersons and social institutions for a in a dynamic way. Following the Industrial sustainable horizon. Organization (Belleflamme P., Peith M. 2015) theory, we may identify three steps in the Green urban infrastructure projects may Smart Urban Environment: Structure, Conduct be evaluated before the acceptance by the and Performance. Structure (S) has physical society. In the private sector, the market is the dimensions,such as temperature, humidity, main indicator, and enterprises try to follow wind, radiations, air and pollution. The Conduct the customer preference. In public sector, like (C) relate to behavior dimensions. We may city halls they should try to get the opinion include recreation, landscape, person attitude of urban society through direct consultants toward GI, socioeconomic activities, cultural to citizens, NGOs and neighbor associations. relations, formation. The Performance (P) is Thus, Madrid City Hall recently inquired the effect in the urban society such as health, directly to citizens their priority for a number cost, investment, economic benefit and market of project proposals where to spend a certain value. While Structure and Performance may amount of Euros. have quantitative analysis and applications, MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 27

Table 2. GUI Projects and Functions

GUI Multifuntionality Evaluation GUI Landscape Air Food Air Projects Acustic Temperature Humidity Recreation ornamental Quality Supply circulation Caixa Forum 1 1 2 2 3 1 4 Hotel Santo Domingo 2 1 1 4 5 5 2 Hotel 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 Wellington CF Santander 4 2 2 1 3 Barajas Airport 1 1 3 3 LABAU 5 1 2 3 4 1

Conduct refer mainly to qualitative analysis. • Institutional: local administration, city There is a dynamic sequence in S -C -P in the hall, with actions that may increase green SUE evolution. areas sustainability and lower cost in health programs, ), reduce climate impact and Structure damages with more efficient performance in other services (water drainage, air quality. Green infrastructure (GI) includes the green (plants) and the blue (water) places, which • Social organizations: NGOs, neighbors provides healthy and friendly environment association. Facilitate social integration, to urban population. There is a great range cultural activities, creation of orchard and of scales, from ground (parks, street trees, gardening activities. recreation areas) to vertical (roofs, walls). Green infrastructures(GI) have multiple • Entrepreneurial: new opportunities for functions, such as climate change, health, business, job creation, innovation. biodiversity and socioeconomic dimensions among others • Individual: Personal benefit in economic and income, with food production, increase On the other hand, Urban society do not market value of residences, recreation and recognize the whole role and value of GI, health environment. looking to market value of the activities, whether to have a luxury building and GI activities differ from other ones developed residences or massive housing with concrete in the city. To begin with GI use different and crystal. Therefore, we have to show tools based in nature, with results in the the real value of GI, even the business medium and long run. They also have core or opportunities, where entrepreneurs may get direct benefits and co-benefits, with positive involved and obtain net profit. externalities in the surrounding area, with free benefits for the neighborhood, such as On the other hand, the world is in a dynamic quality environment, biodiversity, landscape, process of changes in climate, economy, with higher market value and attraction for rural urban migration, and urbanization, the settlement of families and enterprises. sociopolitical and economic scenarios. The question is not if it is going to happen, but GI are multifunctional while Grey when, where and how will do it. Another Infrastructures are mono functional. For interesting point is who are the protagonists example, a road or highway is used to facilitate that will obtain benefits supplied by GI: traffic, while green walls have impact in 28 CHAPTER 1 - SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

microclimate, air and acoustic contamination, serious problems in megacities, which may landscape and others. considered an inadequate conduct.

Basic questions to a GI project proposal: We know there is a harmful effect of air contamination on human health. Among the • Which is the value added to the urban most significant impacts of polluting elements society? in the human beings in the EU-28 (2013) (EEA 2016) have been NO2 (68000 persons), • What services will be provided? O3 (16000 persons) and PM2.5 concentration (436000 persons) sick. • Who are the stakeholders involved? Regarding the risk associated to daily mortality • How can the new GI project enhance the related with NO2 concentration in Spanish cities performance of the existing infrastructures a recent study shows that an increase of 10 mg/ (grey or green)? m3 produces serious mortality for respiratory and circulatory causes (Linares et al. 2018). • Which are the economic, financial, natural and human resources needed to develop the Solutions are focused in two scenarios, to GI project for initial investment, maintenance, reduce the contaminant emissions, and to information and formation of the population?. increase the inmission sources.

For GI valuation methods. (VISES 2015, page 43) The emission polluters are mainly traffic, we have to consider that the project evaluation industry and central heating in homes and should focus on the entire life project. Several offices. To reduce traffic many cities introduce barriers due to the multidisciplinary activities low emission zones, which limit circulation of are involved through a long period. We may vehicles. Industrial activities may be tackled by identify several dimensions in the valuation available techniques, special permissions and are: net benefit, market value and pricing regulations. Domestic pollution from central system. Benefit may be directly economic heating may be regulated with measures related to market value or indirectly measured addressing solid fuel burning. through shadow prices, with health and social wealth fare. Market value is the result of The inmission sources capture and remove the exchange transactions and may be modified by polluted elements. In some way, nature may public policies or private actions with indirect help us through urban agriculture. Plants are shadow prices, which we associate to the able to capture the CO2 from human regular property prices, such as recreation and open respiration, and cool the atmosphere through spaces, actually programmed or potential. The transpiration and photosynthesis activities. use of public recreation areas of “agrofitness” Through adequate techniques, with crystalline may be compared with similar services paid to urea NO2 may be transformed in N2 and O2 a gymnasium. avoiding the generation of nitric acid. PM particles are also captured in the surface and Conduct roots of the plants and substratum.

In this section we may include the behavior Also, GI may have additional consequences of of persons, institutions, and organizations and the cooling effect with change in the gradient their facilities and services existing in a city, temperature, and the air circulation fluxes, which have an impact in the human life. For which remove the heat and contaminated instant, in relation to services certain activities atmosphere, reducing the island effect and may cause air and water pollution, one of the concentration pollution. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 29

To understand urban climate change, we have challenge is to bring back nature to the city to to work in several areas. create a new environment at medium horizon (5 years) so we may appreciate personally the We need to expand observations (quantity, results. (Gonzalez-Duque J.A., Panagopoulos quality and type of data collected), understand T 2012). climate interactions (there is a complex process as pollution or impermeable surfaces interact Performance with rainfall and temperature), study informal settlement (by 2050, three billion people Looking for efficient performance in Urban will be living in slums in bad conditions), Green Infrastructure (Young RF. 2011), harness technologies (digital revolution, urbanization process has socioeconomic impact green infrastructures will reduce flood risk), in city environment and planning policies. It support transformations (strategies needed affects several scenarios; reduces ecological for resilient cities, with local innovations) and footprint, improves healthy environment recognitions of global sustainability context and supplys public goods. Traditionally, the (open cities to systems with global view). actions have been developed through local parks and urban tree planting, however As an strategy to reduce the heat island effect, new construction and botanic innovations we have to orientate the city behavior in allow to increase vertical farming in the new several scenarios: building material, vegetation development at metropolitan scale. Interviews and availability of GI (Tumini I. 2012).Urban to urban stakeholders allow us to identify the climate change has direct impact in frequent failures and success in city planning projects. heat waves, floods and droughts, heat island and deterioration of quality environment, with To get an adequate Performance in our smart health problems, reduction of wellbeing, water urban environment society, has to act in the quality management and citizen behavior. The corresponding Structure (S) and Conduct (C).

Figure 2. Building with air and water recicled 30 CHAPTER 1 - SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

Orchard on the top at Wellington Hotel. I. de Felipe

The challenge for the expertise is to understand “Castellana Norte” project, greening the north and identify the connections between them. area of the city. However, the achievement of Acting in the Green Infrastructure usually the projects usually face some barriers such includes economic cost for investment and as red tape requirements, lack of coordination maintenance. A more efficient Conduct may between policy makers, access to financial requires regulation and changes in habits sources, as has been the case of the mentioned with sacrifice for some groups of citizens. For Madrid Castellana Norte project, with several instance, a good quality air environment may decades of discussions. Citizens have to be require investment in transportation systems, informed and understand the benefit / cost central heating equipment, which causes ratio of the investment required, and therefore lower contamination. Simultaneously could they need transparency in the process and be new regulation for traffic in certain areas warranty of adequate process without no legal and transformation of the heating sources practices or discrimination. (prohibition of coal in favor of gas). Although there is a net benefit for urban society, some The performance Smart Urban Environment citizens will have to scarify more than others, Change may be studied with a GLOCAL and regulations have to consider the balance approach: Global view and Local action with in the horizon of an urban wealth fare. specific Key Factor Indicators (KFI). Global analysis focus the attention in the Long There is an opportunity to combine social Run, with evaluation of international project and business activities with new green performances, evolution of temperature, infrastructure planning. Madrid is a new forestry and farming activities, rivers, ocean case study with the approval in 2018 of the and sea pollution or CO2 concentration. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 31

Local actions are mainly focused at city level, • WHO are the stakeholders involved? We will with parameters as temperature and humidity, say all the urban dwellers. Administration, air and noise contamination, circular economy, University and research centers, professional health conditions, landscape and recreation or organizations, NGO, entrepreneurs and their human relationships associations, individual persons and neighbor associations Goals of urban society are related to prosperity, health, wellbeing and others, in • HOW should actors perform? Through a sustainable horizon. The challenge is to the identification of the main problems, design the instruments and policies to answer establishing a priority system. Defining some basic questions of why, who, how, when the adequate methods to apply, combining and where, which has to be defined by the theory and practice, evaluation, execution urban society, for improving performance in and follow up, technology and socioeconomic life conditions dimensions

• WHY should urban society react to the new • WHEN has to be done? After defining the challenges? Among other reasons, because goals and priorities of urban society, the next the actual urban model in big metropolis is step is to establish the agenda and the timing not sustainable. Urban life is attractive in horizon at short, medium and long run. Due culture, services, human relations and job to the special situation of climate change, the opportunities. However, their environment sooner the better. has negative conditions, with stress, contamination, energy dependence and • WHERE to develop the actions? We have residuals. to specify the city location, district, quarter,

Madrid family orchard. P.M. Contreras 32 CHAPTER 1 - SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

building areas (wall, roof, inside, patios), taxes; C9 Agrifitness; C10, administration open spaces (parks, streets). simplification; C11, Research and innovation; C12, Urban agriculture policies. We have to design a GLOCAL strategy, with a Global view of all the interaction and a local Structure: S1, Green areas such as walls, roofs; actions according the specific conditions of S2, Communication systems, roads, rail; S3, the area. New equipment for heating; S4, Circular economy; S5, urban farming facilities. The Global view may be described through an Interactive Basic Matrix (IBM), where the Checking previous experiences in similar different Performance possibilities (P1,P2…… conditions and scenarios, the challenge is Pi) may be related with the Conduct (C1,C2, to identify the most significant interaction, …Cj) and Structure (S1, S2, S3, S4,….S k) the critical points and the best way to get established. The process is dynamic, therefore sustainable solutions. there are different horizons to analyze, Short, Medium and Long Run. Other significant Some of the problems in the evaluation element is to consider the social preferences process are the heterogeneous characteristics in relation to the Benefit/ Cost of the potential of the elements involved. Some of them may measures to be established in the population be quantified in standard cardinal measures group and give priority (1, 2, 3…..) (economic, temperature, contamination, food, energy), while others only have ordinal Some of the most significant dimensions evaluation (happiness, wealth fare, recreation dealing with P, C, and S are as follows: and landscape). The performance as result of the structure and conduct need to have a Performance: P1, air and acustic pollution; follow up process, checking the results and P2, Heat island effect; P3, Food supply; P4, testing with the goals established, with the Health and recreation; P5, local business possibility to change the policy and measures and employment; P6, Biodiversity; P7, adopted. Biomimetisme We have to check each selected performance Conduct: C1, Regulation; C2, Education; (P1, P2…) with the SWOT filter, about the C4, Formation ; C5, Transparency; C6, Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats, Facilities for new initiatives, C7, Synergies of each one in the applied scenario. This between stakeholders; C 8, Subsidies and process may help the decision makers to

Table 3. SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT Interactive Basic Matrix

Multifunction Scenarios Structure Conduct Performance 1 S1 C1 P1 2 S2 C2 P2 3 S3 C3 P3 ...... n Sn Cn Pn MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 33

House in Cordoba. A. Sanz

compare the different Pi alternatives. Once we additional elements such as outdoor activities have the final Performance selected, the next in recreation areas with physical exercises step is to identify the changes which should and social neighborhood interactions. Some be introduced in the Conduct and Structure of activities are passive and citizens are observers each Performance. of landscape or quality environment. Experiences in hospital and residence show CONCLUSIONS how persons exposed to nature in comparison with those watching TV as entertainment, In this chapter we have described some recover faster from stress, with lower blood of the main interaction of climate change, pressure and muscle tension. Green areas, Smart Urban Environment (SUE) and action especially orchards and gardens, allow to do to be developed. Significant dimensions of more active actions such as running, walking Smart Urban Environment are the positive or farming actions. Here is where exercise is relationship between access to green areas related with health (Hartin T, Mang M, Evans and longevity (Tanaka T, Nakamura K, G.2003) Watanabe M. 2002). Human health include several scenarios such biological, social and The challenge is how to convince citizens about psychological, therefore we have to consider the need to incorporate green infrastructures no only physical but mental wellbeing in our metropolitan areas. Besides the dramatic (WHO. 1948). The relationship between messages in the long run (50 years!) about green infrastructure, health and wellbeing the climate change, we should provide the is a consequence of several factors (quality arguments in favor of the immediate benefits environment, heat island) with biological of urban green policies. Green areas are vital impact. However we may consider other for urban sustainability and create a healthy 34 CHAPTER 1 - SMART URBAN ENVIRONMENT: A CHALLENGE IN A CLIMATE CHANGE FOR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

environment for recreation outdoors. Citizens BIBLIOGRAPHY may pressure developers and urban planners to include green infrastructure projects in Bai X, Dawson RJ, Ürge-Vorsatz D, Delgado urban political programs with special focus GC, Salisu Barau A, Dhakal S, Dodman D, on financial and socioeconomic benefits. In Leonardsen L, Masson-Delmotte V, Roberts DC, addition, researchers have the challenge to Schultz S (2018) “Six research priorities for cities quantify the effects of the ratio benefit/cost of and climate change” Nature 555, 23 – 25. the potential programs. Belleflamme P., Peith M. (2015). Industrial We should look for sustainable solutions Organization. Markets and Strategies. 2nd looking at nature. There are not replications Edition but understanding the rules of governing forms. Organic architecture use nature for Young C., Jones R, Symons J. (2015). Green design forms and connection with human infrastructure Economic Framework. Victoria beings. University)

Metabolism architecture focus on the idea of Creutzig F., Agoston P., Minx JC (2016) “ Urban continuous change in biological world applied infrastructure choies for climat solutions “Nature to urban environment. In this way, the city climat change 1054-1056. development should be related to citizen evolution. European Commission. DG RTD+EASME. (2018) “Who owns the right to the city? EU Research We need to restructure urban climate and innovation for inclusive urban regeneration” solutions using new infrastructures with Seminar organized in Brussels October 9. a potential mitigation, where nature and green infrastructures are part of the solution European Economic Area (EEA) (2016). Air (Creutzig F. et al 2016) quality in Europe. 2016 Report.

In the coming future city, stakeholders should European Parliament (EP) (2018)” Urban look for a long term research, while citizens and Periurban Agriculture in the EU” AGRI organizations, policymakers and businessmen Committee PE 617-468 should work together for a sustainable horizon. Ewing R, Bartholomew K, Winkelman S, Walter J, We should look at the future to identify the Chen D. (2007) “Growing cooler: the evidence on environment we wish but simultaneously we urban development and climate change” Urban have to analyze the present and see what we Land Institute have to do for it. (Young C, Jones R, Symons J. 2015). Gonzalez-Duque J.A., Panagopoulos T. (2012) “Evaluation of the urban green infrastructure Smart Urban Environment (SUE) is a using landscape modules , GIS and population progressive policy as their results may survey” increase the wealth fare of the marginal population, usually the ones with lower green Greater London Authority. October (2017) Natural infrastructure facilities. Their actions have capital accounts for public green space in London to be focused under a social justice scenario, where the winners (with more benefits) and Hartin T , Mang M, Evans G. (2003) “Tracking losers (with higher sacrifices) recognize each restauration in natural urban field settings” other the compromise to move in a sustainable Journal of Environmental Psychology 23, 109- urban horizon. 123) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 35

Instituto per gli studi di politica internazionale Tanaka T, Nakamura K, Watanabe M. (2002). (ISPI) (2008) “Competitive cities and climate Urban residential environments and senior change” OECD international conference. Milan citizens longevity in megacities areas. Journal of Epidemiology and community health 56. 12, Lipper L, K Thornton P, Campbell B, Baedeker 913-6 T (2014) “Climate smart agriculture for food security” Nature climate change Review 1068- Tumini I. (2012). El microclima urbano en 1072. espacios abiertos. Estudio de casos en Madrid. Tesis doctoral UPM ETSAM. Director Esther Linares L. Falcon J, Ortiz C. (2018). “An approach Higueras. Proyecto Ecourban Grupo ABIO Javier estimating the short term effect of NO2 on Neyla daily mortality in Spanish cities” Environment International 116. 18-28 Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies (VISES) Green infrastructure economic Moulin- Doos C. (2014), “” Intercultural gardens; framework. Victoria University Melbourne (2015) the use of space by migrants and the practice of respect” Journal of urban affairs 36(2)197-206) World Health Organization (WHO) (1948). International Health conference NY 19-22 June Pitman S, Daniels C, Ely M. (2015) “ Green infrastructure as life support: Urban natures and Young R F. (2011). Best practices in planning green climate change”. Journal Transaction of Royal infrastructure: Results from major US cities Society South Australia. Volume 139, Issue 1 page 97-112.

París Museum. I de Felipe

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 37 Farmhouse Bhuj

CHAPTER 2 LIVING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE

Hartmut Wurster Architect Head of blocher partners India, an international architecture and design firm

he blocher partners architectural team In India’s desert region near the border with has planned a spacious leisure home Pakistan lies the city of Bhuj, in the state Tdevelopment with 650 bungalows in the of Gujarat. Bhuj is known for its holy sites Indian state of Gujarat. With sustainability in and its rich tradition in crafts. Just outside mind, and using recycled materials, they are this flourishing city, a new holiday home creating an oasis-like retreat whose residents development is going up on 526,000 square enjoy a high quality of life in harmony with metres: It is to include 650 houses, a clubhouse, nature. Behind this impressive project stands restaurant, pool, wellness spa, bistro and a charitable organization that creates new extensive sports facilities. The entire project opportunities for disadvantaged youth and is to be built in accordance with sustainability brings know-how to the region. criteria, and using building materials procured locally. KEYWORDS Residents will enter through an impressive Architecture, Sustainability, India, Using brick portal 30 metres wide and seven metres recycled and regionally procured building high. The gate opens to a new world: Streets materials, Master planning of a holiday home lined with date palms and lush green spaces development are reminiscent of an oasis; bungalows with 38 CHAPTER 2 - LIVING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE

four to five rooms are situated on attractive plots throughout the complex. Each of these homes offers its residents a taste of paradise on earth: The living space weaves indoors and outdoors together; covered terraces extend the living space and provide shade; generous windows bring in natural light, while shades protect against the heat. The bathrooms have their own landscaped patios, guaranteeing natural ventilation and lighting, closeness to nature, and the privacy that is so cherished in India.

Materials such as terrazzo flooring, Indian marble and teak create a warm, cosy atmosphere. The scale of the rooms creates harmonious proportions. Most of the gardens have both a swimming pool and lotus ponds. Potential buyers may choose between the five- room villas on 175 square meters of land, and the four-room villas on 140 square meters. Farmhouse Bhuj Siteplan The bungalows are a joint project with the Indian Hunnarshala Foundation, a non-profit MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 39

organisation founded in Gujarat after the other special properties: Given its high devastating earthquake of 2001. Hunnarshala, density, it barely shrinks, doesn’t crack and is which played a major role in the reconstruction not likely to change its shape. of the region, champions innovative technologies while cherishing traditional The non-profit organisation Hunnarshala construction methods. It also promotes the has access to an extensive store of recycled exchange of knowledge, providing training to building materials, which it regularly collects, local craftsmen and to disadvantaged youth, for example at demolition sites. Thus the opening up new career possibilities for them architects were able to select materials that as builders and craftsmen. represent a positive ecological balance and that can be easily dismantled. The roof trusses The tragedy of the 2001 earthquake, in which and window frames of the villas are made of tens of thousands died, remains seared into the recycled wood, in keeping with traditional collective memory of Gujarat. The new villas carpentry techniques. Traditionally hand- are designed to be highly earthquake resistant: fired clay roof tiles - which already had Traditional Indian building techniques are protected other houses from the weather - upgraded with modern technological know- were selected. These tiles, often eschewed in how. The load-bearing function is carried by current construction projects, actually have massive, 40 centimetre thick walls made of many advantages. They are durable, easy to rammed concrete, whose stability is further process, maintain and dispose of, and install: increased by ring beams. One can easily compensate for changes in the main roof construction without harming the The rammed concrete - a non-reinforced roofing quality. concrete - is mixed on site. Workers press it together layer after layer with their feet All building materials are found regionally. and hands. Because rammed concrete only For the entry portal and enclosure wall, the contains 12 per cent cement, it requires less designers used stone from a local quarry. primary energy. Sand excavation is also used “Bhuj Stone,” with its warm colour, has been for the floor slab. Its warm, yellow colour used in the region for thousands of years. harmonizes with the surroundings. In addition Marble is also obtained locally: The bathroom to its traditional look, rammed concrete has walls are designed with smaller marble panels 40 CHAPTER 2 - LIVING IN HARMONY WITH NATURE

so as to minimize waste. All leftover marble The planners took weather conditions bits and dust are processed into the finely seriously. In Gujarat, months of dry heat are polished terrazzo floor. Not only do these followed by a period of driving, prolonged recycled materials have a positive impact rainfall. Generous open spaces allow water on the ecological balance; with their vibrant to seep directly into the ground. Canals patina, they give the villas a special charm and are not necessary: Water can collect in the cosy ambience. existing natural gullies during the monsoon MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 41

season. The groundwater is protected from to sustainability. The sale of these homes is sinking further, and the natural water cycle is off to a good start; within ten days more than maintained. Right at the start of construction, 100 were purchased. Sustainability is not trees were planted; by the time residents move the sole selling point in India. Nevertheless, in, these trees will provide them with shade. the planners have managed to integrate a In addition, the massive rammed-concrete wide variety of sustainable aspects: from the walls have a positive impact, blocking heat construction method to the choice of materials, during the day and absorbing moisture. Large, the consideration for climactic conditions and shaded areas in front of the windows facing integration of social responsibility, including the gardens help keep indoor spaces cool. the promotion of disadvantaged youth. Cutouts in the roofing permit lush planting: Though planned as a vacation and weekend Trees can grow skyward, creating a dynamic settlement, the area could find extended play of light and shade on the terraces. uses: Some of the new property owners have already expressed an interest in making this This project proves that sustainable their primary residence, since the city is only construction can also be financially successful. 20 minutes away. The planners wanted to The planners’ goal was to create spaces and avoid wasting natural resources and stressing develop an area in which people can feel good. the environment. And they succeeded, By choosing adequate proportions and floor through their use of recycled materials and plans with appropriate solutions, they aimed a high degree of deconstruction capability. If at creating true quality of life. Well-designed everything turns to dust in 300 years, nothing spaces have lasting value and thus contribute will have to be carted away…

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 43 Torre Guinigi Lucca WikimediaCommons by LivornoDP CC BY SA 3.0

CHAPTER 3 MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

Maria Auböck, Janós Kárász Landscape architects

Franziska Leeb Architecture publicist

ABSTRACT require us to understand architectural structures and a variety of assemblies below hat does it take to create lush garden grade on a technical level, yet they also raise on urban rooftops and in sunken – also on the theoretical-philosophical level Wcourtyards? By presenting some – the question of the role of vegetation in projects from Auböck + Kárász’s atelier, we the city. How artificial and how natural is will illuminate a number of aspects related the character of the landscape on man-made to gardens adjoining architectural structures. foundations to be? To what degree can the Among them are projects with a socially built terrain be reshaped, to what extent minded foundation, as well as those from the should nature subordinate itself to artificial “high end,” which contribute to the image and topography? value of the respective developer’s project. One of the aims is to pass on knowledge that A building’s fifth facade, the roof, is gaining accrues with time – in the hope that the next significance. The more tall buildings dots our generation can more quickly pick up the baton cities, and the more common it becomes to and become active in greening our cities. convert attic spaces to apartments, the more the roof plans will become a pertinent factor 1. INTRODUCTION in the “image of the city.” At the same time, high density and limited ground reserves Landscape in the city occurs above and below necessitate new strategies for the design of ground level. When we are presented with outdoor space, in which the roof landscape, a design problem regarding how to devise as a space for shared use, holds tremendous outdoor spaces in an urban setting, the sites potential to add to the available outdoor are not just atop the buildings themselves but offerings, and at the same time, to create also at ground level. In the rarest instances, outdoor spaces with special characteristics. the site will be on natural ground. On the Both intensively planted areas and paved one hand, underground parking garages and surfaces provide the setting for a great variety other subterranean urban infrastructures of potential gardening uses on the roof and 44 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

offer exciting opportunities for residents In theory and in practice Le Corbusier was the to appropriate and even cultivate them most important proponent of roof gardens; in themselves. his essay “The Street” (1929), he described his Plan Voisin as follows: “When night intervenes 2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT the passage of cars along the autostrada traces AND NEW CHALLENGES luminous tracks that are like the tails of meteors flashing across the summer heavens. Architecturally bound gardens are nothing Two hundred meters above it lie the spacious new in the history of garden design. Roof roof gardens of these office skyscrapers, landscapes are an ancient topos: the “hanging planted with spindleberries, thuyas, laurels, gardens” of antiquity come to mind. As far and ivy. They are gay with beds of tulips or back as ancient Egypt there were terrace geraniums and the herbaceous borders of gardens on pyramids and roof gardens with bright-eyed flowers that wind along their potted plants, and from literary sources stone-flagged paths. Overhead, electric lamps and archaeological excavations we have shed a peaceful radiance. The depth of the learned of the existence of the Assyrians’ and night makes the prevailing calmness but Babylonians’ gardens above ground level. The the deeper. Armchairs are scattered about. Roman Empire introduced us to “solaria,” There are groups in conversation, bands sunny, green roofs; and the “Horti Luculliani,” playing, couples dancing. And all around are the exotic gardens that Lucius Licinius the suspended golden discs of other gardens Lucullus built on a terraced villa complex in floating at the same level.” Rome; and Diocletian’s Palace in Split, which had an ivy-covered arcade on the roof, to name In the nineteen-seventies, Le Corbusier’s just a few renowned examples. Originating vision became a reality: Jean Renaudie and in the fifteenth century, a collection of holly Renée Gailhoustet’s design of Ivry-sur-Seine oaks atop the Torre Guinigi in Lucca have consisted of bold hybrids, in particular, survived to the present day. Even in in the stepped-section, greened building complexes. more northern climes, gardens at lofty heights Since then, greening the city for all of its – as for example, the elaborately laid out inhabitants and at all levels is no longer gardens on the roofs of the Kremlin in Moscow wishful thinking. At the turn of the twenty- dating to the seventeenth century or the roof first century, new requirements developed gardens atop the bourgeois palaces of baroque and higher expectations were made of urban Nuremberg – were considered good form. green. Outdoor space interwoven with buildings is here to stay, whether these spaces Beginning in the late nineteenth century, new be shared spaces in housing, developed and construction techniques such as wood-cement managed in participative processes, or in roofs (the forerunners of today’s flat roofs) and association with office buildings to provide an the advent of reinforced concrete played a role opportunity for employs to relax, and to have a in the greater dissemination of the green roof positive impact on the corporate identity. The in Europe and North America. Green roofs and notion of a city as a gigantic coral reef upon flat concrete roofs came to the fore through which living beings romp about is closer to the work of François Hennebique and August become reality. On account of climate change, Perret, and at the very latest, through the cities are greening roofs to improve the micro- Parisian stepped-section apartment buildings climate and to prevent urban heat islands. by Henri Sauvage in Paris (Apartment house on rue Vavin, 1912; residential complex with Despite the availability of new technologies, swimming pool on der rue des Amiraux, as, for example, vertical greening or 1922), the garden city had been taken into the electronically operated watering systems, as vertical dimension. well as extensive knowledge of exemplary MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 45

Globaler Hof (c) Auboeck-Karasz projects, each new project presents us with “film loop” and are thereby an expression new challenges. By presenting some examples of constant flux that is only calculable to a from Auböck + Kárász’s atelier, we will limited extent. A thorough study of the site, its illuminate a number of aspects related to unique characteristics, and the unpretentious gardens atop architectural structures. Among matter-of-factness of its spatial, historical or them are projects with a socially minded social context precedes the design. Parallel foundation, as well as those from the “high to the intuitive images of a design concept, a end,” which contribute to the image and value quest for order develops, whereas architects’ of the respective developer’s project. One of requests or the instructions of a competition the aims is to pass on knowledge that accrues brief sometimes tend to be more inhibiting with time – in the hope that the next generation than inspiring. can more quickly pick up the baton. During the design process, Auböck and Kárász 3. ARCHITECTURE MEETS try to organize the desired spaces, not so much NATURE according to their function, but – similar to a piece of music – according to their dynamics We once wrote an essay on our design with respect to modulation, we seek to strategies: “If it is architecture’s task to establish develop slower and faster passages, to create a precisely defined state as permanently as spaces with different tempos and sequences, possible – even if that refers to its flexibility and quieter and louder parts of a garden. They – in landscape architecture, we always design are not so much tailored to specific groups of processes.” Gardens and landscapes are, on users, but rather signal different impressions, the one hand, long-term endeavors – they are atmospheres, moods, and states of nature. On open ended. On the other hand, annual and artificial surfaces, in other words, surfaces daily cyclical processes constitute a perpetual with architectural structures below them, 46 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

two approaches present themselves: either to and the adjoining landscape. What came about design a landscape as it might also grow on was not, in the strictest, sense a therapy garden, natural ground or to introduce an aesthetic but rather a therapeutic field as recreational that emphasizes artificiality. In any case, we space for the patients. The green roof, which always conceive of gardens such that they seems to hover above the landscape, is not remain alluring throughout the entire year, only a formal element with a “special effect.” yet change continually. It also situates the patients within the nature of their region of origin. Plants the patients Vantage points and urban space are familiar with – from the region’s gardens – reappear here in a way that shifts their From a roof there are panoramic views that perception of them. The selection was guided shift our perception of the city: views of the by a color concept: plants were chosen that immediate surroundings, of striking works of have a white–yellow alternating blossom architecture, of the urban milieu, or simply of schedule in the spring, and purple–blue in the street down below. In the design of roof the summer. It is a playful interpretation of landscapes, the consciously playful approach, our notions of the familiar and the foreign employing a change of perspective, is one – both with respect to individual plants and of the most exciting challenges. Where do the perceptual ordering system – eliciting a we direct people’s attention? What will be pleasurable momentary irritation. accentuated? With a pergola, for instance, it is possible to both create a sheltered situation Cracked Ice and to emphasize a special view. Conversely, this element can also provide privacy from the The brief called for the design of a city square persons occupying neighboring buildings or on the site of a former parking lot and above other parts of the roof. two underground parking garages in the heart of Hall in Tirol – in the immediate vicinity of Moreover, roofs also offer compelling niches a highly acclaimed hotel ensemble designed for experimental design. On the one hand, by Lois Welzenbacher (1931) and Henke they are inevitably linked to salient climatic Schreieck Architekten (2003). The design factors specific to the site, on the other hand, establishes a connection between the hotel the question as to what will grow best and complex and the park, which is situated three which plants have become assimilated to the meters above the former. On the warped habitat can perhaps be approached in a more terrain, with limited depth available for the relaxed way than when it pertains to the assembly, for the square’s paving we selected ground level. The foreign and the exotic can in situ concrete in the form of polygonal fields indeed flourish in some exposed locations. In with broad gravel joints. the meantime, we have become as accustomed to Mediterranean plants, unusually fragrant The cracked-ice pattern obscures the perennials or a smattering Far Eastern exotic topography’s unevenness and is both an plants as we are to native herbs. They are a expression of the barrenness of the substratum reflection of our globalized day-to-day lives – a and a symbol of the artificiality of this garden. situation in which roofs can offer a protected outdoor space for individual experimentation. Winter garden

Seamless transition The lack of outdoor space on the site and the difficult location next to a raised metro line On the roof of the state hospital in Hartberg were the impetus for a 90-meter-long winter (architect: Klaus Kada, 2000) there seems to garden in a five-story, passive-technology be a seamless transition between the plantings apartment house (architects: ARTEC MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 47

Architekten, 2011). A folded steel-sheet shell realized at this urbanistically, architecturally, reminiscent of a huge pleat forms a buffer both and structurally extremely ambitious to the metro line and, by taking advantage of project named Erste Campus (architects: passive solar gains, to the cold. On top of that, Henke Schreieck Architekten, 2015), a bank it contains the circulation zone. headquarters for 5000 employees located in Vienna’s new “Quartier Belvedere.” The The garden develops in the airspace between close proximity to the Schweizergarten – a the facade and the arcades, whereby four 16-hectare park to the east – and the gardens approximately 5-meter-long plant troughs of the Belvedere Palace was the primary point are positioned on each floor. In the same of departure for the urban planning concept: alignment along the facade, this expansive the transparent architecture interacts with winter garden is accessible via steel steps the urban space and creates a connection and grated horizontal platform spaces. This to nature. The expansive interior landscape also ensures an appropriate air circulation. is interwoven with curved forms to create On one hand, the plantings vary between the an urban ensemble in which several layers floors, whereby on the first and fifth stories of interior and exterior space flow into one the available space allows for small trees. On another. the other hand, climbing plants extend over several stories. Where the lighting allows it on The forecourts consist of polygonal, the north side, a diverse palette of flowering directionless in-situ-concrete paving: its plants in white, blue, pink, and red has been surface is sanded and therefore flows almost arranged. seamlessly into the interior’s monolithic terrazzo floor of fine Danube pebbles. Folded garden Along Arsenal Street, plane trees have been planted in gravel-covered surfaces. Above The project for the Joseph Pschorr Haus in the underground garage, plane trees inhabit Munich (Kuehn Malvezzi Architects, 2013), is tree planters with ornamental grasses and an example of a strategy at the other end of the geraniums. Like the concrete paving, these spectrum: a department store with luxurious are framed by polygonal seating platforms. apartments on the upper two floors. Here, in a courtyard surrounded by crystalline, The buildings surround four atriums holding faceted glazed facades stepping down toward sweet locusts, Japanese maples, as well as the ground, the task was to interpret the different perennials and ground-cover plants, architecture’s essence and to create a soft and as well as a garden landscape measuring colorful landscape within a hard shell. On the 7000 m2 interlaced with paths and a variety courtyard’s northern side rises a glass house of islands for lounging two levels higher. This containing bamboo, palm trees, elephant grass, garden deck, which spans the entrance hall euphorbia, and maracuya. The reflection of and the public concourse on the second story, these plants creates kaleidoscope-like effects. gives the grove of ornamental cherry trees a The green, which transitions from horizontal picturesque quality. Discretely positioned pine to vertical, becomes a folded display garden, trees provide accents that are otherwise only staged nature where one would not expect to found in alpine settings – in order to be able to encounter it – a garden as ornamental element. offer views of green trees throughout the year. The garden and the wood terraces are not only Green Étagère in the service of rest and relaxation or making a good impression on customers, but have also The notion of a multi-tiered landscape, in been adopted as outdoor workspace. Recessed which the landscape and the architecture seating areas provide sufficient privacy for are woven together on several levels, was outdoor meetings and workshops. 48 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

Joseph Pschorr. Haus Munich (c) Bayerische Hausbau

4. MULTIPLE BENEFITS positive influence on the urban climate with other uses is presently an important topic. The social differentiation of the society with Contrasting it is Rem Koolhaas’s junk-space, a wide variety of lifestyles, working at “open in other words, unkempt, poorly designed, desks,” increased mobility and offerings of a unusable outdoor space such as residual or wide variety of types of dwellings all spawn an poorly developed interstitial spaces in the increasingly heterogeneous urban landscape urban context. Thus, the aim is to create that makes new options possible in urban multi-functional, intelligently devised spaces nature. That’s why the synergetic effect of that are well attuned to day-to-day use and superimposing planted areas that have a can be woven into the surroundings. Versatile MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 49

circulation spaces, terraced building massing, Extended apartment and multi-functional courtyards can remedy this deficiency and give the neighborhood a The roof garden is also increasingly being new character. given the role of the problem solver – not only with respect to ecological matters The benefit – an old expression for the and building physics considerations. In communal well-being of the urban society subsidized housing, the units are becoming – must also as intrinsic value be placed in ever smaller to guarantee affordable rental juxtaposition to the real estate market’s costs. Correspondingly, to compensate for the capital gains. lacking space indoors, the demands placed on outdoor spaces are increasing. It becomes Urban ecology a “free space” in every respect – offering children ample room to move about in and Today roof gardens are not just places for opportunities to play, and residents of all ages contemplation, but can also – especially when places to interact with each other, as also those the green roofs have intensively planted they can withdraw to and relax in. areas and use recycled materials – make a contribution to ecological design and are also At the Wohnregal (“A Frame for Living”; an important factor in building certification. architects: Geiswinkler & Geiswinkler, 2016) in Vienna’s Sonnwend district near the Central All water-penetrable surfaces can retain Station, a subsidized housing project with a very rainwater – and, correspondingly, are large share of small rental flats, the outdoor advantages for the urban climate! Depending spaces also take on the role of a versatile living on the type of construction, green roofs can room al fresco. This free space on ground retain up to 95% of the precipitation. Most level above the underground parking garage of this water is stowed in the substrate and is a sequence of two spaces with contrasting evaporates; the remainder flows off with atmospheres. A paved square, public in a delay. This advantage of green roofs character, creates a passageway through the encourages the growth of specific plant apartment block. Four round, green “inlays” communities. A green roof whose assembly framed by benches and containing perennials has an average depth of 45 cm has a water and ornamental grasses compensate for the retention rate of about 80%, and can store inhospitableness of the streetscape and invite about 135 l/m2. Green roofs humidify and passersby to linger. From here one has a view cool the air. This affects first and foremost to the “living-room” courtyard and play area the adjacent living or working spaces, but also at the heart of the complex, whose access is makes a valuable contribution to improving reserved for the residents. A grove of maple the micro-climate in dense urban areas. trees, ash trees, gingkos and linden trees provides vertical accentuation. Paths and Thanks to the vegetation mass and the lawns create a camouflage pattern that is also slowing of the air stream, the vegetation on attractive when viewed from above. This green roofs filters 10 to 20% of the dust in the air. space continues like a carpet above the single- Nitrates and other substances contained in story courtyard building and becomes the precipitation can also be absorbed. roof garden on the first story, a more intimate space with a play area for small children. Modern green roof systems have very favorable thermal insulation properties and In the context of the increase in small can reduce heating costs by contributing apartments in numerous cities, arcades, to the buildings overall thermal insulation seating opportunities in the shade, green value. elements on access galleries, green paths 50 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

atop built structures, terraces with seating, serves, at the same time, as thermal insulation and green circulation spaces all constitute and drainage layer. The trees were selected an improvement of the living environment. three years prior to planting and pre-grown in They create offerings of outdoor spaces a flat roof ball. Upon delivery, the large trees with different characteristics – for instance, – locust and plane trees – were about 7 meters shady or sunny – to spend time in and help tall and had trunks with a circumference of up improve one’s ability to orient oneself in large to 40 cm. The height of the pines and multi- apartment complexes. stemmed smaller trees was 3.5 to 4 meters. Provisions have also been made to anchor 5. TECHNICAL ASPECTS them: to prevent the trees from tipping over in this wind exposure, the trees were Let’s return to the conditions we encounter anchored with polyester mesh straps on steel when we build: Of course, the ecological value reinforcement mesh below the root ball. of the natural ground and the cultivated plants it hosts differs radically from that of a green Depending on the building height or the roof, because on account of the assemblies, height of the roof garden, wind loads must be we must contend with several different taken into consideration. Suction forces act layers of materials and thin soil cover. Yet upon the sealing layer, which is connected when the communication process with the to the supporting structure – whereas for architects, structural engineers and HVAC intensive green roofs, these forces are of less planners begins early in the process and consequence. In this case, the vertical stability continues unabated, we do manage to create of woody plants is endangered: they require enough latitude for the garden design concept. specially developed anchoring. Conversely, when the communication is poor or sporadic, it may turn out that the The roof garden of the SEW academy of roof assembly is not capable of sustaining continuing education in Bruchsal (architect: plantings. When the gardeners enter in at the Martin Kohlbauer, 2005) makes clear that end of the construction process, it is often too beauty is attainable at the threshold of late to secure sufficient soil depth. technological feasibility. Although the soil depth was just 16 cm, a semi-intensive garden This type of interaction among all of the with a refined air was achieved. This illustrates planners was especially successful during that even with a small amount of substrate the Erste Campus design process. In light and more cost-efficient forms of roof greening, of the efforts to achieve slender structural alluring, picturesque effects can be attained. In members without overburdening the budget, a gravel-covered surface, bands of curved steel a continuous substrate layer (which requires edge the heaped-up beds, which have been a depth of at least 1.00 meter) was out of the planted with sage, thyme, yarrow, perennials question. The thick substrate layers required such as gorse, and, at intervals, small trees. for tree plantings create roof loads of up to 1500 kg/m2, and depending on the type and Heat also presents a serious challenge at size, an additional 400 to 1500 kg per tree sites at the very center of cities, but there are was calculated and, where permitted by the plant selections specifically put together on structural engineer, recessed or raised soil account of their heat resistance properties, with a greater depth was integrated in the e.g. from Mediterranean mountain ranges, floor deck with high dimensional precision. which can flourish in such conditions. At the Thus, foam-glass granulate was employed Joseph Pschorr Haus in Munich this problem to model the landscape of the garden decks, is exacerbated by the strong thermal reflection because it makes it possible to accommodate of the black mirrored glazing. The courtyard the different assembly thicknesses, and on the roof above the ground floor, the roof MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 51

gardens in front of the apartments on the for lawns and meadows (a minimum of 20 uppermost levels, and the narrow catwalks on cm substrate, though 30 cm is preferable) it is the levels between are all intensively planted. recommended that sprinklers be installed for grasses and perennials (a minimum of 45 cm Inevitably, the tops of buildings also contain substrate) drip irrigation should be installed. technical equipment such as chimneys, ventilation shafts, and other components For roof surfaces with no slope, ebb-and- required for the building’s mechanical systems. flow irrigation is an option: for roof gardens, When working on the design of a roof, one can to reduce the irrigation requirement, it either simply accept them (which amounts to makes sense to retain as much water from ignoring them), or one can view the cladding of precipitation as possible. The drainage layer the necessary equipment as point of departure allows water with a depth of up to 60 mm to be and actively develop a wide variety of useful, retained; this water is available to the plants unconventional spaces, or one can come up via capillary action and diffusion. Water can with a unique aesthetic. For the Joseph Pschorr be retained by fitting the roof drainage system Haus, Munich’s City Planning Department with retention elements. With the assistance of required that the slanted solar panels be automated irrigation it is possible to maintain integrated in extensive planting. We employed a minimum level of water retention during dunes (made of substrate) to camouflage the dry periods. Rainwater from a cistern or grey panels. Organic glue kept the sedum seeding water can be used for the irrigation. from being blown away by the wind. The pink- blossoming vegetation harmonizes not only Lush roof gardens without irrigation are the with the brick red of the historic center’s roof, exception today because such a situation would but also turned out to be an urban paradise for require continuous attention from a committed bees. individual or an attentive group of residents.

The problem with high temperatures at Private harvest the indoor garden of the passive house at Mühlgrund in Vienna didn’t become apparent Growing vegetables on roofs in raised beds is until it was in use. The lofty space flush with an ever-more-popular trend. Depending on norther light offered, in combination with the size of the vegetable garden, several water the automated ventilation the best conditions spouts and a compost pile will be necessary, for the some 1000 plants, which are irrigated and irrigation is recommended. The areas to by means of a rainwater cistern system. Due be gardened should have an assembly with a to the region’s strong winds, the ventilation thickness of about 60 cm, in other words, two sashes often did not open automatically, and shovels deep, to prevent damage to the roof as a result, heat accumulated. For this reason, membrane. In addition, the roof sealant must the climatic concept was revised and the be protected from damage with a special ventilation was programmed to take advantage layer (e.g., a protective mat). of the cool morning effect, which foresees ventilation from 4:00 to 6:00 am. With regard The fundamental difference between the to winter gardens, much can be learned from plants selected for a planting concept for a gardeners’ experiences with glass houses! roof and one for the ground floor boils down to three important factors: knowledge of the Watering weather conditions, the choice of substrate, and the choice of an irrigation system. When To establish intensive green roofs, as a garden mounds are employed, the depth rule irrigation – depending on the planning will vary. When selecting plants, one must concept, in different forms – will be required: take into consideration the sun’s path, the 52 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

neighborhood’s specific climate, and, above term effect on the design of the garden. In this all, the anticipated wind load. Generally context, different control components play a speaking, preference should be given to role. First of all, the intended development robust plants that do not require elaborate as foreseen by the landscape architects, then care – and above all, to shallow-rooted plants. how the design concept stands the test of time, Drought-tolerant woody pioneer plants can the changing demands of the user and finally, be chosen – but with certain qualifications: the financial resources available. we advise against those with aggressive roots, for instance, birches or willows. Plants that Apartment buildings with amenities and the are good options include: smaller trees, for accompanying outdoor spaces (for instance, for example, certain maples, pruned juneberries, sauna, fitness, features for children, etc.) face and fruit trees. greater challenges regarding the management of the outdoor space as a whole. When different Yet, next to a precautionary approach in groups of residents use the available facilities response to the respective situation, special for a variety of uses, the need for professional parameters can be turned to advantage. organization of the shared spaces – including For example, the movement caused by the the outdoor spaces – increases. wind of certain plant types (for instance, ornamental grasses and tall perennials) To guard against deterioration, roof surfaces can be highly alluring. On account of the require continual care. On account of their advantageous solar path, climbing plants and location, they are exposed to extreme weather fruit plants may be good options – while for conditions. When the appropriate materials are the same building, on the ground level the employed, these conditions can be managed. conditions might not be so favorable. It is important that weeding is done regularly, gutters are freed of leaves, and natural seeding Because roof landscapes are also used (by wind) of woody plants and trees such as during the cooler seasons, it is worthwhile poplars and willows be kept in check. Some to consider using evergreen plants – even if civic-minded groups implement residential they are scattered sparsely throughout the projects and decide to take responsibility for garden. the lighter garden work, but hire outside firms for the heavy-duty maintenance. 6. FEATURES OF MAINTENANCE Pilot project – Car-free living On account of the increased pressure to squeeze the maximum surface area out of residential It is not necessarily the budget that determines projects, management and care of the outdoor a project’s success. The community’s spaces are gaining importance, whereby continuing success (architects: ss|plus depending on the use, different solutions are architektur – Rudolf Szedenik, Cornelia conceivable. In housing, in many cases the Schindler, 1996–1999) has its roots in an care of the vegetation can to a certain degree intense participation process with renters who be taken on by the residents themselves. were highly motivated – both ecologically and This option is to be seen primarily in smaller socially. Initiated by the Green Party politician projects in which the persons involved had Christoph Chorherr, this pilot project arose already become acquainted with the project in within the framework of Vienna’s subsidized a participative planning process. At any rate, housing program. Renters agreed to forego car the future development of a garden depends ownership, and even promised not to use a largely on its care and maintenance. This car on a regular basis. Still, for legal reasons, form of regular attention is indirectly part for the 244 apartments, 24 underground of the design process, because it has a long- parking spaces were erected , which, at MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 53

present, are used to store motorcycles and viburnum, hibiscus, juneberry, cherry, garden equipment. The amount saved by lavender, astilbe, tiger lily and climbing roses. minimizing the underground garage was On the roof of the sauna, juneberry, boxwood, invested in the shared spaces, energy saving privet, viburnum, lavender, lady’s mantle, measures, and elaborately designed outdoor catnip and honeysuckle were planted. Two spaces, both at ground level and on the roofs. roofs were equipped with “hill beds” (each 4 to The different shared spaces were discussed 5 m2) for vegetable gardens. Each year the 33 in work groups and then were elaborated in planting parcels – for which a modest annual greater detail. The two courtyards – which, fee is charged – are re-allocated based on a thanks to the residents’ willingness to do precise set of rules. without automobiles, are to a great extent free of underground structures – created provide There was no difficulty in finding persons plenty of variety: one, a play courtyard with to take responsibility for individual outdoor a prominent hill, and the other, the pond spaces and related tasks. But it became clear courtyard, in which a cantilevering pier offers that staying “on the job” for an extended period respite near the water. Further spaces for the of time had a positive influence on the planning community were created on the roofs. The process, and, conversely, that high turnover plantings on the children’s roof include: fruit can lead to delays and misunderstandings. As plants such as quince, tart cherry, blackberry, construction progressed, a change occurred: raspberry, currant, and gooseberry. On the the usage, care, and development of the green “living-room roof,” where parties are held and spaces were recognized as important topics barbeque grills are in use, one finds dogwood, by a growing number of future residents. The

Globaler Hof Vienna (c) Auboeck-Karasz 54 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

first generation of residents wanted vegetation with the future residents. They also had the with a freewheeling, prolific character – and opportunity to participate in the selection of wanted to work without assistance from plants – as experience has shown, the plants’ professionals. Within just a few weeks of development is to a large degree dependent on completion, the residents had planted the the commitment and involvement of individual beds on the roof. Then they brought their own residents. To get the ball rolling with respect vases and vessels to the roof to make more to subsequent self-organization, members of space for additional plantings. a facilitator-led focus group worked together until the residents moved into the apartments. Globaler Hof (Global Courtyard) On the long rectangular roof, which is The roof of the Globaler Hof (architect: Peter accessible to all residents, one encounters Scheifinger, 2003) was of experimental casually arranged beds of plants framed at character at a time when urban gardening seating height. Their arrangement creates was not yet a household word in Vienna. both a sense of expanse and places to retreat This particular roof provides an inter-ethnic to. The ambulatory between the different residential project in Vienna (accommodating areas has a wood-plank surface. On its sides, 140 apartment units) with a small allotment it transitions into a seating and lounging deck garden. We succeeded in convincing the that conceals the piping below it. During the residents to build flower boxes large enough participation process, the residents decided to put a bed in. The sheds, beds, and pergolas against allocating the beds to individual that sprouted tested the organizational and residents in favor of a shared garden for all economic limits of subsidized housing; they to enjoy. The facility management carries out were all very well received by the residents the garden work of the roof garden six times – who hail from 28 nations and watch 85 each year. Not all of the plants that grow on different television stations. The planting the roof were foreseen in the garden concept. of the gardens and pergolas was left to Both by means of natural seeding (carried by the individual residents. As confirmed in wind) and through the gardening activity of a study dating to 2016, aside from other the residents, additional plants accumulate, shared amenities, the residents identify with whereby it requires great skill to decide which these gardens and they are in high demand plants should be removed. Beds of plants that, for neighborly interaction and parties. The with a moderate amount of professional care, residents did not participate in the planning in just a few years’ time have developed highly process. What makes this project thrive is the satisfactorily have the potential to become voluntary commitment of the residents, in a thriving, dense garden with large woody particular of a highly committed immigrant plants – which would not be the case if it were who served as the complex’s caretaker. a self-organized urban gardening project. so.vie.so – Sonnwendviertel solidarisch (architects: ss|plus architektur, 2013) is the The planting concept takes Pannonian name of a residential project in an area climate (hot and dry in summer, freezing currently under development at Vienna’s cold in winter) of the site in southeast Vienna Central Station with 124 rental apartments in into consideration. Grasses and perennials which solidarity and helping one another play alternate, creating a an order that does not a central role in how everyday life is shaped. force itself immediately on observers, but The outdoor space is an integral component sinks in gradually. Dwarf Russian almond of the complex’s overall concept. Decisions (Prunus tenella) provide an upward thrust regarding the positioning and design of certain and are now flourishing on the rooftop. The elements – for instance, the roof garden’s aim of the design is not to arrive at a static wood decks or the plant beds – were made appearance, but to permit a development MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 55

process to take place. How this will turn out the go” and “Just outside the door, already can never be fully determined in advance. It there.” Decisions about the positioning of the depends on numerous factors, not least of all, different offerings were made together. The on empathetic residents. Beginning in 2019, aim to attain special “spaces with potential” a resident beekeeper’s bees will inhabit the is achieved by working with standard outdoor roof. With this in mind, landscape architects typologies that define a design framework. have provided residents recommendations Within this framework there are numerous on which plants to grow on their balconies: opportunities to interact and to develop ones that will provide the bees with additional versatile outdoor spaces; this was also to sustenance. become an essential component of the overall design. Thanks to the participative Five Continents process, those involved thought much more intensively about the future than is the case An extremely intensive participation process in other projects in which, at this stage, it is accompanied the realization of Wagnis ART, not yet known who the residents will be. A a residential complex in Munich (architects: handbook with more than 50 pages sets forth bogevischs buero/SHAG Schindler Hable the agreement they reached regarding rules Architekten, 2016) – already the fifth project to for the use and care of the outdoor space – be erected by Wagnis, which was established and thereby contributes the basis for the life in the year 2000. This venture is located on of the community. the grounds of a former military barracks on Munich’s north side, where during an interim While in residential projects a number of the phase, over the years Europe’s largest artists’ tasks related to care and maintenance can colony came into being. Beginning in 2012, to be delegated to the residents, in commercial the west of the remaining artists’ compound, buildings and office buildings, in garden a complex consisting of five apartment matters, a competent facility management is buildings named after the five continents a major prerequisite to flourishing plants and was built; as a pilot project for contemporary user satisfaction. forms of living, it provides spaces for both While, assuming they have a functional living and working. Thanks to its large share irrigation system and receive basic care, of public and shared spaces, the complex is extensive or semi-intensive plantings – for an attractor for the entire district. The five example, the roof garden at the SEW academy polygonal buildings are linked by bridges on of continuing education in Bruchsal testing the third and fourth stories. Consequently, the limits of what is technically feasible – do the unified buildings possess a variety of not require a particularly large investment, subordinate spaces with distinct characters the care and maintenance of more complex and different degrees of publicness. The fields and intensive green landscapes is considerably on their roofs (40 cm soil) and beds (60 cm more work. soil) are for growing plants for the gardener’s own use. The non-profit building association During the summer immediately following Wagnis considers participation and a sense of the completion of the Erste Campus, it quickly community essential to its philosophy. From became clear that nearly ideal parameters are the beginning, future residents were involved no guarantee that plants will flourish. While in the planning process via work groups the four plane trees situated in areas above and workshops, which in turn called into built structures were thriving, the ones in question the architect’s autonomy. The basic natural ground had tiny leaves. It turned out disposition of the several different functions that, due to a leak that required a considerable in the outdoor space was developed by a work amount of time to be located, the irrigation group; they devised the mottos “At home on had been partially switched off, and the trees 56 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

hadn’t been watered for several weeks. The good news for subsequent projects: in the meantime, sophisticated leak-identification systems for green roofs have become available. Nevertheless, someone must be charged with repairing the leak and taking care of the plants until the system is back in operation.

No matter how refined a technical system is, it can never replace the attention and care of someone who knows and uses the garden. If, for example, an office employee notifies the property management of slug damage visible just outside his or her office window, it can take quite a long time until the facility management finds the culprit and initiates the necessary measures. 7. PARAMETERS

To make urban roofs accessible at a large scale to a building’s occupants or even to the general public, it is necessary to devise a complex course of action on multiple levels. This pertains, on the one hand, to the legally

ErsteCampus Vienna (c) PeterPfau MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 57

binding aspects, such as determining what The City of Munich commissioned Auböck the zoning of the site is, a matter linked to and Kárász to make a study of the greening the definition of the benefits to be had by the and sharing of roofs. This is available not only clients and investors – and indirectly, by the to any interested party as a stimulus to initiate residents – in connection with the construction the accompanying permit procedures, but also of the green roof. On the other hand, the has had an effect on competitions held for large softer topics that have more media presence buildings: these endeavors were required to or bestow a sense of luxury also play an include green roofs for the use of the building important role. Competitions seeking designs occupants in the brief. In the background of roof landscapes, special prizes awarded to were offsetting transactions related to zoning: clients who have built roof gardens, promotion green roofs – and ideally, gardens accessible of rooftop vegetable gardens, and guidelines to the public – are offered as compensation for clients and users can all stimulate the for the increased profits earned on account of creation of more roof gardens – not just when rezoned building heights or allowable density. new buildings are built, but also on existing If employed resourcefully, green roofs hold structures. potential to equip densely built up cities with highly attractive natural settings. Planning principles and research Even if green roofs are booming – if we take The presence of green has a long reputation a look, for example, at Vienna’s roofscape, it as an important characteristic of a design, quickly becomes clear that only a very small which, however, in some cases also leads to percentage of the roofs that have the potential acceptance of ill- considered, kitschy solutions. to be green are green. To acquire valid data Like a work of architecture, a work of garden regarding how great this potential really is, in art is a visible statement in a city and part of the 2011, Vienna’s department of environmental urban fabric. Just because something is green, protection undertook a comprehensive study. doesn’t mean it’s good looking. A discussion The “Index of Vienna’s Green Roof Potential” of design principles in landscape architecture is accessible to one and all: one need only is taking place within the discipline, but it visit the city’s online map to find out which doesn’t reach a large audience. of Vienna’s roof surfaces are – on account of gentle slopes – well suited to being greened. Research projects on the topic roof greening and the evaluation of existing green roofs and Planning and project management their care concepts supply important findings that can be applied in day-to-day matters. Though in the past it was not uncommon In addition, one must take into account the for a landscape architect to feel impelled to motivation of developers, civil servants, and, reassure the architect that the plantings on the above all, politicians. When the relevant roof would not extend beyond the roofline, or, urban development programs – which go in other words, would not disturb the overall hand in hand with subsidies and consultation architectural impression, nowadays, attitudes – are promoted from the highest level of have changed. Ideally, landscape architects government, a good basis for drawing more are involved in the design process from the attention to “greening the city” is created. very beginning, and can discuss matters on Mayor Olaf Scholz’s efforts in support of equal footing with the architects and the “Hamburg’s Green Roof Strategy” illustrate structural engineers. What counts is that the this point, as does Paris’s mayor Anne Hidalgo, architecture and nature become unified as whose program to promote green roofs is on one, that common goals are pursued, and that track to occupy a surface area of 100 hectares the garden and the architecture do not work by the year 2020. against each other. Throughout the entire 58 CHAPTER 3 - MULTI-TIERED LANDSCAPES

planning phase, landscape architects must be Cracked Ice part of the communication loop, so that they Main square, Hall in Tirol can respond if, for instance, it turns out that 2005 the technical equipment of the roof will be Client: Municipality of Hall significantly larger than was estimated at the Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász beginning of the planning process, or that for Landscape Architects, Vienna structural reasons, the thickness of a certain floor assembly must be reduced. Working Winter garden at generationen:wohnen, together in synergy, with respect to both tools Mühlgrund, Vienna and participants, is definitely an important 2011 prerequisite to creating new, ecologically Client: BUWOG Ges.m.b.H. sound and well-designed urban districts. Architects: Artec Architekten, Vienna Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász DATA Landscape Architects, Vienna

Roof garden at the state hospital in Hartberg Joseph Pschorr Haus, Munich 2000 2013 Client: Kages Client: Bayerische Hausbau, Munich Architect: Klaus Kada , Graz Architects: Kuehn Malvezzi Architects, Berlin Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Landscape Architects, Vienna Landscape Architects, Vienna Site supervision: Kalkhoff Landschaftsarchitekten, Munich Roof greening system: Optigrün international AG

Iles Flottantes Vienna (c) Lukas Schaller MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 59

Erste Campus, Vienna Pilot project – Car-free living 2015/2016 2000 Client: Erste Group Bank AG Client: GEWOG / Domizil, Wien Architects: Henke Schreieck Architekten, Architects: Architekten: ss|plus architektur – Vienna Rudolf Szedenik, Cornelia Schindler, Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Roof greening system: Optigrün international AG Landscape Architects, Vienna

SMART-Wohnen Alfred-Adler-Straße, Vienna Globaler Hof, Vienna 2016 2000 Client: Heimbau Client: Sozialbau, Vienna Architects: Geiswinkler & Geiswinkler, Architect: Peter Scheifinger, Vienna Vienna Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Landscape Architects, Vienna Landscape Architects, Vienna Îles flottantes, Vienna so.vie.so – Sonnwendviertel solidarisch, 2017/2018 Vienna Clients: Gemeinnützige Siedlungs- 2013 Genossenschaft Altmannsdorfand Hetzendorf Client: BWS / Heimbau Architects: ss|plus architektur Architects: ARTEC Architekten / Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Dietrich|Untertrifaller, Vienna Landscape Architects, Vienna Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Landscape Architects, Vienna SEW Headquarters, Bruchsal/Germany 2005 Wagnis ART, Munich Client: SEW Immobilien GmbH 2016 Architect: Martin Kohlbauer, Vienna Client: Wohnbaugenossenschaft Wagnis eG, Landscape architects: Auböck + Kárász Munich Landscape Architects, Vienna Architects: ARGE bogevischs buero architekten & stadtplaner and SHAG Schindler Hable Architekten, Munich Landscape architects: Bauchplan, Munich, and Auböck + Kárász, Vienna

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 61 Urban orchard. Cuba. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 4 BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

Cristina Jorge Camacho Architect, Cjcpaisaje Cjcpaisaje.com / [email protected]

INTRODUCTION a simple test that can be used to check your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity. In a iomimetic means learning from living macro scale, this test is used to indicate the organisms that have evolved well- vital activity of the living beings from zig-zag Badapted structures and materials lines in exterior areas to straight lines in the over geological time through natural interior of the building. Moreover, the test selection. Biomimetics has given rise to new involves attaching sensors called electrodes technologies inspired by biological solutions to the body. They are connected by wires to at macro and nano scales. This analysis goes an ECG recording machine. This is linked from microorganism scale, ecosystems scale with the maintenance and domotic system of to thermodynamic parameters scale. landscape areas in order to improve the use of water, drainage and electricity. The landscape architecture project of Montecelo hospital takes as reference the The Landscape Master Plan of Gran electrocardiogram scheme to show the vital Montecelo Hospital project is shown for pulse of the exterior therapy areas around the illustrative purpose and the programme is new hospital. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is as follows: 62 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

Figure 1. Scheme & Key plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje

• The microscale reference of the zig-zag lines over the Pontevedra ria, a relaxing group of of green roof main entry plaza courtyards among hospital programme and a therapeutic park with public parking. The • The nanoscale reference of the narrow zig-zag pattern significantly bends and splits stripes of courtyards in front of the hospital’s main entry, helping to direct pedestrian traffic. • The macroscale reference of the topographic bands of parks and parking The landscape design blurred the boundary between interior and exterior with a linear The Landscape project deals with the system that extends from the interior analysis, design and management of park, courtyards the hospital building into series courtyards and green roof; research focusses of therapeutic riparian gardens, meadows, on analyzing the microscale (animals, plants, shrublands and water system that serve a machines), nanoscale (unicellular beings) and vital role in the patient healing processes. macroscale (thermodynamics parameters). At the same time, some areas are to lay out with Small organisms are composed of the a minimum of detailed spaces for activities, essential elements, just surviving in a harsh and do no offer anything, but necessary environment. The presented landscape conditions; they are freely accessible for interventions require, at first place, people of various ages who use them. electricity to activate the irrigation system and lighting equipment; at the same time, The Landscape Master Plan for the public they need gravity to facilitate the drainage Montecelo Hospital is composed of three and accumulation of water in reservoirs; and, primary áreas: a fringes system of main plaza, finally, they depend on the meteorological a stripes pattern of courtyards and a bands conditions for the process of the plant scheme of parks and parking A parallel zig-zag fertilization, humidity, etc. There is an paving and plantation pattern connects the invisible relationship between the living variety of program áreas around the hospital: system of micro-organisms and the power a main entrance plaza with outstanding views infrastructure: MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 63

Food Energy of the proper qualities and proportions of 1 Cytoplasm: uptake > Resources water, drainage, minerals, and electricity, Digestive Food Conversion need to maintain growth, such as state-of-art 2 vacuoles: digestion > Electricity laboratory; they provide the option of erasing Waste Emissions 3 Shrink vacuoles: the poor soil quality. Besides this laboratory, expulsion > CO2-H2O soil poverty goes hand by hand with genuine Feeding + biological riches, whether by wind or by Macronucleus Micronúcleus 4 Power Stations (a): (b): insects as a crucial link in the ecological Sexuality > chain. 5 Trichocyst: Protection Generators Transmission 6 Cilia: Mobility Circles, ovoids and zig-zag lines are nodes Tower where lines of infrastructure converge and bands of activities concentrate. The landscape The three biomimetics references are as design will be affected by the impact of very follows: mild climate weather with heavy rainfall and 1. Ecosystems biomimetics the difference between day-time and night- • Estuary (Rias) time temperature; so far away of the desire • Meadows to impose order such as geometry in nature • Temperate deciduous forest which is rare, and usually temporary. For 2. Microorganisms biomimetics example, concentric circles are created by • Protozoos sand crabs after high tide on the beaches • Bacteria of Bali, Indonesia or by circular frog ponds. • Diatoms Landscapes are dynamics like the result of 3. Thermodynamics parameters physical processes (such as erosion and • Temperature sedimentation) and of biological processes • Wind (involving growth, blossoming, and decay). • Rainfall It is significant the arrival of volunteer plants and the remarkably dynamic way in which Biomimetic landscape reveals the possibility plant species intercross and the role of insects of using balanced resources, which consist and animals in such developments.

Figure 2. Microorganisms components & Green roofs islands. BELLMAN / HAUSMANN/ JANKE/ SCHNEIDER, 1994: Invertebrados y organismos unicelulares, Ediciones Blume, Barcelona. 64 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

1. ECOSYSTEMS BIOMIMETICS. and functions. This approach provides MICRO-SCALE. TYPE OF potential opportunities for climate change LANDSCAPE: ESTUARY, adaptation and mitigation by optimizing the MEADOWS AND TEMPERATE use of resources in the exterior áreas around DECIDUOUS FOREST (THE the hospital. QUALITY OF MATERIALS) The Gran Montecelo Hospital sits at the end of Microscale. Ecosystems biomimetic the rias bears its name, occupying the valleys of the Lérez and Tomeza rivers. Pontevedra Humans, animals, plants, and machines. extends southwards to the mouth of river The scale is related to the research of sense Verdugo in Ponte Sampaio. It is surrounded of diversity such as fractals are any of class by four mountainous regions divided by of complex geometric shapes that commonly two faults stretching north-south and one exhibit the property of self-similarity and a from northeast to southwest. Galicia is one self-similar object in one whose component of the more forested areas of Spain, but the parts resemble the whole. majority of Galicia’s plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal Ecomimetics refers to the design of artificial management. Massive eucalyptus plantations landscape that mimic ecosystem processes are largely on behalf of the paper company

Figure 3. Ecosystems biomimetic schemes: Estuary, Meadows, Green hills MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 65

Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de España a multitude of wildlife, providing areas for (ENCE), Pontevedra which wanted it for its courtship displays, nesting, gathering food pulp. or sometimes sheltering if the vegetation is high enough. Spring meadows support a wide • Marine ecosystem (Estuary-Rias Bajas) array of wildflowers, which makes them of utmost importance to insects like bees, It is an approach to the riparian vegetation pollination, and hence the entire ecosystem. dynamics. The estuaries (the so-called Rías By contrast, the agricultural meadow that Bajas) are unique systems which show a replaced the formerly cultivated field changes gradient of vegetation from the open marine little from year to year. Galicia is notable for coast to the inner shallow estuarine waters. the extensive surface occupied by meadows Around ENCE Factory, the source of pollution used for animal husbandry, above all cattle, an a nearly abiotic área was found where only important activity. some sulfur bacteria lived. Macrophytic vegetation increased with increasing distance • Forest ecosystem (Green Hills) from the point of discharge. The roots of riparian trees and shrubs help hold stream It is a mild topography with a density of scrubs banks in place, preventing erosion and they and a small forest. They are the ecosystems in also trap sediments and pollutants, helping which an abundance of flora is seen so they keep the water clean. Moreover, riparian have a big number of organisms which lives in vegetation provides habitat for many land- relatively small space. Temperate deciduous dwelling creatures such as birds and lizards to forest is located in the most temperate places find shelter, food and water and it shields river as Pontevedra that have sufficient rainfall. from summer temperatures extremes. The Summers and winters are clearly defined cover of leaves and branches brings welcome and trees shed the leaves during the winter shade, ensuring that the stream temperature months. remains cooler in the summer and moderate in the winter (+23C/+6,3C in Pontevedra). The zig-zag lines of green roof main entry plaza. On Earth biomimetics • Grassland ecosystem (Praries- Meadows) The green-roof design in front of the hospital’s main entrance. Instead of planting sedum Grasslands are located in temperate regions carpet in an extensive green roof, as it is and the área mainly comprises grasses and used to do, the green roof triangle áreas a little number of trees and shrubs. Prairies concentrate energy resources. On the green is a temperate grassland. It is a field where roof, there are fruit and aromatic trees located the agricultural and animal production area on small earth mounds covered with shrubs conditions the surroundings. Apart from the and herbaceous plants which have a special perpetual meadows, they are often conceived structural reinforcement. The selected plants of as artificial or cultural habitats, since they are adapted to medium temperatures of have emerged from and continually require Pontevedra with 16 ud/m2 density, in tray human intervention to persist and flourish, but fillers 5cm thick. The localized irrigation has they are really semi-cultural habitats because an automatic drip watering system and there of the actions of intensive but invisible grazing is a drainage network of water tanks under by grasshopper and other insects in normal these triangle mounds. weather conditions. In summertime they are converted in desert meadow restricted The sustainable water system pay full attention by low precipitation or lack of nutrients and to hydrological cycles and the prevention humus; while, in springtime, they often host of erosion by an automatic drip in localized 66 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

Figure 4. Fringe 1 of Green roof Plaza plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje

Figure 5. Fringe 2 of Green roof Plaza plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje

irrigation system. Transmittance: 0.26 W/ equally.Triangular islands such as porous m2. The hybrid between extensive and semi- spots inside hardscape areas are spread. In intensive green-roof is a more complex system other disciplines, some economic variables and allows for the inclusión of perennials, are determined by models, while others are small shrubs, and trees in pots in the plant usually assumed to be determined by factors selection. The large capacity of the drainage outside of the model. The former is called and water retention layer by gravel stripes is endogenous variables and the latter exogenous located perpendicularly to the roof slope (10- variables. The analysis of distance and area 45%). combines to regulate the balance between the endogenous and exogenous species1. The quality of materials • Endogenous material Should the raw materials that improve soil quality be endogenous or exogenous? The Endogenous zig-zag islands. The materials are landscape intervention in the Gran Montecelo deciduous trees, aromatics plants, and herbs. Hospital can be read as a trinary landscape in The “landscape skyscrapers” works with which the dark of the temperate deciduous vertical layers which concentrate resources forest, the light of estuary and the twilight instead of spreading them on horizontal of meadows share the territory more or less surfaces. Indeed, what we contemplate is MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 67

an archipelago of islands of small forest put minerals, and electricity). Exogenous means among meadows and hills. Isolates spots something derived or developed from outside concentrate their energy resourses such as the body; originating externally. Ectosymbiosis survival landscape for humans, animals, and os symbiosis in which the symbiont lives plants. Endogeneity refers to the recipient on the body of the host. Eukaryotes are of DNA, usually in prokaryotes, which are organisms whose cells are organized into organisms without a cell nucleus or any complex structures by internal membranes other membrane-bound organelles. Likely, and cytoskeleton and the most characteristic in islands landscape such as in super-tall membrane-bound structure is the nucleus. buildings, which historically have focused on structural challenges (resisting gravity and 2. MICROORGANISMS lateral forces from seismic and wind), the rules BIOMIMETIC: NANO-SCALE: have changed, and energy has become the PROTOZOOS, BACTERIA, defining parameter, because of tall buildings DIATOMS, (THE WASTE alleviate infrastructure and transportation MATERIALS) energy losses by consolidating commune routes, reducing thermal transfer surfaces and Nano scale. Microorganisms encouraging central development with mass Biomimetics transit options like islands. The nanoscale is the scale of the objects • Exogenous material smaller than a cell and bigger than an atom, those which cannot be easily seen without Exogenous continents. The materials are aid. In physics, the nanoscale is sometimes humus-rich earth, sand and gravel among considered the scale between the microscale stripes. Due to the proximity of the estuary and the atom scale. and the windy weather, many seeds come from the estuary and that is the reason why there • Protozoa are layers of humus-rich earth underneath the entire unpaved ground and not only under Eukaryote reference: Protozoa are usually green areas. The initial geometry of islands single-celled and heterotrophic eukaryotes will change into great continents depending containing non-filamentous structures that on the wind and the final configuration will be belong to any of the major lineages of protist. as complex and unpredictable as original rural Cilia have their body ovoid to elongate, an landscape. The intention is similar to the plan uniformly ciliated. Many protozoan species of removing tons of sand from desert areas are symbionts, some are parasites, and some which will leave depressions to be filled with are predators of feces bacteria and algae. water, where algae can be grown to provide Exogenous means something derived or sustainable sources of energy. As well as to developed from outside the body; originating erase the notion of ghettos or micro-nations externally. Ectosymbiosis is symbiosis in which are externally alienated and internally which the symbiont lives on the body of the homogenized extraterritorial enclaves, spaces host. of legal void or strategic implants2. This mainly concerns those regions in the world • Bacteria which are and will remain remote from central energy supplies, or are thinly populated or are Prokaryote reference. Bacteria constitute a islands that cannot for economic reasons be large domain of prokaryotic microorganism connected to a power supply. In the project, and have a number of shapes, ranging from the process is reversed because of the islands spheres to rods and spirals, without a cell are owned of energy supplies (water, drainage, nucleus or any other membrane-bound 68 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

Figure 6. Microorganisms biomimetic scheme. BELLMAN / HAUSMANN/ JANKE/ SCHNEIDER, 1994: Invertebrados y organismos unicelulares, Ediciones Blume, Barcelona

organelles. They also live in symbiotic • Diatoms and parasitic relationships with plants and animals and have a few micrometers Algae Eukaryote reference. Diatoms are in length. Bacteria provide the nutrients unicellular and can exist as colonies in needed to sustain life by converting dissolved the shape of ribbons or filaments such as compound such as hydrogen sulfide and Fragilaria crotonensis, fans, zigzags or stars. methane to energy. Magnetotactic bacteria They are producers within the food chain and produce their magnetic particles in chains, are enclosed within a cell wall made of silica where prokaryote genes are also expressed (hydrated silicon dioxide) called a frustule. in groups, known as operons, instead of Their cells are containing within a unique individually as in eukaryotes. silica cell wall comprising two separate valves MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 69

(or shells). One of the valves is slightly larger microclimate, reducing exterior temperatures - the hypotheca- than the other -the epitheca- and improving air quality, including thermal allowing one valve to fit inside the edge of benefits as vegetation covering which gives the other. Diatoms communities are a tool additional climatic protection for spaces for monitoring environmental conditions, located underneath them. A substrate of past and present, and are commonly used in humus and river sand is sprayed on in studies of water quality and in researches in layers 50-100cm. Courtyard induces natural nanotechnology. ventilation, optimizes lighting and promotes energy saving. The drainage system has been The narrow stripes of courtyards. designed considering the proximity of the Underground biomimetics groundwater table and the presence of sandy clay in the subsoil. Series of enclosed pieces of ground which represents the relationship between nature The waste materials and culture has a multifunctional courtyards build-up with high water retention capacity What does the definition of waste mean in for lawns, perennials and on deeper layers of relation to wildness if this concept means growing medium for shrubs and even trees. the preservation of the world? Does bad The passing of time can be perceived in the weed translate the definition of waste into wider landscape, but also in every garden. landscape projects? Gilles Clément identifies three kinds of spaces which he believes have The system of on-ground gardens and the potential to allow our biodiversity to intensive green roof gardens allows to creates a continue to develop: délaissés or transitional

Figure 7. Strip 1 of Courtyards plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje

Figure 8. Strip 2 of Courtyards plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje 70 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

spaces -formerly exploited as agricultural, biological process that defines their position industrial, urban or touristic space and it is and their appearance. With the usage of raw synonymous with the notion of untended or materials that in the end return to mother fallow land-, réserves or undeveloped spaces earth, the concept of “waste-free” was actually -a place never exploited, whether by change, realized, where plantations are grouped into or because physically inaccessibility makes clumps of the earth such as small groups it too costly to develop-, and ensembles of immune cells that act as filters for the primaries or officially preserved natural lymphatic systems. places -land or space set aside and protected by administrative degree 3. He makes no In reference to this biological wildness, Peter distinction between “good” and “bad” weeds; Sloterdijk offers a reflection on humanism their intermingling is determined by a as the effort to tame the human beast.

Figure 9. Thermodynamic and climatic parameters. Diccionario Enciclopédico Hispano-americano de Literatura, Ciencias, Artes, etc., Barcelona, (1887-1899), apéndice (1907-1910) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 71

Consequently, he proposes the creation • The temperature of an “ontological constitution” that would incorporate all beings (humans, animals, Thermodynamic temperature is defined by plants, and machines) 4. It is a description the third law of thermodynamic in which the of the self-domestication of humans. Indeed, theoretically lowest temperature is the null by suggesting that one could even go as far or zero point. It is often also called absolute as to define a human as a creature which has zero (-273ºC). At this point, the particles failed in being and remaining an animal. The constituents of matter have a minimal motion definition of waste may be the undeveloped and can become no colder. This absolute plot or leftover fragment of soil, and they temperature does not depend on the properties could be a refuge of the earth’s biodiversity of a particular material. From a microscopic and it inevitably affects to some wasted space viewpoint, material is at thermal equilibrium that awaits a future use. It is no longer a place if the quantity of heat between its individual abandoned to rubbish and weeds but becomes particles cancel out. a sort of reservoir or biological time resource for the future. The wastelands are fallow fields, • The wind roadside shoulders, peat bogs and moors. It is the protection of wildlife as a microbiological The thermodynamic characteristic of wind chain. means that the wind is affected by air temperature and pressure and has an effect 3. BIOMIMETIC MACRO- on wind turbine performance -in terms SCALE. THERMODYNAMICS of energy- based on wind chill effect and PARAMETERS: TEMPERATURE, Bernoulli’s equation. The wind chill effect WIND, HUMIDITY (THE DELIVERY leads to temperature differences that enthalpy TIMES OF MATERIALS) and entropy components must be considered into the thermodynamic analysis. The wind Macro scale. Thermodynamic pressure effect based on Bernoulli’s equation biomimetic affects the entropy of the wind.

The macroscale is the meteorological scale • The rainfall covering an area ranging from the size of a continent to the entire globe. The smallest The rainfall occurs after agglutination of water scale of meteorological of phenomena, droplets with condensation nuclei, the size called microscale, that range in size from of the particle formed by the condensation a few centimeters to a few kilometers: net nuclei connected with a droplet of wáter radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, increased considerable and caused to fall. ground heat storage, and fluxes of trace gases There is another thermodynamic explanation. important to the atmosphere, biosphere, and The clouds are gas composed of dry air hydrosphere. It also refers to small scale and saturated water vapor whose optical meteorological phenomena with life spans properties depend on temperature. When the of less than a few minutes that affect very temperature of the cloud decreases, the color small areas and are strongly influenced by of this gaseous system tends towards white 5. local conditions of the temperature of terrain. Thermodynamics parameters in Pontevedra The topographic bands of parks (20 m High, 42.433619º N, 8.648053ºW) and parking spaces. On the Air are: Temperature (Tmax= +29ºC/TºMin= biomimetics +6,3ºC) / Wind (VMax=153 W summer/E winter) / Precipitation (1,613 mm/year) / The Landscape Project for the Gran Montecelo Humidity (HR Anual= 69%) Hospital divides the surface area into specific 72 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

stripes to identtfy improvement strategies The delivery times evaluating thermodynamics imbalances such as improve facilities, increase biodiversity, How could be delivery times on construction reduced the flooding effect and the sites where livings beings (plants animals relationship between radiation, humidity or humans) are growing? How can establish and wind conditions along the year. The these delivery times if every living thing has advances in the knowledge of energy behavior the capacity to transform, either by choice or applied to different shapes, materials and by necessity, over the course of its life, and construction techniques and the improvement whatever evolutionary change occurs is passed in the simulation software of thermodynamic on to the next generation? The fundamental phenomena are useful macro-scale tools. processes, namely dispersal, invasion, competition, adaptation, and extinction, are In park areas, some changes can occur among the most difficult in biology to study suddenly: discontinuities may disrupt the and understand 6. course of certain events, creating a complex situation whereby dynamics change take Robert Le Ricolais said that together with life place at different speeds, something that is comes the problem of growth, and until now often difficult for the individual observer to man has not been capable of making machines grasp. The rural and urban park areas are that grow 7. On the other hand, it is important also combined with other functions: paths, the principle of automorphism such as some playgrounds, adult games, squares, car park, kind of geometric assemblage of forms which and helipad. The car park has triangular islands go into one another, repeating themselves. among parking places and is specifically Some microorganisms such as radiolaria are designed to be applied taking account of the a highly elaborate piece of work where you singular topography and several green bands have a ball inside a ball inside yet another ball. are designed in order to prevent and filtrate Radiolaria is distinguished by the segregation water runoff. of their soft anatomy into the central

Figure 10. Bands 1 of Parking plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 73

Figure 11. Bands 2 of Parks plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje

Figure 12. Bands 3 of Parks plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje

capsule, containing the endoplasm, and the of state-of-art technologies and no technology surruonding ectoplasm and by the siliceous, at all, between seeking total control of the opaline skeletons of the large majority of environment and abandoning all modes of species. In addition, Buckminster Fuller control. traced his observations back to the concept of evolution, essentially proposing a dynamic CONCLUSIONS system, a chain of consecutive reactions (such as a microorganisms chain) in which An important role in sustaining bio-diversity a bird, for example, modifies its habitat the is played by nature reserves scattered like moment It builds a nest, but in due course, the islands over an agricultural landscape. In environment transforms the bird’s behavior relation to lean construction and urbanism, and existence, just as it has transformed Toyota System Production (TPS) defines humans in many respects 8. About delivery Lean such as an operational strategy oriented times, some thoughtful approaches for the toward achieving the shortest possible cycle future are alternated between the utilization time by eliminating waste; in other words, pull 74 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

Figure 13. Bands 4 of Parks plan. Montecelo healthcare landscape. Architectural project: Chile15 arquitectos, Landscape project: Cjcpaisaje

versus push, where pull is simply providing interconnected pattern of natural areas that a product or service only when asked for by allows plant and animal species to migrate 9. the customer and push means a product is Existing nature triangular islands are therefore produced and then sold to a customer. being expanded, and new ones laid out and connected by corridors of varying width such 1. Ecosystems biomimetics. as zigzag stripes of humus-rich earth. Micro-scale references. The green roofs. 2. Microorganisms biomimetic. Nano-scale references. The The quality of materials. In relation to the courtyards. material management system: The lean system applied to landscape architecture talks The waste materials. In the lean system applied about the use of proven material management to landscape architecture the waste elements system and visual aids by adding signs and are motion, transporting, overproduction, by organizing tools and equipment on the inventory, waiting, overprocessing and defects. projects. The qualities in lean urbanism are: If we consider time in relation with movement sort, store, shine, standardize, sustain. The and growth, seed movement coming from the heterogeneous materiality of the project river are transported by the wind as well as assures a cycle system; one could be sort, traveling plants, worms, insects or humans shine and standardize and the other, store and passing through and germinate wherever bare sustain. Firstly, the endogenous materials are ground welcomes them into the park, the the part of semi-intensive triangular green garden or the green roof; and this approach roof islands which can be set on a small relativizes the notions of plants and weeds. mountains of certainly 600-800 mm for shrubs When a tree grows and coves with shadows until an altitude of approximately 1000-1200 the soil behind it creates an island of green. mm for trees; secondarily, the exogenous At the beginning the shape of the island was materials are the part of the extensive humus predetermined but as the times goes, this form earth roof which can be set on a growing blurring its contours in the natural process medium layer of approximately 100-150 mm and takes shape not only on a drawing plan, where a low weight and low maintenance but on the site; supporting a weed network cost are stipulated. Ecosystems cannot exist such as a fabric or structure of cords and wires within isolated areas, but must instead be that cross at regular intervals and are knotted part of a larger environmental framework, an or fixed at the crossing 10. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 75

Figure 14. Zigzag Diatoms. Microorganisms components & Green roofs islands. BELLMAN / HAUSMANN/ JANKE/ SCHNEIDER, 1994: Invertebrados y organismos unicelulares, Ediciones Blume, Barcelona

3. Thermodynamics parameters. continent landscape. Should not only help Macro-scale references. The parks improve biological diversity but also maintain a humidity level below the layer of leaves, The delivery times of materials. Referring branches and weeds from the changing to lean construction, long term decision seasons. The system is like the immune making are long term improvements even system’s first line of defense. Analyzing the at the expense of the short gains could be proximity of the estuary in the project, the made using easier or less expensive decisions; hydrographic network is dendritic too, where create continuous flow in every process such water flows on a seasonal basis through the as systems need to be linked together to allow watersheds of the estuary. communication and elimination of the waste in the overall system by embracing technology NOTES and by using proven technology to improve communication. In the same way as Zero 1 “The equilibrium model of island biogeography Energy Building (ZEB) creates a heterogeneous explained variation in number of species on indoor environment in the office space, for islands by the influences of isolation and area example, where it would be acceptable to have on rates of immigration and extinction. Firstly, differences in the quality of workplace space this model predicted higher rates of immigration and environment; the Green roof it would be to islands nearer sources of colonist and, a heterogeneous place where it is possible to secondarily, the model predicted high rates of use the concept of artificial ground and the extinction on small islands”. McArthur, Robert idea of enjoying environmentally-friendly H. / Wilson, Edward O.: The Theory of Island space that, over time, reflect the changing Biogeography. Princeton University Press, New nature outside in relation with seasons is Jersey, 2001. beneficial. To make a hybrid of passive and active techniques is difficult, but more precise 2 “The idea of “island” as an urban metaphor and advanced control technology makes this can also be understood as a real laboratory of possible 11. The delivery time is strongly resource management or sustainable uses of linked to the maintenance time, whose by resources that can facilitate the elimination means of an archipelago of triangular islands of poverty. Just like an island in the sea, the such as a dendritic structure together with management of resources such as water, sewage, the proved management, the protection, food and, energy is the key for the sustainable and expansion of island configuration versus future of the cities where this tensión between 76 CHAPTER 4 - BIOMIMETIC LANDSCAPE THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS, MICROORGANISMS AND THERMODINAMIC PARAMETERS

formal and informal has become a central frame), which is a topologically closed system issue. We can describe economic (price of oil) as in compression- organized for stability a subset of culture, as a system for managing and performance; and an external surface and developing our resources whatever they membrane that is a topologically open system form.” Islands + ghettos. Catálogo exposición, in tension. The systems are separated or joined Heidelberger Kunstverein, 2008. by an epidermic layer of radiating pseudopodia (or spicules) in compression. Its most apparent 3 “Clément defined the notion of the “Third characteristics are the separation (by landscape” in 2002, in the context of a study diaphragms) of the compression zone from the of the area Valssiviére-en-Limousin in France. tensile zone, and that both zones are optimal He identified transitional or unused spaces, structures for their loading. Robert Le Ricolais. undeveloped land, and officially designated Visiones y Paradojas. Fundación Cultural natural places as fragments of the planetary COAM, Madrid, 1997. garden which have the potential to ensure the future of earth’s biodiversity.” Gilles Clément 8 Fuller’s Franklin Lectures in Science & / Philippe Rahm. Environ(ne)ment. Catalogo Humanities, presented at Auburn University Exhibition, Centre Canadien d’Architecture, in 1969, was published in R. Buckminster Montreal, 2007. Fuller, Eric A. Walker, and James R. Killian, Jr., Approaching the Benign Environment, ed. 4 “Anyone who is asking today about the Taylor Littleton (London: Muller Limited, 1973) future of humanity and about the methods of p.4. humanization wants to know if there is any hope of mastering the contemporary tendency 9 “Island do not need to be surrounded by water: towards the bestialization of humanity” an isolated copse, or an enclosed farmstead in SLOTERDIJK, Peter. Normas para el parque an open landscape, can effectively be an island humano. Siruela, Madrid, 2000. in the space surrounding it. In ecological theory, an important role in sustaining bio-diversity 5 Mbane Biouele César: “Fundamentals on is placed by natural reserves scattered like an Thermodynamic Processes behind Clouds’ and island over an agricultural landscape.” VROOM, Rainfalls’ Formation”. Atmospheric and Climate Meto J. Lexicon of garden and landscape Science, 2015, 5, 257-265. architecture, Birkhauser, Basilea, 2006.

6 “The number of species found on islands far 10 “The system depends first upon the sun, the net from the source colonization will grow more production of photosynthesis after respiration, rapidly with island area than will the number upon the water and upon the cycling and on near islands. The number of species on large recycling of the materials in the system by the islands decreases with distances from the source decomposers. it is quite clear that the process of colonization faster than does the number of requires that the substance or wastes, the species on small islands” McArthur, Robert H. output of one creature, are the import or inputs / Wilson, Edward O.: An Equilibrium Theory to the others. The oxygen wastes of the plant of Insular Zoogeography. Princeton Univ. Press, were input to the man, the carbon dioxide of New Jersey, 2001. the man input to the plant; the substance of the plant input to the man, the wastes of the man 7 In his 1940 article on “Systemes Reticules...” Le input to the plant; the wastes of the man and Ricolais reveals some further characteristics of the plant input to the decomposers, the wastes the rapport between forms. Within the natural of these the input to the plant; and the water form of the radiolarian there are two majors went round and round and round.” McHARG, structural systems an internal scaffolding of Ian L. Design with nature, The Falcon Press, skeletal polyhedra (Le Ricolais “triangulated” Filadelfia, 1971. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 77

11 “The ground surface of modern cities is blanketed McARTHUR, Robert H. / WILSON, Edward O.: in asphalt and concrete. It is necessary to limit The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton coverage to a minimum. Where concrete and the University Press, New Jersey, 2001. like are absolutely necessary, it is important to have a shift toward permeable and absorbent McARTHUR, Robert H. / WILSON, Edward O.: materials.” MATSUNAMA, Katashi. “Toward An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography. the realization of ZEBs”. En: Sustainable Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2001. Architecture in Japan. The Continuous Challenge 1900-2010 & Beyond Editorial Board Members of PROMINSK, M.; STOCKMAN, A.; ZELLER, S.; Nikken Sekkei, Tokio, 2010. STIMBERG, D. VOERMANEK, H. River. Space. Design. planing strategic, Methods for Projects BIBLIOGRAPHY for Urban Rivers. Birkhäuser, Balilea, 2013.

BELLMAN / HAUSMANN/ JANKE/ Robert Le Ricolais. Visiones y Paradojas. SCHNEIDER, 1994: Invertebrados y organismos Fundación Cultural COAM, Madrid, 1997. unicelulares, Ediciones Blume, Barcelona. SLOTERDIJK, Peter. Normas para el parque Gilles Clément / Philippe Rahm. Environ(ne) humano. Siruela, Madrid, 2000. ment. Catalogo Exhibition, Centre Canadien d’Architecture, Montreal, 2007 STREBLE, Heinz/ KRAUTER, Dieter, 1987: Atlas de los Microorganismos de Agua Dulce, Ediciones Islands + ghettos. Catálogo exposición, Omega, SA, Barcelona. Heidelberger Kunstverein, 2008. Sustainable Architecture in Japan. The Continuous McHARG, Ian L. Design with nature, The Falcon Challenge 1900-2010 & Beyond Editorial Board Press, Filadelfia, 1971. Members of Nikken Sekkei, Tokio, 2010.

VROOM, Meto J. Lexicon of garden and landscape architecture, Birkhauser, Basilea, 2006.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 79 Cuenca. Spain. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 5 BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE

Manuel Quirós School of Architecture & Design, Instituto de Empresa University [email protected]

SUMMARY following generations. Biomimicry, or bio- inspired innovation, is a disruptive philosophy he aim of this publication is to show and methodology that is already working in alternatives to broaden the search for the industry of many sectors but is not yet Tsolutions that the architecture field, well known. This publication shows a basic among many other sectors, has to achive in introduction with three inspiring cases in this century in order to make traction to the architecture and how the survival strategies long-awaited sustainable development that of the elected organisms can undoubtedly humanity must design. The sustainable, improve the current designs in sectors regenerative and resilient strategies from such as water management, energy, waste, nature represent excellent references for this design or into a more systemic level. These difficult objective. Not in vain some living examples are real exampleas where analogies organisms has managed to sustain itself can be applied in many other cases where on Earth for the past 3,850 million years the potential benefits of sustainability and showing the best strategies and standards to regeneration from the perspective of nature go adjust to the imperative laws of the planet, beyond the mere toxicity of materials or their to function and to endure. Bacteria, plants, production or the generation of waste at the fungi, animals and ecosystems are today end of the life cycle of services and products. true smart engineers, architects, designers or Providing new approaches of all ready managers that effectively show us systems, published contents connecting the discipline materials, processes and mechanisms that of biomimicry with architecture, could make can undoubtedly help the human specie in sense of how from cities can be reconnected the most ambitious and difficult challenge to with the ecosystemic services lost from the which our specie has to face up to maintain last decades with the intention to promote a the standard of life and habitability of the shift in architecture design. 80 CHAPTER 5 - BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE

KEYWORDS including for sure not only new material and products but also urban environments, Biomimicry, design inspired by nature, improving social and economic systems. sustainability, regenerative design, innovation in architecture, termite mounds, namibian The potential open solution space from beetle, systemic design. nature principles (forms, patterns, strategies, mechanisms…) has catched the attention of INTRODUCTION a important set of profesionals from many disciplines (academics, industry, design, Humanity faces in this century several global architecture, medical or economics) all over and dramatic challenges which require the world. Although the biomimetic field is high dosis of innovation that must include not new, without any doubt the publication sustainability and regenerative approaches of Biomimicry, Innovation Inspired by Nature (WWF, 2018). Biodiversity loss, called 6th in 1997 from Janine Benyus (Benyus, mass extinction, degradation of ecosystems 1997) enhanced the global attraction of this including global pollution and climate disruptive discipline. This is not the goal of chaos well shown in the exceeded planetary the article but the reader may know the boundaries (Rockström et al., 2009) extended proliferation of terms used to describe the by the European Comission (Steffen et al., field including: biomimicry, biomimetics, 2015), will require imaginative and holistic- bioinspiration, biologically inspired design, systemic solutions which may push us “out of biologically inspired engineering, bionics, the box” mindset, opening the solution spaces. biognosis, bioreplication, biomorphosis Humanity is being concentrated in cities and (Hoeller et al. 2013), and even biophilic in few decades over 70% of global population design. One fundamental difference between will be urban based. Biophillic urbanism with these valid disciplines and biomimicry is several interesting actions (vegetated roofs, that the last is searching for sustainability daylighting streams, wildlife corridors, storm and regenerative goals meliorating the actual buffers, parks, gardens, street canopies, green design and manufacturing processes. side walks and many other green and blue infrastructures …), have been used increseanly Today many experts believe that humanity, oven the last few years with more relevance at least in the western world, have broken in Europe thanks to the Nature Base Solution the connection with nature (Orr, 1994). actions to tackle environmental challenges Biomimicry can heal this broken bond using in urban areas (European Commission, from algorithms, new potentially friendly and 2014) since the old continent aims to be an efficient materials to processes, structures, inspirational world leader in green solutions. mechanisms, and even systems. Not in vain nature has always served as a model for On the other hand, over the 3.85 billion mimicking and inspiration for humans to years since life is registered to start on Earth improve their life. By adapting mechanisms evolution (Lowman, 2002), has helped to and functionalities from living systems now solve many challenges that living organisms thanks to new scientific technology and holistic and systems have running using an impresive approach, we humans, start to understand and efficient catalogue of strategies. Nature’s that learning from nature is better than just inventions have always inspired human learning of nature (Benyus, 1997). Biomimicry challenges specially when homindis were could provide a valuable vehicle for such totally connected, in a biophilic way with shift in thinking because it encourages us to nature. Biomimicry can be defined as the understand that humans are not separate from emulation of strategies registered in the living nature because we are nature and we are at the world potentially applicable in human designs end totally dependent upon them for survival, MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 81

Fig 1. Scale of patterns harmonization (Bill Reed). Image used with the permission of the autor. All rights reserved©

thus the human-ecosystem relationship by designing and developing the built changes in a relevant way (Mathews, 2011). environment to restore the capacity of urban ecosystems to function at optimal level of Biomimetic architecture does not necessarily health for retrofit mutual benefits of both translate into a new design aesthetic and human and non-human organisms where in many cases it may involves just like an systemic based approach is neccesary. The interpretation, an analogy, where a particular potencial use of the nature´s strategies into adaptation or derivation from biology is the architecture sector opens the solution applied (Vincent et al. 2006). This process of space not only related to building itself translation often results in designs that are but also to a new method of manufacturing not immediately aesthetically similar to the materials, structural systems, to existing organism that inspired them, but utilise some problems based on biological models, as well of the same functional concepts. Biomimicry as improved relationship of built spaces with natural environment and, in general, with therefore is not the same as organic, living beings (Fernandez y Neila 2015). Heat, biomorphic or zoomorphic architectures, related to conduction, convection, radiation or which are concerned with the visual mimicry thermal energy storage; optical, related to the of organic form in design. On the other transparency of the surfaces enhancing solar hand regenerative design can be understood radiation; airflow, related to the direction and 82 CHAPTER 5 - BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE

wind velocity, ventilation and air exchange, or Eastgate Center designed by Michael Pierce variations in relative humidity; water systems in collaboration with Ove Arup & Partners in relation to water gain, store, regulating engineers inspired by termites mounds; the moisture, filtration and recycling; energy second example based on land restoration and generation (Fernández & Neila, 2015) are just renewable energy plan known as The Sahara few fields where architecture design must Forest Project maked posible thanks to a large improve in a deep way soon. Authors like public-private consortium, inspired among the recognized Bill Reed affirms that intead other living organisms in the Namibian beetle; of doing less damage to the environment, it is and finally the third case, the Bullit Center, necessary to learn how we can participate with the main headquarter of the Bullitt Foundation the environment, in something clled “living designed by Miller Hull Partnership and systems thinking (Figure 1) where biomimicry inspired by how a living forest works related can play an important role. to the ecosystemic services they provide. BIOMIMICRY EXAMPLES Eastgate Center

We are not the unique specie modifying the Termites standing biomass has been estimated environment and the available resources to be higher than ungulates in savanna 100 kg for specific purposes (Jones et al., 1994). Ha-1 versus 80 kg Ha-1) giving some credibility Beavers building dams, elephants felling to the importance of termites in the functions trees, earth worms forming soils or mycelium of these ecosystems (Deshmukh, 1989). The fungi decomposing and recycling all types of genus Macrotermes, construct large nets (50m2 materials and plants collecting and storing basal area) when basic resources like water, water are just few examples. Most of these clay accumulation in the soil and plants for living organisms procedures, contribute foraging (1-1,5 T/Ha/year) are available in a to habitat heterogeneity generating life permanent way they consider (Boyer, 1975). supporting strategies such as resilience, This councious prevision of raw materials stability and even food availability or shelter. can be used as an analogy that we humans In other situations species can produce a are not the only specie capable to make phenomenon called trophic cascade (Ripple decisions in order to build shelter and other & Beschta, 2011) where effective restoring basic life supporting elements. Macrotermes landscape may occur with emergent properties michaelseni and M. subhyalinus were the two to the ecosystems. These collaborative actions termites species that Michael Pierce studied can be aligned to the common good. Human to face a challence in Harare, Zimbaue. These have an important source of strategies to learn between 4-15 mm minuscule insects built in from nature as organisms who also modify terms of relative scale the tallest skycrapers the environment for support. Cities occupy which can raise up to 9 meters from the floor a relative small space in the planet, 2.7% without considering the subterraneal galleries. (SEDAC) but consume an important amount Recently it have been discovered in Brazil of resources, producing a colosal amount of the largest worldwide construction done by waste and GHG emissions as well as other Syntermes dirus that has persisted for up to issues. So we must look for solutions and 4,000 years covering an estimated area of nature can provide some good ideas to be 230,000 km2 inter-connecting tunnel networks explore and applied. approximately 10 km3 of soil being deposited in 200 million conical mounds that are 2.5 Following, I will describe just three good m tall and approximately 9 m in diameter references in architecture as examples of (Martin, S.J. et al., 2008). Like us, termites biomimicry design in urban ecosytems. The build a building-system like that suits them first one and probably the most popular is the rather than adapting to their environment MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 83

counteracting two critical physical factors: cool ecosystem engineering (Dangerfield,1998) and and humidity. To do this colosal construction can persist for long periods to the biodiversity the termite´s building uses zero waste using included solar powered air conditioning combining the whole structure with a sustainable You can easily imagine how termites were agriculture (fungus Termitomyces). These the primary source of bioinspiration to the catedral-like structures made from bottom up architect Michael Pierce when he designed without a preliminar instructions and without with Arup engineers the Eastgate Center engineers and architects are perfectly nort- in Harare, Zimbaue in 1996. This 26,000 south oriented with a large absorbing area m2 office building and 5,600 m2 retail space catching the warmth of the morning sun rays center with 450 parking use passive cooling. after the cold of the night. Ventilation tubes The cool air circulates into large floor voids within the walls are controlled intentionally containing a labyrinth precast concrete by the insects when the temperature inside elements maximizing the heat transfer with a rises too much in combination with tunnels large surface area (Pawling, 2011). Pierce got below the soil which can maintain an internal an interior temperature maintained between temperature of 31ºC with a 1ºC variation even 21º-25ºC range when outside are between when outside temperaturas can vary 39ºC 5º-33ºC. Works by sorting heat during the between day and night (Webb, R. 1994). In day and verting it at night when temperatures this colosal construcction organisms acts as drop down using 35% of the energy required a ecosystemic actor creating a resource flows by a similar conventionally cooled building that affect the composition of the current and (Michael Pierce website; Figures 2 & 3). Other future biophysical diversity with feedback authors cited that this resulted reductions mechanisms. This procedure is also known as in energy use ranges between 17% and 52%

Looking green wall. Urcelay 84 CHAPTER 5 - BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE

Figs 2 and 3. Illustration showing the day and night function energy passive system and a comparisson analogy with air flow with a termite mound

compared to similar buildings in the area. It seems that the current real estate market (Turner, J.S. et al., 2008) with the evident is focussed on getting all the benefits out of reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions. the users instead of creating a system that Under this perspective, biomimicry offer actually benefits the tenants, the maintenance another lesson to achive, a new way of and the investor. This unnatural system is not collaboration with other disciplines such interested at all in the business sector which as biologists which together can meliorate undoubtelly is better for us under an holistic new goals of sustainability and regeneration, perspective. But this things may chance something called BADT (biologists at the at least in Europe with the new regulation design table). coming where a drastical change in the energy MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 85

demand will be demanded. The reader can go without competing with food cultivation, further this buiding visiting the Michael Pierce and the revegetation of some parts of the website (check the References section). boundaries of the desert is also searchable. The system also wans to provide a global The Sahara Forest Project climate benefits by sequestering CO2 in the facility’s plants and soils formed. The project By establishing a saltwater value chain, this also aims to stop the alarming process of large scale project aims for the first time a desertification through the revegetation of generation of electricity from concentrated some specific areas. The Saltwater-cooled solar power as well as water-efficient Greenhouses system was inspired by the Seawater Greenhouses in a symbiotic Namibian fog-basking beetle, Stenocara combination. The potential results will gracilipes. By using seawater to provide produce high value crops in the desert, evaporative cooling and humidification, freshwater for irrigation or drinking, the crops’ water requirements will be safely manage brine and harvest useful minimized and yields optimized minimazing compounds from the resulting salt. Beyong the water footprint (Figure 4). The desert these goals, biomass for energy purposes revegetation with a collection of practices

Fig 4. Sahara Forest Project facilities illustration and evolution during the construction phase 86 CHAPTER 5 - BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE

elytra where the coleoptera contains globular nodules of about 10 μm embedded in a matrix, which combine hydrophobic (repelling) with hydrophilic (attracting) ones (Figure 5) acting as a very interesting mechanism to be applied. The combination of both properties allows the insect to drink in an extraordinary dry ecosystem. All this associated with the action of gravity, provides a simple and elegant solution (Quirós & Millard, 2011). The Bullitt Center

The Bullitt Center Assessment Team was tasked with performing fundamental research on the ways green building and infrastructure features can produce, enhance, and transform Fig 5. Namibian beetle illustration, inclined position with urban ecosystem services benefits, using the the hydrophobic and hydrophilic structures. (Illustrations Bullitt Center in Seattle, Washington, and the by Luisa Nunes©). Scanning Electron Microscope images of Living Building Challenge developed by the the apex of the elytra from Stenocara gracilipes. Scale bar = International Living Future Institute as key 5 mm. (Nørgaard & Dacke, 2010). Composition made by the case studies (Cowan et al., 2014). The Bullitt article´s autor Center is a six-story, close to 4.600 m2 office building located in Seattle, Washington, USA. Initial requirements were stablised according and technologies for establishing outside to be a building net zero energy, net zero vegetation in arid environments thanks to water, use non-toxic materials, provide a net the progressive enhancing humidification of increase of functional ecosystem area, enhance the regenerative areas. human health, contribute to social equity. The building serves as the headquarters for Earth is a water-based planet where this its owner, the Bullitt Foundation, while also supporting life element is essential to all hosting a range of innovative organizations living organisms. Cyclic coastal current close including the International Living Future to the deserts where fog is concentrated Institute and the University of Washington’s bringing water in the shape of minimal Integrated Design Lab. droplets available up to some liters in certain circumnstances can represent a predictable Regenerative Design has emerged from the source of water in such arid enviroments. 90s thanks to the work of several authors One of the strategies used is here is this (Tillman Lyle or Bill Reed) representing an humidity circular process in an expected fog optimistic design framework suggesting that formation. The namibian beetle moves at humans can help regenerate ecosystems dawn to the top of a nearby dune where the using appropriate technologies and design mist flows from the seashore. The evolutive strategies. Goals from the initial project were ciclical and adaptive strategy also integrates quite ambitious following these objetives from the natural property of water in the formation earlier ecosystem services recognized by the of drops on certain surfaces. It implies a Millenium Ecosystem Assesment: Supporting minimum energy expenditure. The tiny drops (e.g., nutrient cycling, soil formation, and contained in the fog are accumulated in the primary production); Provisioning (e.g., food, exosqueleton, in particular on the surface of fresh water, wood fiber, and fuel); Regulating MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 87

Fig 6. Net water system sheme designed to the Bullitt Center building

(e.g., climate regulation, flood and disease and operable windows maximizing daylight regulation, and water purification) and designing to eliminate termal bridging Cultural (e.g., aesthetic, spiritual, educational, between the interior and exterior emulating and recreational). These services can be the space between feathers and external air updated with more accurate suite including in birds. The building emulates a forest with pollination, protecting from erosion, cycle and a catchment from rooftop cisterns and reuse move nutrients, dispersion of seeds, plague of graywater reducing thus the potable water control, and even non utilitarian services… consumption source. Then returning treated (Quirós, 2018). water to the soil and atmosphere (61%, published report) with ceramics (used from The building was featured as a bio-based jellyfish to plants or fungi) and ultraviolet structure where trees and forests were the light with a vortex filter. According to the inspiration under a systemic perspective. Its company report approximately 69 % of the photovoltaic array emulates a tree canopy, annual rainwater runoff is collected, stored, capturing more energy than the building users treated, and used for potable and non-potable actually uses mainly during the summer time. uses; the remaining 31% percent will be Connected to the city greed in the summer discharged as stormwater, ensuring the months when the demand is high. The net integrity of downstream hydrology to the Lake zero feature is posible because the summer Union. Historically, in an old-growth forested, production surplus must meet or exceed the approximately 39% of the rainfall ran off the winter production deficit. The electricity surrounded soil (Raich, 2017) so surprisely is measured and monitored by electricity results obtained seem to be similar. Beyond meters providind data at any demanding. The and following the rule in nature that waste system is reinforced with atomated blinds equal resource, all waste from waterless toilets 88 CHAPTER 5 - BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE

in the building is composted with a long aerobic recycled content. FSC’s mission is to promote process of decomposition in large facilities environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, where after stabilized is taken and released in and economically viable management of the a bird sancturary as well as making biosolids as world’s forests, and the organization holds the fertilizers (Figure 6). This procedure is based in restoration and protection of ecosystem services natural ecological systems. as one of its top priorities. This certification also is very restricted with the use of hazardous Finally the mayority of the material used were pesticides, herbicides and even atrzine a well identified and not included in the Material Red known endocrine disruptor. Some of the non List in the Living Building Challenge (although used materials are asbestos, cadmium, CFCs, the The Bullitt Center team does not warranty lead, PVC, Wood treatments containing creosote, these products in any way according to the arsenic or pentachlorophenol just to describe information from the website). The list include some frequently used in most of edifications. local wood (Forest Stewardship Council, FSC), A final remarkable featured from the buiding concrete, steel, glass locally sourced with construction is that it will be dissasembled in

Fig 7. Some of the features bioinspired from the Bullit Center (images courtesy from the Bullit Center website. Composition by the article´s autor)

Fig 8. The Bullitt Center Building. General edification view (photo by John Stamets); wood pillars structure during the construction; hydronic heater controller and composters (photos by Brad Kahn). |Source: flickr/bullitt_center | Creative commons CC BY-NC 2.0) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 89

200 years, so it is designed from the bottom up releasing the potential materials to be reused in a second life instead of being converted in demolition waste (Cowan et al., 2014). SUSTAINABILITY AND REGENERATION FROM THE NATURE´S PERSPECTIVE

How can we build more efficient structures using non toxic materials in architecture?; how can we produce zero waste?; how will manange water treatment and natural catchments?; how energy can be produced, storage and distributed from a city?; how can buildings be collaborative with the surroundings city structures?... We will reach sustainability when we will be able to take back the ecosistemic services from cities. Nature has solved most of the questions above and many much more and without doubts can advice from a systemic perspective very interesting strategies. They are summarized under several different terminology (Life´s Principles, Nature Unifying Patters, Nature Inspired Design…) according to the institutions (Biomimicry 3.8, Biomimicry Institute, Delft University,…) but Fig 9. Life Principles chart designed by Biomimicry at the end, all of them explain how Life works. Institute summarizing Nature´s strategies supporting We can use the following chart designed by sustainability and regeneration fit in. 2013© Biomimicry Biomimicry 3.8 (Figure 9) where most of the 3.8. Licensed under Creative Comons BY-NC-ND principles and subprinciples can be used in the architecture sector. Although in the diagram you see separated groups, all principles are interconnected containing subprinciples for a better applicability. This particular aspect requires training for a better understanding looking for understanding the principle with and it is out of the scope of this publication. other examples or definition. At the end of Remember that the diagram represents the this new learning process you may change our strategies of closet o 30 million species evolved basic assumptions to evolve into this paradigm over 3.8 billion years. The outer titles/caption shift. represents the Earth´s operating conditions and the center of the chart is like a mantra Architectural product manufacturers as well which biomimicry practicioners use to check as architects as well have the opportunity if the proposal follow the life´s principles, to embrance this disruptive way of thinking celebrating life. and acting. Living organisms and systems thanks to the refinement of evolution teach us Read them carefully and try to imagine the way to fit in reaching an efficiency level your design choices if can be aligned with dificult to believe but realistically viable. The the principle selected. You may invest time matter is tos peed up this transformation no 90 CHAPTER 5 - BIOMIMICRY: AN INSPIRED WAY TO REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN CITIES BASED ON NATURE

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MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 93 Tokio. Ark Hills. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 6 LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

Valentina Oquendo-Di Cosola PhD Student in the Department of Construction and Technology in Architecture at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Francesca Olivieri Professor in the Department of Construction and Technology in Architecture at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

INTRODUCTION The percentage of built-up land in cities is equivalent to surfaces destined for the ot long ago the cities were made up of absorption and irradiation of heat, a condition large rural areas and an economy based that leads to high energy consumption for Non agriculture and local production, it the conditioning of spaces. Today urban has been after the industrial revolution that areas are recognized as the largest producers the development of urban transformation of pollutants, as a result of human activities came about, from two main points of view: (Diamond and Hodge, 2007). Research into the demographic and the constructive, by the sustainability and innovation in cities has effect of the exodus produced. Consequently, led architects, engineers and professionals the increase of the population in the cities has from other disciplines to rethink the city reached unexpected levels generating in time model and replace the “consumer” model in the massive construction of buildings and which the building is a device that consumes paving. energy, water, and raw materials, through a mechanism that leaves aside natural Even though contradictory but true, cities resources such as the sun, wind, rain, and soil. have a greater number of square meters The new paradigm establishes environmental available in the vertical surfaces of buildings awareness, demanding a renewed relationship that can be tapped, in comparison with the between architecture and nature, in which the surface available in the territory of cities. building makes use of natural resources. 94 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

Greening the building envelope allows al., 2011); the reduction of heat island effect obtaining some benefits relating to the in urban areas (Sheweka and Magdy, 2011; improvement of its efficiency, and its Mariani et al., 2016), and the reduction of ecological and environmental performance, as energy consumptions for cooling and heating well as an increase in the biodiversity (Perini (Perini and Rosasco, 2013; Pan and Chu, 2016). et al., 2011). Living Wall Systems (LWS) as part of vertical greening solutions are a result of There are some aspects that influence for both the interest in restoring the environmental insulation and cooling benefits: the thickness integrity of urban areas, what can be defined of the foliage, the water content, the air cavity as sustainable architecture or eco-architecture. between different layers and the material These concepts are connected to global properties (BRE Global, 2014). LWS are the environmental problems and to the strategies result of greening surfaces with plants, rooted to reduce environmental impacts due to the into the ground, in the wall material or in CO2 building emissions and other greenhouse modular panels attached to the façade, and gases (Dunnett, N., Kingsbury, 2008). The can be classified into green façade and living integration of vegetation on buildings through wall systems according to the growing method green facades offer the potential to learn from (Perini et al., 2011). traditional architecture; change its aesthetics (Ottelé et al., 2011); the improvement of The new ways of greening vertical surfaces air quality and reduction of air pollution on buildings offer new possibilities from (Klingberg et al., 2017; Gourdji, 2018), related the sustainable construction point of view, to the reduction of fine dust levels (Perini et especially in energy savings. Green facades al., 2017); increase of biodiversity (Perini et green walls act as a passive system through

Fig 1. Sportplaza Mercator – Amsterdan. VenhoevenCS MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 95

four mechanisms: the shadow produced by Plant façade systems comprise a wide range of the vegetation, the insulation provided by technical and design solutions with different vegetation and substrate, the evaporative characteristics; in today’s market, it is possible cooling through evapotranspiration, and to find numerous products, many of which are finally the barrier effect to the wind (Pérez linked to a patent or industrial property. They et al., 2011). The insulation of a building are known as technologies for green walls, provides energy savings for both heating and consisting of vertical supporting structures, cooling. The R-value of insulation material which may or may not be attached to the is a measure of its resistance to transfer of façade of a building. Depending on the level of heat. Establishing the R-value offered by a complexity, there are different types ranging LWS depends on a complex interaction of all from very simple configurations to very the materials used, the depth of the growing complex stratigraphy and high technology. substrate and the amount of water held in The first patent for a vegetal façade system the substrate, as well as the plant selection, was made by Stanley Hart White, followed by degree of coverage by plants and whether that Patrick Blanc, who is considered the inventor coverage is present (Culnane et al., 2014). of living wall systems (Tatano, 2008).

The climatic conditions such as solar radiation As far as the systems are concerned, the also may result in different outcomes on most important characteristics derive from surfaces cooling efficiency. Vegetation the components and materials used. Living can dramatically reduce the maximum walls are generally more complex than temperature of a building by shading walls other technologies, even though they may from the sun, with daily temperature vary according to the type, in the practice fluctuation by as much as 50% (Dunnett, the dimensional and material characteristics N., Kingsbury, 2008). Especially during the of the components are similar, given that summer months, LWS has the dual effect of the functions required are always the same. reducing solar energy entering the interior However, there are a series of technological through shade and reducing heat flow into components of these systems that make the building through evaporative cooling, possible the whole functioning of a vegetal resulting in energy savings. facade, which consist of requirements and functional needs. TECHNOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE A living wall system is composed of some constant or invariable elements, and some Over the last few decades, uncontrolled variables according to the exigency of the urbanization has ignored the benefits project. Based on this classification they can of sustainable development, and the be defined as primary elements and secondary results today are visible to all: excessive elements (Bit, 2010). noise, pollution, and congestion in cities. Sustainability as a whole considers a series Primary elements: of interconnected elements such as the reduction of the use of energy from fossil • Supporting element fuels; the reduction of water consumption; It is one of the main components of any the reduction and management of urban system, a certain level of rigidity is necessary waste; the improvement of air quality; and to guarantee stability from a structural point the use of environmentally friendly materials of view. Mechanical resistance is another (Sheweka and Mohamed, 2012). The urban fundamental aspect, the supporting element space, including the vegetation used in roofs must be able to resist the mechanical effort and facades, is just a piece of the puzzle. exerted by the growth of the roots of the plants, 96 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

and the increase in weight of the substrate The objective is to control the agronomic when it is saturated. This element can be capacities of the system; the water and elaborated in different materials: aluminum, nutritional needs of the entire system will recycled plastic, felts, steel, among others. be established on the basis of the type of substrate. • Water absorption and retention element • Vegetation The objective of this element is the The vegetation represents the most impermeabilization of the system to water important element of the system, but also or other liquids, the function, therefore, is to the one that requires the most attention. prevent the passage of liquids between the An optimal system cannot leave aside the internal layers of the system, and between agronomic requirements that will allow those external that come into contact with the maintenance of plant species. If these the building. It is usually the last layer of the requirements are not met, this will lead to system. The materials used for this layer can the need for extraordinary maintenance and, be bituminous membranes, PVC membranes, consequently, to an increase in costs. The felts, etc. selection of species is made on the basis of the cycle of seasons, water requirements, • Substrate solar exposure of the facade, the climatic The substrate can be organically made up of context, among others. materials such as vegetable fibers, humus, clay, perlite, felts, etc., or hydroponic, • Irrigation and fertilization system made up of mineral salts such as potassium, A correct supply of water and nutrients calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen. The is necessary to ensure plant density and mixture obtained from these materials must expected bioclimatic functions. The system be suitable for the type of plants selected, can be manual or automated. The frequency must have a contained weight and an of irrigation is established according to the adequate water retention capacity, as well as type of plant species, type of substrate and being compatible with the climatic context. seasons.

a) b)

Fig 2. (a) Felt system with substrate in pockets (b) Pre-cultivation of species for plant façade system MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 97

It is usually composed of: Costs

Secondary elements: The realization of a vegetal façade system includes costs related to installation and • Vapor barrier layer maintenance. As systems are integrated into • Insulating layer existing building envelopes, it is important to • Vapor pressure diffusion layer evaluate all the possible costs resulting from • Separation layer of materials of the maintenance of the vegetation and all different origin the technological layers of the system. This makes it possible to differentiate between two COST AND MAINTENANCE types of costs: installation-related costs and maintenance. Maintenance It is almost impossible to estimate the In a living wall system, the subsystems to average cost of a plant façade system since which special attention must be given are the there are many variants that influence it. vegetation, the substrate, the support system, It is therefore very important to know the and the irrigation and fertilization system. The technical requirements of these systems and activities to be carried out in the management the materials are used to evaluate the project of a plant system integrated into a building are options. It is also necessary to highlight divided into obligatory, i.e. they respond to the reduced access to information on the ordinary maintenance, while others may be construction, maintenance and professional eventual or extraordinary. management of living wall systems, as well as the opportunity to develop manuals or guides The frequency of ordinary maintenance will to guide designers and users. be higher during the first years, mainly due to the natural biological development of the CONSTRUCTIVE plants. Therefore, it is necessary to control CLASSIFICATION OF THE from the nutrition of the plants up to the SYSTEMS behavior of the bearing structure before the growth of the roots. Other criteria to consider The integration of vegetation into architectural within the maintenance are: the selection of projects has led to the development of plant species and the dimensions of the system, wall systems in the market. These can be what will indicate the average of the frequency classified on the base of the constructive of the maintenance, greater is the dimension system (Olivieri, 2013), nowadays most of of the system and greater will be the costs of them can be divided into: maintenance. Continuous vegetal facades: It is important to point out that the management and maintenance of these systems require • Without support: a temporary frequency, so it is necessary Systems that are an integral part of the in some cases to have common access to enclosure, constituting the same support maintenance plans. In most cases, there is no structure for the development of vegetation. knowledge of the maintenance required, as it is normally carried out by the companies • With vertical support: producing the systems, or other gardening and Systems formed by vertical structures (cables, maintenance companies, which in some way meshes, etc.) that constitute the structure in make this type of technology more expensive. which the vegetation grows. 98 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

• With horizontal support: • Blocks Systems made up of planters or containers Industrialized and pre-cultivated panel added to the finish of the building, which system, which allows covering vertical at the same time form a continuous and surfaces at small and large scales. The independent structure. modularity allows the substitution of plants in case of damage. They have low • With vertical and horizontal support: permeability and therefore tend to have Systems that constitute the union of the two complex stratigraphy, which translates into systems previously described. In this type greater weight. of façade, the plants grow in flower boxes and develop vertically due to the support • Gabions structures. A system developed based on the creation of panels with gabions, using a metallic mesh, • Adhered to the wall: stone and substrate, adding in some cases Systems realized by means of structures of concrete to rigidize the system. It is also a support covered with a layer of synthetic felt constructive element; however, the opacity in which the plants take root. and permeability limit its use. Modular vegetal facades: OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

• Panels Within the existing systems in the market, A system of industrialized and pre-cultivated the system of modular plant facades in panels panels, of variable dimensions, that allow has been the most developed in the current covering vertical surfaces at small and large market. On which, this publication will be scales. based to propose the optimization of a living

Fig 3. Metro Station, Lausanne, Switzerland. Bernard Tschumi Architects MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 99

Fig 4. Green Cast, Japan. Kengo Kuma Associates

Fig 5. Límmeuble qui pousse, France. Edouard Francois 100 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

wall system taking into consideration three allows saving in the use of materials, time phases within its life cycle: and raw materials.

• Production: the design phase in which the - Provide maintenance guidelines components and materials of the module are To give illustrative guides of the system as selected. detailed as possible in terms of assembly, maintenance, dismissal and separation of • Construction: the selection of technological the components of the system. In this way, solutions that contribute to the development the owner of the installation will be able to of a technological and environmentally monitor his own system and solve general responsible module. problems that are normally solved by companies. • Maintenance: phase in which the element must maintain its initial characteristics for as - Minimize component thicknesses long as possible, reducing its emissions and Considering the entire thickness of the energy consumption. system, it is important to point out that the final dimensions of the module should From the analysis of the systems and the not exceed the dimensions of a standard study of the international scientific literature enclosure. The reduction of thicknesses (Serra and Politecnico, 2009; Perini et al., allows saving on the use of building 2011; Sheweka and Mohamed, 2012; Chel and materials. Kaushik, 2013; Giordano, Montacchini and Tedesco, 2013, 2016; Tamási and Dobszay, - Use of materials with low environmental 2015; Pérez-Urrestarazu et al., 2016; Tedesco, impact Giordano and Montacchini, 2016; Xing, Jones The aim is to reduce the use of energy from and Donnison, 2017b) it was possible to combustion. Embodied Energy (EE) is the identify some good practices and reference primary energy needed for the extraction strategies. These strategies have been of raw materials, for material processing translated into optimization requirements, mechanisms, for transport and on-site and through the application and verification installation. The use of materials with low of these requirements on the systems, it has incorporated energy content maximizes the been possible to obtain results of systems level of sustainability. Even when certain optimizations. materials have high levels of embodied energy, most of that energy can come from 1. Production renewable energy sources.

• Functional prototype: an excellent prototype - Use materials with high environmental of LWS must be functional and have a design performance that allows offering the appropriate conditions The use of materials that, through a process to the selected project. of recovery and transformation, are again useful and readmitted to the market, with - Facilitate flexibility and adaptability to another function or the same one. This different environments drastically reduces the embodied energy of The system must have flexibility and the new material. This type of material is adaptability features in a way that can called secondary raw material. The objective be disassembled and assembled without is to maximize the use of materials derived having to make substantial modifications. from waste transformation activities, The purpose is to be able to disassemble it taking into account their technological and into parts and transport it if necessary. This environmental performance. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 101

• Module dimensions: the module must will vary based on the technology employed consider the costs of maintenance and and the type of project. construction, influenced by the dimensions, the design, installation flexibility, and the • Substrate selection: the substrate must materials used. provide a support structure to the plants, and allow access to water, air, and nutrients, in - Reduction in the number of materials order to decrease maintenance. Reduce the parts that comprise the technical element, excluding the anchors, - Reduce substrate thickness and considering the irrigation system and Minimizing the thickness of the substrate the support frame of the system as elements allows having under the control of the that can be simplified. By reducing the parts thickness of the whole module, reducing of the system, the costs that can be derived also the use of primary and secondary raw from the assembly of a greater number materials. This leads to advantages for the of parts are reduced, as well as extending transport and handling of the modules. manufacturing times. - Use secondary and recycling raw materials - Use integrated fuction elements Proper selection of substrate type and The use of elements that perform two or volume is necessary to obtain benefits of more functions within the system allows temperature reduction, sound absorption, to limit the number of elements used, and and improved air quality. The use of recycled indirectly reduces the thickness of the and organic materials in the substrate mix finished module. For example, a substrate reduces embodied energy and consumption that in addition to supporting the plants, of materials from non-renewable sources. An performs part of the structural function of example could be the use of recycled plastic the panel, giving it rigidity. In other words, from recycled rubbers as a drainage layer in obtain the same result with fewer elements. modular roofing solutions to replace porous materials such as pozzolans or expanded clay. - Reduce costs associated with the assembly and acquisition of materials and • Selection of the fertigation system: the components selection of the appropriate plant and the In most cases living wall systems are depth of the substrate must be among the made with a complex stratigraphy, which considerations to maximize the potential. contemplates a high number of materials, elements, and components, with a direct - Maximize the use of integrated devices influence on costs and environmental for irrigation and energy needs impact in the different phases of the life Verifying if the solutions used are integrated cycle. The purpose of this case is to reduce with the irrigation and lighting system costs through the reduction of the number allows obtaining important advantages, of materials and the standardization of the such as: having preventive control of components. the aesthetics of the garden, defining maintenance procedures and avoiding - Reducing the need for irrigation improvised solutions. The standardization The use of substrates that may hold long- and integration of these two systems allow term nutrient solutions, and plants that have to extend the useful life of the system. low water needs. This makes it possible to reduce consumption related to fertilization • Selection of plant species: selection must and irrigation, thereby reducing costs be carried out according to the scale of the during the use and maintenance phase. This project and the climatic conditions. 102 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

- Select plant species with shallow roots made in a concave shape, inclined, perforated The species with superficial roots or made of a porous or absorbent material. guarantees the containment of the thickness of the substrate and consequently • Rainwater collection: the irrigation system the total thickness of the module. should consider rainwater collection and recycling of irrigation water to minimize - Select evergreen plant species the use of drinking water. The recovery of The aesthetic aspect of a living wall system rainwater, as well as the fertilizer solution, is is among the main requirements, this essential from an economic and energy point selection is important especially in the of view. Using recovery systems saves water management of the aesthetics of gardens and other resources. One possibility could be during the various seasons of the year. the use of a water collection sump together The objective is to avoid management with a solution recirculation pump. problems since in other cases it is necessary to eliminate dry and fallen leaves during • Structural decay: the structural decay of the autumn and replace them more times the substrate must be avoided; therefore, the during the year. installation, fertilizers, and nutrients must be provided in a precise way. The living - Select non-allergenic plant species wall systems are realized with a stratigraphy Pollen is invisible particles produced constituted by an external stratum that by plants for reproductive purposes, contains the plants and the substrate, a which diffuse into the air and for certain supporting structure, a hydrophilic layer, a individuals are a source of allergies, layer of drainage and development of the roots especially in spring. The use of species that and finally the closing layer. The objective is do not produce flowers can be a solution. to guarantee in each system the presence of an external layer that avoids the structural - Select plant species capable of improving decay of the substrate. air quality Many plants have the ability to fix • Waterproofing: due to the presence pollutants present in the air, such as gases, of substrate, humid environments are suspended particles and Volatile Organic created, an excellent system must consider Compounds (VOCs). There are species a waterproofing insulation layer or an air that are particularly effective in this task, chamber. making it a tool for improving air quality. • Ergonomic: the system and the arrangement - Select plant species capable of improving of the fertigation system must allow the easy aesthetic quality hooking and unhooking of the system due to Varying the plant species makes it possible to substitutions or other problems. create different environments and improve the aesthetic effect produced by vertical • Structural safety: the weight of the system gardens. Selecting species characterized must be considered in such a way as to avoid by seasonal changes in color makes the overloading the load-bearing structure. The visual effect change continuously, as well module must be stable under the effect of as providing dynamism in a façade. its same weight, this is fundamental since it simplifies the storage, transport, on-site 2. Construction installation, and maintenance. The purpose is to verify during the useful life which is what • Drainage of the system: to improve the can compromise the vertical support structure drainage of the LWS system, they can be and reduce the total weight of the element. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 103

3. Maintenance disassembling of the parts of the system, having studied the operations to be carried • Maintenance of the system: maintenance out. This allows an optimization of the use must be programmed according to the of materials, helping to identify the elements objectives set out in terms of lifetime and that no longer fulfill their function and that available resources. must be replaced.

- Limit pruning • Dismissal: at the end of the useful life of the The maintenance of these systems requires system, the total removal of the system to the pruning, the frequency depends on the landfill should be considered, where the costs species and the type of substrate. Some include the removal of the plants, the support species do not need pruning, they grow to system, and the irrigation system. a point and keep it for the rest of their life, others grow to form rugs or in height, and - Maximize the use of reused/reusable this in some way limits pruning. The goal is materials and components to reduce pruning by selecting the right slow- Increasing the percentage of materials that growing species and reducing maintenance can be reused in their final state leads to costs. savings in energy terms, since recycling - as it may be preferable to disposal in landfills - - Reduce the need for energy supply from implies an energy cost. The aim is, therefore, non-renewable sources to save resources and energy by reusing It is an important strategy for the design of certain raw materials. a sustainable solution. This will be possible based on the efficiency of the pump that - Maximize the use of materials and distributes the solution, of the irrigation components upcycling/downcycling controllers, and of the lamps used in some Upcycling is an activity where used materials cases for the illumination of the gardens are converted to new ones, or in other words, in substitution of the solar light. The aim, new objects are created without having to in this case, is to connect the fertilization, face the costs of disposing of the material. irrigation and lighting systems to others that On the other hand, downcycling implies that use energy from renewable sources. in the material transformation phase there is a loss of value in its characteristics, so it • Flexibility: the systems must be individual is not possible to obtain products with the containers that can allow pruning and same performance. The purpose, in this substitution according to the system. A simple case, is to ensure that the system can be built hooking and unhooking system are essential. from upcycling materials or downcycling derivatives. - Maximize the use of easily assembled components - Prioritize the use of materials that are From the verification of the systems of non-toxic or harmful to health anchorage of the modules, that can be In order to reduce environmental impact, simplified from their physical characteristics. it is important to identify toxic materials The parameters that can be optimized in this within the system, disassembly and priority field are related to the disposed of the system separation of these, as they can be harmful anchoring so that it can be installed by a to health if improperly disposed of. This single person. avoids the emission of toxic gases into the environment and prevents recyclable or - Facilitate the substitution of materials reusable materials from being wasted, which Facilitate the process of assembling and is the same as saving energy and materials. 104 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

- Select incinerable or combustion materials Creating a guide or manual includes: The incineration and combustion of materials is the last opportunity for certain materials to - Create qualified consumers, good users have a function within their life cycle. The who will provide the intended use and production of heat from combustion is used maintenance based on their economic and for electrical production and heating. The physical availability; objective in this case, although it is not the most sustainable scenario, is to select and - Do not involve more participants in calculate the percentage of materials that the production or maintenance of the can be incinerated or combusted at the end product, which implies a reduction of the of their useful life for use as thermal and investments; electrical energy. - Offer a product that contributes to the - Use products with similar lifecycle psychological well-being of people; Ensuring that the useful life of system components is similar and avoiding having - Stimulating social activity and the exchange to intervene frequently in different parts of knowledge, starting with providing a of the system. The aim is to ensure that product with a guide for construction and the components of the modules have maintenance. homogeneous durability, which implies knowing the life cycle of each material used. a. Maintenance guide:

OPTIMIZATION OF A LIVING After the installation of a façade, one WALL SYSTEM initiative to reduce associated costs is to develop maintenance guidelines. In which The optimization proposal was made upon the the functioning and technical characteristics basis of 5 alternatives with concrete actions. of the irrigation and fertilization system can Based on this proposal, the weaknesses and be explained, as well as the type of species strengths of the systems are highlighted, from and substratum and their requirements. which a selection is made. These alternatives summarize in some way the parameters to be To structure a maintenance guide, it is optimized, in some cases, one strategy can necessary to take into account: contribute to more than one requirement. Since many possibilities open up, the aim was - Maintenance objectives, to create a base- to integrate the current efficient features of line with the objectives to be achieved, the systems, with those that can be improved. taking into account climatic conditions and selected plant species. 1. Do it youself (DIY) guides: - Times of the system, the times when the The guide is proposed as a strategy that maximum density of vegetable species is responds to the requirements related to a reached. functional prototype, for the plant species selection and dismission of the systems, which - Technical instructions related to the response to the production and maintenance management of the irrigation system in case phase. Projecting a guide or manual to of damage or breakage. provide simple information and step-by-step instructions on how to plan or implement - Suggested cyclic maintenance programs, in specific actions, it is about offering a free tool order to offer a guide for future problems or to the consumer. interruptions. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 105

Building a vertical garden

- A toolkit, a guide to possible tools needed guide would be one of the most economical to repair possible damage. options to reduce the cost of these systems. (Culnane et al., 2014). - Instructions of fertilizers, for replacement, if necessary. A maintenance guide for a living wall system could be structured on the basis of - Technical data sheets of plant species, with the following activities: their specific requirements, useful in the case of replacements. - Maintain the design: replacement or replanting of plant species; Some projects, in particular, those on a large scale, require maintenance by - Maintain the good condition of the plants: third parties; in other cases, some private elimination of dry leaves, control of signs projects require maintenance contracts for of parasites, regular controls of irrigation; a period not inferior to one year, to ensure optimal operation. These tasks require an - Minimize the presence of invasive species; extra expense in the installation of this type of systems. A DIY system, with all - Regular pruning; its components purchased separately, can cost around 170€/m2, plus approximately - Monitor plant health, vigor, and density; 150€/m2 for the substrate, the plants, the irrigation system, and fertilization. While - Maintain the good condition of the a professional system can be between substrate, depth, and weight; 1100 and 2800€/m2, including 12 months of technical assistance. This means that - Maintain the good state of the irrigation the proposal of a maintenance manual or system; 106 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

- Monitor plant nutrition: keep a record of - The growth of roots to the sides; fertilization and PH values, before and after fertilization; - The fragility of the stems;

- Ensure drainage and removal of residues; - Dry biomass accumulation;

- Maintain the safety of the system: verify - Resistance to dryness (such as succulent, the anchorage points, the connections, and grey leaves or thick leaves); the points of light and water that the system uses; - Resistance to ice;

- Maintain the waterproofing of the system. - Toxicity to human contact;

b. Species selection guide: - The development of spines.

Good knowledge of the plant species used in c. System dismissal guide: a living wall system allows maintaining their appearance over time. The selection of the A material can be recovered or eliminated, species is made according to the objective of two different concepts. In this classification, it the project, the location, the exposure to the is not considered as materials to be disposed of sun and shade, as well as the need to be able to those by-products or secondary raw materials develop in not very deep substrates. that satisfy certain criteria and conditions:

The climatic condition of the place, from the - That it is the product of an alternative point of view of humidity levels, minimum process to that of its production; and maximum temperatures, as well as rainfall percentages, influences the type of - Its employability must be verified; species to be selected. Choosing, for example, species that are shade tolerant in those cases - That it satisfies the ideal environmental of indoor gardens or selecting species that are quality requirements to guarantee that its tolerant to high percentages of solar incidence use does not give rise to emissions or impacts in the case of fully exposed outdoor gardens, different from those already authorized; are useful decisions for the durability of the system. - It must not be treated or preliminarily transformed to satisfy environmental quality A possible selection matrix for new users requirements; could be made up of knowledge about: - That has a market value (Industrie e - The density of the species; ambiente, 2017).

- The root type: superficial or fibrous shallow; The reuse of materials brings important benefits to this type of systems in the field - The growth rate of the species; of sustainability. In the UK, for example, the reuse of materials translates into 19% of the - Resistance to direct solar incidence; total national ecological footprint, 23% of the total reductions in greenhouse gases and 420 - Resistance to shade; million tonnes of materials in the recovery phase consumed. (Stockholm Environment - Predisposition to parasites or infections; Institute, 2017). MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 107

With some creativity and flexible design, - Collection in a sump, a gutter is installed the opportunities to incorporate recovered in the lower part of the system, with the materials into new objects are wide. Therefore, function of recovering the water and the the proposal to make a waste selection guide excess solution. for living wall systems is based on giving a tool to the consumer, illustrating the inventory of - Integrated into the system, a system in which materials in the system and the possibilities of each module is connected to a reservoir to reuse or not of each, starting from: carry it back to the sump. This requires a high number of components, but at the same time - General information about the material; offers greater flexibility in the maintenance of the system. - Cases of application of recycled material; 3. Use of renewable resources - Comparison of raw material costs versus recycled material; The use of renewable sources responds to the requirements related to the maintenance of - Reduced carbon emissions from the reuse of the system and the need to limit the energy such material. consumption from non-renewable sources during the maintenance phase. The building 2. Rainwater management: envelope, instead of being considered as an element of protection, also has the function of The rainwater management responds to the mediating the external climatic conditions, heat requirements related to the use of rainwater fluxes and relative humidity, whit reference to recovery systems in the construction phase. the daily and seasonal fluctuations, trying to The use of vegetation for rainwater bring advantage them in order to bring thermal well- more surfaces that can contribute to the being indoor environments. Whit the use of a collection of water, which would also help to living wall system and a passive solar system, reduce the current urban problems. Cities in the building as a whole can be a passive system. the world are worried about forecasting floods during rainy days, the vegetation provides 4. Standardization of production the function of acting as a natural regulator processes: of rainwater, starting from the reuse for irrigation, thus increasing the time between The standardization of the production the climatic event and the discharges of water. processes responds to the requirements Rainwater can be used to irrigate vertical and related to the reduction of costs associated horizontal gardens without any treatment. with the assembly, the use of integrated function elements and the reduction of the The rainwater recovery system can be number of materials during the production operated in two ways: phase. The standardization of the product allows the producer to reduce production - Mechanically (injection pump), the tank can costs, benefiting from economies of scale be installed on the same level as the vertical/ in the production of single components, the horizontal garden; reduction of sales time due to the possibility of simultaneously producing different elements, - For gravity, the tank should be installed at and increase the flexibility of the final product. a lower level than the vertical/horizontal (Lanzara R et al., 2002) The implementation garden. of a standardized modular strategy allows increasing the adaptability, quality, and And disposed in two possible configurations: innovation of the product. 108 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

Among the elements on which market would greatly contribute to reducing research and functionality analysis can be the environmental impacts of prototype developed were: construction and production, including reducing the demand for landfills and deplete - Module hooking system: hooks and release natural resources. This would also contribute brackets to economic efficiency.

- Hooking systems to the support structure The design out waste strategy proposes an improvement in reducing waste from the - Supporting structure: stiffening frame design phase, and is based on five fundamental principles: - Connections: snap, screws, rivets or adhesives - Design for reuse and recovery

5. Design out waste: - Design for off-site construction

The design out waste responds to the - Design for materials optimization requirements related to prioritize the toxic materials and to select incinerable and - Design for waste efficient procurement combustible materials during the dismissal phase. More efficient use of materials - Design for deconstruction and flexibility

City Hall of Venlo, Kraaijvanger Architects MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 109

Within these 5 principles are strategies for To evaluate waste reduction opportunities the reduction of waste and costs associated in the assembly phase of the module, the with new projects, it should be noted that following questions should be answered: they are applicable to any type of project. In this case, the ones applicable to a living wall a. Is the design adapted to different purposes system are: during the life cycle of the module?

- Design for reuse and recovery: reuse of b. From the design point of view, is it possible components and materials has great to easily carry out the necessary maintenance potential to reduce environmental impacts, and replacement of product components? one of them is embodied energy (EE), embodied carbon (EC) and waste. In the c. Can the materials used be recycled or particular case of the living wall system, reused? among its components can be recycled: d. Is the module easy to assemble and remove? a. The external layer of containment of plants, usually made of felt or geotextiles; The method and principles of design can be an advantage in the life cycle of these technologies, b. The supporting structure, usually made as well as offering the opportunity for them of plastic or aluminum; to become systems accessible to anyone, sustainable in time, and reduced costs. c. The substrate, in the mix, are discards, fibers and organic materials that can be CONCLUSION reused. The vertical green can be conceived as a - Design for materials optimization: This synthesis between landscape and architecture. principle is based on a series of strategies This has a duality, on the one hand, it allows that designers should consider as part of the to unite constructed volumes to the natural design process. These strategies are based landscape mimicking them and minimizing on decisions focused on the efficiency of the presence of the industrial aspect, and on the materials, so as to reduce the number the other hand, it allows to hide aesthetically used, as well as reducing waste. Within this difficult to handle objects such as technical or process two main areas are developed: infrastructure installations. This line of ideas opens up the opportunity to establish the a. Simplification and standardization of living wall system as a technical element of materials and components the architectural project.

b. Coordination between the dimensions The use of these systems both in urban of the parts planning and in the design of buildings and internal spaces gives a sense of sustainability, - Design for deconstruction and flexibility: and awareness of the reduction of emissions, Designers must consider the properties and the possibility of ensuring quality spaces of each material, and the possibility of and welfare. It is important to highlight the recycling at the end of the life cycle. The economic accessibility of these solutions, application of this principle in the field of to the point of being justifiable as a social deconstruction and flexibility of living wall investment. systems should be done in the early stages of design, to explore options and evaluate It is necessary to deepen research and develop the practicality of each one. a real integration between vegetation and the 110 CHAPTER 6 - LIVING WALL SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES

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MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 113 Lausane. Suiza. I.de Felipe

CHAPTER 7 CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

Radu M. Giurgiu1,2, Rares C. Nistor1, Alexander van Tuyll3, Seppe Salari3,4, Zjef van Acker5, Manfred Köhler6 and Dan C. Vodnar1 1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2MELiSSA Foundation, Belgium 3Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands 4SmartCrops B.V., The Netherlands 5Pad en Stoel, Belgium 6University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany

1 SUMMARY explored. The chapter ends with a case study, the Plantgeek project: a research project on his chapter explores a novel way of aquaponics, the first link of the AMI concept. farming within the city, inspired by Tprocesses occurring in nature. Starting 2 KEY WORDS from the current state of vertical farming, we focus on the inputs and outputs of these Ecosystems, controlled environment, systems, and how closing the loops can lead sustainability, urban farming, aquaponics, to a more sustainable and resilient way of mushrooms, insects, waste to value. producing food. The AMI concept is introduced as an alternative to the conventional linear 3 INTRODUCTION AND GOALS models of controlled-environment agriculture. The components of AMI systems are described This chapter aims to delve into urban and individually, followed by three potential vertical farming as a follow up to the chapter configurations of ecosystem food production published in the previous WGIN book. In systems. The environmental sustainability of the first segment, we will describe the main these systems occupies the majority of the elements of indoor food production with an chapter, but their economic potential is also emphasis on aquaponics, the technology 114 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

of growing fish and plants in symbiosis, in will be an important addition in the transition which fish waste is transformed by bacteria towards a truly sustainable food system. into nutrients for the plants. The second part However, for this goal, VFs need to become proceeds with an analysis of the multitude more integrated with their environment and of facets of ecosystem food production, with adopt the principles of ecosystems thinking. respect to the input/output streams and balances, the dynamics of the processes, 5 URBAN FARMING 2.0 - and how technology can be both the tool in CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT generating data for a better understanding of ECOSYSTEMS; THE AMI the systems, and also the mean to optimise CONCEPT the systems based on the acquired knowledge. We will also give a broad overview of the This chapter describes an improved concept economics and how these systems can have for indoor, urban, and vertical food production, a meaningful impact in the future of urban with respect to resource management food production, ending up with analysing the and integration with the environment. concept by narrowing down the focus over a AMI (pronounced like ’Jamie’) stands for case study, the Plantgeek research project. ’aquaponics, mushrooms and insects’, and is based on complex natural ecosystems. 4 VERTICAL / URBAN FARMING, With AMI, vertical farming is involving ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES more organism aiming to use resource more sustainable and close the nutrient cycles. Vertical farming (VF) is still part of a growing popularity trend as an emerging food Two examples of this thinking: (1) VFs rely production technology that has a number of on energy, synthetic fertiliser for the nutrient advantages over the conventional agriculture solution that is delivered to the plants, the /citekalantari2018opportunities. VFs are nutrients being extracted from other, mostly responding to global challenges such as fossil, sources. (2) Even made more circular population growth, rapid urbanisation, the through aquaponics (which combines fish and adverse effects of climate change, land scarcity, plants by transforming the waste of the fish and water usage. It does this by implementing to nutrients for the plants), there is a need for a technology of growing plants without soil, other external inputs which are not part of the in a nutrient-rich solution, in a closed system. circular flow. Fish feed is just one of these. The biggest advantage of this practice is the land-use efficiency obtained through stacking The AMI concept is an iterative approach on layers of crops instead of just one plane, as designing urban food production systems, is the case with conventional agriculture. starting from available resources and building VFs also use a controlled environment to on with loops that process and make value out carefully monitor and adjust the growing of waste. It is a combination of the circular process. However, this comes at the expense economy (Ellen MacArthur Foundation), of the energy consumption and infrastructure the blue economy (Gunther Pauli), and costs which many sceptics are bringing into ecosystems thinking, applied to indoor urban the debate. On the other hand, VFs can grow farming. food inside the city, cutting out transportation and delivering fresh produce directly to Components consumers. Currently, using this technology, there is still a limit to the range of crops that The production of vegetables, fish, are economically viable. The projection of mushrooms, and insects together would most people is that VF will not completely already be a great start in using the principles replace conventional agriculture. Instead, it behind the AMI concept. That said, there are MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 115

Table 1: An overview of the four trophic levels described, each with examples. These four trophic levels are required to perform the same functions as done in natural ecosystems. The examples given here are nowhere near exhaustive.

Trophic level Description Examples Convert abiotic energy, usually light, into chemical energy. Primary producers Primary producers are the only trophic level where chemi- Plants Algae Cyanobacteria cal energy is added to the system.

Herbivores Eat living plant tissue, concentrating energy and proteins. Animals

Carnivores Eat animal tissue, converting it into different animal tissue. Animals

Live off decomposing matter (detritus). Recover energy and Insects Detrivores protein. Fungi Worms Bacteria

far more organisms and subsystems that could BSF larvae are detrivores, able to grow on be beneficial, depending on the context. almost any form of organic waste, including animal manure. At the same time, they can A core feature of AMI systems is that they use reduce the pathogen load in their substrate. the outputs of one subsystem as inputs for the These properties make BSF larvae an ideal next. In natural ecosystems, this is done by workhorse for AMI systems, as the primary different organisms with different functions, site where protein is recovered from waste. To also known as trophic levels. AMI systems recover protein efficiently, larvae should be mimic nature by carrying out the exact same harvested before they reach their final instars, functions that occur in natural ecosystems. for two reasons. Firstly, too much energy goes This is useful to bear in mind when deciding to chitin production in later instars. Secondly, on which subsystems to add to an AMI system. the larvae stop feeding, thereby releasing their Although the examples presented here cover own stored chemical energy. all trophic levels of an ecosystem, there are plenty more possibilities, which are only likely In theory, BSF larvae could be fed to humans. to work if all levels are occupied. The four However, it is usually more convenient to use main trophic levels are: primary producers, BSF larvae as an animal feed, passing their herbivores, carnivores, and detrivores. These protein on to other parts of the AMI system. are explained in the table below. The latter BSF larvae are also a sustainable source of three levels are similar in that they recover, protein, since their environmental impact is convert, and concentrate existing chemical lower than that of conventional sources such as energy. On the other hand, primary producers soy. Furthermore, this means less feed needs are the only organisms capable of adding to be imported, preventing the local nutrient chemical energy to the system. balance from being too high (as is currently the case in the Netherlands, for example). 5.1 Insect cultivation Insect cultivation produces a number of by- Insects and their larvae are highly efficient in products. The first by-product is insect frass. producing protein. They are also very diverse Depending on the substrate used, this can - ranging from crickets to mealworm larvae, be anything from a viscous liquid to moist each with different requirements. crumbs of insect manure. Insect frass is rich in nutrients and organic matter. This can be One of the most versatile and protein- used as a fertiliser or soil amendment, or to efficient insects is the black soldier fly (BSF). grow earthworms. 116 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

The other by-products are carbon dioxide, at around 1-3% of the current standing stock. water vapour, and ammonia. These three Fish feed must be high in protein. This makes by-products are released into the air. Carbon insect larvae an appropriate feed. A limitation dioxide can be used by plants. However, due of insect larvae is their chitin exoskeletons. to the presence of ammonia in this air, directly Despite research showing benefits of chitin pumping it to plant production facilities is only supplementation to fish health [5], in high advisable for low concentrations of ammonia. amounts, the exoskeletons are either not That said, some types of algae are able to use digested or simply rejected. Fish also require ammonia as a nitrogen source. This makes omega 3 fatty acids in their diet. Currently, this the air from BSF larvae production potentially is supplied through fish-meal, obtained through ideal for these algae. fishing. In natural ecosystems, algae are the primary producers of omega 3. Feeding algae Table 2: An overview of the main inputs, directly to fish (thereby bypassing fish-meal) factors, and outputs for insect production. is therefore more sustainable, as it reduces pressure on marine ecosystems. Inputs Factors Outputs Being heterotrophic animals, the outputs Biomass Temperature Larvae of fish are similar to that of insects. Besides

Oxygen [O2] Residue/frass carbon dioxide, fish produce soluble and insoluble (solid) waste. To ensure conditions Relative humi- (Eggs) CO2 remain suitable for the fish, these two outputs dity must be removed on a regular basis. [CO2] (Light) NH3 Illuminance Solid waste is removed through a filter. Although this is not done in conventional 5.2 Aquaculture aquaculture systems, this solid waste can be fed to earthworms, insects, or other aquatic Aquaculture covers organisms with organisms, like shrimp. Failing that, solid characteristics more diverse than those of waste can be used as a soil amendment. insects: fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and more. Soluble waste, on the other hand, can be used Despite these possibilities, this subsection will to fertilise plants or algae. If used for plants, focus on the production of (fresh-water) fish ammonia - the most abundant soluble output only. - must be converted into nitrate through nitrifying bacteria. The nutrient profile of Table 3: An overview of the main inputs, fish waste will depend on the feed used. factors, and outputs for fish aquaculture This presents a trade-off between efficient aquaculture and optimal plant nutrient supply. Inputs Factors Outputs 5.3 Plant production Feed Temperature Fish

Oxygen Dissolved oxygen CO2 Though plants have varying requirements, NH3 pH the principles of their cultivation are largely Water Aqueous ions Stocking density similar. Whilst other organisms so far discussed Solid waste recover and concentrate chemical energy and produce carbon dioxide, plants introduce new The main input (other than water, oxygen, and chemical energy into the system and take up energy) in fish aquaculture systems is fish feed. carbon dioxide, whilst removing nutrients The requirements of this feed depend on the from water. This, of course, is done through species cultivated. In general, feed is given daily photosynthesis. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 117

Apart from carbon dioxide and light, plants There are 3 steps in the industrial production require water and nutrients. Water and of mushrooms: (1) spawn production, (2) nutrients are supplied through a growing substrate production and (3) the production of medium, but can also be directly supplied, as fruiting bodies. is done in hydroponics. The growing medium should have the correct pH, and nutrients In phase one, fungal spores are inoculated into must be present in the right amounts. In the growing medium. Fungi are extremely aquaponics systems, there may be a nutrient sensitive to contamination - be it bacterial, imbalance, requiring supplementation and/ viral or through other fungi. Therefore, the or leaching. spawn growing medium must be sterilised. This is usually done through a process known Table 4: An overview of the main inputs, as autoclaving, but can also be done through factors, and outputs for plant production pasteurisation. In the second phase, the spawn is added to this specific sterilised substrate. Inputs Factors Outputs Vegetables/ Table 5: An overview of the main inputs, Light Wavelength fruits factors, and outputs for mushroom production Carbon Photoperiod Lignocellulose dioxide Inputs Factors Outputs Water Light intensity Water vapor Lignocellulose Temperature Mushrooms pH [O2] Oxygen CO2 Nutrient concentrations Relative humidity Nutrients Temperature Leach water (NPK) Relative humidity For the substrate, a nitrogen source is also [CO2] often necessary. In recent years multiple companies have been using coffee grounds Plant production has many non-food outputs. - an abundant waste stream - as a source of The first is oxygen, which can be used in nitrogen. In substrate production, most fungi any heterotrophic process. Water vapour is require dark, humid conditions and a specific also produced through transpiration. This temperature for optimal growth. Optimal can either be recovered or used to humidify conditions and substrate depend on the mushroom production chambers. There are species of fungi cultivated. also inedible parts of the plant - stems, roots, and so on - which are made of lignocellulose. Under other conditions than the conditions The only organisms able to efficiently use of substrate production, the fungus produces lignocellulose are fungi and some micro- fruiting bodies - mushrooms - in multiple organisms. Lastly, soilless growing systems ’flushes’, usually around three. produce leach water, often due to the build-up of sodium. This can be diverted to algae, which Fungi grow on lignocellulose by secreting are far more sodium-tolerant than plants. digestive enzymes, transforming around 30 percent of the substrate mass into fruiting 5.4 Fungiculture bodies. As a result, used substrate from fungi can be digested by insects, for example, since Fungi are special because they are the lignocellulose gets broken down. only organisms listed here that can digest lignocellulose. This is an important property, 5.5 Algaculture since lignocellulose makes up a significant proportion of the biomass and chemical Taxonomically speaking, the term ’algae’ energy in plants. is broad and ambiguous, referring to both 118 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

Vegetables in urban orchard. I de Felipe

macroalgae and microalgae, which are In theory, the culture of algae has no outputs respectively multicellular and unicellular. other than algal biomass and oxygen. That Generally speaking, the term excludes said, current systems do discard water cyanobacteria, despite important species when harvesting. This is because harvesting (such as those called ’Spirulina’) falling under involves removing a certain amount of water that term and being similar to algae in their from the system and concentrating the algae. cultivation. This section covers both algae and The water removed during concentration cyanobacteria, hereafter referred to as ’algae’. gets discarded.

Like plants, algae take up water, nutrients, 5.6 Vermiculture and carbon dioxide, producing biomass and oxygen. However, algae are more versatile in Vermiculture refers to the cultivation of multiple ways. Firstly, unicellular algae can earthworms. In the context of AMI, earthworms be housed in many ways - pipes, tanks, and can be used as an extra step to further recover so on - allowing for optimal light interception. and concentrate proteins from black soldier fly Secondly, most algae are more tolerant to high larvae castings. These earthworms can then concentrations of ions (including sodium) be fed to fish, for instance. The earthworm than plants. This makes them ideal for using castings can be used as a fertiliser or soil brackish water from other processes within amendment.Although the potential of this the AMI system. Lastly, algae can produce element is evident for the AMI systems, this a high-quality source of omega 3 fatty acids. part needs further research for getting more This allows for aquaculture without animal- data on how it can be implemented in the based inputs such as fishmeal. complex ecosystem food production. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 119

6 NUTRIENT CYCLES IN In the following diagrams, only flows of ECOSYSTEM FOOD PRODUCTION nutrients and organic matter are shown. For SYSTEMS (AMI SYSTEM) the sake of clarity, energy, humidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are omitted. As discussed in the previous section, AMI systems have the potential to produce food 6.1.1 Configuration 1: Aquaponics, with waste, by harnessing the benefits of Mushrooms, Insects the ecosystems approach. The key to a successful cooperation between different In this first configuration, black soldier fly growing systems, stands in understanding larvae are used to process incoming organic the relations between them in terms on waste (e.g. food waste, livestock manure, or inputs and outputs. This section is describing inedible plant parts). These larvae are fed possible configurations, and possible external to the fish in an aquaponics system. Insect waste streams to be used as resources for frass can also be used for plant production. AMI systems. Production estimates and Any remaining lignocellulose from plant assessments in the context as the driver for production (or external sources) can be used the system design, will be given. for mushroom production.

6.1 Input/Output cycle, possible Using nutrient mass balances and conversion configurations ratios for the different subsystems and their inputs, a tonne of fruit and vegetable waste As previously discussed, there are multiple could produce approximately the following, possibilities when it comes to setting up using this configuration: an AMI system. In this subsection, three possibilities are presented that range in - 55 kg of tilapia fish complexity. With every added component, the - 615 kg of leafy greens amount of knowledge and decisions to be made - 6 kg of oyster mushrooms when running the system becomes orders of magnitude larger. In practice it may be wise to These production figures may well be higher start with aquaponics, since it is the most well- in reality, since the above figures came from known part of the AMI approach, and slowly calculations where mushroom residue was build from there. When used correctly, more not re-introduced into the system. It should components allow for the system to run more be also noted that these numbers should efficiently and make better use of different not be compared with production figures wasted resource streams. from respective stand-alone conventional

Figure 1: An overview of the inputs and outputs of each subsystem in a configuration of aquaponics, mushrooms, and insects. Carbon dioxide, energy, and water flows have been omitted 120 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

cultivation systems (aquaculture and energy and nutrients. The only issue is that agriculture). The primary goal is not to black water is unpredictable, and can contain a produce more per square metre or animal, but plethora of unwanted chemicals such as drugs. to transform waste into food. The same applies to urine (’yellow water’). As a result, this waste cannot be fed directly to the 6.1.2 Configuration 2: AMI with AMI system. Different steps have to be taken. Extended Heterotroph-Waste Usage Waste streams such as these are analysed in the framework of http://melissafoundation. Configuration 2 is similar to the AMI system org/space exploration for life support systems shown in Configuration 1, but contains two where waste water is reused, and nutrients new subsystems. This allows for internal are recovered and recycled in producing food, waste streams to be used more effectively. oxygen and water for the astronauts.

Black soldier fly larvae produce insect frass Black water is first fed to a biodigester, and ammonia as waste products. Rather than producing methane, which can be used as a going to plant production, insect frass goes to source of energy and/or carbon dioxide. This earthworm vermiculture. This is a good way is the first step in using the energy from this to make use of the energy that the frass still waste. The second step involves pyrolysis. contains. These worms can be fed to fish as a Pyrolysis involves heating the biodigester second protein input. Ammonia in the air of sludge to high temperatures - hundreds of the larvae production system can be sent to degrees Celsius - under anaerobic conditions. algaculture, producing algae and providing a This is known to produce more energy than it source of omega 3 for the fish. Algaculture can uses, and results in biochar. At the same time, also use leach water from the plant production pyrolysis destroys the majority of unwanted system. organic compounds in the black water.

The fish themselves produce solid waste as Yellow water, combined with magnesium well. This still contains energy, which can is passed through a struvite precipitator. be used to produce shrimp. Nutrient-rich This produces struvite, a slow-release plant water from the shrimp can be sent to plant fertiliser. production. If this water is too saline, it could be sent directly to algaculture (a connection The next step involves the biochar from that is not drawn here). A lot of decisions pyrolysis. Biochar can be used for plant would have to be made in such a system, and production: either as a soil amendment, or in best practices are not yet known. substrate if sawdust and soil are added. When being used in substrate, biochar has properties 6.1.3 Configuration 3: Focusing on similar to peat moss. Sewage Water 6.2 Possible waste streams Configuration 3 shows an AMI system similar to the two systems previously presented, with The strong point of AMI systems is the ability the addition of sewage as an indirect input. to take waste streams as an input and use This flowchart is based on a conceptual design their energy and nutrients to produce food. done by team Green Spark for Wageningen Therefore, choosing the right waste streams University’s 2018 Urban Greenhouse Challenge. is just as important - if not more important - than the system itself. To give an idea of Sewage - in particular, black water - is an the current uses and restrictions, some of important source of organic waste. Like the these waste streams and their challenges are organic waste discussed so far, it contains presented here. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 121

Figure 2: An overview of the inputs and outputs of each subsystem in a configuration of aquaponics, mushrooms, and insects, with other cultivation systems such as vermiculture, shrimp culture and algaculture. Carbon dioxide, energy, and water flows have been omitted

Figure 3: The input/output flow between aquaponics, mushrooms, and insects with other cultivation systems and added input from treated sewage water. Flows of carbon dioxide, water, and energy (unless a net output) have been omitted

The best waste streams for AMI systems 6.2.1 Coffee grounds are produced on a large scale and have a predictable and consistent quality and Coffee grounds are a good source of nitrogen quantity. Currently, under European Union for mushrooms. Currently, a number of legislation, there are restrictions on waste companies worldwide (such as Permafungi streams, particularly when being fed to insects in Belgium, Funghi Espresso in Italy & [6]. However, these are expected to change. Rotterzwam in the Netherlands) are using Logistics are another challenge, as plenty of coffee grounds to grow Oyster mushrooms. these waste streams are predictable but too Coffee grounds are an appropriate waste dispersed. stream due to their consistency, but also 122 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

because they are sterile after making coffee. in terms of at least the inputs/outputs at the The main challenge lies in logistics, as coffee nutrient level. In this context, the producer grounds are produced in small amounts in and the consumer become connected in a many places, which mostly also do not yet self-sustaining ecosystem. This spectrum have a workflow that keeps the coffee grounds of choices is a blessing for resilience, the sterile. AMI system being designed according to each specific case. At the same time, adding 6.2.2 Animal manure complexity and layers to an AMI system has its drawbacks. Having just one growing Unlike coffee grounds, most animal manure system and one type of species, the entire is produced on a large scale and is therefore environment can be controlled, resulting in easy to collect. Animal manure contains optimal yield. One can do that too for AMI energy and nutrients, and can be therefore systems, if each growing system is decoupled fed to detrivores. Research shows that black resulting in a discontinuous cycle. In general, soldier flies are able to decrease the bacterial however, AMI systems aim to create indoor load in chicken manure whilst converting it ecosystems that can work as one, replicating into protein that can be used again [4]. This is natural processes and, aided by technology, especially useful, as it leads to a more closed becoming as efficient as current means allow. nutrient cycle, helping combat the current This type of setup would come with some nutrient surplus in the environment of compromises, leading to results that could many Western European countries. The only not compete with the production figures limitation is that current EU legislation does of conventional VFs or even conventional not allow the feeding of converted manure to agriculture, when simply looking at output animals. within the production system and excluding externalities. 6.2.3 Brewer’s spent grain 6.3.2 The quality of the products Brewer’s spent grain is approximately 20% protein and 70% fibre in terms of dry The yields are the main figures focused on matter. This makes it an excellent substrate by farmers, because quantity pays. There for growing mushrooms, especially due are different ways of categorising cultivation to its consistency. Currently, a number of methods, such as organic farming that comes organisations are using spent grain to grow with allegedly higher quality products and mushrooms. Le Champignon de Bruxelles in lower environmental impact that justifies Anderlecht, growing shiitake mushrooms, is the higher prices. VFs are in regard to one of them. They also use this as a way to organic certification at contradicting terms, demonstrate the principles of circular farming depending on the geolocation, with the United to locals. States allowing soilless cultivation in this category whereas European countries would 6.3 Production and quality of the not give the same certification if produce is products not cultivated in soil. This duality shows the lack of data that would settle this kind of 6.3.1 AMI systems and yields debates. Without spiralling down into this, it is important to see what AMI system would bring As described in the previous section, there is to the market in terms of quality of produce. a very high number of possible combinations Having the most important foundation on of AMI systems, starting from waste streams waste streams, AMI system can be considered and building up by reusing as many resources as having lower environmental impact than as possible, towards a self-sufficient system the conventional alternatives. There is still MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 123

the need for more research that deals with labelled as ’natural’, are used. In VFs, due the quality of the products in these complex to the hydroponic technology, a pathogen ecosystems. Even if there are no complex can create mayhem if it is introduced in the AMI systems in the market, yet, the inputs culture. Therefore the workers are suited up and outputs in terms of quantities can be in lab coats, hair covers, and gloves. Although easily calculated and modelled based on the these preventive practices help ensure food knowledge of each individual system. The safety, it can look alien to consumers. With ’travel’ of nutrients from one system to the the AMI concept being relatively new as an other and its influence on the quality of output agricultural practice, more research should be that will reach the market is less understood. done to address these issues. That said, looking In theory, AMI produce should be of high at systems existing today, they seem to be nutritional value, and even a sub-optimal very resilient. Having a stable ecosystem takes environment can actually be seen as positive time, but once established, it deals well with a by stressing the crops just enough to produce continuous adaptation to the environmental more antioxidants. These topics need further changes or subtle shifts that could otherwise research before it can be recommended create a context for diseases in more sterile as a more healthier option not just for the systems [2]. environment, but for consumers as well. 6.4 Context and system design 6.3.3 Resilience in disease management The complexity of the AMI systems can be an An increasing number of consumers are obstacle in persuading the farmers to adopt becoming increasingly concerned with the the concept. The unknowns of combining issues of pesticides used in agriculture and how different organisms in food production that can affect their heath and the environment present challenges that are being embraced [3]. Even in organic farming, some pesticides by scientists, but less so by farmers, who

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need certainty and viable business models. to compete with conventional agriculture At the same time, the complexity of different on the price of the end-product (the plants). organisms and technologies that can transform That does not necessarily position VFs as waste into value will help reach a higher unsustainable economically but it shows degree of resilience. To make a parallel with how the current markets contribute to their conventional VFs, which are more standardised development. VFs as well as ecosystem-based in species grown, technologies such as LED food production systems can be a piece in the lighting or formulations of nutrient solutions, large puzzle of the food systems and both of the have the drawback of a one-size-fits-all novel technologies are getting traction on the approach. VFs can have successful outcomes basis of the environmental challenges that are in specific scenarios and business models, but predicted for the near future, which can find could just as easily fail in other cases (as many conventional agriculture ill-equipped to face. have). AMI systems are more resilient because With the understanding of different business they offer a large palette of loops within models viable for VFs, we can acknowledge loops. Conventional VFs start from a crop that relying solely on selling crops could be to be produced - chosen based on technical unsustainable for new technologies. AMI capabilities and market conditions - whereas systems being a conglomerate of different AMI systems should start with an existing organisms can have sub-optimal growing phenomenon in their environment: waste. conditions for each individual crop/organism Waste, generally considered a burden, could so the challenge comes in finding the middle be the start of designing new systems. Outputs ground for all the wide diversity. This comes seen as useless can become valuable inputs for with lower yields compared to conventional one organism and then the quantities, quality agriculture and current VFs, but it can make and logistics can be designed for the first loop. up for this on quality aspects. The AMI Similar steps are then involved when more concept is developed around making value organisms are added, adding complexity until out of waste streams and obtaining revenue this is no longer worthwhile for the business. by managing inputs and outputs (processing waste). In the economic section, we will 6.4.1 AMI state of the art discuss more how AMI systems can survive in current markets, as well as what needs A logical question following the previous to be changed for the future, taking into statements would be: ’Why aren’t there more consideration the most important advantages AMI systems operating at the moment against of lowering environmental impact. the VFs or even conventional agriculture farms’? If AMI systems are so great at 7 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY producing food, while reducing waste and IN OPTIMISING COMPLEX managing resources better than any other MULTI-ORGANISM SYSTEMS food-producing technology, what are the factors that have prevented them from gaining Today’s state of the art of the ecosystem prominence? To answer these questions, we food production relies on knowledge of each have to look at the business models of the individual crop. As described in the previous first vertical farms. Around the globe, there chapter, there are a number of possibilities are a number of companies associating their for connecting different organisms in one name with this emerging industry. Very single growing system. The benefit of this few are capitalising on the plants as a main would be that the output of one subsystem, revenue stream. Most of them, especially in which is currently discarded, contributing Europe, are getting revenue from selling the to a negative impact on the environment, technology on which the farms are based. The would be now valued as an input to another reason behind this is based on the difficulty subsystem. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 125

7.1 Technology, Data, To add another layer of complexity, there and Knowledge are different species of the various organisms that can be interlinked in AMI systems. Each When considering conventional VFs, individual species has its own set of optimal technology plays a big role in the growing parameters, so one’s experience and validated process. It can be both the advantage and the results may not necessarily overlap with challenge, depending on which of the side you someone else’s setup. The diversity of species position yourself. It can increase the yields within an organism genus is important for the and the quality of the products, yet it lowers design of the systems. Diversity is the key the biodiversity by streaming the focus on a to reaching resilience of the food production few candidate crops. What can change this system. paradigm is data. This being highlighted, it is important to The benefits of AMI systems that use waste build sharing platforms for data that acquire streams as inputs are obvious. The difficulty information from different AMI farms and use lies with the nutrient use efficiency of the this knowledge in a form of consultancy to whole system. Having multiple loops within optimise farmers’ systems and improve their the system, the total efficiency is influenced environmental and economic sustainability, by each individual organism’s efficiency (eg. as well as improving scientific knowledge on 10% efficiency of waste conversion would these systems. lead to 10% efficiency of insect production and so on until the end of the chain). Each 7.2 Using Technology to Optimise pair of subsystems, such as fish and plants, and Automate AMI Systems add to the complexity of the food production ecosystem. Technology is a tool to acquire data that improves the understanding of the complexity The processes between different organisms in AMI systems. This improved understanding is better understood by generating more data aids the further development of technology about many parameters that are relevant in to further optimise these systems. This is a connecting these different organisms. As stated beneficial feedback loop that results in a rapid before, there is extensive research on each development of the food production technology individual crop, but knowledge is lacking on whilst improving efficiency, productivity, and the interactions between different organisms, bringing systems closer to having a positive and about the relations between them. To impact on the environment. This feedback improve the knowledge on these innovative loop will be further explored in the next food production systems, we have to identify chapter, focusing on a case study. However, the parameters that are most relevant for each it is important to highlight the potential of system, such as temperature, pH, humidity, reaching autonomous food-producing systems total dissolved solids, etc., and implement that are using machine-learning algorithms to data acquisition protocols through sensors ever-improve on all grounds. or lab tests. The acquired data to optimise the systems for higher efficiency. There There are a few steps in reaching this goal: are known thresholds for optimal growing performance for each of the organism, but 1. Acquire big data sets when linked with other systems, one has to understand that compromises must be found 2. Build models and find trends to reach the highest productivity for each crop without forcing another one’s limits. 3. Validate models 126 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

4.Use models as input in the automation 8 THE ECONOMIC LAYER OF system URBAN ECOSYSTEM FOOD PRODUCTION 5. Use machine learning systems based on the models with specific goals When building a controlled-environment food-producing ecosystem - or AMI farm 6. Start from step 1 for further improvements - compromises between the numerous organisms have to be made, as previously Data acquisition and its importance has discussed. This will result in lower yields already been discussed. The next part is to for each separate organism compared to search for trends in the data and correlations conventional systems. The reduction in yield that are meaningful for accurate predictions of has economic implications, but could be offset productivity and the quality of end-products. by the reduced need for raw materials. This Once models are built and validated through chapter explores the potential and challenges systematic experimentation, new information for food-producing ecosystems from an can be fed back into the automation script. economic perspective. The hardware will also be optimised so that the factors that are correlated are also 8.1 Investment and return on controlled (e.g. the air pump will start based investment on the dissolved oxygen input and the desired threshold). The improved version of the The production processes of the different system now adapts constantly, based on the organisms in an AMI farm are very similar acquired knowledge. All the farmer needs to a regular farming operation of a separate to do is monitor these processes. Adding species. As a result, the same tools and machine learning algorithms adds an extra machines are used. This results in the amount layer of self-improvement of the system based of investment needed for an AMI farm being on the newly-acquired information. This almost equal to the investment for, say, the leads to even faster development. When new three separate species. For example: when questions arise in the context of production, combining recirculating aquaculture with new tools for getting more relevant data are hydroponic plant production (aquaponics), acquired and the process continues from the water flow of the separate systems has to the first step. The system is improved even be connected and adjusted to each other. This further by adding other factors such as the site, comes down to arranging piping work between market opportunities, available resources, the systems, though in both systems piping for waste streams, and so on. This in turn adds to the drainage of leach water need to be built the resilience of the system. anyway. As a result, the investment needed to combine systems is not the biggest hurdle This approach may seem far-fetched, but it to make an economically-feasible AMI farm. is worth putting the effort on this trajectory for dealing with such complex systems and The challenge comes with the return on the multitude of links that could overwhelm investment. Return of investment (ROI) human understanding otherwise, postponing is the ratio between the net profit and the the implementation of such ecosystem food total investment. To maximise ROI, the production systems. Agriculture is on the maximum economic value has to be extracted path of being digitised. Technology plays an from the investment. This can be done by import role in bringing nature back into the maximising revenue and/or minimising food system by mimicking the same process costs. In agriculture, maximising profit to the benefit of farmers, consumers, and the translates to getting the highest possible environment. yield. To ensure the highest possible yield, MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 127

all environmental variables are optimised other circular ventures. In this business model, for the specific organism. In an AMI system, the company can save on production costs, as compromises have to be made between the raw materials are an income stream as well. different organisms. These compromises can In agriculture this is already being practised: be minimised by selecting the right species, for example, dairy farmers pay arable farmers but the compromise will remain nonetheless. to take their manure. An aquaponics system This will result in lower yields for the same is an aquatic version of this combination of investment. However, the strong point of livestock and crops, effectively vertically every AMI farm is the lower costs of the integrating the production chain. This should operation, as waste streams are used as the benefit both operations. main input. This is in contrast to a regular farm, where more costly materials are used. There are many waste streams that have not Playing to this strength of AMI systems could yet been used to their full potential and could result in an AMI farm being profitable. be used to fuel an AMI farm. The producer of the waste stream has to pay for the transport Going back to the aquaponics example, a and treatment of it, and often a tax is compromise between the plants and the fish applicable. In the Netherlands, for example, has to be made. Fish thrive in water with as waste that is incinerated is taxed at 32.12 per little nutrients as possible. Plants thrive in tonne. This is done to encourage recycling. water with a high concentration of nutrients. Changes in policies like these towards more A good compromise between plants and fish circular systems could improve the financial can be made, but it results in a comparatively feasibility of an AMI farm. lower plant yield per square metre and/or lower fish yield per cubic metre. Whether using 8.3 Conventional cost versus aquaponics or artificial nutrient solutions, environmental full cost accounting the investment for a plant factory is roughly the same. However, in aquaponics, running Taxes on waste treatment to encourage costs are minimised by using the waste water recycling can also be seen as a small from the fish to feed the plants. This reduces implementation of environmental full cost the costs of disposing nutrient-rich water accounting (EFCA). EFCA is a method to which would need to happen in conventional include the indirect (environmental) costs of a aquaculture, and saves on external fertiliser product. An example of this could be aeroplane costs of a conventional plant factory. This travel, which is relatively cheap, but produces reduces the operational costs of the AMI farm, high amounts of carbon dioxide. This has high which could potentially offset the reduced environmental costs, as countries for instance production. have to build infrastructure to counteract rising sea levels. If these costs were factored 8.2 Production factors into the price of an plane ticket, many airlines would have difficulties in sustaining a rapid Production factors are all the inputs needed to economical growth. This principle of EFCA can produce a certain good: land, raw materials, also be used in agriculture. When this is done, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship. The AMI systems could be more economically plant factory part of the aquaponics unit not viable, since the use of waste streams instead only has crops as a product, but offers waste- of virgin materials should have a lower water treatment services, whilst offsetting the impact on the environment. A sort of EFCA need to buy fertiliser. This dual income stream, is also a law imposed by a government that where production factors like fertiliser are forbids the disposing of certain compounds replaced with a service like waste treatment, in the environment. For instance, intensive could be a business model for AMI farms and production of pork produces ammonia. In the 128 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

Paris. Urban orchard. I. de Felipe

Netherlands, an ammonia scrubber has to be the environment find aternatives and grow installed in pig barns [1]. This is an expense food in a sustainable way. This is described by to the farmer, as it has high investment- and the Peer-to-Peer Foundation as “commons”, an running costs. However, the same result, old concept which is seeing new light. namely scrubbing air of ammonia, could also be achieved using algae. Algae take up ammonia As AMI systems have still not yet been and carbon dioxide, whilst producing valuable proven to be competitive with conventional fatty acids. As a result, when algae are coupled agriculture, in the current market types, to pig-rearing, the principles of ecosystems organising community supported AMI systems are applied and an AMI farm is created. This could well be a feasible way to kick-start many may alleviate some of the farmer’s problems, of them. In this way, the community pays for whilst creating an extra income stream. the upcycling of waste, food production, and research to improve food production systems. 8.4 Community Supported Farming 9 CASE STUDY: PLANTGEEK PROJECT One of the big drivers of all current food production systems is that the laws of supply Plantgeek is a research group based in Romania and demand reflect the current market at the University of Agricultural Sciences and dynamics. This is detrimental for the quality Veterinary Medicine, in Cluj-Napoca, funded of food and the quality of the environment. by the German Environmental Foundation As a response to this phenomenon, food and coordinated by the University of Applied cooperatives and community supported Sciences in Neubrandenburg in Germany. agriculture (CSA) have been growing trends in Its research is focused on aquaponic systems the food scene. In these types of organisations, and combines the knowledge of plant a community of people who value health and production with available technology in order MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 129

to improve food production. The aim of the two vertically-stacked plant trays (around research project is to use affordable sensors 150 litres, 3 metres long, with an adjustable and platforms for automation in order to test water level). The irrigation system was made the limits and robustness of the system with with 25-inch pipes linked to the pumps in cheap infrastructure and to get large amounts the system. LEDs are installed above each of data from as many sources as possible for a tray with a self-built system that allows the better understanding of the indoor ecosystems controlling of the light intensity by adjusting and how the plants are influenced by the the height from the plants. All components environmental factors. that went into building the system were acquired locally. 9.1 System description The nutrient flow is described in Fig.4, The research project was conducted at and is as follows. From the fish tank (2), the University of Agricultural Sciences water is pumped through a swirl filter that and Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, separates the solids, to the biological filter Romania in the Institute of Life Sciences. The with nitrifying bacteria (3). Then, the water laboratory was established in the basement of is pumped to the two plant trays (4), from the institute in order to minimise influence where it gravitationally flows in the drainage from the outer environment. The aeration (5), from where the water is pumped back to and climate control were done with a mobile the fish tank through a ultraviolet filter. The air-conditioning system linked to the central water flow is automated based on water level ventilation system. sensors. Furthermore, water parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved The system consists of four water tanks (three oxygen (DO), temperature, and environmental of 500 litres and the one of 300 litres) and parameters such as temperature, humidity,

Figure 4: The layout of the lab. 1 sump tank, 2. fish tank, 3. nitrification bioreactor, 4. plant trays, 5. drainage tank 130 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

and light intensity are monitored through the The automation of the aquaponic system is sensor system in each tank and tray. This data achieved by recirculating the water from one is complemented by weekly measurements tank to another, based on the reading from the of the plants (biometric data and chemical wireless water level sensors. For an optimal analysis), fish (size and weight), and lab water flow, three water cycle phases were analysis of the nutrient solution (nitrite and devised: 1. from the fish tank to the bacteria nitrate levels). tank 2. from the bacteria tank to the drainage tank, trough the plant trays 3. from the The objectives of this research project are to drainage tank back to the fish tank). Two of analyse how the automation and a big sensor the water level sensors were placed on each network help the team to better understand tank to signal the minimum and maximum the processes happening in the artificial water level. Based on these readings, the ecosystem. There were four iterations before system either starts or stops the water flow. the team got to the optimal fish/plant growing protocols. In this time, rsearchers have grown The sensors placed in each water tank or plant goldfish, carp, and African catfish in symbiosis tray gave a real-time view of the required with spinach, lettuce and basil respectively. parameters from the system, as presented in Fig. 5. The sensor readings can be viewed as To achieve the goals of the research project, a graph and are compared with readings from various low-cost sensors and platforms were other sensors. If the sensor values are out of used, to make sure the system was affordable their corresponding thresholds, an alarm is and easily replicated. Therefore Raspberry Pi, triggered, and the associated value turns red. Arduino, and Windows platforms were used. 9.3 Results 9.2 Automation and Data Collection During the research trials different growing media, plants and fish were tested to see which In order to fulfil the project requirements of combination better serves the research goals. using low-cost equipment, it was decided to use some of the most important parameters The growing media that was tested for for an aquaponic system. The sensors used seedling production were soil and rockwool. in the research project are listed in the table Of these two, the latter was chosen, due below. to the difficulties that were faced with the

Table 6: An overview of the main sensors used in the system

Name Quantity Location

Water level sensor 8 Water tanks 1,2,3,4,5

Dissolved oxygen sensor 4 Water tanks 2,3,4,5

pH/EC sensors 5 Water tanks 2,3,4,5 and in both plant trays

Light sensors 4 Both plant trays

Water temperature sensors 4 Water tanks 2,3,4,5

Air humidity and temperature sensors 6 Both plant trays and placed in the lab MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 131

Figure 5: Sensor system interface for monitoring and data collection transplantation from soil to the hydroponic root length, and chlorophyll content (SPAD trays in regard to cleaning the soil out of the value). For the plant quality, parameters roots. During this process, the frail plant roots such as vitamin C, flavonoids, and beta- were often damaged. Thus, using rockwool, carotenoids content were tested on a weekly the substrate with its seedling could have been basis using HPLC (High performance liquid directly transplanted in the system. chromatography) equipment.

The first plant species used was spinach As for the fish species , the goldfish (Carassius (Spinacia oleracea), but due to the difficulties auratus) was the first choice. This turned in transplantation and plant development, out to be a difficult choice for the research the switch was made to the basil (Ocilum purposes, due to their slow growth. Therefore, basilicum). The candidate plants had to have for the second trials, carp (Cyprinus carpio) a short vegetation period and to be interesting was used, because nutrient solution data not just for the development features, but also has shown that the system needed a higher for the bioactive compounds. Spinach proved fish biomass for higher nutrient production. to be a difficult plant to grow in the system. The feeding regime was based on the rule of After a few weeks of experimenting with it, thumb in aquaponics that says that feed rate the trials were stopped. Basil turned out to be a should be around 3% of the total fish biomass. better suited plant, as it seemed very resilient As a result, weekly feed rate was adjusted. The and its development from seed to harvest was carp, however, needed a long time to adapt relatively short, allowing multiple research in the system and proved to have an unstable trials to be done. For each research trial, feeding behaviour, which resulted in an excess about 300 plants were planted - 150 for each of food being dissolved in the water. This food tray. Weekly morphological measurements excess led to a decrease in water quality, due were conducted on parameters such as stem to the increase levels of ammonia and nitrite length, leaf number, area, internode length, which is toxic for the fish. They also showed 132 CHAPTER 7 - CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ECOSYSTEMS. CLOSING THE NUTRIENT CYCLES IN URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION

stress under low pH that occured due to the quality was ensuring the right parameters nitrification process. for all the organisms present in the indoor ecosystem. The pH level, as an example, Having difficulties with the first two fish for optimal plant development need to be species, it was decided to use a more resilient between 5.5 and 6.5, but for the nitrifying one. As a result, the African catfish (Clarias bacteria to work properly, the optimal range gariepinus) was chosen. This third trial proved is around 8, and for the fish, a pH value to be a better choice, due to the fact that close to 7 was needed. This represented a the African catfish tolerates lower dissolved conundrum. Such difficulties needed to be oxygen by developing lungs at maturity, and addressed. The project aimed to use the data adapts well to fluctuating pH levels. This also for better understanding the process between proves that the diversity of species that could the different organism, therefore the team be implemented in AMI systems plays for the did not intervene chemically in adjusting the advantage of the farmer, in the sense that it is pH. a more resilient approach to choose suitable species than to be involved in changing Other parameters, such as dissolved oxygen environmental parameters. Furthermore, are equally important as the pH, for an they responded better to the feeding regime, effective system. An air pump was used to meaning that they offered more predictable improve aeration for the bacteria and the and stable results for the research project. fish tanks. The pumps that determine the hydraulic load rate (HLR = m3 volume of The fish were measured on a weekly basis water/m2 surface/day) are also influencing to determine their growth rate, but also to both the oxygen saturation of the water and determine the food quantity needed for the nitrification process. The flow was quite their respective weight. For this purpose, short, from 10 to 40 minutes which did not 30 random fish were selected and measured allow for the oxygen to get depleted quickly (weight and length). Following the 3% rule, in the system. The measurements showed the weekly feed rate was adjusted with the the dissolved oxygen was constantly over 7 help of an automatic feeder. If the fish were mg/L, which is optimal for all the organism, not eating the whole food, adjustments were with just lower thresholds in the plant trays, made accordingly. which is optimal for nutrient uptake rate.

The most important factors in the AMI Having to deal with such a complex system system are related to nutrient flows and in showed how much data its needed for making aquaponics, especially the water quality sense of the convoluted interaction between parameters. In this category, two methods of the organisms. The most interesting results data gathering were used. The first method were around the nitrification/denitrification was conducted with the help of sensors processes that are at the core of the system connected to the system. Therefore, data efficiency. The most important lesson from regarding pH, electrical conductivity (EC), this project was that no organism can be total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and prioritised in the ecosystem. Having more temperature were taken. The second method feeding input with the catfish seemed was done by collecting weekly water probes optimistic for the nitrate production for the from each water tank to determine the plants. But it was surprising to see that the nitrite and nitrate levels, which were then nitrate levels were not significant higher analysed with specific laboratory equipment than the ones obtained with the carp. This (spectrometry). fact showed that the bioreactor reached a limitation so the heterotrophic bacteria One of the challenges regarding the water might have won in the competition with the MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 133

nitrifying bacteria. This type of information 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS can help in planning and designing the AMI systems and it is important to encourage more The authors would like to acknowledge DBU farmers and scholars to share experience (German Federal Environmental Foundation) and data for advancing knowledge in the for funding the Plantgeek research project ( ecosystem food production. Project No. FKZ DBU: 33716/01-35) 9.4 Next steps 11 REFFERENCES

The next steps of the research project are [1] BACKES, C. W., ANKER, H. T., KEESSEN, open to more interesting question as the A. M., BAANER, L., & MÖCKEL, S. (2018). possibilities are plentifully. For the next “Comparison of ammonia regulation in Germany, few months, the work will continue on the Netherlands and Denmark-legal framework.” the current setup by testing bigger variety IFRO Report series. of leafy greens, while improving the fish feeding cycle. Regarding feed, one of the mid- [2] BOMMARCO, R., VICO, G., & HALLIN, term goals, is to develop an autonomous fish- S. (2018). “Exploiting ecosystem services in feeding device. This device will be able to agriculture for increased food security.” Global feed the fish based on images of the leftovers. food security, Volume 17, Pages 57-63. Based on the results collected and with the help of machine learning, the device will self- [3] EDENBRANDT, A. K., GAMBORG, C., & regulate, increasing or decreasing the amount THORSEN, B. J. (2018). “Consumers’ Preferences of feed. The images turned into quantifiable for Bread: Transgenic, Cisgenic, Organic data will also be of great aid to understanding or Pesticide‐free?.” Journal of Agricultural the processes in the aquaponics from the feed Economics, Volume 69 Number 1, Pages 121-141. to the bioreactor, all the way to plants. [4] ERICKSON, M. C., ISLAM, M., SHEPPARD, Another midterm next step for the research C., LIAO, J., & DOYLE, M. P. (2004). “Reduction is to integrate in the already-working of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella ecosystem another piece of the puzzle. The enterica serovar enteritidis in chicken manure options can be adding insects for feeding the by larvae of the black soldier fly.” Journal of Food fish, or by growing mushrooms on the plant Protection, Volume 67 Number 4, Pages 685-690. unedible mass, thus closing one more loop in the system. [5] GOPALAKANNAN, A., & ARUL, V. (2006). “Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of Until reaching the mid-term goals, on chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune a shorter time span, the focus is on on system of Cyprinus carpio and control of optimising the sensors/automation system, Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds.” so that the collected data can become Aquaculture, Volume 255, Number 1-4, Pages more reliable. Also hardware is prone 179-187. to improvement as we have seen that the types of pumps, tanks and pipes can [6] VAN DER SPIEGEL, M., NOORDAM, M. Y., influence important factors in the system. & VAN DER FELS-KLERX, H. J. (2013). “Safety Using the data gathered until now, we will of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, look for correlations and trends that can be seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative used as inputs in the automation script. We aspects for their application in food and feed will build models and validate them with production.” Comprehensive Reviews in Food the next experiments and get closer to the Science and Food Safety, Volume 12 Number 6, autonomous indoor ecosystems. Pages 662-678.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 135 Vertical garden in the Federation of Private Businessmen of Cochabamba. Bolivia. Paisajismo Urbano

CHAPTER 8

VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK

Ignacio Solano Head director of Paisajismo Urbano

SUMMARY difficulties; However, the botanical value that these native species provide can be the s cities face an increase in urban density difference between a lifeless vertical garden and scarcity of surface space, garden and a sanctuary for a certain species of animal. Afacades are an alternative that provide multiple benefits to the urban ecosystem. KEY WORDS These vertical gardens improve air quality and acoustic conditions, while regulating the Vertical garden, native species, botanic temperature in the urban environment and expedition, exotic plants, vertical ecosystems, providing aesthetic value to cities. fieldwork.

A requirement to convert a vertical garden 1. INTRODUCTION into an authentic urban ecosystem lies in the combination of native plants, with animals that Progress, understood as an improvement are interested in them. With this interaction, of human condition, emerged thanks to a botanical and biological value is added the industrialization and technological to the project. The importance of working innovation that has fostered economic and with a native plant justifies the realization social development. However, these advances of fieldwork in areas of similar climate to cannot translate into an improvement of our the place where the green wall will be later quality of life, since they have brought with constructed. them environmental problems, pollution and climate change, which cause diseases and These actions require thorough planning millions of deaths every year. (WHO/OMS, and are not exempt from risks or logistical 2014). 136 CHAPTER 8 - VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK

Monstera oblique growing in low light conditions in tropical understory

Polypodiaceae growing in vertical conditions in the Bolivian Chaparé forest.

Frequently, the population is not aware of the 2. THE USE OF NATIVE PLANTS IN seriousness of these environmental problems. VERTICAL GARDENS According to the latest CIS barometer, from December 2018, the percentage of Spaniards From the first moment that a vertical garden who consider environmental problems as the is made a project, it is necessary to understand main problem in Spain, is only 0.1%. Those the soon-to-be green wall as an integral part who value it as the second most serious issue of the human ecosystem. Since the beginning represent 0.2%, while 0.5% consider it the of time, human beings have lived in harmony third most serious problem in our country with nature. This has changed radically since (http://www.cis.es). This lack of awareness the Industrial Revolution, which forced us to has, in part, much to do with misinformation, leave the field and establish ourselves in a and even to do with some politicians or hostile environment for which we were not administrations making the topic somewhat designed. This new way of living, in cities far trivial. from nature, has caused conflicts in addition to a great spiritual and existential vacuum. Fortunately, there are more and more individual actions in response to these problems, that A solution to these problems is to return to mainly affect the most populated cities, the past, integrating nature in our societies, where conurbation has destroyed the natural through the design of artificial ecosystems, vegetation. The development of vertical in which both plants and animals have their gardens is one of the solutions that exist to space. Plants are necessary for life, thanks counteract pollution in cities and provide a to their oxygen production work. Moreover, healthier environment for citizens. However, it is known by all, that in cities plants help the benefits go far beyond trying to reduce to counteract the “urban heat island” effect, pollution. It is about recreating an ecosystem which is caused by the excessive construction where humans, plants and animals live in of its surroundings. However, the ecosystem harmony without giving up the beautiful and would be incomplete if those plants were not natural environment. related to the urban fauna. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 137

In any ecosystem there are always animals. Another example of the introduction of In our human ecosystem there are birds that exotic vegetation, which does not generate an feed on the detritus that we leave, rats which interaction between flora and fauna, occurs in are responsible for processing waste and the Mediterranean Sea with the alga Caulerpa pollinating insects that are necessary for life, taxifolia. This species was accidentally because they pollinate the plants that later introduced in 1984 by the Oceanographic serve as food. One of the objectives when Museum of Monaco, apparently after the creating a vertical ecosystem (Ignacio Solano, emptying of one of the museum’s aquariums. 2011) is to bring back the urban fauna which (https://waste.ideal.es/alga.html). The provides a biological value and, to achieve temperature of the Mediterranean water this, the use of native plants that arouse an favors the invasive growth of this seaweed, interest for these native animals is crucial. which has been displacing the endemic Mediterranean species, the aquatic plant, For many years, burnt forests have been Posidonia. In addition, Caulerpa taxifolia repopulated with exotic plants, such as is a toxic species for fish which are native eucalyptus, a plant that evolves in its own to the Mediterranean Sea, which causes an ecosystem, in the forests of Australia. There invasion of plant meadows that do not serve it serves as food for animals such as koalas, as food for any animal; they are green deserts and for pollinators who are specialised in where there is no life. In the tropical waters it. In other countries there is no such fauna of the Philippines and the China Sea, where specialised in these plants, so repopulating this species is native, there are fish that have the forests with these exotic species leads evolved with that plant and benefit from it, but to sterile forests, in which the interactions outside its natural environment, it only causes between plants and animals do not occur. damage.

Detail of lithophyte ferns in tropical understory in the Selva de Misiones in Argentina 138 CHAPTER 8 - VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK

Peperomia spp. growing epiphytically on Begonia spp. growing in tropical understory of branches in scarce light conditions in tropical eastern Ecuador only with an amount of light of understory. Costa Rica 300 lux

The incorporation of native plants in the to become an authentic vertical ecosystem construction of a vertical garden also provides (Ignacio Solano, 2011), the introduction of a an added botanical value. It must be taken native plant is mandatory. into account that in Spain, most of the plant species that are located in public places are 3. FROM VERTICAL GARDEN TO exotic plants. For example, it is believed VERTICAL ECOSYSTEM that the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) comes from North Africa (Zeven & de Wet, Once the importance of using a native plant 1993) or from the area between the Middle for the construction of a vertical ecosystem is East and Kurdistan (Zohary & Hopf, 2000). justified, we must know which plant families Another example of an exotic plant that has are the most suitable, depending on the been introduced as an ornamental species in climatic conditions of the place where we are Spain is Ficus benjamina, which comes from going to carry out the project. When selecting the south and southeast of Asia, and from the the different species, it is convenient to look south and north of Australia. for plants that provide added value. Currently, of the 35,000 plants used by humans, some This tendency of incorporating exotic species 28,000 are for ornamental use. (José Manuel is closely linked to the Victorian era, that Sánchez, 2012) established the presumption that wild plants, which are born naturally thanks to the The tendency to work with a native plant propagation of seeds, have no value, when in is increasing in vertical gardens located reality it is the opposite. For a vertical garden outdoors. However, when it comes to indoors, MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 139

Ignacio Solano examining lithophyte plants from the Mexican deserts of Veracruz

the adaptive limitations of these plants force The selection of species for the realization of us to work with tropical species in many cases, the outdoor vertical garden will depend on since the so-called “indoor plant” does not which predominant species are in the zone exist as such. It is nothing more than a plant of work. In the event that we were going to that evolved in poor light conditions. Although begin a vertical garden project in an area it is true that in areas of warm climate we can with a Mediterranean climate, we would work with a native plant, when we work on choose to select some species of Lamiaceae, interior vertical gardens it is difficult to find Bignoniaceae, Crasuláceas, Rosaceas, a native plant that can satisfy our needs, Berberidaceae and Juncaceas. If the work zone because it needs cool periods rather than the had a cooler climate, the tendency would be to more average temperatures of indoors. work with families of Cupresáceas, Oleáceas, Brasicáceas or Cistáceas. There are two factors that guide us when it comes to working with tropical plants. The The advantage of working with these large first is that they are understory plants, with plant families, for outdoor vertical gardens, which any understory would provide us is that we know that these families work. For with the species we need. The second and example, within the family of the Moraceae, decisive factor is that they are plants that different genera and species can be used in need mild temperatures so, in most cases, Spain and Argentina. Amongst the native they will be plants that have grown in tropical species that live in Argentina, we will find understory, such as Pteridophyta, Araceae, Moraceae which will work well, just as in Arecaceae, Driopteridaceae, Peperomiaceae Spain we will find other species of Moraceae or Pteridaceae. that will also work. As these plant families 140 CHAPTER 8 - VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK

live throughout the continent, we can use the into the soil. With this interaction, the beans genera that have developed in those climates fertilize the soil and in turn benefit the corn. in which we are going to work. In addition, since the bean is a climbing plant, it uses corn as a support, which is why this In my vertical ecosystem projects, I always positive allelopathy generates a symbiosis try to introduce these native species, but between the two species. also some endemic species from the place where the garden will be constructed. That is Another example of allelopathy occurs in the why I follow a certain selection process. For case of a plant that may be the antagonist of a example, if we were in Argentina, where we pest to which another species is susceptible. work with species of Moraceae, we would This happens, for example, with Peppermint, look for a rarity within that species in that a plant that is susceptible to the insect ecosystem; in other words, we would use the Trialeurodes spp (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), endemic Moraceae of that zone of Argentina commonly known as whitefly. The violet to contribute to the project and provide that Tulbaghia plant is a potent repellent for this added value of botanical interest. pest, therefore, with this information, if at the time of creating a vertical garden we placed Regarding the importance in the selection these two species together, there would be of species, our experience provides us with a phenomenon of positive allelopathy; a a starting point. Therefore, once proven that perfect combination where one plant will be all these families work in the construction of protecting another. the ecosystem, it is much easier to later spend time trying new combinations. We know that these allelopathic relationships exist in forests. Here lies the importance of 4. THE IMPORTANCE OF carrying out fieldwork before the completion of FIELDWORK BEFORE A VERTICAL the vertical project. We must bear in mind that ECOSYSTEM PROJECT these gardens involve a very high quantity of plants, which we will have to condense into the The growing demand for indoor vertical smallest possible space, so it is very important gardening projects, or outdoors in tropical to select the species that coexist the best and areas, justifies that a great portion of our which allow these symbiotic relationships. interest is in tropical forests. In an ecosystem There is hardly any documentation on this as complex as a tropical forest seldom or allelopathic phenomenon in the ornamental hardly ever are there problematic pests. This is plant, although some information can be because there is such a biodiversity that there found in the Permaculture treatises. are phenomena called positive allelopathies and negative allelopathies. Positive allelopathy Thanks to previous fieldwork we can explore is a collaboration between plants, which favors areas that have the same climate as the place the growth between plants, which for example where we will install our vertical garden and occurs between some species of fabaceae and look for the species which have that botanical other plants. value that may interest us, or that have an attractive power for certain species of animals. The Aztecs had already discovered these benefits by planting corn next to beans. They An example of this attractiveness, thanks observed that corn grew much faster when to the use of native species, is our vertical partnered with a legume plant. Legumes, garden of the Santalaia building in Bogotá. like beans, have nodules in the roots where We discovered that in the city of Bogotá there bacteria inhabit and is responsible for taking was a hummingbird that was endagered, the the nitrogen in the atmosphere and mixing it Amazilia tzacatl. In a megacity like Bogotá, MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 141

Adult specimen of the very common Bothrops Asper in the jungle of the Colombian Chocó. Ignacio Solano

this bird is very exposed, since it flies from 5. IMPLEMENTATION IN plant pot to plant pot, so we decided to turn PROJECTS the vertical garden itself into a sanctuary for these birds. Thanks to the principle of positive A project of such extensive proportions as the and negative allelopathies, my vertical vertical garden of the Santalaia building in gardening projects do not require the use of Bogotá requires equally thorough planning. In phytosanitary products; therefore, these small the case of this Colombian garden, planning animals are now more protected thanks to the had to be done three years in advance. When plant facade. the moment arrived for the project to become reality, with the help of our Colombian One of the plant families that this hummingbird partners, we decided that it was a building feeds is one of the varieties of native that had enough botanical value to justify an Lamiaceae. After conducting our fieldwork in expedition in search of a native plant that the nearby forests, we discovered what species could be of interest. of this plant family were in the area, and in turn we found some commercial plants which Unfortunately, we could not make use of all also possessed this attractive power. Taking the native plants we had discovered, due to a into account that a plant facade requires a matter of agenda and time. The garden of the high quantity of plants, the tendency is to Santalaia building is currently the largest in introduce as many native species as possible, the world, with 3,116 square metres of facade although the bulk of the garden will inevitably with more than 100,000 plants. Propagating be formed by a commercial plant. Within that this amount of native species would be commercial plant we will look for the one that economically unfeasible, besides requiring also includes all of these factors. the creation of an entire infrastructure to 142 CHAPTER 8 - VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK

reproduce such a variety of plants necessary documentation prior to the expedition. We for the project. enjoy doing fieldwork while seeking funding, knowing that it is difficult for a company to pay 70% of current plant coverings continue being for something that will not gain an immediate created with plants of common ornamental economic return. In addition, an expedition use, although the intention is to increase the of this type is a great investment; not only percentage of native plants used in vertical because you have to have a team consisting gardens. Our first projects had 2% of native of five or six people, but also to document or endemic plants, while we currently use up absolutely everything, in addition to having to 30% of these species. We understand that recording material and other survival and these projects should be done like this, even climbing equipment. though the infrastructure that is required does not provide an immediate economic return. Fieldwork gives us access to different True to our commitment to the environment, ecosystems that may interest us, since we we understand that the success of the project work a lot with the altitudinal gradient. The is not only measured by the economic return, same geographic area offers us from humid but by the significance of the project itself and deciduous tropical forest at sea level, to the benefits it produces on other levels. temperate humid tropical forest at 500 metres of altitude, passing through mesophilic tropical 6. FIELDWORK AND EXPEDITIONS forest, located onwards of 1000 metres, to montane forests located at more than 1800 Carrying out a botanical expedition requires metres of altitude. This altitudinal stratification multiple preparations and extensive provides us with diverse ecosystems where

Ignacio Solano selecting samples of tropical understory plants. Jungle of the Darién. Panamá MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 143

Ignacio Solano carrying out an examination of epiphytic plants in the Colombian Chocó jungle

we can research and select plants without the as well as mastering the rope techniques to need to travel a large number of kilometres. access these locations. It is a matter of passion for what we do, since we are amateur cavers, Another factor that influences the plant climbers and biologists. species within the same area is the orientation of the mountain. The vegetation is not the Once the species that interest us are located, same on a mountain that is leeward than in and with the corresponding permission, we one that is windward, just as the north face has take a small sample at a cellular level, disinfect completely different vegetation to the south it in a solution and keep it for later treatment face. Exposure to the winds also influences with hormones and in vitro propagation. the vegetation. There are different factors that This is a very minor invasive technique, we have to take into account when looking for since simply with a leaf or with an apical tip, plants. For example, a ridge is not the same as hundreds of individuals can be reproduced in a stream. In a ravine or gorge, where a river a simple way. often flows, it is usually very hot and humid, so the vegetation is very different from that The last expedition that we carried out was to found on a ridge. the jungle of Panama, where we discovered some types of philodendrons, barely used in Most of the plants that we use in our vertical the ornamental market, such as Philodendron ecosystems are lithophytes, that is, they live verrucosum, some types of marcgravia, such on stones in vertical conditions. To access as Marcgravia rectifolia and some types of these walls, it is necessary to have a specific vriesea, that we will surely use in future material that allows rappelling or climbing, vertical ecosystem projects. 144 CHAPTER 8 - VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK

7. DIFFICULTIES DURING 8. PLANT ARRANGEMENT FIELDWORK IN VERTICAL GARDENS AND IRRIGATION SYSTEM Fieldwork sometimes involves entering areas where human presence is minimal. In the The correct functioning of a vertical garden case of humid tropical forests, with thick depends on several factors that must be taken vegetation, it is important to use GPS tracking into account. These types of walls work with techniques to avoid one of the main problems, physical, chemical, luminous and hygrometric such as getting lost in the jungle. In addition, gradients. Within nature those plants have it is convenient to learn from the local guides adaptive capabilities. Depending on the type how the routes are laid out, in order to follow of plant, it will go in one place or another of the work transects. The technique consists the wall, that is to say, on the same wall we of always walking in the same direction and can use the upper part for crassulacean plants, knotting a small strip of biodegradable fabric succulent plants or semi cacti, that need very every three or four trees. This technique is little humidity. However, plants that live in like leaving bread crumbs, and combined with puddles of water, such as species from the the GPS method, it is the most practical and Junaceae family, will be on the lower part of safest way to navigate through the forest to the wall. take the plant samples. This is because the top part of the wall is Another main drawback has to do with the permanently dehydrated while the bottom part fauna that we find on these expeditions. Insect is permanently waterlogged. This provides bites are very common and annoying, so it a versatility that allows us to use almost is necessary to wear long trousers and long- any species within the system, taking into sleeved shirts, in addition to boots. This is also account that each plant has a specific place important to protect yourself from snakes. according to their needs. It is important to understand where each species goes in terms In the American tropical forests one of the of its adaptive evolution and its moisture or most significant risks is a snake called Bothrops light needs. For example, just because Salvia spp, the snake that causes the most accidents microphylla works well on a certain part of throughout the continent. They are very the wall does not mean it will be successful common and practically invisible specimens on another part. It can work in one part of the since they have a tremendous mimicry with garden and die elsewhere. their environment. In addition, they are Viperidae, they hunt by waiting patiently and A vertical ecosystem that is done properly does remain immobile, so it is possible to be less not entail an excessive consumption of water, than 50 centimeters from one and not be able since the garden itself can become a biofilter to see it, even if you are looking in the right for all of the excess water of the building. direction. These snakes are not aggressive, Many of my projects use systems that recover but the greatest danger is that they can be the water from the showers and the cisterns stepped on; making protective footwear of of the buildings themselves, filter them, vital importance. thanks to the nitrogen cycle, and reuse them to water the gardens. The irrigation system Our experience on expeditions has lead us to can use different methods, with more or less always include a herpetologist on our trips, technology. This will depend on the size of the an expert on snakes, and even I myself have project. There are many possibilities that can ended up specialising in these ophidians and be done, from the very simple, which are not being able to recognise them all, which is an equipped with advanced technology, to truly added advantage to avoid an accident. automated systems that are fully controlled by MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 145

computer, with water filtration, purification It is important to ensure that the wall has of the gray water of the building itself, the the exact chemical composition for the group possibility to reuse water from rain, etc. of plants that we are going to use, as not all species have the same nutritional needs. A healthy vertical garden is loaded with a There are plants that need more of certain series of aerobic bacteria, which are called salts than others, some that need more acidity Nitrosomona and Nitrospira. These decompose than others and ones that need more nitrogen the ammonium into nitrites and the nitrites than others. Depending on the group of plants into nitrates, thus using the nitrogen cycle so that have been selected, a balanced mixture the water comes out clean again. This system is prepared that can be used by all the group, has some technology behind it, which includes based on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; some bacteria reactors and some fertilizer This is linked to PH levels that are crucial for injectors. We use a hydroponic system when the plants adaptiveness. faced with big projects, which is based on the principle that plants do not need land to These hydroponic solutions are designed live, they need something that provides them for each project and ensure that the plants support for the roots and a substrate that have the perfect nutrition and do not suffer provides them with the moisture and nutrition nutritional deficiencies which could cause the plants need. In this case, moisture and the plant’s leaves to burn or some other nutrition is provided through irrigation with small defects. The components of this an ultralight mechanical support, made perfect mixture can be reduced to numbers, with recycled materials that respect the so nothing is left to interpretation. If the environment. garden needs a certain amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, together with the

Ignacio Solano in tropical understory Ignacio Solano recognizing plants that grow on the cliffs. of volcanic soil in Reunion Island. Selva de Misiones. Argentina. Paisajismo Urbano Paisajismo Urbano 146 CHAPTER 8 - VERTICAL ECOSYSTEMS: THE VALUE OF FIELDWORK

Measurement of the real and non-subjective light of an environment with the use of a luxometer. Paisajismo Urbano

appropriate level of PH, all of this together gives protection from thermal fluctuations composes a chemical formula that will have and extreme weather conditions, which the appropriate properties for the plants. translates into a decrease in stress in people in hot surroundings, in addition to a reduction Throughout the learning process during the in the use of air conditioning. Furthermore, it past twelve years, in which mistakes have mitigates suspended particles that pollute the been made, the irrigation systems have been air and pose a risk to health, which results in improved. This is something that satisfies a more livable environment for citizens. The me greatly because there are many people combination of all these benefits lowers the learning the process and many competing cost associated with the healthcare of citizens. companies that are seeing that the system works, and copying our work with success. Another factor to take into account is the energy This is an improvement of the system itself saving for buildings, with the consequent and makes us proud to contribute to an reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This, environmental recovery. in turn, prevents the formation of smog that is caused by the combination of nitrogen oxide, 9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND which comes largely from the exhaust pipes HEALTH BENEFITS OF VERTICAL of vehicles, and volatile organic compounds. ECOSYSTEMS The installation of vertical gardens in cities not If vertical ecosystems are done adequately, only provides benefits for the environment and the list of environmental and health benefits health, but also offers aesthetic improvements produced by this integration of vegetation in that provide new recreational opportunities cities is extensive. It has been demonstrated for artistic expression or bird watching. The that vertical gardens mitigate the “urban heat vegetal cover also entails an attenuation of island” effect, one of the greatest impacts the noise that penetrates the building, that is derived from climate change produced by replaced by naturally satisfying sounds, which excessive building in cities. The vegetal facade contribute to a revaluation of the property. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 147

Spain’s largest indoor vertical garden located in a multinational company in Alicante. Paisajismo Urbano

10. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES 7 millones de muertes cada año debidas a la contaminación atmosférica. Briz, J.; Köhler, M.; De Felipe, I. (2015). Green cities in the world. Second edition. Editorial https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ Agrícola. Madrid. releases/2014/air-pollution/es/

Calle, M.S; Gómez, J.E. LA PESTE VERDE, algas Sanchez, J.M. (2012) «Nuevas plantas asesinas. Waste Magazine. From https://waste. ornamentales» VIII Jornadas Técnicas. ideal.es/alga.html Producción y Comercialización de Plantas Ornamentales. CIS-Centro de investigaciones sociológicas (2018). Barómetro de diciembre de 2018. http://www. Solano I (2016) La guía definitiva del jardín cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/ vertical. Editorial Círculo Rojo. Marginales/3220_3239/3234/es3234mar.pdf Zeven, A.C.; De Wet, J. (1993) Dictionary of Magnini, E.; Schemel, S. Proyecto Madrid + cultivated plants and their regions of diversity. Natural. Adaptación al Cambio Climático International Book Distributors, Dehradun. basado en la naturaleza. Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Zohary, D.; Hopf, M. (2000) Domestication of plants in the Old World. 3ª edition. Oxford OMS-Organización Mundial de la Salud (2014). University Press. Oxford.

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 149 Bangalore. India. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 9 LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

Andreas Schmidt (A2) Founder and Creative Director of indoorlandscaping in Trier, Germany (1998-) [email protected]

Yaël Ehrenberg Co-Founder of trespuntos (…) and verde360° in CDMX, México (2007-) [email protected]

SUMMARY November 2007. That describes our former approach as a pioneer in the living wall Our living wall stories. A long-term industry perfectly — collaboration. Long-term experience. New developments KEYWORDS A second generation of green walls, indoorlandscaping, living walls, pioneers, pioneered by Patrick Blanc in France, design, sustainability, functionality, indoorlandscaping in Germany and others, maintenance, new generation, purpose, green does not rely on climbing plants rooted in soil mission, passion but on a carpet of smaller plants root¬ed on the vertical surface itself. There are several 1. THE GERMAN EXPERIENCE proprietary systems available and others can be devised from basic princi¬ples. These Andreas’ background with walls typically comprise a metal frame or indoorlandscaping mesh, with waterproof backing and felt or another growing medium in which the plants As a starting point let me quote a press-release are rooted and watered with mechanical from Architecture Today’s EcoTech dated irrigation equipment. 150 CHAPTER 9 - LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

indoorlandscaping is careful to describe its been growing interest in using plants not Grüne Wand product as a green wall rather just as a skin but as structural components. than a vertical garden, a subtle dif¬ference At its simplest this might include the use of that points to its intended use as an integral plants to stabilize embankments, for example, architectural element rather than applied but research continues into the possibility of decoration. The product was developed after organic, living structures. the practice developed a planted wall for Siemens Design & Messe (in 2000) using the ‘Our focus as designers is to have customary rolled sod, cultivated on mats for a monochrome and graphic, living weeks beforehand. indoorlandscaping was wall texture’ unhappy with the weight and durability of the wall, and set about producing an alternative. — Andreas Schmidt

Grüne Wand is available in both fixed and That’s a quote in an article of MARK MAG mobile forms (for exhibition stands and so on) issue #13, released in April 2008 by Frame and comprises a reservoir, pump and planting Publishers. Furthermore I quote a featured panels incorporating a polystyrene base plate, article from DETAIL issue 12/2008 published a synthetic growing medium of fully hardened by Frank Kaltenbach, the first important phenolic resin and the actual vegetation. The journalistic review of living walls back then wall has a controllable humidifying effect on including a technical comparison of the the ambient air. In recent years there has available systems —

Photo 01 Grüne Wand, Prototype 110 sq. m, Boardroom Hypo Vereinsbank, Munich, Germany 2005 Photo © Christian Richters, Münster, Germany. Courtesy of indoorlandscaping, Trier, Germany MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 151

The same living wall with additional plants, in the very same location, now a hotel, 12 years later Photo © The Love Lace Hotel, Munich, Germany 2017-2019

Section © DETAIL 12/2008. Photo © Gerry Zemp, Bern, Switzerland. www.aplantis.ch www.detail-online.com

Planted walls internally or if long periods of artificial lighting are necessary for the upkeep of the plants, the Green, planted walls are used in internal arguments in favor of green walls as an situations for the positive effect they have on energy-saving measure no longer apply. The people psychologically and physiologically. demands of building clients and the potential As well as improving the indoor air quality of ecological engineering increasingly point to a measurable degree, they can help to in the direction of using vertical planted reduce stress. lf a great use of resources is surfaces for air conditioning and indoor necessary for their production, however, climate control. 152 CHAPTER 9 - LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

Bearing the name Green Wall, this Controlled, germ-free air-moisturisation development is based on a principle of passive with pre-cultivated foam-based panels by vaporization that results in adiabatic cooling. indoorlandscaping, agency for new green Using inorganic foam as the sub¬strate, the strategies, Trier and Munich, Germany. air emitted is free of germs. The purpose of the foam is not to retain water, but to ensure Brand name: Grüne Wand; a good drainage capacity in order to give off www.indoorlandscaping.com as much moisture as possible. This system functions only internally. The plants are Diagram of Green Wall air-moisturisation initially cultivated in a greenhouse on 400 x system by indoorlandscaping — 600 x 50 mm two-layer foam slabs. The units are then fixed in position vertically with a Ø 170 mm tubular steel supporting structure offset joints, which grow together in time. The plants are kept trimmed with shears b irrigation with nutrient solution to maintain a length of 5-7 cm. The plant types used to achieve an even surface are c 20 mm polystyrene bearing panel with clip Ficus pumila and Philodendron scandens. fixings Other species are being tested. In addition, varieties of fern, orchid and anthurium are 30 mm foam substrate 400/600 mm (16“ x 24“) used. The vegetation should be tended and Vegetation layer: Ficus pumila, Philodendron the water runs cleaned every three months. scandens, etc. A Green Wall installation can be found in the Hypo Vereinsbank in Munich. d mdrainage gutter for excess water MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 153

The physical principle is a passive vaporization with an adiabatic cooling capacity of 50 - 110 W per sq. m and an evaporation rate of 1.8 - 3.8 liter per sq. m per day.

The first Green Wall prototype has been already installed in 2005 in the boardroom of the former Bayerische Staatsbank which later used to be the Headquarters of Hypo Vereinsbank. Until January 2019 the green wall was still fully functional and well maintained in “The Lovelace Hotel” a so-called hotel happening, a pop-up hotel concept as an interim solution for the up-coming modification of the building by its new owner the Rosewood Munich, to open in early 2023.

The Grüne Wand system has been awarded with the ‚Focus Green 2008‘ in Gold Design Award by the renowned Design Center Stuttgart and was therefore the first ever design awarded vertical greenery system, which proofs its idea as an integrated architectural design component.

In the following years the by then outsourced Steve Hall © Hedrich Blessing Photographers, Design by Perkins+Will. Courtesy of distribution of the system was a kind of indoorlandscaping, Trier, Germany tricky. Beyond the former high price for the installation, long-term maintenance and visual control by an experienced gardener changes of the responsibility the maintenance on a defined interval was always the key contract could be either reduced to a for the success of any living wall system. minimum and/or could be even cancelled. In Note: The former price was approx. € 4,000 our experience approx. 10% of the installation EUR per SQ.M depending on the size. A full costs are equal to the financial efforts of the package with a lump-sum pricing including annual maintenance; meaning over 10 years pre-cultivated phenolic resin foam panels, you spend the same amount for maintenance superstructure, irrigation, stainless steel as you spend on the installation at the very water channels, and water treatment system. beginning. Including an electronic control system, plant- physiological lighting for an even growth Our design approach using just one main and its vitality, transport, and installation. species (sometimes accompanied by 2-3 Followed by a 3-month set-up maintenance, different plant species) as a monochrome and 5 years warranty regarding the terms of wall texture with a thin constructive depth construction law (namely VOB) in Germany. was always a visual highlight in the interior architectural context, but also a kind of fragile Commitment of the client at the very beginning and not really sustainable approach since we of the project stage could easily change during almost every time did need additional plant- the process that e.g. based on contract issues physiological lighting for both the even growth within the facility management and/or and to guarantee its vitality (vs. LEED points). 154 CHAPTER 9 - LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

The passive evaporation provided by the foam former the trespuntos (…) team members to panel with its huge surface was always a huge D. F., advantage to all other available systems on the market. With its calculable and controllable the capital of México where I did come in adiabatic cooling performance it is a great plus contact with Yaël Ehrenberg, an Agronomic for projects focusing on climate engineered Engineer with master’s degree in Landscape solutions. Back then we called it functional Ecology, and an associate degree in Landscape green. Architecture and her multi-disciplinary colleagues Ania, Tomás, Fernando, Francis What brings me from the past to the now and and Dorian. Yaël and me met first in the to questions popping up in my head — City of Miami on one of my trips through the nurseries of Florida within my very first How can we provide a new generation of project in the United States for the renowned living walls for the interior market? Could Chicago-based architects Perkins + Will we change our fully covered approach to an and the Bank of America Headquarters in only partly vegetated wall inspired by the role Charlotte, North-Carolina. model of vegetated rocks in nature? Back to low-tech solutions which require less visual trespuntos already led late 2007 into the check and less manual care of its creator and foundation of verde360°, a company based its user and therefore less expensive external in México City mainly focused on the design, maintenance service. installation and maintenance of exterior living walls. Yaël is now based in San Francisco. So that the taking care, the watering, the verde360° is still operating with its co- pruning can be done by the people living founders, father and son, Jacques and Francis in, and the employees working in the Vermonden and their team. indoorlandscaping spaces. And that this will be a welcomed break of the daily business 2. THE MEXICAN EXPERIENCE and the real value of a living wall: the re- connection to nature and something living we Yaël’s background with verde360° / they have to take care of — in our more and more digital world. My first introduction to a living wall was on a visit to Paris in 2006. Standing in front of “Fools hurry, clever ones wait, Patrick Blanc’s project at the Musée du Quai wise ones walk in the garden.“ Branly, I was truly fascinated by the idea of covering a whole building facade with a carpet — Rabindranath Tagore of vegetation. I had seen it before with the landscape architecture of Roberto Burle Marx How can we act with the new generation of (by the way: Marx’s father Wilhelm Marx was living wall regarding certifications like LEED, coincidentally born in Andreas’ hometown BREAM, WELL-BUILDING and others instead Trier in Germany) in Brazil, and in vernacular of using valuable tab water for buildings of some regions of México where succulents, ferns, moss and wild plants grow irrigation and expensive electricity for the and thrive in between the cracks of stone, brick artificial illumination of plant walls. How walls and tile roofs, but never in a structured to improve the sustainability and the life technical way that Blanc had employed. My cycle assessment by using cradle-to-cradle first thought was how magnificent it was as a principles? work of art, an enormous live painting made of ornamental plants, and I became inspired to Around mid of 2007 i have been in invited by do something like this in México. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 155

Nike Sportswear 1902, Condesa, México City 2008 in collaboration with architect Sury Attié. Yaël Ehrenberg, Till Straumann

The opportunity came a year later in 2006 We decided to do it ourselves with materials when I got together with a group of young produced in México. Through our research “out of the box” entrepreneurs in the field process we were introduced to Andreas of architecture and design. We tried to find Schmidt’s work with indoorlandscaping. companies or people who had experience in We got in touch with Andreas to better this field but there was almost no information understand his minimalistic technic, and went out there on the internet, and the few we to Germany to meet him and see several of found out about (ELT Elevated Landscape the Grüne Wand projects. We realized that Technologies established in 2001 and GSky his elegant technic was best fit for indoors, Plant Systems established in 2004) were out and although it could work in México, it of reach because it would be too complex and would be quiet expensive due to the required expensive to outsource a project from abroad. infrastructure that would need to be imported. While we did not directly utilize his technique, 156 CHAPTER 9 - LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

our contact with Andreas developed into a of its harmful environmental impact. The close collaboration throughout these years, control panel for the irrigation system; we exchanging experiences, technical advises and needed a system that could be programmed design ideas. for short interval irrigation periods.

When I co-founded verde360° in México in 2007 We landed on using two layers of a 100% with the idea of realizing a vision of building synthetic felt made of recycled polyester, living walls in our home country, many fixed on a plastic panel made of recycled landscape architecture companies, concerned polyethylene from plastic toothpaste tubes with the contamination and overpopulation in that in turn would be reclaimed and recycled urban cities were already developing projects to create new living walls. with sustainable architecture. Therefore the idea of using the vertical space of buildings for As a result of our use of these materials, gardens was attractive in all senses and easily produced in México, a new business industry embraced. It was beautiful to the eye and has been made available to the growing soothing to the senses with vegetation added to market of living wall companies. Our otherwise unused vertical surfaces. Living in a automatic irrigation system, tailored for the country with a wide range of climates within characteristics of each individual project, is the temperate and tropical zones and having based on micro-sprayers that effectively soak México City just neighboring the major area and spread the moisture on the felt layers. A of ornamental plant production in the country tank that stores the water that drips down, (states of Puebla, Michoacán, Morelos, and which is then pumped, and used again to Estado de México) enabled a more exciting irrigate the wall to ensure the use of water is and useful start with a wide variety of flora maximized. for outdoor living walls. When we first started designing and building Following the footsteps of Patrick Blanc, we living walls, the main reason for people adapted his technique, a hydroponic system wanting to have one was purely aesthetic, consisting of a metal frame attached to the creating a landscape on a vertical surface has a building, with waterproof backing, felt as a very strong visual impact. A second reason was growing medium, and an automatic irrigation this new possibility of using vertical surfaces system. We experimented during 2 years as spaces for gardens, and after México hosted with different kinds of felts, structures and in 2010 the first major Green Roof Congress irrigation methods, trying plants in different in Latin America, a better understanding stages of growth from plugs to using 2”, 4” of the benefits of different types of green and 6” potted plants until we finally found a infrastructure became another reason, and solution that worked for us as it could be built furthered promotion and implementation of within a sustainable Mexican context and living walls in our country. reality. I have seen that in this short period of Three major technical factors for the living time, the demand for living walls in México wall system proved challenging: The felt; has rapidly grown and where it was once finding the correct density that could best almost impossible to find the resources to absorb and retain moisture and where the roots make them, we now see them everywhere could grow and spread in between the fibers. in different forms and sizes. However my The waterproof backing or plastic panel; we feeling is that this rapid growth has not been needed a material that could be easily stapled accompanied by a full understanding, and and fixed to the supporting structure without wise engagement of how to maintain the cracking and did not want to use PVC because living walls in a sustainable way. We have MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 157

Tori Tori Restaurant, Polanco, México City 2010 in collaboration with architect Michel Rojkind. Yaël Ehrenberg, Paúl Rivera, NYC, Courtesy of Rojkind Arquitectos, México D.F 158 CHAPTER 9 - LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

Sexy Jeans, México City 2012 in collaboration with architect María del Mar Lozano Ahumada

yet to close the gap of re-connecting with nature as Andreas mentions, not simply as a business and fashion statement created with a rhetoric of sustainability, but more importantly to extend the vitality of the living walls by properly addressing our opportunity to benefit our world through a sustainable implementation.

In México there has been a boom industry of synthetic vertical gardens and if you drive around the city where there once was a living wall, you will now see that they have been replaced by synthetic materials.

Could it be that we not only live in a more digital world but also in a world where our daily activities are done at a very fast pace? It seems to be that our generation of humanity expects immediate results, products and services are made and delivered in less time and this also applies to the living walls. But the Suites Pensylvania, Colonia Nápoles, México City 2014 longevity of the living wall not only depends MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 159

on the maintenance, other factors that play the right moment to transition maintenance an extremely important role are the steady of the living wall to their own staff. This not supply of water and electricity to activate the only ensures the live span of the living wall lighting (for the indoor ones) and irrigation but it also helps to educate the customer and system. Our experience in main urban cities the caretakers. in México is that these services are not 100% reliable. We frequently have power outage Also difficult is conveying to our customers and specific to México City, water shortages. an understanding of the nature of plants, This is when we have seen how vulnerable their growing seasons and capacity to fully the living wall system can be. regenerate again after a period of rest, trimming or pest recovery. In a commercially With verde360° we work to ensure the health oriented setting, this has not been easy. An of our living walls through the inclusion of a acceptance of seeing temporary patches of maintenance agreement. Depending on the brown leaves, and the patience of waiting type of project, we require within the design for regrowth and blooming periods is not and budget a permanent infrastructure to something that is yet considered acceptable, access and facilitate the maintenance. If this especially in projects that are done in hotels, infrastructure to support maintenance is not restaurants or public spaces. In private accepted then we will not do the living wall. In residential projects, the tendering and addition, due to the long distances that have maintenance of green areas is generally to be covered to get from one living wall to done by in-house staff or hired gardeners, another within México City and neighboring very rarely is it done by the owner him states, and due to the heavy presence of or herself. Again, this makes it difficult to traffic, frequently the contract has to include convey a critical understanding of the cycles training the client’s staff as well, until we find of nature. 160 CHAPTER 9 - LESSONS LEARNED IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS LIVING WALLS, BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

Yaël Ehrenberg and Andreas Schmidt. San Francisco and Trier, January 2019

In my experience, the most successful designs monochromatic living wall, with less diversity of living walls have been the ones where of species. Plants may also be bigger in size there has been enough time to dialogue and to obtain a faster green filling effect on the meet with the architects and end-customer living wall, while disregarding the longer-term during the planing and construction phase, consequences. and when I have had sufficient time in finding and selecting the right plants for the right While these obstacles may appear daunting place, and/or when I have used plants that in the moment, they have also opened an are very small, mostly in a 2” pot and plug opportunity in the landscape community. As form, in these sizes plants adapted more easily a result a wide variety of different living wall to this artificial hydroponic environment, systems have and are being created, and the and it takes around 8 to 12 months or more use of integrating solar panels and gray-water for a living wall to become fully covered in has yet to be explored in more detail. We have vegetation. In contrast, in projects where already succeeded in converting vacant gray there is the pressure of a delivery date, the areas into wonderful, enjoyable spaces, now design outcome has a different feel, plants I am most excited about the potential of our and plant sizes are selected based on the green industry to truly unlock a sustainable availability rather then the right plants for the approach to living walls. This can be achieved very particular environment you are working through a more thoughtful partnership within. This prioritization of quickly achieving between urban planners, architects, landscape an end result, leaving less time to scout, find architects and the customers who wish and grow the ideal plants may deliver a more to achieve a truly living work of art that MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 161

benefits the building and takes advantage of than happy to introduce a fully new approach. the environment. Maybe return to the use of From a living wall pioneer with a 21+ years vernacular buildings where vegetation is an experience to a purpose-driven green mission integrated part of the construction materials? into a green future. Maybe we need to talk and think more about taking care of our own plants, slowing down, REFERENCES observing and appreciating the cycles of nature? AIT 04/2007. Grün. Technical solutions. Planted interior walls. Pages 156-158. The idea of unique custom-made living walls has been fundamental in my drive to design ARCHITECTURE TODAY 11/2007. EcoTech., and build them, by unique I mean living walls pages 16-19. that evolve slowly in time, that are tendered by the owner and that create a true sense of DETAIL 12/2008. Living Walls. Vertical fondness and understanding of how plants Gardens – from the Flower Pot to the grow and behave. Planted System Facade. By Frank Kaltenbach. Pages 1454-1466. While reviewing these lines between the turn of the years 2018/19 I am going new ways and HORTITECTURE. The power of architecture I am currently starting a new generation of and plants. Published 2018 by Jovis. plant walls inspired by partial planted walls you’ll find on rocks in nature. Based on the IDAS Institute for Design and Architectural fantastic sustainable, 100% natural, Portuguese Strategies, Prof. Almut Grüntuch-Ernst, Gencork material, indoorlandscaping is more Braunschweig, Germany. www.idas.tu-bs.de

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 163 ItdUPM Madrid. Spain. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 10 NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN CITIES

Jorge Adán Sánchez Reséndiz Member of the Experimental Spaces Commission in the Innovation and Technology for Development Center of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

SUMARY tion to purifying the environment (capturing and purifying air pollution), it also contributes n 2050 urban populating are going to be in- to lower the temperature of cities (decreasing creased by 2.5 billion people, and with it, urban heat island effect), to raise relative hu- Ithe problems of water supply, food, housing, midity and increase biodiversity in cities. services, and gas emissions to the atmosphere, worsening the air quality problem and contri- This work highlights an example of Nature- buting to the global warming. Based Solutions used to combat urban air po- llution. Offering data on their effectiveness The need to face global warming and its side- and contributing to their dissemination and effects remains one of the major challenges replicability throughout the world. to human civilization and could not be more critical. According to WHO, nowadays around KEYWORDS half of the world’s population (48%) lives in cities, where more than 45% have a poor air Nature-based solutions, urban air quality, air- quality (air composition has a high amount of pollution, NBS furniture, MUAC. COx, NOx, SOx, O3, VOCs, PM2.5 and PM10), affecting more than 1.6 billion people. Causing INTRODUCTION every year, more than 7 million deaths related to air pollution (both indoors and outdoors). Technological innovation has been a constant of postmodern man, the records guarantee The overpopulation of cities joined with the that the most important development in the lack of green spaces, worsen this situation, history of humanity has been generated in the highlighting the urgency to improve this con- last 200 years and even then, there are great dition through the integration of nature in our problems and inequalities that must be faced buildings and urban furniture. Since in addi- and solved. 164 CHAPTER 10 - NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN CITIES

One of these problems is that humans must • Larger non-permeable surfaces increase in coexist with polluted environments, principa- population, services, vehicles, have increase lly in those places of greater development that around 40% of CO2 emissions in large cities we call cities. Urban environments since the (research findings with Mexico City as con- appearance of the automobile, have been gi- trol city) [8]. ving more and more ground to the roads, tur- ning their soil into an impermeable surface, • Gaseous ambient air pollution is associated causing problems of overheating and loss of with a range of cardiorespiratory outcomes biodiversity. And as a residual problem, the in middle income countries [9]. worsening of the air quality. The air pollution is composed of gases (NOx, COx, SOx and O3 • Real Driving Emissions overpass post Euto among others) and particles in suspension 6 LDVs Directive due an unrealistic driving (PM10, PM2.5 and ultrafine particles), which cycle and a lenient framework that allows vary in size and chemical composition while interpretation, especially on most Low Emis- being transported through the atmosphere. sion Zones [10].

Efforts have been made to address this problem The type of pollution varies in each country, since the 1990s, establishing laws and regula- depending on the type of fuel used, for exam- tions to restrict the number of gases emitted ple, in Europe one of the main problems is the by vehicles, but even so, the air quality of most high amount of NOx in the air (diesel is used cities is far from ideal for human health. Some as the main fuel), while in the US the values of of findings reveal the incidence and prevalence particles in suspension are much higher (gaso- of childhood asthma and wheeze [1], asthma exa- line is used as the main fuel). And what to say cerbation [2], impaired lung function [3], and car- about the ultra-high levels of PM10 / 2.5 sus- diovascular mortality and morbidity [4], among pended particles in countries like China and other diseases related with a poor air quality. India where a constant gray mist accompanies Other studies shown this direct relationship its inhabitants for most of the year. between environmental pollution with chronic conditions in humans: Unfortunately, this situation is spreading more and more, due to the movement of air genera- • Long-term PM10 exposure, even at a con- ted by the rotation of the earth, causing this pro- centration lower than current European air blem to move around the globe and affecting quality standard was significantly associa- places where per se there is no such problem. ted with incident Cardio Vascular Diseases (research findings with Nord-Trondelag, The integration of nature in the city, has go- Norway as control region) [5]. ne from being an aspiration to improve the aesthetic aspect of buildings, to become a ne- • We add to this evidence base demonstra- cessity to improve the general living condi- ting that between 18% to 38% of all child- tions of its inhabitants, as a better hygrother- hood asthma cases (research findings with mal comfort (lower temperatures , a greater Bradford, UK as control city) may be associa- surface for the absorption of rainwater and an ted with air pollution [6] and depends on the increase of humidity and biodiversity) and im- pollutant and exposure time. provement of the quality of the air (absorption of gases and particles in suspension). • There has been a rise in lung cancer pa- tients specially in non-smokers and is proven The objective of this work is to make a repre- to be linked with the increase of air pollution sentative compendium of Nature-Based Solu- levels in cities (research findings with Xuan- tions NBS, focused on improving the quality of wei, China as control city) [7]. urban air, both indoor and outdoor. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 165

AIR POLLUTION & NATURE- innovations with low energy consumption and BASED SOLUTIONS a low carbon footprint.

The world lives in a series of large-scale chan- Since NASA2 made public a study stating that ges, originated without any doubt by the hu- vegetation can absorb and purify the interior man being, resulted from the increase of glo- spaces of buildings, countless studies have bal population and the lifestyle in which the been carried out to verify its effectiveness. capital rules the rest of things. Since the se- The plants contribute to a greater or lesser ex- cond half of the twentieth century, there have tent depending on their morphological condi- been large migrations from rural to urban spa- tions, to a greater surface for the catchment, ce, causing the uncontrolled growth of cities. better results, but also, the leaves must have Nowadays, almost half of the world’s inhabi- certain characteristics of roughness and adap- tants live in cities and in turn, half of these tability to the different environments. cities have a poor air quality [11], affecting to more than 1.6 billion people and causing the The constant evolution of the nature-based so- death of more than 7 million each year. lutions systems has given rise to different te- chnologies going from biofilters that improves The location of the vegetation within the ci- air conditioning in buildings to mixed systems ties, in most cases, is distributed unequally. (mechanical-natural) that increase the effecti- Some studies delve into these differences, sti- veness of uptake and purification, forcing na- pulating that the richest neighbourhoods are ture to work in all its extension, from the roots the ones with the largest parks and wooded and their microorganisms, up to the leaves, areas, while the poorest neighbourhoods ha- which absorb particles in suspension and does ve a greater number of paved areas that ac- a gaseous exchange as a result of photosynthe- centuating the poor air quality conditions. in sis (absorption of CO2 and generation of O2 turn, this phenomenon is increased among and water vapor). Here again, the morphology the countries level of development, as in the of the roots of the plants has an important ro- most developed countries have cities with a le, as those with thicker and diversified roots, greater number of green areas, while most ci- can retain a greater number of particles. ties in the poorest countries, hardly reach the minimum 9 square meters of vegetation per These NBS to improve air quality in 2 types inhabitant stipulated by the World Health Or- can be divided by those that don’t use any type ganization as indispensable for a good general of mechanical system to enhance the cleaning and mental health1. power of plants, and those with a mixed sys- tem that integrates mechanical means. These Thus, the integration of urban furniture with NBS developments, in turn, can be subdivided vegetation is an important element to improve into solutions for indoor and outdoor. the conditions to which citizens are exposed. In this sense, there are different technological An example of NBS for outdoors is the City developments to contribute to cleaning and Tree already installed in several European ci- purify urban air, which uses both mechanical ties and developed by Green City Solutions. and biological means, latter’s advantage is the This NBS uses a mix of plants and moss to cap- use of nature-based solutions, which foresees ture particles in suspension and absorb diffe-

1 York, N. (2015). HABITAT III ISSUE PAPERS 11-PUBLIC SPACE. Retrieved from http://habitat3.org/wp-content/ uploads/Habitat-III-Issue-Paper-11_Public-Space-2.0.compressed.pdf 2 ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930073077 166 CHAPTER 10 - NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN CITIES

Fig 1. Example of a city tree in London UK

rent types of gases such as NOx, although this costs around 3K€, hindering its scalability in kind of vegetation can represent a problem for countries with lower incomes and more adver- its replicability in different environments and se climatic conditions. climatic conditions (as this species needs for controlled environments to survive), the com- On the other hand, an example of indoor NBS pany declares that they can maintain the ideal would be Botanical biofilters in form of Plant conditions for their growth and maintenance Pots designed to purify interior spaces with a thanks to an irrigation and air conditioning system that uses both leaves and microorga- systems placed behind the vegetation. nisms from the roots. It would be the upda- ted concept of a hanging pot that has exposed Even if this represents an increase in the ener- roots in the air. Its principle is to leave exposed gy consumption and a higher current expen- to the air, part of the substrate with roots, so diture, this device has shown its efficiency to that either by mechanical means or simply by purify the air through the last years and pro- this free exposure, gases, and volatile organic ven that exist a market eager for this type of compounds can be absorbed.Its effectiveness technological developments. However, the has been proven since phytoremediation stu- product has several drawbacks such as its lar- dies have clearly demonstrated enhanced con- ge size, its weight, the vegetation because it taminate removal by rhizode- gradation and uses the moss as a purification system, which phytostimulation3. Also, other studies have consumes a high amount of to maintain the shown the ability of theses botanical filters to ideal conditions of humidity and temperature remove VOCs and CO2 and modulate tempe- and finally the cost since each square meter rature and humidity of indoor environments.

3 E. Pilon-Smits, Phytoremediation, Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. 56 (2005) 15–39. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 167

Fig 2. Hanging pot with flowers

To contribute on solving this problem, resear- Their indirect impacts are: chers at the Innovation and Technology for Development Centre of the Polytechnic Uni- 1. To provide the citizenship with an impor- versity of Madrid have developed a Nature-Ba- tant role to reduce the air pollution (Trough sed Solution in the form of a vegetation tower democratizing climate risk information in for the collection and purification of polluted real time) with compelling evidence of the urban air, by the name of Modules for Urban pollution levels, and by means of luminous Air Cleaning or MUAC. signs, show citizens the conditions of their air quality. MODULES FOR URBAN AIR CLEANING (MUAC) 2. Accelerate clean urban mobility, with the real-time pollution information, citizens The MUAC project has been funded by the Eu- would decide how to act to mitigate risks (use ropean Institute for Innovation and Techno- protection) and decrease emissions (like de- logy (EIT) within a Climate-KIC Call, and its ciding whether to use public or alternative main goal is to contribute to creating Green means of transport). This NBS seeks to gene- and Resilient Cities. It has been designed to rate a dynamic combination between infras- become an important element of the urban tructure and society to transform cities into landscape of cities, increasing vegetation in more permeable and resilient places. large paved surface, reducing GHG emissions (due to its double purification system) and 3. Improve microclimatic conditions due the contributing to improve the urban microcli- benefits generated using vegetated urban mate (hygrothermal and acoustic). modules in large paved surfaces.4. Increase 168 CHAPTER 10 - NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN CITIES

the feeling of well-being in society due to the Its main features are: increase of vegetation in poor neighborhoods commonly scarce of green areas. • Low Carbon Emissions: The MUAC modu- les are made with lightweight steel profiles 5. Increase pedestrian mobility by increasing and plastic modules, 100% recyclable, decre- urban greenways and improving microclima- asing its carbon footprint and allowing it to tic conditions. opt for an ecological mark.

• Adaptability: Use of native vegetation for an easily adaptation to different environ- ments and climates.

• Purification System: The vegetation works as a biological filter to capture particles (PM) and purify polluted air (COx, NOx, O3 etc.).

• Affordability: It multiplies the surface area for capturing particles and gas purification (4 sqm of external vegetation and 4 sqm of in- ternal rhizosphere that functions as biofilter) making the MUAC a product with great value for money, with the possibility of being self- financed through the insertion of advertising spaces.

• Efficiency: The filtration system can pass up to 70 m3/per hour of air through its interior.

• Dimensions: It occupies a small area of only 0.49 sqm, which allows installing it in narrow spaces such as sidewalks, two-way streets with small ridges, as well as divi- ding elements for public spaces (squares, walkways, sports facilities, schools, etc.).

• Occupancy rate: Up to 4 sqm of vegetation can be placed on 0.49 sqm multiplying by 8x times the occupied surface area.

• Modularity: It’s formed by modular pieces, which are easily repairable and/or replacea- ble, an aspect that allows reducing the cost of installation and maintenance.

• Scalability: Its modularity, dimensions, environmental advantages (uptake and fil- tration of air pollutants, increase of vegeta- tion in highly paved areas, improvement of Fig 3. A brochure describing the MUAC’s components microclimate conditions around the modu- MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 169

les, increase in vegetation for wildlife) social ma), showing the great advantages of nature, advantages (It has been shown that there is to improve the air quality, above the rest of a correlation between the improvement of technologies. human behavior, related to the increase of vegetation in cities), and the economic ad- “Electrostatic air filter is theoretically considered vantages (an affordable price and the possi- as permanent and the filtration efficiency of the bility of being self-financed through the inte- particles can achieve 82% to 94%. Cold plasma gration of advertising), make the innovation (or non-thermal plasma) air filtration is effective easily scalable. in the case of fungal spores and airborne bacte- ria and can achieve 85%–98% decontamination VALIDATION OF THE even with low exposure time (0.06 s). The Trombe INNOVATION wall system constructed of breathing wall panels can achieve high filtration efficiency (99.4%) in Reference analysis the case of PM10 and at extremely low blocking rate (with 60 years of service life), even in polluted The high amount of NOx is one of the main urban environments. Biofiltration technique is re- responsible for the health problems in Spain. cognized as ‘most easily adapted to mechanically The integration of vegetation as a biological ventilated building or on the pit fans of naturally element for the improvement of air quality, ventilated buildings”. surpassing in some cases those mechanical filters. Croome et al, make a comparison of Validation trough experimentation a specific system of biofiltration with a tradi- tional system of air purification by electrosta- Different studies were carried out to measu- tic methods and a more advanced system by re the efficiency of the system to absorb two means of cold plasma (or non-thermal plas- types of gases, COx and NOx. The first of the

Fig 4. Experimental test carried out in the ITV las Rozas, Madrid 170 CHAPTER 10 - NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN CITIES

Fig 5. Experimental test carried out in the itdUPM headquarters

studies were carried out in the facilities of the RESULTS Vehicle Technical Inspection Center (ITV for their acronym in Spanish) of Las Rozas in Ma- Efficiency rates drid, where we were able to measure the per- centages of direct absorption of the vegetation The ITV tests were done by using a test box (1 square meter of grass) before different ty- with three compartments that allowed us to pes of emissions produced by three different measure the composition of the gas when en- vehicles (a 12-year-old diesel bus, a 9-year-old tering the box, after having been filtered by diesel vehicle and a 12-year-old gasoline ve- the vegetation and finally the composition of hicle. the gas that passed through the box without being filtered by the vegetation. The results Other tests were also carried out at the itdUPM showed that the filtered air from the vegeta- facilities (Center for Innovation in technology tion reduced the composition of the COx gas for human development) where the capacity by up to 35%, while the composition of the of the system to absorb and purify NOx. Tests gas that passed without being filtered directly were conducted by measuring the emissions at the outlet of the box had a composition 5% of two diesel vehicles prior to 2007 (manufac- lower than the entering measure. Is impor- tured under Euro 4 standards) with all loads tant to highlight that the exchange of COx by placed (engine idling, air conditioning on, oxygen is generated only through a process of lights and lights on, windscreen wipers on, photosynthesis (when the vegetation receives stereo in high volume, flashing lights on, anti- direct sunlight) the rest of the time works as a fog system activated and driving assistance filter that absorbs the gas, storing it within the turned on). substrate of the vegetable module. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 171

The results of the tests done in the itdUPM Imperdible 03, organized by the COTEC foun- showed that 1 square meter of vegetation (1/4 dation for innovation, demonstrating that this of the vegetation of a MUAC) has the capacity innovation is a friendly and interesting pro- to absorb up to 48 ppm equivalent to 98 mg/m3 duct for the end user; the citizens of Madrid of NOx in a time of 120 minutes, with which who live and breathe the polluted air of the ci- a MUAC tower could clean up to 396 mg/m3 ty... The most representative data is that 97% of NOx every two hours or 4752 mg/m3 every of a total of 182 interviewees sees MUAC as an day. And unlike the COx test, the interaction important product suitable to be placed in the of the sun is not necessary for the system to streets of their cities and up to 87% mentioned absorb the NOx gas since this function is done they would buy a MUAC to place it in a near- by the microorganisms that inhabit within the by environment to your workplace. Regarding roots and the substrate. the aesthetics of the system, about 83% defi- ned the MUAC a “nice” or “beautiful” object. Level of Acceptance The words innovative, green, ecological, clean and useful were the most used to define the Besides to validating the efficiency of its puri- MUAC in a word. Finally, the 77% of surveyed fication system, researchers wanted to know people, are in productive age (between 20 and the public level of acceptance of technological 60 years old) and would be the target people innovation through the realization of a case to be convinced for the integration of these study. This case was conducted in the event technologies in cities is possible.

Air quality design. Adan Sánchez 172 CHAPTER 10 - NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN CITIES

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

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carbon dioxide in a neighborhood of Mexico City. 10. Hooftman, N., Messagie, M., Van Mierlo, Atmospheric Environment, 97, 226–238. http:// J., & Coosemans, T. (2018). A review of the doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.018 European passenger car regulations – Real driving emissions vs local air quality. Renewable 9. Newell, K., Kartsonaki, C., Lam, K. B. H., & and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 86(July 2017), Kurmi, O. P. (2017). Cardiorespiratory health 1–21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.01.012 effects of particulate ambient air pollution exposure in low-income and middle-income 11. WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (update 2018) https://www.who.int/ The Lancet Planetary Health, 1(9), e368–e380. airpollution/data/cities/en/ http://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30166-3

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 175 Nagoya. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 11 ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

R. Andrés Ibáñez G. Founder and Director of the Technical and Scientific Committee, Green Infrastructure Network, Colombia Founder, Ecoincremental Lab

his chapter explores the notion of 1. THE TECHNOSPHERE’S building and site ecoproductivity OVERSHOOT Tsupported on the premise that creation of environmental contributions is not restricted to The man-made world has profusely transformed natural or semi-natural sources, as it has been natural ecosystems. In a few centuries, widely accepted, but that these contributions the impact of our economic and productive may be delivered by the built environment systems over the earth´s preindustrial state and considered eco-restorative in urban has been so profound that several circles of the settings.Previous explorations on positive scientific community refer to a new geological development and regenerative design have era, supported on evidence that humans have recently begun to examine the implications of caused irreversible changes in the planet’s transferring the ecosystem services concept to anatomy. Plastic rocks, artificial islands and the architecture field under social economic altered climate are just few manifestations of and environmental concerns. This chapter this emerging era: The Anthropocene. The focuses on the later by studying a site retrofit transformation of the eco-sphere into the in Berlin, and introduces an ecoproductivity techno-sphere can be quantified by the overall assessment method to instrumentalize the weigh of objects, buildings and artificial concept of ecotectural contributions in town commodities produced by humankind, which planning, under a multi-functional and multi- is estimated at 30 trillion tons. As this number scale perspective. continues to increase, there is evidence that 176 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

the capacity of the ecosystems on earth to Grey infrastructure provides services that maintain operational balance and deliver support our economic and social systems, but vital benefits for humankind is diminishing. it creates major environmental unbalances. These opposing trends -one augmenting and Consequently, cities have very little or no the other diminishing- convey an overshoot capacity to generate environmental services. relationship between the growing resources demand and the decline in the biocapacity of “Not exclusively but must noticeably, in urban the planet. We have created a feedback loop regions and cities where the majority of people that is negative to both the ecosystems and us live nature and ecosystems are intensively used because it has made our socio-natural systems and appear to be more and more degraded/ unstable and moves it away of equilibrium. destroyed. They develop into a state where they are no longer able to provide any services (MEA, Key world environmental organizations 2005)”. believe that the ecological overshoot began five decades ago. Since the 1970’s, the rate at From an anthropocentric perspective of which humankind consume services and goods sustainability, the concept of ecosystem is greater than the rate at which the planet can services is essential to human well-being at a generate them. As a result, human civilization global scale; but urbanization, the most global is running on a critical unbalance that can activity, transforms naturally productive be expressed through the concept of Earth areas into inert landscapes made of hard Overshot Day, defined as the date in a given surfaces. A crust of asphalt, concrete, steel, year when society takes all the resources that and other materials, replace biotic elements the planet is able to produce until December such vegetation, fauna and soil. This depletes 31. In 2018, the overshoot happened on the the capacity of the territory to infiltrate first day of August, which means that current water, provide clean water and food, regulate society runs on an ecological debt of 5 moths, temperature, and deliver other key benefits from August to the end of the year. Although for humans and non-humans. The expanded the overshot day has been questioned as an urban fabric also causes a fragmentation of accurate method to account for all the present the natural habitats that support biodiversity, environmental unbalance, it provides a clear which makes natural ecosystems weak to idea of the challenge we face, particularly in disturbances and changes. Urbanization is the the most geographically ubiquitous human major producer of negative environmental activity: Urbanization. outcomes that harm natural systems and cause multiple environmental disservices that 2. FROM URBAN ABUNDANCE TO affect humankind. MAN-MADE “SCAR-CITIES” Urban landscape is defined as the “area of Cities are a paradox of human development: human agglomerations with more than 50% they were meant to improve the living of the surface built, surrounded by other areas standards and provide a wide array of services with 30-50% built, and an overall population to human population. Ironically, current density of more than 10 individuals per urban settings are the environments that most ha”. (Breuste, Haase et al. 2013). The first greatly threat human and non-human forms visible sign of the urbanization process is the of life. Urban centers concentrate the demand adaptation of the natural terrain for human for environmental services like clean water, activities and their related infrastructure. Soft air regulation or energy supply. But instead soil, swamps and water bodies are altered and of generating these services, urban fabrics replaced by different types of structural and undermine the territory´s ecoproductivity by impervious soil layers. In this process, topsoil replacing natural areas with inert urban fabric. is manufactured, relocated and compacted, MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 177

Ufa Fabrik. Berlin. I. de Felipe which causes a number of issues: decay of conducted through pipes that desiccate and organic matter, erosion and air pollution due warm up the landscape. to construction activity, contamination of the natural soil with heavy metals, change in soil Changes in water volumes and flows create composition that encourages the growth of thermal pollution that contributes to the heat invasive plant species, and depletion of the island effect. Dark surfaces, poor shading, terrain’s capacity to drain and infiltrate water, dense materials and reduction of evaporation which ultimately produces a “chronic dying increase temperature in cities. The urban effect”. This progressive soil transformation fabric absorbs solar radiation, stores it, and is the less reversible man-made form of releases it back to the atmosphere in the form desertification. of heat, raising the temperature of the air up to 9 Celsius degrees in comparison to natural In its turn, sealed ground impacts the water surrounding areas. Subtle changes in the air cycle. As the natural land cover is replaced temperature lead to alteration of climate and by hard surfaces, the urban landscape is microclimate factors like wind and rain. As a exposed to great amounts of run-off water that result, cities experience more intense winds, washes pollutants like nitrates, phosphates rains and draughts, all of which increase the and heavy metals into rivers, affecting wildlife risk of economic and human losses. and the natural process of sedimentation. To stand floods, cities must rely on artificial Cities are home to the greatest environment- drains, underground pipes and large pieces of related cause of human casualties. Every engineering like dams and ponds that become year, polluted air kills approximately 8 obsolete as cities expand, creating the need of million people. Urban activity emits gas grey infrastructure replacements and updates and particle pollutants from motor vehicles, at great costs. Clean water is usually extracted construction, industry, power plants, and peri- from sources distanced from the city and urban mining. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxides 178 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

of nitrogen (NOx) are eye irritant, trigger soil and watercourses. As a consequence respiratory diseases, cause acid rain, and of the inefficient urban metabolism, city damage construction materials, vegetation dwellers have a greater ecological footprint and water bodies. Lead reduces cognitive than their rural counterparts, which creates capacity in children. Fine dust particles of high ecological pressure on the non-urban 0.1 to 25 micrometers in diameter cause ecosystems where resources are taken from. respiratory diseases and are carcinogens. Unless we manage to create and maintain self- Carbon monoxide is toxic in high doses. sufficient and multi-functional cities capable Dioxins and volatile organic compounds like of producing environmental value, the world’s methane and benzene are carcinogen; and ecological footprint is to increase in the ozone is known as a photochemical smog coming decades. agent (Grant 2012). Deficient air quality in urban areas is a major public health issue that Urbanization and sustainability: causes premature deaths and has significant opposite shores? economic consequences: the expenditure in health issues due to air pollution accounts The idea of urban environmental services is for 2% of the growth domestic product in essential to transfer well-being concerns from developed countries and 5% in developing the global scale to the urban context. Several countries. authors have linked urban environmental services to the notion of urban quality of life Urban activity generates other forms of (Breuste, Haase et al. 2013), (Santos, L.D. pollution related to perception: Noise and and Martins, I. 2007). Breuste et all relate artificial light. Construction activities, the ecological dimension of sustainability industry, transportation and leisure facilities to environmental services by stressing the are the main sources of noise in cities, which need to maintain healthy environments cause negative psychological and physiological that provide “clean air, protection against impacts on humans: hearing capacity loss, respiratory diseases, protection against heat heart issues, stress and gastro-intestinal and cold death”. Well-being is related to deficiencies. Light pollution is related to qualities of the ambient environment on breast cancer, increases fatigue, minimizes several environmental factors: air, water, visual capacity and produces anxiety and temperature regulation and waste processing. stress (Grant 2012). These two environmental disservices are also known as major disruptors Although only 3% of the surface of the planet is of wildlife. occupied by cities, these areas account for 2/3 of the world´s energy consumption and 3/4 In terms of metabolism, cities consume of the global greenhouse emissions. By 2030, resources and environmental services more that 60% of the world population will produced somewhere. They demand large live in cities. This will increase the demand quantities of food, materials and energy. As for services and make available ecoproductive urban systems do not run on close loops of land scarcer. It is widely assumed that in cities materials and energy, great amounts of waste the sources of the environmental services are are generated. Most of organic, construction natural or semi-¬natural land-based assets and industrial residues are disposed in such as parks, trees or wetlands. landfills that often threat human health. Waste is a mayor byproduct of cities. In many “Cities rely on ecosystem services in the wider cities that lack effective waste management world, but it is important to remember that schemes, debris, industrial and biological ecosystem services can be provided within the trash are dumped in public spaces or natural city by creating multifunctional, biodiverse, green areas affected by chronic contamination of infrastructure to complement (and wherever MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 179

possible reduce or replace) gray infrastructure.” Several authors support this idea, premised (Grant 2012). on the argument that the environmental debt threshold of human activities has already been The fabric of existing and new buildings that trespassed and the environmental decline is make most of the land cover in urban areas is now irreversible (Lovelock 2009). Emerging seldom considered a source of environmental paradigms beyond “sustainable” development contributions. The knowledge needed to and recent global publications on the world’s conceive buildings and sites as ecoproductive ecosystems integrity imply that minimizing settings has remained apart in different fields. the negative impacts of human activities is not Whereas the green building field still focuses enough anymore, as well-being depends on the on developing efficiency to reduce energy health of ecosystems and the environmental consumption, cut down carbon emissions contributions they provide. and minimize the ecological footprint; the environmental sciences have not studied Sustainable development as an aspiration is other sources of environmental services in about allowing future generations to satisfy depth beyond natural land covers or natural their needs. However, this concept has failed ecosystems´ components. This field divide has to tell us how we can achieve such goal. Most created a dichotomy between environmentalist of the practical applications of sustainable and developers, which often slow down development are translated into initiatives that city planning processes around areas with are aimed to reduce negative impacts: saving environmental controversy. If architects energy, not using too much plastic, reducing and urban planners integrate knowledge and the ecological footprint, and such. These methods from the environmental sciences to strategies are indeed good and necessary, but participate in the production of environmental fall short on the demanding challenges that value, cities would have an opportunity to human growing population face, which calls restore the ecocapacity of the urban land, and for more urgent and drastic actions leading involve private actors in this endeavor of great us to restoration of the earth’s ecocapacity. public interest. The so-called “sustainable” practices in the architecture arena become insufficient in From an environmental perspective, cities our present time. When the aspiration of are like deserts or spaceships. In deserts, restoration is transferred to architecture, vegetation and biodiversity must be inserted buildings appear as a 3D fabric that can afford to support life. In spaceships, environmental to create, embody and interface eco-services services must be engineered. Can buildings in their urban surroundings. and sites integrate nature or engineer environmental services to augment the overall 4. THE OVERSIGHT OF health of cities, self-sufficiency and urban “SUSTAINABLE” ARCHITECTURE multi-functionality? Oversight: 3. THERE IS MORE TO SUSTAINABILITY THAN 1. Watchful and responsible care. Regulatory REDUCING NEGATIVE IMPACTS supervision.

Recent scientific reports on the current world’s 2. An inadvertent omission or error. environmental state suggest that even though mitigation of negative environmental impacts Milestone publications have fostered caused by human activities is a significant environmental awareness; and in its turn, advance, it is no longer enough to tackle the triggered “sustainable” responses in different current environmental overshoot unbalance. disciplines. In architecture, most of such 180 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

response has been manifested through and Run-ming, 2009). Other authors have the “eco-technic” green building approach also addressed this omission and reacted widely adopted “based on a techno rational, by highlighting the need to conceive “green policy-oriented discourse”. The “ecological building” as a means to produce positive modernization paradigm derived from here impacts on the environment (McDonough centers the attention over distant global and Braungart, 2002), (Olgyay and Herdt, environmental problems like climate change 2004) (Birkeland, 2008), (Reed, 2009). and CO2 emissions” (Guy and Farmer, 2001) (Reed 2009) (Cole 2012). • Green building assessment tools lack consideration of the operational integration In recent years, an emerging body of criticism of architecture with their immediate has argued that the prevailing “sustainable” environment. Exploration on ecoproductive architecture approach is necessary but architecture implies finding ways of incomplete. A number of authors have advancing the ad hoc functional integration identified key shortcomings attributed to the of sites and buildings with the local natural most widespread green building assessment ecosystems (Lyle, 1994) (Meng and Run- tools: ming 2009).

• “Green” building assessment tools focus 5. THE HUMAN ROLE IN THE on mitigation of negative environmental META-HUMAN WORLD impacts. Consequently, they lack criteria and methods to assess positive impacts of Anthropocentric mentality has underestimated buildings on their local environments, (Meng the importance of non-human forms of life. In

Figure 1. Current urbanization problematique and gaps of the widespread green building approaches. AIG MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 181

Figure 2. Environmental services or nature’s contributions listed by milestone publications

the present time, posthumanism’s ideas gain as crucial to shape reality as we are. This relevancy as the environmental crisis strongly perspective beyond human-centered world conditions our political, economic and social is reflected on to practical cases. A river systems, and algorithms gain more influence recently won a legal battle against polluters in over our daily lives. Meta-human perspectives Colombia and another in New Zealand, after call for changes in the way humankind relate high courts recognized the rivers’ rights as to other forms of life, supported on the idea individuals. In New York and other financial that we should conceive all biotic organisms centers, investors have reported great losses and artificial non-conscious intelligence due to the advantage of algorithms over 182 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

humans on data processing capabilities that brings the concept of ecosystem services (or lead to better decision-making. Courts and nature’s environmental contributions) as the legal authorities are studying the possibility most important issue for human development. of processing lawsuits against algorithms, and According to MEA, 65% of the earth’s according to experts, this might become a ecosystems are in decadence, which creates common practice in the coming years. a serious deficit of environmental services needed for well-being. It is estimated that two Under the meta-human worldview, nature planets would be required by 2030 to generate and technology is no longer a divide. In enough environmental capacity that sustains the technosphere, nature is defined by the the current model of human development and set of organisms and systems in the overall urbanization rate. artificial-natural gradient (thenextnature. org). This network is animated by interaction The MEA defines ecosystem services as the or information. To tackle the current and “benefits people obtain from ecosystems”. future environmental imbalance, humans These services are classified into 1) should play a restorative and ecoproductive provisioning services –e.g. materials and role: restorative so that the capacity of the energy-; 2) regulating services –e.g. climate ecosystems to support life and maintain regulation and air purification-; 3) cultural functional balance is recovered, and services related to intangible human needs ecoproductive so that the man-made world such recreation; and 4) supporting services affords to enhance the overall healthy human which are fundamental natural processes and non-human environment conducive necessary for all other services –e.g. to integrity of all forms of life. Under this photosynthesis, soil formation and nutrient scenario, intelligence is redefined as the cycling (Hester and Harrison 2010). According capacity of an organism to improve its to MEA, human demand for resources will integrity by positively impacting integrity of grow greater in the coming decades. A the environment it belongs to, rather than number of authors have shown that the acting as a discrete part of the ecosystem. demand for environmental contributions is This suggests that to achieve ecoincremental now so significant that their valuation and cities, smart architecture should embrace trade-off will be common practices (Gomez- ecoproductivity. Baggethun, de Groot et al. 2010), (Bastian, Haase et al. 2011), (Sagoff 2011), (Wegner 6. SUBSTANTIVE SUSTAINABLE and Pascual 2011). DEVELOPMENT THROUGH ECOPRODUCTIVITY The key merit of the MEA and the Living Planet Report 2010 is the adoption of a comprehensive Three influential world scientific reports framework of environmental contributions (WRI 2005) (TEEB 2011) (WWF, London that covers the key environmental concerns et al. 2010) have evidenced the global of previous decades with the same umbrella: environmental facts that push the capabilities energy crisis, resources scarcity, global of “green” architecture beyond the paradigm warming, CO2, and carrying capacity. of sustainable development as it has been Under this holistic perspective, substantive understood in the last four decades. Both sustainability is about augmenting the four publications pictured how “progress” has categories of environmental services required seriously compromised human well-being in for human well-being (WRI 2005) while the last century, and will continue to do so natural ecosystems´ integrity is restored and given the depletion of natural resources and preserved. In Urban settings, this implies alteration of the ecosystems’ functionality. The restoring the ecocapacity of the territory that Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) was depleted during the urbanization process. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 183

What is ecoproductivity? It is defined here between natural and man-made environment as the capacity of a physical entity, either is to be blurred in the coming decades, as natural or artificial, to generate contributions the array of technologies, buildings and on its surroundings so that integrity of manufactured landscapes capable of creating the environment is improved. Efficiency environmental contributions expands. in ecoproductivity is determined by the ratio between the input resources and the 7. ENVIRONMENTAL output contributions. Spatial efficiency CONTRIBUTIONS AS A RAISON of ecoproductivity is determined by the D’ÊTRE OF ARCHITECTURE ratio between the physical boundary of the source and the rate of production of services Building footprint replaces the capability of in a given timeframe. Environmental the natural terrain to produce ecosystem sciences relate urban parks, forests, green services with capability of the building belts and trees to environmental quality to produce building services. But can and recognize these natural components as architecture afford ecoproductivity? The sources of environmental services (Sandhu core attributes of architecture introduced by and Wratten 2013). Under this perspective, Vitruvius are considered valid here to define natural elements are key to maintain urban the boundaries of architectural practice: environmental quality and well-being. architecture has the ultimate goal of creating building services related to three aspects: In 1997, Costanza suggested that ecosystem Function, Structure and Aesthetics (Vitruvius services couldn’t be replaced with technology. 2003). The principles and strategies of “green” However, more recent publications suggest and “sustainable” buildings are supplementary that little attention has been given to man- measures intended to counterbalance negative made ecosystems like farmlands and cities as environmental impacts. This does not reflect settings that can afford to create ecoproductive an additional core attribute of architecture, but outcomes. rather a way of counteracting an undesirable byproduct of the essential attributes of “Although the concepts developed have evolved architecture proposed by Vitruvius. from experience managing natural assets in rural landscapes, these ideas are equally In recent years, a small number of scholars applicable to urban and other predominantly and practitioners or architecture have started cultural systems. “ (Wallace 2007). to investigate how buildings and sites produce environmental contributions, but there are For Palmer et al., 2004, engineered or modified conceptual and pragmatic implications that ecosystems are both providers and consumers remain unexplored. of ecosystems. “They can provide a wide range of important environmental services”. Ecoproductivity as an intrinsic attribute of architecture. The concept of ecoproductivity seems to Definitions. trespass the boundaries of the natural sciences and find a place in the material world of biotic If MEA’s concerns are transferred to and abiotic elements created and managed architecture, substantive “sustainable” by men. The environmental contributions development should be targeted via produced by objects, buildings or sites are a buildings that not only preserve ecosystems feature that has not been studied in depth. but also create and deliver environmental Environmentally speaking, nature has been contributions. However, ambiguities and considered as a provider, and buildings as problems with the use of this concept have takers. This long-standing role dichotomy been reported in multiple disciplines (Wallace 184 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

2007). Wallace’s work suggests the need to In Vitruvius triad, building services are created use proper definitions to avoid confusion and by the intrinsic qualities of firmitas, utilitas misleading classifications. y venustas. If production of environmental services is added as a core attribute of Wallace’s definition of ecosystem –and architecture, ecoproductivity arises as a fourth ecosystem services- encompasses biotic but dimension. The appellative “Ecoproductive” is also abiotic elements (culturally derived), proposed and used to refer to architecture that such as domestic animals, buildings, is aimed to create environmental contributions roads and humans themselves (this is also in addition to the delivery of building services. supported by the MEA). However, he has The term “ecotectural contributions” is shown that in most of the literature “the introduced to address the environmental term ecosystem –and ecosystem services- is value created by ecoproductive architecture, used in a way that implies only the natural and to differentiate them from those produced elements of ecosystems”. Pedersen Zari, who by natural ecosystems. has explored the application of ecosystem framework in the field of architectural design, In the built environment field, eco-productivity uses the term ecosystem services to refer to is an inherent spatial attribute e as it is the both environmental services that are either capability of the sites and buildings to generate produced by biotic elements assembled environmental services at a certain rate within on buildings, and environmental services given physical boundaries. Humans are part engineered (Pedersen Zari 2012). However, of ecosystems and together comprise a whole following previous key Wallace’s concerns, (Lyle 1985). However, there are significant further lexicon development is necessary to differences in the way undisturbed natural differentiate environmental services that are systems produce environmental services produced by nature from those produced via compared to 1) natural systems altered by buildings, either by integrating biotic elements humans, 2) semi-artificial settings managed or incorporating ecoproductive technologies. by humans, and 3) artificial settings.

Although the MEA classifies ecosystem services The level of human influence on the ecosystem according to type and core environmental is key for classification. The diagram shown in aspect, it makes no distinction or classification Figure 3 clarifies the proposed terminology. relative to the sources of the services. Under “Environmental Contribution” is used as the MEA’s optics, all sources (either natural or anthropogenic) are indistinct. However, there are three main reasons to consider such distinction necessary and beneficial. First, in very recent years, a number of engineered technologies have been proven to create and deliver environmental contributions. Second, trade-off and schemes of co-benefits in urban planning regulations make it necessary to differentiate environmental services delivered by natural or semi-natural elements –i.e. street trees- from those created by architecture or man-made infrastructure projects. And last, such distinction contributes to the appropriation of ecoproductivity as a core aspect of architecture. Figure 3. The Vitruvian triad historically defined the core attributes of architecture MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 185

most generic term. It comprises all kinds of environmental services, created by either undisturbed natural sources or man-influenced settings. “Natural Ecosystem services” are environmental services created by undisturbed nature. “Ecotectural services” are produced within the boundaries o man-made spatial settings -buildings or infrastructure-. Hence, the following affirmations are considered useful:

• The group of “environmental contributions” encompasses all “natural” and “ecotectural” contributions, produced by either man independent or man-influenced settings. In Figure 4. Proposed dimension of other words, all ecotectural and nature’s ecoproductivity as a core attribute of contributions are environmental contributions. architecture, based on the Vitruvian triad. AIG • “Nature´s contributions” are produced mainly by man-independent settings –undisturbed nature-. However, as humans are part of as a copy center for German film studios. ecosystems, man influenced settings involving Today, it supports young modern culture and biotic assets are also considered sources of combines international and local cultures ecosystem services (e.g. urban parks, biotic to create a dynamic atmosphere for active roofs, etc). Environmental contributions people (www.UfaFabrik.de/en). The site produced by artificial abiotic technologies do consists of 6 main low-rise buildings, gardens, not belong to the group of ecosystem services and other amenities, which were designed or nature’s contributions. and built by a group of local entrepreneurs to enhance the environmental conditions of • “Ecotectural contributions” are environmental the site and reduce operational costs (Figure contributions produced by man-made settings, 4). Since the decade of 1970s, they developed and might encompass biotic elements or/and and progressively integrated a series of technology. Not all ecotectural contributions technologies on the buildings and site. Most belong to the group of natural contributions. of them pioneered aspects of green building in Not all environmental contributions are Berlin at the time of implementation i.e. the ecotectural services. biggest solar roof, the first water harvesting and natural treatment system on a wetland Architecture can produce ecotectural roof, the first pilot implementation of slotted contributions on multiple functions that relate wind turbine, and an unusual biodiverse to the overall functional integrity of cities. vegetated roof.

8. ECOPRODUCTIVE This case is a valuable piece of evidence to ARCHITECTURE IS MULTI- study multifunctional ecoproductivity in FUNCTIONAL. architecture, given its innovative character, A CASE STUDY IN BERLIN early implementation, and integrative approach. The ecoproductive performance of The UfaFabrik International Culture Center the center encompasses multiple strategies is located in Berlin. It was a former UFA- that create three types of contributions on a Film factory originally built in 1920 and used number of environmental aspects. 186 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Provisioning services high rotor wind generator was installed on the roof of the former “film bunker” (Building The center produces clean energy and 6), to provide a generation capacity of 700 food. Direct solar radiation is converted Watt. A further addition assisted by TU Berlin into electricity by two kinds of photovoltaic was implemented to increase this capacity systems. Fixed photovoltaic panels were by 20% with a slotted rotor design that was installed on the roof of two buildings in tested in the wind tunnel (Patent by Achmed 1997 to generate 50 kWh (Buildings 4 and Khammas). Food is produced in the form of 5). Three years later, an additional system herbs that are grown on the roofs and gardens was installed in one of the building to include (alfalfa, hops and kidney vetch). 10 2kW automated PV system that included cells, inverters and sun tracking sensors The center incorporates a rainwater (Building 1). The overall capacity of the two management system that provides various systems (peak) is 70 kWh; enough to feed environmental contributions related to water: the total center demand and sell the surplus harvest, treatment and reduction of water run- energy to the grid (Figure 5). After reviewing off to alleviate and prevent overflow of sewer the records from 2003 to 2012, an annual systems (Schmidt, 2001). In 1994, a rainwater energy generation average of 39850 kWh was harvesting system was integrated to provide estimated. This means an annual reduction water for irrigation and toilets. The roofs and of about 36 tons of carbon dioxide emitted to ground landscape account for a total area of the atmosphere. However, only the clean 7600 m2 that catches rainwater. The water energy generation aspect is considered here harvested is conducted to and stored into two as an ecotectural contribution. Wind is also 240 m3 underground cisterns (equivalent to used as a source of energy. In 1995, a 3-meter 39 mm or 6.7% of annual rainfall). It is then treated naturally, pumped and distributed through the building to meet the overall demand of water, which was estimated at 3000 m3 per year. 72% of the water used for flushing the toilets and irrigating the green areas comes from the water harvesting and treatment systems.

Regulating services

The center produces regulating environmental contributions related to water, air, climate and nutrients cycle. The rainwater collected is treated naturally by a constructed wetland that is the roof of two underground cisterns (25 m2). In the first cistern, particles such rocks, sand and mud are settled in the bottom. When water flows into the second tank, floating elements such leaves paper and wood are trapped by a gravel wall. The partially treated water is then stored and pumped up onto a gravel and microorganism media that removes Figure 5. Proposed classification of the remaining suspended solids and converts environmental contributions relative to their impurities into minerals that are absorbed by source. AIG reeds, rushes, water lilies and cattails. Heavy MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 187

metals and nutrients are captured by the per month (at the moment of the study). wetland and reduced by 90% (Schmidt, 2001). Air regulation contributions are linked to This process prevents pollutants from running removal of pollutants and enhancement of off into rivers and streams. the air quality. Field measurements with two carbon dioxide probes were conducted Evaporation and evapotranspiration are to determine the concentration of CO2 on the the main UfaFabrik’s environmental air above a green roof in comparison with contributions related to climate regulation. a gravel roof. Maintaining the same wind The outcome of this energy consumption is conditions, available solar radiation levels temperature reduction (evaporative cooling). and temperature, the air above the vegetated The amount of solar energy required for the surface showed a reduction of 18% in carbon evapotranspiration of 1g of water is estimated dioxide concentration levels compared to the at about 2450 joules. Daily radiation balance hard surface during the day time in summer. estimations were made based on measurements Considering that the oxygen emission capacity conducted by Schmidt at UfaFabrik during the of an extensive green roof is estimated in summer of 2000. Bitumen and green roof approximately 400 liters per day, the overall scenarios were compared under a 5354 Wh/ daily oxygen production capability of the m2 daily solar available energy scenario. A vegetated surfaces of UfaFabrik would be significant reduction of latent heat emitted 480 m3. Labs tests and microscopic analysis by green roofs was found, in comparison were conducted to determine the dust with bitumen roofs. The bitumen surfaces retention capacity of different vegetation converted 2.29% of the solar available energy types. Results showed that sedum retains into evaporative cooling, 34.1% into latent more PM10 particles than grass. It has been heat, and 9% was reflected. In contrast, results estimated that the average dust retention for vegetated surfaces were 22.13%, 16.28% capacity of an extensive green roof with and 14.99%. After observations conducted similar characteristics to those of UfaFabrik is from 1987 to 1989, the green roof cooling rate 500 gr per square meter per year. Thus, the mean per year was estimated at 302 kWh (/ green roofs and vertical gardens of UfaFabrik m2*a) (C. Centegraf and Schmidt, 2005), and would approximately capture up to 700 kg of the effective evapotranspiration mean was particulate matter from the ambient air per estimated at 443 mm out of 696 mm local year. evapotranspiration potential and 588 mm local precipitation mean (Schmidt, 2005). Other regulating services produced are noise and smell absorption. Kitchen exhaust Services related to nutrients cycle are produced fumes are conducted towards to a gravel in UfaFabrik mainly through the use of fast filter under a green roof, allowing plants and composters specially designed. Besides the media to absorb the gases. Users of the center widespread waste collection and separation reported reduction of smell from the kitchen. schemes, organic waste is processed at A vertical garden was built to prevent noise UfaFabrik to produce organic fertilizer. The discomfort caused by the cultural activities in waste produced by the center is estimated to the neighborhood. The total approximate area be 1000 m3 per year. Approximately 20% of of green roofs in the center at the moment of it can be composted (about 200 m3 per year). the study was 1500 m2. The original roof finish Two 1 m3 spinning wooden composting drums consisted of a tar-and-asphalt waterproof layer. were built. They speed up the process by In 1980 some of these surfaces begun to be providing a constant alternation of heat and retrofitted to support native grasses, herbs and oxygen and allowing regulation of humidity perennials with conventional multilayered levels. With this system, the center has a extensive green roof systems comprised capacity of producing about 1 m3 of compost of a substrate mixture of soil and expanded 188 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Figure 6. UfaFabrik location in Berlin (retrieved from google maps), and overall site retrofit image

clay. The vegetation population has shown a Dr. Manfred Köhler has been studying the significant variation and adaptation to different evolution of the roof vegetation in the long microclimate and maintenance conditions. term, and has identified about 50 species. Regular irrigation was only provided during During the field investigation with Dr. Köhler, the early years of the installation, which we noted that variations in the depth of the favored clovers and draught-tolerant species. substrate in later installations could motivate Currently, however, the landscape and plant the unusual biodiversity of the roofs in spite population is totally different from the initial the fact that most green roofs in Berlin have conditions. sedum as the predominant type of plant MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 189

Figure 7. UfaFabrik’s site plan and buildings. 3D models: AIG

(Building 4) (Figure 6). Particular conditions the exhibition building. These species provide motivated this adaptation. For example, taller habitat for wildlife and foster biodiversity in low-light species colonized the area under the the neighborhood. The absence of human photovoltaic panels, as they provide protection intervention in the distribution of the species from the wind and sun i.e. Sagebrush and gray over time has turned these roofs into valuable cress. Today, sedum accounts for only 50% of evidence to study plant adaptation in Berlin. the green roof. Steel wire was attached to the facades, and various climbers were planted The diagram of Figure 8 shows the overall at the ground level. As a result, each vertical UfaFabrik site’s ecoproductity, by relating wall shows a particular prevailing type of the different technologies investigated to the plant, according to the sunlight availability ecotectural contributions they create. The and solar exposure conditions. The wild overall functional domain analysis evidences ones covered the southeast side of building that although the engineered technologies used 5, whereas hydrangea and clematis and ivy can afford single ecoproductive outcomes like colonized the south, north and west sides of provision of clean energy, the biotic elements 190 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

example, m3 is used for rainwater harvesting, and Tons is used for CO2 capture. Results are marked on the axes. The center of the diagram represents a value of zero. The greater the production rate, the more distant from the center the markings are located. Each axis can have independent ranges of values depending on the maximum value. If the single markings of each contribution are connected with lines, the area of the resulting polygon represents the overall ecoproductivity. Through this method, it is possible to evaluate the integrated performance of a specific site or building relative to the ecoproductivity of different land covers and scales presented as assessment baselines in the next section. 9. MULTI-SCALE ASSESSMENT OF ECOPRODUCTIVE BUILDINGS AND SITES IN URBAN SETTINGS

Urban architecture’s ecoproductivity is fundamentally a multi-scale phenomenon. It encompasses physical forms, devices, buildings and cities. They are all different levels in which production of ecotectural contributions happens. Thus, a comprehensive assessment framework of site and building ecoproductivity should necessarily address these scales and enquire on how environmental contributions are produced, delivered and valued accordingly. Figure 8. Clean energy generation at UfaFabrik. Photos: AIG Lets illustrate multi-scale ecoproductivity assessment using the example of a bicycle as are more synergistic, as they create several an analogy to a building. A bicycle’s inherent environmental contributions simultaneously purpose is transportation. However, if a water (grey dotted and hyphened lines). purification system is integrated, polluted water can be converted into potable water Visualization of multifunctional as the rider pedals. Polluted water is sent ecoproductivity out of a rear tank through a series of filters, and collected in a front tank once it has been Two kinds of radar diagrams were developed purified. A new intrinsic attribute has been to visualize the overall multifunctionality of added to the bicycle: the capacity to provide sites and buildings, as well as their annual clean water. This emerging attribute is intrinsic production rates (Figure 7). The number of because it is linked to the essential function single environmental contributions to estimate of the bicycle. Both purposes, transportation determines the number of axes in the radars. and water purification, are now part of the Estimation of yearly production is done using same functional domain. The bicycle now the right units for each contribution; for has an added value, and it is manifested in an MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 191

increment of the bikers’ wellbeing resulting Unfolding water purification is calculating how from access to clean water. much water (volume) the filters can purify and the tanks hold per each kilometer pedaled. The service of water purification happens Unfolding is objectively translating physical here in three physical scales from small to forms directly responsible for creating an large (or simple to complex): the purification environmental service into production rates devices, the whole bicycle including the expressed in units associated to that service. purification system, and the place where the Embodying water purification has to do with bicycle is used. Thus, to assess the bicycle’s assessing the spatial efficiency of the whole merits for purifying water, this service must bicycle to produce the service, in reference to be measured in reference to 1) the devices, 2) its size and form. That is, how space-efficient the bicycle and 3) the place. Or in other words the filters are, occupying minimum space, this service must be unfolded, embodied and avoiding overweight or even enhancing the interfaced. function of the bicycle. From here it can be

Figure 9. Composting devices at UfaFabrik site. Photo: AIG

Figure 10. Tests with carbon probes to determine the CO2 concentration of the air above the green roofs. Photos: AIG 192 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

inferred that the better the purification system Transferred to the architectural field, fits within the bicycle’s psychical boundaries, ecoproductivity assessment entails the greater the amount of clean water that three kinds of assessment: estimation of could by delivered per spatial unit. And lastly, production rate (at the technology scale), interfacing water purification is related to spatial integration (at the building scale) and the need and appreciation of bikers for clean instrumental valuation (at the urban scale). water. This is conditioned by the availability Although these methods have not used for of clean water in the bikers’ town, and its building assessment, there are a number of perceived value. In other words, interfacing disciplines that have used them. Assessment is about weighting up the value of a given related to technology’s ecoproductivity rates environmental service, in reference to a is commonly done in engineering, material specific place. The more value given to clean science and technology development fields; water in a particular locality, the higher the spatial integration assessment is associated bicycle’s merits are. with landscape, green infrastructure, ecology and natural sciences; and instrumental Lets imagine that the bicycle simultaneously valuation has been explored in the fields provides additional environmental of urban ecology, green infrastructure, contributions: captures air pollutants, geography, economy and town planning. produces energy, and cools down the rider. Combination of these approaches and The bicycle’s environmental value would techniques is needed to formulate eventually increase, and all delivered services comprehensive frameworks applicable to would need to be unfolded, embodied and urban architecture that could be instrumental interfaced to assess the overall ecoproductivity. to town planning trade-off schemes.

Figure 11. Adaptation of roof and living walls plant populations to particular environmental situations. Photos: AIG MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 193

10. PROPOSED LAEBS The LAEBS method proposed here enables METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT designers and policy makers to assess the ECOPRODUCTIVE BUILDINGS capacity of a site or infrastructure project AND SITES to generate environmental contributions by estimating the annual rates at which a number What is ecoincremental city planning? It is of these services are created per unit of land town planning and urban design that aims to in comparison to 4 local baseline scenarios at increase the capacity of the existing cities to different scales: 1) pre-existing conditions, 2) generate environmental. This encompasses overall metropolitan area, 3) neighborhood conservation of urban and peri-urban planning unit, and 4) a local undisturbed undisturbed nature, restoration of local ecosystem. LAEBS stands for Land Average ecosystems, and urban greening; but it also Ecorproductive Baseline at different Scales. engages the universe of users, stakeholders and actors who design sites and buildings Each baseline provides a scale-driven in the goal of achieving ecoproductive and reference for ecoincremental urban planning restorative cities. to know if a site or building exceeds the annual environmental contributions production rates. Imagine a developer or group of building Different time and surface units can be used to owners who participate in this endeavor. estimate the ecoproductivity of each baseline Their site and building is capable of producing case. Year and hectare are units that facilitate oxygen, capturing CO2, reducing the run- the evaluation for urban planning and trade- off water that goes into the urban water offs applications. To compare results, an evacuation system, minimizing the flood average hectare is considered for the project risk, absorbing noise, creating natural habitat under assessment, as well as for each baseline. for local flora and fauna, combating global This is shown in Figure 10, which set the 4 warming, and increasing the available area baselines for particular project designs in the for people’s enjoyment. Imagine that for city of Bogota. creating these environmental contributions of public interest, developers and owners Figure 11 shows the application of this tool receive urban planning incentives, and city in the design of a 120-house residential administrations reduce expenditures on complex in the city of Cali, Colombia, by infrastructure, environmental calamities UNOA design team. The project is designed and health-related issues. Ecoproductive to create a number of environmental services architecture functionally integrates itself related to water, air, energy, food, climate and to the network of natural and semi-natural materials. The radar visualization evidences urban areas. This is solution of high value for that the project exceeds the rate and efficiency society because it is the most efficient way to in generation of a number of environmental improve the environmental quality of cities contributions per hectare, in comparison to without the need of empty available land, the overall Cali’s performance. which is growing scarcer. When nature and ecoproductive technologies are incorporated The method leads to further development of into sites and buildings, a win-win situation ecoproductivity indexes associated to each for privates, citizens and public authorities is baseline. As an example, for the baseline 3, created. This co-beneficial approach is key to an index higher than 1 means that the project the participative production of restorative and improves the existing conditions of the whole multi-functional cities. Assessment of urban neighborhood. An index of 1 or above in the environmental contributions by ecoproductive baseline 4, an undisturbed natural ecosystem, sites and buildings is central to co-benefits and would be the greatest aspiration for restoring town planning trade-offs. the ecoproductivity of the city. 194 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

inspired innovations will account for 15% of the economic growth in the architecture and construction sectors.

Colombia is the most biodiverse country per land surface, which provides vast opportunities for learning from nature’s functional principles and advancing architecture from an ecoproductivity perspective. Although the practice of biomimicry is not common in the region, the Ecoincremental Lab in Bogota has been creating ecoproductive designs over the last two years.

Cactar is a bio-inspired building façade system that applies the principle of cellular transition for generating energy, harvesting water from the ambient air, growing food, and cooling down the urban climate. After observing the nanostructure of local cactae spines under the scanning electron microscope, the design Figure 12. Radar diagram developed to visualize team found that the cells changed their the overall ecoproductivity of a site or building. form and structural configuration along the This particular diagram shows the annual overall spine to perform different functions. The ecoproductivity of a building designed in Bogota city cells stemming from the cactus are set in a (outer polygon) in comparison to ecoproductivity of the tridimensional mesh that allows the exchange preexisting site conditions (inner polygon). AIG of fluids. This configuration changes, as the cells get closer to the tip of the spine, where a dense laminated grouping patter was found 11. THE ROAD AHEAD: to provide material strength and physical TRANSFERRING NATURE´S protection to the cactus. PRINCIPLES TO ECOPRODUCTIVE DESIGN This progressive change in geometry and grouping pattern was used to create a structure 3.5 billions of evolution has turned nature into that can be assembled on existing buildings the ultimate ecoproductive and ecoincremental facades. The upper section of Cactar’s core system. Living and organisms have adapted structure incorporates PV systems that generate to complex environments, creating balanced energy and catch rainwater, the mid section networks that support life, diversity and creates chambers for plants growth, and the abundance. In natural ecosystems, there bottom part provides structural resistance via is no need to reduce negative impacts, as laminated elements. A light mesh made of every organism has developed strategies plant fibers covers this core structure and cause and functions that are beneficial for other a temperature differential to force the dew organisms and their surroundings. Nature’s point, which allows condensation to happen. forms, processes and ecosystems are the largest Condensed water falls onto the core and is source of human inspiration for technologies collected at the lower section of the structure. and man-made environments aiming to generate environmental contributions. It is Evapost was designed as an urban micro- estimated that in the coming decade, nature infrastructure piece that functions as street MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 195

Figure 13. Abstraction decomposition space matrix for visualization of the overall UfaFabrik’s ecoproductivity under a multifunctional approach. AIG

Figure 14. Opportunities and solutions to issues of urbanization through building and site ecoproductivity 196 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Figure 15. Urban trade-offs and co-benefits resulting Figure 16. Ecoproductivity assessment baselines for the from ecotectural contributions LAEBS method proposed applied to design projects in the city of Bogota. AIG, Ecoincremental Lab

lighting, shading device, rain cover, and sign 12. CONCLUSIONS pole. In addition to providing these services, Evapost was aimed to deliver a number of Urbanization creates artificial settings that have environmental contributions related to water little or no capacity to produce environmental management in urban settings: rainwater services. Ultimately, this produces cities harvesting, evaporation, storage, and with critical environmental problems and infiltration into the natural soil. The design overloaded natural ecoproductive systems. team applied 4 functional principles found in vegetation: capillarity, albedo, edge effect and Negative environmental impacts caused by convection. Rainwater is cached by a warped building activity have extensively been studied surface in the upper part of the post. Water is and documented. It is widely accepted that stored in a micro-cistern located at the bottom, buildings consume substantial amounts of or infiltrated into the natural terrain. The post energy, resources and materials. This concern that supports the structure and conducts water has progressively influenced architectural by gravity or capillarity is simultaneously practice over the last three decades via a multi-layered system that maximizes widespread design and construction principles evaporation. This is achieved through an aimed to reduce the ecological footprint and external 3D configured pored surface that GHG emissions of buildings. However, the changes color depending on the temperature emerging positive development paradigm calls and solar radiation received. The resulting for human actions that not only are aimed to outcome is evaporative cooling to combat the mitigate loads on the natural systems, but also heat island effect in cities, a function mastered can afford to enhance environmental quality by plants. via production of environmental contributions. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 197

Figure 17. UNOA’s EUB concept for urban master plan. Buildings and Figure 18. Biomimicry applied to natural land are integrated via biotic components and engineered ecoproductive architecture. Cactar Façade systems to create a number of environmental services related to System, Daniela Vargas and Valentina water, air, energy, food, climate and materials García, Ecoincremental Lab

When this eco-positive mindset is transferred to architecture, buildings are conceived as 3D ecoproductive devices that can afford to create, embody and interface ecotectural contributions with their urban surroundings.

The visualization matrixes and methods presented suggest that assessment frameworks should follow an integrative approach, rather than using a method based on one single environmental aspect such energy generation or reduction of GHG. The functional domain analysis applied to the study case evidenced that incorporation of nature on sites and building results in greatest synergies and space-efficiency in the creation of ecotectural contributions, in comparison to the engineered strategies studied. However, further research and case studies are needed to expand the list of ecoproductive technologies applicable in architecture, and determine their substantive sustainability by combining Figure 19. Biomimicry applied to ecoproductive the ecoproductivity assessment methods infrastructure. Evapost, Ana Maria Soto and David presented here with lifecycle analysis. Castillo, Ecoincremental Lab 198 CHAPTER 11 - ECOPRODUCTIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND RESTORATIVE CITIES: FROM PHYSICAL FORMS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Ecoproductivity is not an aspiration, but an REFERENCES attribute of objects, natural elements, sites or man-made designs. Through this attribute, Bastian, O., et al. (2011). “Ecosystem properties, it is possible to contribute to the restoration potentials and services - The EPPS conceptual of the capacity of cities to maintain healthy framework and an urban application example.” environments, and involve building owner Ecological Indicators. and practitioners of architecture in the creation of ecoincremental cities via trade- Breuste, J., et al. (2013). Urban Landscapes and offs for win-win urban planning schemes and Ecosystem Services. Ecosystem Services in co-benefits. To achieve this aim, two shifts Agricultural and Urban Lanscapes. S. Wratten, H. are crucial: using new lexicon that redefines Sandhu, R. Cullen and R. Costanza. Chichester, the architectural practice, and developing West Sussex, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. novel assessment frameworks that evaluate buildings under multifunctional and multi- Cole, R. J. (2012). “Regenerative design and scale perspectives. development: current theory and practice.” Building Research & Information 40(1): 1-6. Through further advance of assessment frameworks, biomimicry and technology Cole, R. J., et al. (2013). “Regenerative design, socio- studies; ecoproductivity is likely to become ecological systems and co-evolution.” Building an intrinsic attribute of architecture and Research & Information 41(2): 237-247. the roadmap to ecoincremental cities in the coming years. Farber, S. C., et al. (2002). “Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem AKNOWLEDGEMENTS services.” Ecological Economics 41(3): 375-392.

I would like to express my gratitude to Farmer, G. and S. Guy (2010). “Making morality: Werner Wiartalla, Dr. Manfred Köhler, Marco sustainable architecture and the pragmatic Schmidt and their team, for providing access imagination.” Building Research & Information to valuable technical data on UfaFabrik, and 38(4): 368-378. for guiding my field investigation. Thanks to Susanne Herfort and Dr. Stefan Köhler Fisher, B. and R. Kerryturner (2008). “Ecosystem for supporting my research and tests on CO2 services: Classification for valuation.” Biological concentration and green roofs at the Institute Conservation 141(5): 1167-1169. of Agricultural and Urban Ecological Projects affiliated to Berlin Humboldt University Gomez-Baggethun, E., et al. (2010). “The history (IASP), made possible by the German Ministry of ecosystem services in economic theory and of Education and Research (BMBF), Stephen practice: From early notions to markets and Lau and Christopher Webster from the Faculty payment schemes.” Ecological Economics 69(6): of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong. 1209-1218. I’m also grateful to the enthusiastic students of the Ecoincremental Research Lab at Pontificia Grant, G. (2012). Ecosystem services come to Universidad Javeriana, and the members town : greening cities by working with nature. of UNOA team at National University of Chichester, West Sussex, Chichester, West Sussex Colombia, who have developed fantastic : Wiley-Blackwell. projects following the ecoproductivity approach presented here. Guy, S. and S. A. More (2005). The paradoxes of sustainable architecture. Sustainable architectures. Cultures and Natures in Europe and North America. S. Guy and S. A. Moore. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 199

New York, Spon Press. Taylor & Francis Group: Health Through Urban Planning. Edward Elgar 1 -12. Publishers.

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Lyle, J. T. (1994). Regenerative Design for Schmidt, M, (2001). Rainwater harvesting in Sustainable Development. New York, John Wiley germany: new concepts for the substitution of & sons, INC. drinking water, flood control and improving the quality of the surface watersreen roof and Meng, L. and Y. Run-ming (2009). “Environmental rain water harvesting strategies. Proceedings, 3º sustainability modeling with exergy methodology Simpósio Brasileiro de Captação e Manejo de Água for building life cycle.” Journal of central south de Chuva, Campina Grande - PB, Brazil, 2001. university technology. Springer 16(1): 118-123. Vitruvius, P. (2003). Vitruvius : ten books on Olgyay, V. and J. Herdt (2004). “The application architecture : the Corsini incunabulum. Roma. of ecosystems services criteria for green building assessment.” Solar Energy 77(4): 389-398. Wackernagel, M. (1996). Our ecological footprint : reducing human impact on the earth. W. Rees. Pedersen Zari, M. (2012). “Ecosystem services Gabriola Island, B.C. :, New Society Publishers: xi, analysis for the design of regenerative 160 p. built environments.” Building research and information 40(1): 54-64. Wallace, K. (2007). “Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions.” Biological Reed, B. (2009). The integrative design guide Conservation 139(3-4): 235-246. to green building: Redifining the practice of sustainability. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Wegner, G. and U. Pascual (2011). “Cost-benefit analysis in the context of ecosystem services for Sandhu, H. and S. Wratten (2013). Ecosystem human well-being: A multidisciplinary critique.” Services in Farmland and Cities. Ecosystem Global Environmental Change 21(2): 492-504. Services in Agricultural and Urban Lanscapes. S. Wratten, H. Sandhu, R. Cullen and R. Costanza. WRI (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Chichester, West Sussex, UK, John Wiley & Sons, Washington DC, USA. Ltd. WWF, et al. (2010). Living Planet Report 2010. Sarkar, C et all (2014). Healthy Cities: Public Biodiversity, Biocapacity and Development. UK

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 201 Garden Tower, Wabern, CH

CHAPTER 12 GREEN FAÇADES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

Carl Stahl ARC GmbH

reen Façades combine aesthetics with MUSEUM STORAGE CENTER ecological benefits: They bring green WITH INNOVATIVE CLIMATE Ginto cities and create natural living CONCEPT spaces. As part of sustainable building concepts, they reduce the negative ecological impact and Over around 2,000 square meters, the help to protect the climate and environment. Kolleksjesintrum Fryslân in Leeuwarden With I-SYS, X-TEND and GREENCABLE, CARL houses the collections of five museums of the STAHL ARCHITECTURE offers a diverse Dutch province of Friesland in one central repertoire of varying trellis systems made spot. The sparse building has an innovative, of stainless steel wire ropes and cable mesh. sustainable climate concept. On the one hand, They facilitate individual design options and it creates the ideal climatic conditions for already decorate façades while the green is storing the Friesian cultural treasures and at still growing. the same time optimizes the ecological and economical building footprint. Surrounded The growing awareness of environmental by a newly shaped natural landscape with and climate protection is increasingly being domestic plant types, a green shell will expressed in sustainable architectural concepts grow around the museum storage center which unite ecological/economic elements over the coming years. The I-SYS stainless with aesthetic design. In this context, green steel wire rope system by CARL STAHL façades have a dual purpose: They are visually ARCHITECTURE serves as trellis structure attractive with lush coverage, magnificent for climbing vines along the vertical ribs of blossoms and changing colors over the seasons, the rust red façade made of powder-coated and also store warmth in winter and ensure aluminum. Over a total of 1,000 square meters, cooling in the summer. They provide natural the four-millimeter-thick stainless steel wire sound protection and protect the façade from ropes guide the plants along the right path. the damaging effects of dirt and weather. With the approximately 2,000 cross clamps 202 CHAPTER 12 - GREEN FAÇADES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

used, green areas are created which integrate GREEN TRELLISES FOR the storage center into the surrounding nature RENOWNED MUSIC SCHOOL in an organic way. From old music to jazz, from the development Project:Kolleksjesintrum Fryslân, of music and dance to specialized post-graduate Leeuwarden, Netherlands courses, the Conservatoire Niedermeyer in Issy-les-Moulineaux to the west of Paris offers Architecture: LEVS Architecten, Amsterdam, students in-depth training in around 40 artistic Netherlands disciplines. Lehoux-Phily-Samaha Architectes developed a modern extension for the Façade cladding: CARL STAHL renowned music school. It adds to the existing ARCHITECTURE, Suessen, Germany building to fulfill the contemporary needs of MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 203

around 1,400 students and employees. The new building is gradually being covered in green to ensure that it fits into its environment naturally and is an attractive upgrade for the public domain. GREENCABLE greenery systems by CARL STAHL ARCHITECTURE positioned vertically along the façade offer the climbing plants the perfect support. The four- millimeter-thick stainless steel wire ropes are simply secured in the cylindrical wall mounts with four through-holes and tightened by hand. The homogeneous anodic coating of the aluminum parts ensures longevity and a stylish appearance as early as the climbing plants’ growing phase.

Project: Conservatoire Niedermeyer (extension), Paris, France

Architecture: LEHOUX-PHILY-SAMAHA Architectes, Paris, France

Façade cladding: CARL STAHL ARCHITECTURE, Suessen, Germany VERTICAL GARDEN IN THE CITY

Tax consultants Frers-Sextroh & Partner have moved into a new office building on Bahnhofstraße in Westerstede which, with its modern architecture in gray steel and a with its low energy consumption, CO2- large glass frontage, deliberately contrasts neutral construction and air conditioning with with the historic station building across from geothermal energy. it. Its cubature sensitively integrates into the environment by incorporating the existing Façade cladding with I-SYS, X-TEND street lines on the eastern side. The I-SYS and GREENCABLE by CARL STAHL stainless steel wire rope system by CARL ARCHITECTURE is an expression of responsible STAHL ARCHITECTURE was assembled to dealings with nature. With a simple design, form diamond shapes in front of the offices easy to plan and straightforward to assemble, and embrace the entire building with its the greenery systems made of stainless steel surrounding escape balconies. The filigree cables and cable mesh are perfect for different stainless steel wire ropes with a diameter types of façades and plants. As optimal trellis of six millimeters form an expansive net structures, they enable expanses of green in with a mesh width of 500 millimeters. It all sizes. A modular system of individual parts underscores the lightness of the building and coordinated with one another forms the basis acts as a trellis structure along the façade for of flexible design opportunities and creative plants. This is how, step by step, a vertical ideas. As they are weatherproof, durable and garden is being created in the town center, low-maintenance, they will provide decades of adhering to the sustainable building concept support for the living shell. 204 CHAPTER 12 - GREEN FAÇADES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

Project:FSP office building, Westerstede, in delicate stainless steel mesh through which Germany green shoots will soon be curling. But X-TEND by Carl Stahl Architecture is much more than a Architecture: fischerarchitekten, Aachen, trellis structure for climbing plants. The mesh Germany acts as fall protection as well as showcasing the building as a whole. Façade cladding: CARL STAHL ARCHITECTURE, Suessen, Germany Wabern is one of the most desirable places to live in greater Bern, embedded as it is GREENER LIVING WITH A VIEW between the Gurten, the hill overlooking the Swiss capital, and the river Aare. Now a new It is the first high-rise building in Switzerland kind of tower rises up in the foreground of the to feature plants in its façade: the Garden- panoramic view of the Gurten, its amorphous Tower in Wabern near Bern. The building is contours catching the eye for miles. The sixteen stories high and completely encased concept of the Bächtelenpark residential area MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 205

is heterogeneous: The tower at its center is 53 floors: These will give rise to a full cover of meters high and accommodates 45 apartments green on up to 1,200 square meters of façade each with three-and-a-half or four rooms. space. The architects also paid particular “Living with a view” is what Basel-based attention to which plants were chosen. architects Buchner Bründler have embodied They all correspond to the different light in exceptional high-rise architecture. conditions on the four sides of the building. This guarantees even coverage. Gaps in the INTEGRATED IN LANDSCAPE balcony areas break up the green façade, bring AND NATURE light into the apartments and frame the view of the landscape for those inside looking out. The basis of the Garden-Tower is a polygon The architects commissioned stainless steel which repeats itself over the entire height of the mesh experts from Carl Stahl Architecture building. The concrete slabs jut out on every from Suessen in southern Germany with the side, offset from one floor to the next, bending planning of statics, execution and assembly, as up and down on the horizontal plane. They well as the actual assembly itself. look like a drawing of mountain topography and thus underscore their relationship with the X-TEND AS FALL PROTECTION landscape. The apartments with their varying floor plans face two if not three directions. In addition to its function as a design feature, Balconies with at least 45 square meters of the X-TEND façade acts as fall protection space, some deep, some more elongated, without the necessity for any further barriers and always in the opposite direction to the which would negatively impact the organic expansive areas inside, extend the living area. appearance of the Garden-Tower. Because the At the same time, the surrounding concrete preassembled cable mesh construction retains slabs are a kind of substitute garden with a its form regardless of its dead weight and any unique view of the surrounding nature. loads. The opposing curvature and tension of the cables generate stability. To keep mesh CLIMBING GARDEN vibrations as minimal as possible when leant against, the experts from Suessen ensured the Instead of protective balustrades, the building façade mesh of the green residential tower was is fully encased in a mesh of stainless steel under high tension – a purely psychological cables by Carl Stahl Architecture. X-TEND measure to make residents feel safe even at provides a delicate trellis structure which can lofty heights. be planted with climbing plants. A natural green façade will gradually grow over the DIVERSE, DURABLE AND SAFE Garden-Tower providing shade as well as being a striking architectural feature. Positive X-TEND from Carl Stahl Architecture opens side effect: The green curtain absorbs CO2, up virtually unlimited design opportunities generates pure air and thus plays an active in lightweight construction architecture. The role in climate protection. This makes the stainless steel mesh by Carl Stahl Architecture residential tower unique indeed. It is the enhances the static advantages of the cable first high-rise building in Switzerland to have spatially. The intelligent combination of a green façade. To ensure it always appears stainless steel cables and ferrules is the key to lush green and at the same time fulfils the a range of shapes for engineered cable mesh fire protection regulations, the architects constructions. X-TEND is both a safety and integrated an irrigation facility in the greenery design element at the same time - its uses system with X-TEND which automatically thus accordingly diverse, both inside and detects whether the plants need watering. A outside buildings. Alongside fall protection, total of 100 plant tubs were installed on the balustrade in-fill, façade cladding and trellis 206 CHAPTER 12 - GREEN FAÇADES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

structures for green wall systems, X-TEND is a Project: Garden-Tower, Wabern (Bern), carrier structure for all kinds of decorative or Switzerland functional components: from sequins, stripes and letters made of all kinds of materials Architecture: Buchner Bründler Architekten, through to LED dots and photovoltaic panels. Basel, Switzerland The opposing curvature of the cables permits light, transparent structures possessing Mesh façade: Carl Stahl Architecture, extremely high load capacity. High-grade Suessen, Germany stainless steel guarantees durability. The European Technical Approval (ETA) for ABOUT CARL STAHL X-TEND as vertical and horizontal fall ARCHITECTURE protection facilitates the planning for both new and existing buildings. X-TEND Colours adds a Balustrade in-fills and fall protection, green touch of color in blue, green, red, gold, white façades, spectacular LED light installations or black. Thanks to the fine emission-free and complex zoo enclosures: With the polymer coating, the cable structure remains experience of more than 25 years, CARL visible. The colored stainless steel mesh STAHL ARCHITECTURE creates impressive provides additional flexibility for creative uses architectural projects with stainless steel in architecture and interior design. wire ropes and mesh. The services CARL MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 207

STAHL ARCHITECTURE offers worldwide as ARCHITECTURE prides itself on its climate- a complete package for architectural projects neutral operations. Sustainability governs range from consulting, planning and structural our policies and actions. We ensure the value analysis to manufacture and assembly. As an chain with our own production facilities in ISO-certified company, we fulfill the highest Europe as a German family company that has quality demands on a daily basis. CARL STAHL been active since 1880. Green wall. Santalaia bulding. Colombia. Paisajismo urbano PART 2 COUNTRY EXPERIENCES

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 211 Ufa Fabrik. Berlín. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 13 EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980s FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

Manfred Köhler* [email protected]

Ulrike Grau [email protected]

SUMMARY What did we learn from these projects for today’s architecture? n the 1980s in Berlin (West) the International Building Exhibition The study shows that these projects are still Ninspired several urban planner groups exciting today and that they still work well. to realize visionary urban concepts. Green Some of the technologies used today have a roofs and green facades were symbols, but more professional style and are updated for also other technology, so called eco bricks the future with smart solutions and integrated were used, and energy consumption, waste into building certification. Knowledge of the management, mobility and forms of new performance of the green elements in detail is housings were improved. still fundamental today and the functionality of biodiversity is still the important basis. This chapter focuses on four of the key projects and tries to evaluate these pioneers in 1. INTRODUCTION Green architecture, answering the following questions: Are these concepts still up-to-date Eco-Architecture includes a wide range of today? Are the citizens involved in these technologies around greenery, low impact projects still happy with those experiments? design, energy savings, a different traffic 212 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

concept as well as circle economy. Today and economic procedures with the aim to there are a number of environmental reduce the negative impact of buildings to indicators available that help to evaluate the nature. quality of green buildings, such as BFF [1-1]*, GDF [1-2] and label systems from C2C [1-3] Berlin as a living lab of post war to Green building certification. The last one Architecture includes values, which allow a calculation of cost reduction by using green technologies [1]. The Berlin situation after World War II was unique in the world. The rapid development The green building movement is present after the beginning of the industrial revolution around the globe now. As key thinkers for in Europe at the start of the 20th century was this movement, the following architects gave completely disrupted by two World Wars and important impulses, such as: Ken Yeang their political results. (Malaysia) [1-4], Emilio Ambasz (Argentina) [1-5], James Todd (USA) [1-6], or Garry After World War II there was a situation Baverstock (Australia) [1-7]. of economic vacuum with uncertain conditions for investors. Indicator for this Focusing on Berlin in Germany, a number were the extremely low prices for houses of architects have to be mentioned, such as: in Berlin (West). But on the other hand, the Engelbert Kremser [1-8] or Martin Küenzlen concentration of academic knowledge, the [1-9]. The massive success in Berlin (West) lost places and some political “no man’s land” from the 1970s was only possible because like the big railway and industrial brownfields of the specific economic situation there. “Brachen” [1-10] were spaces for creativity. The economic post war activities were Ecologists were able to study “potential nature concentrated in other regions of Germany. on artificial grounds” for a period of some At that time there was a massive need to decades. renovate the remaining buildings after the war. At the time it was a burden for house- Some remaining places of unique architecture owners to have rental buildings – the income with roots from the “Bauhaus” exist as was not enough to maintain the buildings. Reform architecture such as “Weiße Stadt”, Grass root initiatives began to think of cities Reinickendorf, (Arch. Martin Wagner [1-11]) in a new format with a greater amount of self- or “Hufeisensiedlung” Britz, (Arch. Bruno Taut help. [1-12]). All these concepts combined social housing with integration into the landscape. This spirit was caught up by people What these concepts have in common is that who understood how to use the formal they are children of their time and one can instruments of urban planning such as still understand the spirit of that time today – IBA (International Building Exhibition) or they have qualities that make them pleasant BUGA (Federal Garden Exhibition) and the even for today. academic activities around the new topic of urban ecology, driven by persons, such as Experimental buildings and the need to build Herbert Sukopp and Reinhard Bornkamm [2], a large number of housings, that was the fathers of the academic urban ecology. demand of the first International Building Exhibition Berlin (IBA) in 1957 [1-13]. After Eco Architecture is a type of sustainable World War II, the focus was on the Bauhaus architecture which includes technical, social concepts and realized multi-story houses in a

*online sources are marked like this [1-1], print media [1] MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 213

park environment of the Tiergarten, among was a key aspect of such type of renovation. others by architects such as Alvar Aalto [1-14], Greening buildings was one key element, at Le Cobusier [1-15] or Oscar Niemeyer [1-16]. that time also in an informal early stage. They are still important as buildings today, but they were far away from the housing style of One of these related working groups was the the majority of people living at that time. “Stiftung Naturschutz Berlin”, 1982 [3] which developed new spaces for apartments in the At that time, open spaces were reduced to attic of the buildings. In a 4-story building, urban parks as visible but not functional green the use of the roof apartments means about spaces. The city was transformed into a car- 20% more living space on the same ground dominated city like almost everywhere else surface. This solution was combined with in the world. The major axes of the former green roofs as an insulation value for normally German capital have contributed to this less insulated roofs. transformation. The Ernst Reuter Platz is a great example for this. The cultural center ufa-Fabrik Berlin is highlighted here as one of the squatting Normal rental buildings still had poor post projects in combination with ecological, socio- World War conditions, with low-insulated cultural new activities with a reasonable windows and emitting oven heating systems. number of eco features. The following years, Berlin became an inspiring experimental “real lab”, since the 2. GREEN BUILDINGS AT THE economy was quite down. The major business BEGINNING development in Germany took place in other regions. A selected number of Berlin’s key eco-projects will be described and interpreted here in order Thus, the idea of the IBA was again developed, to answer the questions about the insights (IBA 1977-1987) [1-17]. One of the highlights gained and lessons learned. was an international symposium with speakers such as Hundertwasser on the 30th of October 2.1 Eco houses, Berlin, 1980 [1-18]. This city was a real laboratory Rauchstrasse, Corneliusstrasse for ecological urban planning ideas and their improvement in the experimental stage. 12 This IBA project idea was developed by the goals were defined, with social, financial and architect Frei Otto from Stuttgart [1-19]. On ecological implementation. These theses pre-produced concrete levels, individual changed the architectural philosophy from maisonette houses should be constructed a technical to a sustainable goal – from then by the individual owners. It was a yearlong until today it is still an ongoing process. decision procedure to select from a group of about 1000 interested families, finally 26 About 30 years after this beginning, it is time to private groups were allowed to design together take stock of whether this idea is a success and with architects eco-friendly homes [1-20]. The what the next steps are on the way to reducing first passionate idea of a 60-meter-high tree the environmental impact of architecture. house was too ambitious at that time (see Fig. The IBA activities were accompanied by grass 1a). At that time the 22 m high eaves were a root activities of “squatters” since the 1980s fixed paradigm in Berlin. This type of house building occupation. The idea of renovating was about 30 years too early. houses apartment by apartment dominated, rather than destroying the entire block and The urban planning background idea of this rebuilding it later. The protection of the social project was to build space-saving private interaction between the existing tenants homes with a reduction of the paved areas 214 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

Fig. 1a: “Baumhaus Frei Otto” the concept for the Ecohouse Rauchstr., 1976 [1-21], 1b: Google earth picture, Dec. 2018

Fig. 2a, 2b: Eco houses, Frei Otto and others, Rauchstr. Berlin (left); Engelbert Kremser, organically formed buildings, here: Pflanzenschutzamt, Berlin from 1990 (right)

in order to protect farmland space in the 2.2 Block 108, Berlin-Kreuzberg – surrounding area of cities. Paul-Lincke Ufer

Today, this complex is a private area without This was the first complex urban eco study [4, public access, but there are presentations 5] to investigate the abiotic and biotic function online available on YouTube to hear some of an inner-city building block. This case study owners explain why they are proud to be a quantifies economic and ecologic facts such part of this project in Berlin. as traffic, waste, green components. After MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 215

the implementation in 1985, the vegetative Finally, part of the concept was implemented components were monitored for several with funds from the Federal Agency for Nature year. [5 Köhler and Schmidt]. The vegetation Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz), development of the roofs is still monitored [6, the Berlin Senate Department for Urban 7]. In fig. 3a, 3b a map of this block and a first Development and Housing, retrofit 1984-1986, calculation about the waste production at the and a later monitoring phase, which again was beginning is shown. funded by the Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 1986-1996 [6]. The study [4] counted 1220 citizens living in this block on a surface area of 39,000m², The focus was on the extensive green roofs with an actual vegetation of 4,000m². In the and facade greening. For these a temporary planning scenarios were included: balcony system was used, “System Minke”, which consisted of PVC bags which were - Potentially 25,000m² green facade and attached to the outside walls and were planted nearly 20,000m² of green roofs is possible with fast growing climbers. These developed (almost all buildings could be greened). well in the first few years. But at the latest In the longer term, 65,000m² should be after 10 years the Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus greened. tricuspidata) covered the complete backyard facades. The temporary planter boxes are - 20% self-supply with urban garden products still hanging in 2018 and are in operation for was planned, as part of the green roof individual plantings of e.g. tomatoes. strategy, roof top farming as a concept. The 10 different green roofs investigated here - Recycling economy within the block. have been monitored once a year since the beginning. These green roofs were given a final - Rain water, sewer water systems. layer of a preproduced vegetation mat. The vegetation traits over the year are documented - Thermal insulation of all buildings. in Köhler, 2006 [7] and Ksiazek-Mikenas, et al., 2018 [8]. It is still today a Festuca ovina dominated - Participation of all citizens of the block in grass roof with several Sedum species and a the planning process. predominant cover with Allium schoenoprasum.

Fig. 3a, 3b: Block 108, case study about a holistic urban ecologic project, origin: Oekotop Berlin, Küenzlen et al. [1-22] 216 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

a b

c d

Fig. 4a: Project start 1994, (here with Friedrich Bartfelder and Michael Zimmermann, a first inspection tour on the roof. 4b: Summer 2018: green roof landscape today. 4c: Backyard 1994 at the beginning. 4d: 2018: Backyard Paul-Lincke Ufer 44. After about 5 years the Parthenocissus reached the full 22 meters height of the facades. The temporary planter boxes on the facade are overgrown.

So, was the Block project a success? The participation procedure is common practice in urban planning today. In this block, It was a pioneering structure. Several blocks in the end, the normal relationship between followed in Berlin over the years, many of owners and tenants became reality and differs which were successfully retrofitted with the from the early ideas. so called “Strategies for Kreuzberg” [9]. Green roofs and roof apartments became fashionable 2.3 Ufa-Fabrik, Berlin-Tempelhof and after the reunification, Berlin-Kreuzberg became one of the central and cool districts of From 1921 to 1970, a satellite of the UFA the German capital. Many of the eco-concepts, film studios was located on an 18,500m² site such as waste management, are now almost in Viktoriastreet on the southern edge of normally integrated into the city. Berlin. Here important films of the 1920s were MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 217

a b

Fig. 5a, 5b: One of the ufa-Fabrik Green roofs, here above the school project, with various PV installations. Right: a loam test facade with hay and loam, result of a workshop at ufa-Fabrik.

premiered in Berlin. After World War II, this - Alternative construction materials for area was disconnected from the main film buildings, loam brick earth-construction. studios in Babelsberg and was to be retrofitted (more on the ufa-Fabrik webpage) [1-23] with new housing projects. 2.4 BUGA Houses In June 1979 squatters occupied this area and since then have developed it into a cultural, Almost at the same time, another project ecological and social center. In the following was launched in combination with the years it was legalized and integrated into the Federal Garden Exhibition Berlin (BUGA cultural locations of the city. 1985). Interesting is the “earth architecture” by Engelbert Kremser. Freely shaped hills, Eco features were integrated into the covered with concrete or his design of an renovation process, such as: organically shaped administration building, the “Pflanzenschutzamt” (Fig. 1b). - Green facades with climber plants, As a contribution to the exhibition BUGA 1985 - Green roofs, various types of construction, the following architects (Tab. 1) were invited (monitored annually by M. Köhler since 1992), to present their answer to the “State of the Art Eco architecture” for Berlin. The invited - Rainwater concept; the integration was architects were: Thomas Herzog [1-24], Erich developed on the basis of the site’s own water Schneider-Wessling [1-25], Otto Steidle [1-26], supply well, Peter Stürzebecher [1-27] and Bernd Faskel [1- 28]. - Alternative heating systems, block heat and power plant, They should present their ideas for affordable space-saving single-family homes. Green - Experiments with various photovoltaic technologies such as Green roofs, green (PV) systems, included since 1999, also in facades, Winter-garden areas and urban combination with green roofs, farming concepts should be included – and as 218 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

Table 1: Architects and their main concepts of the BUGA houses (see also fig. 6)

Architect Characterization Main green features Compact single houses -Eco gardens 1. Peter Stürzebecher “Freistehende Einzel- -Green roofs 1941-2012 häuser” -Hedges -Energy concept 2. Otto Steidle Double-houses -Earth architecture subsurface 1943-2004 “Doppelhäuser” -Winter-garden as energetic buffer -Complex greening concept 3. Erich Schneider-Wessling House in house -Intensive roof gardens 1931-2017 “Haus im Haus-Objekt” -Indoor greening and urban gardening features -Urban roof garden 4. Thomas Herzog Chain houses -Roof terraces *1941 “Reihenhäuser” -Indoor urban gardening with direct ground contact -Compact shape of the building structure, energeti- 5. Bernd Faskel Back-to-back–houses cally optimized, four compact houses together, *1943 “Back-to-Back-Häuser” -Indoor greening as a climate buffer, -Climbers and espalier fruits.

special addition some ideas of Bill Mollison [1- 29] or Declan Kennedy [1-30] on permaculture – if possible.

This area was opened as part of the garden exhibition in 1985 – and then closed as private homes. In the following the concepts of the 3 most innovative ideas are presented. In 2012 a questionnaire was executed by Natascha Kuiveda for her Master thesis to find out more about the success of this project. Questions asked included: How satisfied are the owners with the eco projects? What is the evolvement of the eco technology since that time? How would such houses be designed today? [10].

The productivity parts with permaculture concepts were too much work in the long run and in most of these houses reduced to ornamental roof garden structures. These chain houses have a smart energy concept, larger parts of the roof are integrated as sub- surface of the rampart in direction to the BUGA park. Winter gardens serve as energy buffers and/or solar collectors (Fig. 7a and 7b).

Schneider-Wessling’s house (Fig. 8a, 8b and 9) Fig. 6: Model of the neighborhood with the names of connects several levels with complex greening, building groups and architects (after: DEGEWO, 1985, intensive roof gardens and an atrium for larger completed). plants. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 219

a b

Fig. 7a, 7b: Chain house roof gardens, from Thomas Herzog, left: picture from 1990, right: the same house 2018.

a b

Fig. 8a, 8b: House in house concept, Erich Schneider-Wessling, street side, 9b: Garden side. In the background the double houses of Otto Steidle.

Fig. 9: Cross section of the “house in house“ from Erich Schneider- Wessling. 220 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

a b Fig. 10a: Chain house greenhouse level, Thomas Herzog, 2014 (left), 10b: Greenhouse of the back-to-back houses, Bernd Faskel (right).

Fig. 11a: Climber at the back-to- back houses of Bernd Faskel, 11b: Front of the chain houses.

Bernd Faskel’s back-to-back houses follow type impress with their lush greenery. Most of the idea that common central walls reduce them in Mediterranean style with olives, thyme the energy demand of houses and reduce and others. They offer an excellent quality of the required ground floor for each building, living. but also with a ground garden space of about 250m². Four homes become one complex, In 2015 the residents were asked about their but with individual green features from roof satisfaction with these houses [10]. Some terraces to winter gardens. results of the questionnaire are shown in the following figures 12 and 13. The idea of installing intensive production glasshouses connected to the normal ground An overall satisfactory result on the additional has been preserved in only half of the buildings. green features in the buildings. Half of the The others transformed it into normal rooms. residents have been here since the beginning Reasons for this: no time for the gardening work in 1985, the other half also lives here for a or some difficulties with condensation water on long time. There are very few changes in the the glasses. The remaining glasshouses of this houses. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 221

Fig. 12: How do you evaluate the opportunity of obtaining vegetables and herbs for yourself on your building? Assessed in school grades and presented in percentages of participants (Teilnehmer). Assessment: Note 1 = very good, 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory, 4 = sufficient, 5 = inadequate, 6 = insufficient; Enthalten = abstained.

Fig. 13: How do you evaluate your extra space on the roof, atrium or winter garden?, assessed in school grades and presented in percentages of participants (Teilnehmer). Assessment: Note 1 = very good, 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory, 4 = sufficient, 5 = inadequate, 6 = insufficient.

In contrast to other eco housing projects, [11]. If such buildings were erected today, what this area was not sold in a community-based would be different? Finally, tab. 3 gives some selection process. The citizens are satisfied answers. In general, most features would also with the project, but no additional focus has be installed, but in recent years there has been been placed on social relations. a lot of progress, beginning with the types of insulating glass types, integrated shading In 2016 another in depth evaluation was and digital regulation in relation to weather carried out at the BUGA houses “Am Irissee” conditions. 222 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

Tab. 2: Conclusions from the questionnaires (n=16 households answered)

Yes – No - Questions % of the answers % of the answers Are you happy with the winter/roof gardens at your home? 100 0

Are the winter garden/green roofs places for relaxation? 94 6 Is the necessary maintenance of the winter/roof gardens a bur- 13 87 den for you? Do you feel a higher quality of life in comparison to a home 100 0 without such green structures? Do you think there is a better relationship between the neigh- 38 62 bors compared to conventional housing projects? Do you also use your glasshouse for growing food during the 50 50 cold season?

Tab. 3: Evaluation of the Eco houses BUGA 1985 – in 2016 and a summary of the current green building technologies of the last years (2018).

Aims 1985 Evaluation 2018 Compact neighborhood, 1 X Success X called “space saving buildings” 2 Urban food production X Too difficult, only marginally realized X 3 Intensive Green roofs X Roof terraces are in use and a great benefit X Green Facades X Success X Passive heating/cooling X Success X Future ideas of the last years. Energy plus buildings X Solar heating X Individual PV – Energy systems X Rain water systems X Local biodiversity concepts X Living walls X ? Digital smart homes (traffic, energy, X ? consumption,…) Urban food production X

The intensive use of rainwater or sewer water 3. LESSONS LEARNED AND had a great success in Germany after 2001 and CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS is today a well-developed technology, here it was still at the very beginning. 3.1 Summarized typology of the described projects The discussion about food production is also very diverse in Germany; on the one hand, it These described “eco houses” still work is fancy today, but not necessary due to the today. Knowing that normal calculations in low vegetables prices on the markets. Such architecture, especially in the case of low- concepts would work if citizens preferred cost buildings mean a life expectancy of about “their own”, “fresh”, “local” food. 45 years, these houses are now in the age to be removed and to construct new houses. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 223

The very few negative responses to these Special times led to special solutions. In Berlin projects indicated though that the owners are in the 1970s it was such a time. Only the overall still happy and do not like to move combination of creativity (grass roots – cross or change. This confirms the quality and thinkers), academia and people who can bring gives an understanding of the fact that social this pressure of the street to successful formal components are important in addition to all solutions. technical features. These residents want to stay there as long as possible at their old age. Today we have many regulations – some This means that it is also a major aspect of things are formalized and now by law regular architecture that the houses are adaptable and politics (Energy savings, greenery, low impact functionally changeable for different purposes design, life cycle analysis), other things are in different life phases – an aim that the too formal and hinder creative ideas. Bauhaus architects also had as a planning goal. The greening of buildings as one of these In the 1980s it was only a small group of elements is today technically well developed, enthusiastic people who really wanted these the benefits are described and usable for the technologies. typical architecture.

Tab. 4: Project data of the four case studies.

Criteria Eco house Rauchstr. Block 108 Ufa-Fabrik BUGA 1985 Several individual Ownership Building lease, “Erbbaurecht” Legalized Individual owners owners 30+ residents 25 apartments 200+ apartments 26 family houses Size and 180 em- 100+ persons 2200+ residents 100+ persons ployees Bernd Faskel, Thomas Frei Otto, Herzog, Martin Küenzlen Bernward Derksen, Alessandro Vasella, Erich Schneider- Architects and the team n.a. Eckhard Hahn, and several others for the Wessling, Oekotop individual apartments’ planning. Otto Steidle, Peter Stürzebecher Owners discussion Decision ma- Selection procedure, common aim Squatter fo- and neighborhood Discussion forum king process discussion rum convention

Year of 1983-1992 1984-1986 Since 1979 1984-1986 establishment

Private, Private, Private, Private, Financing state, federal state, federal state, federal state

Overall owner Private- building lease Private Building lease Private

Satisfaction of High High High High the residents Individual Block structure, Compact chain hou- Urban type Compact villas buildings in 5 stories ses, single houses parkland Age New Retrofit Retrofit New Located in Inner City Inner City City outskirts City outskirts Berlin 224 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

Tab. 6: Eco features realized

Criteria eco-features Rauchstr. Block 108 Ufa-Fabrik BUGA 1985 Green roofs Extensive X X X X Intensive X X X X Urban farming - - X X Biodiversity roof - - (X) - Green facades Climbers X X X X Living walls - - - - Energy concept X X X BHKW* X Waste concept X X X n.a. Mobility concept X X Bicycles X n.a. Solar energy X - X n.a. Rain water management X X X n.a. Indoor greening n.a. - - X * BHKW – Blockheizkraftwerk (combined heat and power unit)

The associated “green infrastructure” with more open ground around the buildings, technologies have developed massively which facilitates the implementation of many in recent years. The first projects can be features, e.g. the required water tanks or described as “children of their time”, but all retention/filter beds. these projects are unique, and lessons have been learned: if you build with high quality Furthermore, it is important from the beginning environmental features of the time, it will to define the key points of projects, e.g. remain an important contemporary document and be loved by the house owner. - How much participation work is expected from the residents? A particular plus is when architects have been - What are the traffic needs of private or able to design it flexibly, i.e. to be upgradeable shared cars? and modifiable, when other technologies are - Acceptance of rainwater and sewer water available in the future. use. - Difference between private and shared Green features are only associated with low spaces. additional costs, but highly recommended with good quality for the next generation. The Summarized, it can be said that such eco- investment in green features pays for itself houses are of a great benefit for citizens and over the period of use, as documented by a the environment [1]. The contribution of reasonable number of publications. indoor greenery to improve indoor air quality has long been underestimated [12]. These 3.2 Conclusion / Outlook for the technologies can be used for both new and next generation of Eco houses retrofit installations [13]. Green roofs are a now a well-established technology for reducing Much can be learned from all these four heating and cooling requirements around projects. Table 7 concludes some basics with the globe [14]. Today there is a large number a difference between small and big projects. of certification and evaluation systems in A second aspect can be looked upon inside place to obtain certified eco buildings [15]. cities with very limited space or in the suburbs But in addition to such certification, creative MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 225

Tab. 7: Recommendations and possibilities for future projects, inner city/city outskirts; small projects for about 100 citizens, large ones for 2000+ citizens

Eco criteria Small projects Large projects Green roofs Extensive X X Intensive X X Urban farming - X Biodiversity roof - (X) Green facades Climbers X X Living walls (X) (X) Indoor greening X- X- Garden green Where ever possible Where ever possible X BHKW Energy concept X (Block heating system) Waste concept X X Mobility concept X X Solar energy X X Rain water management X X Overall monitoring/evaluation X

architects are important, with a broad Today, about 40 years after the described understanding of local opportunities and pioneers started their enthusiastic projects the specific needs of the clients – to find the – about a professional lifetime later - such best solution for the unique location of each projects are no longer unique, but they still project. Evaluation helps, but it cannot be the need some years to become the standard only criteria [16]. Green certification today construction method. Germany’s so called connects economy, ecology and the life cycle “Weißbuch” procedure lead into this benefits of buildings [17]. direction [23]. Today it is not a question of finding more solutions, but in detail a lot of We learned from Chan et al. [18] that greenery future innovations can also help for future is an important factor to make dense cities developments. tolerable, to hide massive buildings behind vegetation or to create vegetated spaces to lose Public competitions and increasing awareness, sight of neighbors. Such new factors help to as planned for 2019 in Berlin, can now transfer compare eco projects according to a number these eco ideas to the broad public in Berlin [1- of criteria [19] in order to find the best solution 31]. Some ideas take 40 years or more, but they for a property. For researchers, the message is are still alive. Like the idea of the building- included, despite the large number of studies integrated agriculture. Details have changed published in recent years [20], there are still and are adapted to new conditions with more many opportunities to go into more detail in digitalization included, but the basics are still terms of material, function and cost–benefit the same. analysis. The related biodiversity is such a field for more detailed surveys in all climates and REFERENCES [IN BRACKETS types of eco-projects [21]. The same applies to FROM 1 TO 23] biotechnological solutions, the quantification of energy savings related to the incorporation [1] Zhang, L.; Wu, J.; Liu, H.; 2018: Turning green of vegetation on roofs and on facades [22]. into gold: A review on the economics of green 226 CHAPTER 13 - EXPERIENCES WITH ECO ARCHITECTURE IN BERLIN – LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 1980S FOR TODAY’S SOLUTIONS

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limitations and trends. Renewable and Sustainable wiki/Martin_Wagner_(Architekt) Energy Reviews 57 (2016) 740–752. [1-12] Bruno Taut: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Bruno_Taut [21] Parris, K.M.; Amati, M.; Bekessy, S.A.; [1-13] Interbau, short IBA 1957: https:// Dagenais, D.; Frydd, O.; Hahs, A.K.; Hes, D.; de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbau Imberger, S.J.; Livesley, S.J.; Marshall, A.J.; [1-14] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto Rhodes, J.R.; Threlfall, C.G.; Tingley, R.; van der [1-15] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier Reee, R.; Walsh, C.J.; Wilkerson, M.L.; Williams, [1-16] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_ N.S.G.; 2018 The seven lamps of planning for Niemeyer biodiversity in the city. Cities xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx. [1-17] IBA https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Internationale_Bauausstellung_1987 [22] Gracia, A.D.; Navarro, L., Coma, J., Serrano, [1-18] Symposium Ecological projects Berlin; IBA S., Romaní, J., Pérez, G., Cabeza, L.F.; 2018: 30. Oktober 1980: https://fhxb-museum.de/ Experimental set-up for testing active and passive xmap/media/S7/T1791/U25/text/fhxb_spk_ systems for energy savings in buildings – Lessons gutber_01132_72.pdf learnt. Renewable and Sustainable Energy [1-19] Frei Otto https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Reviews 82 (2018) 1014–1026 19090 Frei_Otto [1-20] Eco houses, Rauchstr. 1984 https://www. [23] Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature engelhardt-kueenzlen.de/Corneliusstrasse Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety [1-21] Ökohaus Rauchstr.: https://www. (BMUB) 2018: White Paper: Green Spaces in the wohnprojekte-portal.de/projekte-suche/ City. Green Spaces in the City – For a more livable projektdetails.html?uid=20273 future. [1-22] Several reprints of Berlin-Kreuzberg, IBA; available: https://berlin.museum- INTERNET LINKS: digital.de/index.php?t=listen&persinst_ [IN BRACKETS FROM 1-1 TO 1-31] id=21482&oges=6599&cachesLoaded=true [1-23] Information about the ufa: https://www. [1-1] BFF Biotopflächenfaktor, Habitat area ufafabrik.de/en factor https://www.berlin.de/senuvk/umwelt/ [1-24] Thomas Herzog https://de.wikipedia.org/ landschaftsplanung/bff/ wiki/Thomas_Herzog [1-2] GDF, Green density factor, https://www. [1-25] Erich Schneider-Wessling https:// baufachinformation.de/gdf-green-density-factor- de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Schneider-Wessling and-gcf-green-cooling-factor/buecher/248080 [1-26] Otto Steidle, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [1-3] C2C https://c2c-ev.de/ Otto_Steidle [1-4] Ken Yeang https://www.hamzahyeang.com/ [1-27] Peter Stürzebecher, https://www.baunetz. [1-5] Emilio Ambasz https://www.ambasz.com/ de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Peter_ [1-6] James Todd http://www.toddecological.com/ Stuerzebecher_2489451.html [1-7] Garry Baverstock http://ecotect-architects. [1-28] Bernd Faskel, https://www.tagesspiegel.de/ com/ berlin/bernd-faskel-seine-projekte/1357040.html [1-8] Eco Pioneer of Earthwork architecture: Engelbert [1-29] Bill Mollison, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Kremser: http://www.engelbertkremser.de/ Bill_Mollison Architektur.html [1-30] Declan Kennedy, https://declan.de/en/ [1-9] Eco-Pioneer Martin Küenzlen in Berlin: home-new/ https://www.engelhardt-kueenzlen.de/Vita_ [1-31] https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/ Martin_Kueenzlen klimafreundliche-stadtentwicklung-wer-hat-das- [1-10] Fallow Land “Brachen of Berlin”, a film: schoenste-gruendach-in-berlin/22986608.html https://www.naturaurbana.org/ Pictures by Manfred Koehler: 2a, 2b, 4a, 4b, 4c, [1-11] Martin Wagner: https://de.wikipedia.org/ 4d, 5a, 5b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 10a, 10b, 11a and11b

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 229 Edmonton Federal Building 2016 Interior Green Wall – Award Winner: Nedlaw Living Walls

The Bio-filter Living Wall system at the Edmonton Federal Building is the focal point of the large glass public atrium, the newly added grand entranceway into this rejuvenated historic building. The living wall and associated water feature provide a calm and serene environment in the busy public space. The vibrant layered and organic pattern of the plants makes the wall a work of art, and provides a foil for the otherwise angular and clean-lined space.

CHAPTER 14 DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Steven W. Peck GRP, Honorary ASLA Founder and president, Green Roofs for Healthy Cities - North America Inc. Founder, Green Infrastructure Ontario Co-founder, World Green Infrastructure Network

INTRODUCTION – the ultimate goal of the green building movement. Restorative or regenerative first heard about green roofs in 1996 at buildings go beyond being less damaging, to a conference I organized on financing actually helping us to heal the damage we Imunicipal environmental management. I have done to the planet. Restorative buildings was intrigued by the potential of green roofs produce more renewable energy than they to be widely implemented, as well as the use, improve the habitat, clean the air, are ability to provide diverse public and private self sufficient in water use and treatment, are benefits. While roofs in our major cities are beautiful and healthy for occupants and even mostly wasted, underutilized spaces, greening produce food. these areas helps mitigate many issues urban cities face. Green roofs also have a unique In 2012, our industry association, Green contribution to make in moving the building Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC) adopted the industry towards the development of green, inspirational goal for the North American high performance and restorative buildings green roof industry to install and maintain 230 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

another 1 billion square feet of green roofs natural environments; something as basic by 2022. At this point, it doesn’t look like as water, food and shelter, but all too often we are going to achieve this goal (in part forgotten during the rapid development and thanks to the 2008 Recession), but we are redevelopment of our cities. Biophilic design still seeing a steady growth in the industry practice is emerging from the science of each year. The rapid growth of ‘living how we react, both mentally and physically architecture’ - the green roof and green wall to our environment. Certain features, such industry - came about largely due to strategic as natural light, the sound of water and decisions we made more than a decade ago plants help to restore us and maintain our and through the hard work and dedication health. Other features, such as noise, sharp of hundreds of professionals. Our success to objects, artificial light and the absence of date has meant overcoming many challenges, vegetation actually harm us, causing stress like having little technical performance and undermining our health and well being. data, public awareness, public policy or Increasing focus on human health and well professional training. We have been able to being, in both the planning and building take advantage of many policy opportunities profession is the latest development in North and important drivers, such as the need to America, with the introduction of the Well manage stormwater more effectively. We Standard and greater inclusion of health- have also tapped into humanity’s basic, most related elements in the USGBC’s LEED fundamental biophilic need and desire for program of voluntary standards.

The Public Benefits of Living Architecture Systems

URBAN HEAT ISLAND MITIGATION RESULTING IN: CARBON SEQUESTRATION: Energy savings in buildings and resulting greenhouse Plants and growing media can sequester carbon gas emission reductions generating carbon credits Less smog formation EMPLOYMENT FROM MANUFACTURE, DESIGN, Reduction in particulate matter in the air INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE AND NEW USES RESULTING IN: More livable environment for citizens and less heat Fewer social problems, more social justice related stress Water conservation Additional recreational opportunities Reduction in associated health care costs from Greater community cohesion resulting in less vandalism improving air quality and reducing heat INCREASE IN PROPERTY VALUES WITH A Contribution to savings on power plants and CORRESPONDING RETURN IN PROPERTY TAXES TO transmission infrastructure THE CITY

IMPROVEMENTS IN ONSITE STORMWATER NOISE ATTENUATION AND SOUND MANAGEMENT RESULTING IN: IMPROVEMENT RESULTING IN: Reduction in the frequency of combined sewer overflow Less noise entering buildings which may result in events increased property values Increase in life expectancy of pipes and other grey Biophilically satisfying noises – like wind rushing infrastructure through grass and the sound of water Reduction in costs of erosion control Reduction in frequency of flooding SHADING RESULTING IN: Improved water quality Fewer sun related health issues Receiving waters become more fishable, swimmable, Cooler more enjoyable streets, parking lots, subway drinkable platforms MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 231

AESTHETIC/BIOPHILIC IMPROVEMENTS IMPROVEMENTS TO BUILDING ENVELOPE RESULTING IN: LONGEVITY RESULTING IN: Healthier and more productive citizens Reduction in landfill waste

Less crime and associated policing, judicial and Replacement cost savings on public buildings incarceration related expenses Improved economic activity More community cohesion IMPROVED BIODIVERSITY RESULTING IN: Increase in walking, cycling, gardening and running Educational/Urban nature experiences Carbon sequestration by protecting migratory birds Beautifying unattractive building features which support boreal forest growth Opportunities for artistic expression Pollination by insects, particularly bees Beauty and improved recreation opportunities, such as Reduced patient care costs in health facilities bird watching

URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION INCORPORATION OF GREEN PRODUCTS RESULTING IN: AND SYSTEMS RESULTING IN: Greater food security Improved markets for recycling plastics

Better food quality Improved markets for compost and recycled aggregates Lower emergy in overall system ie., less energy used at Increased employment each stage in the life cycle Reduction in transportation of food with associated air Improved conservation of water resources pollution, greenhouse gases, traffic, etc. Community self-reliance and improved cohesion

(Source: The Rise of Living Architecture, 2013. See www.greenroofs.org/greeninfrastructurestore/)

EARLY HISTORY OF DEVELOPING field and the design community. It laid the GREEN ROOFS FOR HEALTHY groundwork for Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, CITIES AND THE GREEN ROOF a coalition of companies I brought together AND WALL INDUSTRY to develop the first Canadian Research and Demonstration project in Toronto. This work In 1997, Dr. Brad Bass, a scientist with led to a demonstration project and ultimately Environment Canada and I, the principal the first mandatory policy for green roofs in consultant at then Peck & Associates, a North America, as well as a very successful policy consulting firm, applied for research conference in Chicago in 2003. This funding from Canada Mortgage and Housing conference ultimately laid the groundwork Corporation to conduct a study on barriers for the establishment of the more formal non- and opportunities associated with green roof profit industry association in the US in 2004 to technology. With Monica Kuhn, a German further the development of the industry. speaking local architect, and Chris Callaghan, a local researcher, we produced what was All along, the key to our success was based essentially a blueprint for developing the on the active engagement of four different industry in North America – “Green Backs types of professionals: scientists, policy from Green Roofs: Forging a New Industry makers, designers and manufacturers. The in Canada”. This report utilized data on key principles involved in our development, green roof benefits, largely from Germany as well as the programs and resources we and translated by Monica, and interviews have developed in support of the industry with a few leading companies working in this since then, are described in detail below. 232 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Midtown High Rise – 2014 Extensive Industrial/Commercial Winner – Award Winner: New York Green Roofs

Transforming a corporate office building into a lush green oasis in midtown Manhattan, this green roof offers staff of a booming realty company an unusually peaceful respite amidst the constant movement of a bustling city. 7,000 square feet of living roof and integrated decking establishes a buffer between a busy office space and one of the densest urban environments on the planet. The design provides a view upon ecological succession of a changing landscape as it incorporates a mostly extensive mix of meadow grasses, flowering perennials and low growing succulents.

This will hopefully be useful to people who not only produced important data on energy are interested in advancing living architecture savings and stormwater management, but in their own countries through association also spurred the development of dedicated work as wall as those working to design and green roof research in educational institutions implement green roof and wall projects. such as Penn State University, Michigan State University, the Ottawa Campus of IRC and COMMITTING TO THE SCIENCE the British Columbia Institute of Technology. OF PERFORMANCE Dr. Brad Bass, Dr. Karen Liu, Dr. Maureen Connelly, and Marie-Anne Boivin are several This goal of engaging science and scientists of the early green roof research pioneers in has been realized in many of the programs and Canada. In the U.S. there was Dr. Brad Rowe, activities of Green Roofs for Healthy Cities and Dr. David Beattie, and Tom Liptan. Currently, its charitable arm, the Green Infrastructure there are more than 100 academic institutions Foundation. Early on, we recognized that the undertaking research on all aspects of green industry needed impartial, objective scientific roofs, from individual plant species survival information on the performance of green to how to model reductions in the urban heat roof systems in order to allay fears of failure island effect. More recently, we have seen and verify the performance claims of these a healthy increase in green wall research systems. Our early partnership with Canada’s on water and energy performance, having Institute for Research in Construction (IRC) on completed a collective research project in green roof demonstration projects at Toronto partnership with corporate members such City Hall and the Eastview Community Center as greenscreen, Carl Stahl and Jakob Rope MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 233

Systems who supply green facade technologies, latest research developments, where all their those that support climbing vines growing work must go through a peer review process away from the building envelop. run by scientist volunteers. Exceptional papers are published in the online Journal Our support for scientific research has also of Living Architecture (JLIV). We also use involved working with various stakeholders CitiesAlive, which moves around North to develop a research protocol focused America, to reach out to policy makers in on biodiversity research. At our annual different jurisdictions to raise awareness of conference, CitiesAlive, now in its 17th year, the need for policy support of green roofs and we have a dedicated series of speakers on the walls.

Estimates of Public Benefits from Green Roof Installation in CDN$ 2012 /square meter

2 Studies that Benefit Value ranges $/m considered it Stormwater infrastructure cost reduction due to Toronto, Portland, $0.3 to $45.9 volume reduction – Capital Tomalty, Clarke, SoCal Stormwater infrastructure cost reduction due to $0.358 Portland volume reduction – Operating and Maintenance Combined sewer overflow reduction in storage – $0.9 Toronto Capital CSO – environmental impact – annual $0.015 Toronto Reduction of pollutants through capture by Toronto, Portland, $0.052 to $1.695 vegetation – annual Tomalty, Clarke Air Quality (Nitrous Oxide componds)(EPA Study) $.000074 to .055 GSA Air Quality (Particulate Matter PM10) $0.000106 GSA Air Quality (Sulfur-oxygen compounds) $0.000000185 GSA Building Energy – Reduction in energy infrastructure $1.378 Toronto – Capital UHI – reduction in energy demand and $1.601 Toronto infrastructure – Capital Reduction in GHG due to reduction in energy Toronto, Portland, $0.002 to $0.215 demand – annual Tomalty, Clarke, SoCal Creation of habitat – Capital $6.808 Portland Habitat Creation (Australia’s BushBroker Scheme which replaces vegetation on denuded land for 0.039 - 0.1356 GSA Report habitat) – Capital Habitat Creation (US Biodiversity Banking System) $0.0381 GSA Report – Capital 0.6 to 1.1 person years of jobs per Job creation – job creation estimates are provided as 1000 m2 of roofing (Toronto) or 4.2 Toronto, American jobs/ m2 of green roof jobs per 1000 m2 of installed roofing Rivers (Washington DC) (Washington DC) 0.124 person hours/square meter/ Maintenance (Extensive) GSA visit (2 per year) 139 person hours/square meter/visit Maintenance (Intensive) GSA (4 per year) $9000 per 4,046 square meters of Flooding Avoided Costs (Figures are very site floodplain for the 100 year event to ASLA et al. specific) $21,000 per 4046 square meters for the 2 year storm event. Source: H. Doshi and S. Peck, 2013, “Methods for Estimating Economic Public Benefits from Regional Implementation of Green Roof Technology” (World Green Infrastructure Congress, Nantes, France). 234 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

As a result of research on large scale benefits, projects online and keep track of research such as reductions in flooding and reducing the published in various academic journals. In urban heat island effect, my colleague Hitesh 2013 GRHC launched the peer-reviewed Doshi and I were able to put together a table Journal of Living Architecture embedded in the which lists how many public benefits of green Monitor which features the very best papers roof installation can translate into economic in the field of living architecture research benefits. This table is part of a paper that is each quarter. Under the leadership of Rohan designed to help policy makers and designers Lilauwala, GRHC, and Dr. Reid Coffman, this understand the potential public benefits that new publication will help to integrate scientific may result from the widespread installation findings into industry practice and provide an of green roofs. The numbers will vary from opportunity to highlight the best work in this jurisdiction to jurisdiction but can be used as a emerging field. guide to perform a basic cost-benefit study of green roof policy. REGIONAL CENTERS OF LIVING ARCHITECTURE EXCELLENCE In our free, quarterly digital magazine, the PROGRAM LAUNCHED IN 2018 Living Architecture MonitorTM, we publish exceptional green roof and wall research In 2018, we held a competition to solicit bids from academic institutions to formally partner with GRHC to promote education, research, product development and policy in different Journal of Living Architecture, Founding regions of North America. Seven academic Editorial Board Members institutions, located in Colorado, New Jersey, Illinois and Ohio have been selected to establish Chair, Dr. Robert Berghage, Penn State University, USA the first four Centers for Regional Living Dr. Reid Coffman, Kent State University, USA Architecture Excellence. This program is very new and details are being worked out regarding Dr. Nigel Dunnett, University of Sheffield, UK each Center. The basic concept is to try to Dr. Brad Bass, Environment Canada), CDN integrate research, pedagogy, industry and Dr. Sabina Shaikh, University of Chicago, USA policy development together more effectively Dr. Bill Retzlaff, Southern Illinois University in order to advance the industry in each region Edwardsville, USA and provide a supply of qualified employees. Barry Lehrman, March/MLA, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, USA The leading academic partners and the lead academics for each Center are as follows: Dr. Maureen Connelly, British Columbia Institute of Technology, CDN Illinois Dr. Youbin Zheng, University of Guelph, CDN

Dr. David Tilley, University of Maryland, USA Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Thomas O’Connor, MSE, US Environment Protection Dr. Bill Retzlaff, Associate Dean, CAS, Agency, USA Distinguished Research Professor, Biological Dr. Bradley Rowe, Michigan State University, USA Sciences Dr. Richard Sutton, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA New Jersey Bruce Dvorak, MLA, Texas A&M University, USA Dr. Jennifer Bousselot, Iowa State University & Stevens Institute of Technology, Dr, Colorado State University, USA Elizabeth Fassman-Beck, Associate Professor, Virginia Russell, MLA, University of Cincinnati, USA Department of Civil, Environmental and See: https://greeninfrastructurefoundation.org/jliv/ Ocean Engineering MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 235

Colorado The Living Architecture Performance Tool (LAPT) Version 1.0 was finally launched in Colorado State University, Dr. Jennifer 2018 with our expert co-chairs, David Yocca Bousselot, Special Assistant Professor, of Biohabitats, and Lois Vitt Sale, of Wight Department of Horticultural and Landscape and Company. The Living Architecture Architecture; University of Colorado Denver, Performance Tool (LAPT) is a rating system Leila Tolderlund, Assistant Professor, College and resource, designed to certify that green of Architecture and Planning. roofs and walls are designed to achieve certain measurable and replicable performance Greater Ohio benefits, so that they can be funded, designed, installed, and maintained with a higher degree Kent State University, Dr. Reid Coffman, of confidence. The LAPT is also designed to Associate Professor, College of Architecture inform voluntary green rating systems like and Environmental Design; University of the United States Green Building Council’s Cincinnati, Professor Virginia Russell, Director, (USGBC) LEED programs, Sustainable Sites Horticulture/Landscape Architecture/ and the Living Building Challenge, which Professor Landscape Architecture and Dr. Ishi do not always recognize the full spectrum of Buffam, Department of Biological Sciences; benefits provided by these technologies. Heidelberg University, Mark E. Mitchell, Biological and Environmental Sciences. In 2018, the LAPT Version 1.0 was released, and twenty-five pilot projects from different LIVING ARCHITECTURE regions are encouraged to participate. The PERFORMANCE TOOL (LAPT) LAPT is a 110-point system, encompassing 30 LAUNCHED IN 2018 credits in 8 major areas of living architecture performance. It is designed to be robust and Despite its many benefits, living architecture comprehensive, low cost and yet easy to use (green roofs and walls) is complex and with a streamlined compliance process. varied, and this complexity leads to many barriers. Inconsistent policy, a lack of The LAPT contains a total of 110 points that accepted performance benchmarks, and a a project could theoretically achieve. 100 lack of representation of living architecture in are base points and 10 are innovation points existing building rating systems (LEED, SITES, recognizing the rapid evolution of green roof etc.) are obstacles that hinder the widespread and wall technologies. The levels of potential use of living architecture. Hence, there is certification are: LAPT Certified – 40+ points much work to be completed in the field of / LAPT Silver – 50+ points / LAPT Gold – green roof and wall performance. For the past 60+ points / LAPT Platinum – 80+ points. six year, GRHC and GIF have been working on a project to develop standardized metrics A basic but well designed and maintained of performance and test methods for generic sedum based extensive green roof should green roof and wall systems that recognizes be able to achieve enough points to become the important differences in weather and certified under this system. Gold and Platinum climate in the different regions across North green roofs and walls will have to provide a America. After publishing a series of White wide number of benefits as wall as system Papers that reviewed the science and policy integration with other building systems. in different areas, like water, energy, human The use of integrated design processes, health and well being, and the frameworks of and clearly defined maintenance plans and the USGBC’s LEED program and Sustainable budgets for five years are prerequisites for Sites, a draft framework was produced in 2017 any type of LAPT certification. The LAPT for review by experts. is designed to provide buildings owners with 236 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Living Architecture Performance Tool Pilot Phase: Focus Areas, Credits & Points (2018) Focus Area/Credit Points: 110 1. Process 5 1.1 Integrated Design Process Prerequisite 1.2 Stakeholder and Community Engagement 3 1.3 Living Systems Expertise 2 2. Water Management 25 2.1 Stormwater Management Prerequisite + 16 2.3 Irrigation 5 2.4 Water Balance 4 3. Energy Conservation 14 3.1 Envelope Thermal Moderation 5 3.2 Urban Heat Island Reduction 4 3.3 Renewable Energy 2 3.4 HVAC Integration 3 4. Habitat and Biodiversity 11 4.1 Plants 4 4.2 Growing Media Depth and Composition 2 4.3 Habitat Elements 2 4.4 Biomass 3 5. Health and Well-Being 21 5.1 Biophilic Design – Visibility 2 5.2 Biophilic Design – Accessibility 4 5.3 Food Production 10 5.4 Air Quality Improvements 3 5.5 Acoustics 2 6. Materials and Construction 14 6.1 Structural Soundness Prerequisite 6.2 Environmentally Sensitive Materials 3 6.3 Sustainable Materials 3 6.4 Construction Waste Management 2 6.5 Equity-Focused Sourcing and Hiring 3 6.6 Bird-Friendly Glass 3 7. Post-Construction 10 7.1 Operations and Maintenance Prerequisite + 2 7.2 Fertilizer and Pesticide Use 2 7.3 Monitoring 3 7.4 Education 3 8. Innovation 10 8.1 New Approaches or Strategies 10 8.2 Exemplary Performance TOTAL 110 Source: H. Doshi and S. Peck, 2013, “Methods for Estimating Economic Public Benefits from Regional Implementation of Green Roof Technology” (World Green Infrastructure Congress, Nantes, France).

greater assurance that the projects they have thinking organizations a chance to participate. requested will deliver the benefits they are Getting involved will help you optimize the seeking. An overview the LAPT framework range of benefits possible from your projects, is provided in the table below. For more demonstrate leadership and innovation, information and to download the LAPT please set the stage for long-term performance of visit www.greeninfrastructurefoundation.org your projects, received recognition in the marketplace, and receive personalized support The pilot phase of this program offers a through the process. Benefits and pricing from limited number of innovative and forward- the pilot phase may not be offered in future MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 237

phases of the LAPT. The pilot phase concludes DEVELOPING POLICY SUPPORT at the end of 2019. Experience in Europe, particularly Germany, Projects across North America that use demonstrates that there are multiple public green roofs, green walls, and combinations benefits (in addition to private benefits) which of the two are eligible to participate. New stem from green roof and wall implementation. projects, projects in any phase of the design Furthermore, the green roof, and to a lesser or construction process, or projects completed extent green wall, industry enjoyed significant in the past five years are eligible in the pilot growth when local governments established phase. Organizations involved in the project in financial incentives, and in some cases any way (designers, building owners, product implemented requirements for green roof manufacturers, etc.) are eligible to apply, construction in new and existing buildings. as long as they have access to the required It’s no surprise that the leading jurisdictions documentation. for green roof implementation each year are those with mandatory requirements The LAPT can be used as a best practice and or regulations that support green roof tool to optimize the breadth and depth for implementation. Toronto, Washington, New the design, installation, and maintenance of York and Chicago are typically in the top five green roofs and walls. By demonstrating the metropolitan jurisdictions for the most green linkages between benefits and encouraging roofs implemented each year. holistic thinking, it is possible to obtain many additional benefits without significantly In North America, our initial focus was to increasing cost or difficulty of many projects. work with local governments to organize and The LAPT can also position your organization finance one day, local market development as a sustainability leader, recognizing your symposia designed to explore barriers and organization as innovators and leaders in the opportunities to develop policies that support field. the development of local industry. Over the past decade we’ve held more than 40 of these The LAPT is designed to be used as a guideline events, and we have seen the adoption of or decision-support tool by policy makers. green roof incentives and policies in a number Policy makers that want to optimize the public of important markets. In addition, more than benefits provided by green roofs and walls but 80 jurisdictions have adopted the USGBC’s do not have the in-house expertise or capacity LEED New Development voluntary green to ensure compliance are an ideal audience building standard, which supports the use of for the LAPT. For more information on how to green roofs to obtain or contribute to attaining best use the LAPT in your community, contact credits. us. The table below provides an overview of The LAPT document contains a detailed policy developments in North America. description of the principles, objectives, and intent of each performance area and credit, Each year, at our annual CitiesAlive along with performance levels, weight of each conference, we have an award that is presented credit, compliance requirements, strategies to a government official or a political leader to for compliance, and additional resources. recognize their support of green roof policy in addition to a research excellence award To learn more about the program, participate and awards for outstanding green roof and in the pilot phase, or download the full wall projects. These awards are promoted version of the LAPT document, visit www. online and in our Living Architecture Monitor greeninfrastructurefoundation.org magazine and have helped us secure the 238 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Dedicated North American Green Roof and Wall Policies, As of 2018

City Name of Policy Date New York City Green Infrastructure Grant Program 2011 Washington, DC Stormwater credit trading 2014 Austin Downtown Density Bonus Program 2014 Amending Title 14 of The Philadelphia Code, entitled "Zoning and Philadelphia Planning," by providing special density rules for buildings with a green 2015 roof, under certain terms and conditions. Prince George County, MD Rain Check Rebate Program 2015 Chicago Chicago Zoning Ordinance Green Roof Incentives 2015 Philadelphia Green Roof Tax Credit 2016 Washington, DC Green Roof Rebate Program 2016 Nashville Green Roof Rebate Program 2016 Saint-Laurent, Montreal Règlement sur le zonage no RCA08-08-0001 2016 San Francisco Better Roofs Ordinance 2017 Denver Denver Green Roof Initiative 2017 Milwaukee Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewage District Green Roof Initiative 2017 Palo Alto Stormwater Measures Rebate Program 2017 Washington, DC Stormwater fee rebate 2017 Washington, DC Green area ratio 2017 Chapter 510 of Minneapolis Code of Ordinances (Stormwater Management Minneapolis 2017 System and Operations of a stormwater management utility Portland The EcoRoof Requirement (Portland Central City 2035) 2018 Syracuse Onondaga County's Green Improvement Fund 2018 Guelph Stormwater Credit and Rebate Program 2018 Montgomery County, MD RainScapes Rewards Rebate Program 2018 DC RiverSmart Landscaping Rebates 2018 Fort Wayne, Indiana Catching Rain Green Infrastructure Initiative 2018 Source: Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (www.greenroofs.org)

political support needed to move policy TORONTO GREEN ROOF forward in several markets. In our Annual BY-LAW CASE STUDY Green Roof Market Survey, we calculate the number of square feet of green roofs installed In Toronto, we started working on green each year, per metropolitan region, and have roof policy development in 1999 with a focus encouraged a competition between cities on developing a Green Roof Research and for the greatest number each year (www. Demonstration Project on a small portion greenroofs.org- See Resources for the latest (10,000 sf) of the 70,000 square foot City survey information). Hall Podium Roof. We worked closely with scientists, bureaucrats, industry professionals In addition to these efforts, we have a series and designers to develop the market. This of dedicated policy presentations at our project led to a number of tours, generated conference each year, selected by our Policy technical performance data, helped educate Committee, and have recently identified the general public, political leaders and the individuals as Green Roof Ambassadors who design community. Around the same time, are working to promote green roof and wall the City of Chicago, under the leadership policies in their local and regional jurisdictions of Mayor Richard Daley, was developing a with technical assistance and training from green roof demonstration project on its City GRHC. Hall building located in downtown Chicago. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 239

Toronto

Under the leadership of Mayor David Miller and Deputy Mayor Joe Pantalone, the City of Toronto adopted the Green Roof By-law in 2009. The by-law consists of a requirement for new buildings over a certain floor area to include a green roof in a portion of the ‘green roofable area’ on their buildings, and describes the construction standard by which all green roofs in the City must be built. If new building Chicago, Toronto and Washington DC, have owners want to opt out, then they must pay a since been leading cities in their support of fee of $200 CDN per square meter. Revenue green roofs. Both Chicago and Toronto led generated from these fees is used to provide the market by requiring their own buildings funds to existing building owners as an to implement green roofs as well as the many incentive to develop green roofs. Given that agencies, boards and commissions under its there are a number of very tangible benefits control. Using the procurement power of the that are available to building owners from local and regional governments is a great way green roof implementation (See table below), to get the industry started locally. and that the by-law was implemented through a process of engagement and consultation with The City of Toronto removed the owners and industry representatives, it has demonstration project and built a full scale been widely accepted, with very few opting to green roof on the Podium Deck at City Hall buy out of the requirement. which opened in 2008. The City of Toronto hired Ryerson University to do an analysis Over the past ten years, the green roof policies of the benefits of widespread green roof and program in Toronto and subsequent implementation and struck a task force to building boom have resulted in more than 6 develop building standards, a power granted million square feet of additional green roof to the City under the City of Toronto Act. space permitted in the City, the equivalent 240 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

of four large city parks as of 2017. Toronto the use of green roofs (30% roof area) and/ was the first major city in North America with or solar panels (15%) on new construction mandatory green roof requirements and a projects. During the development of its construction standard. Other jurisdictions mandatory green roof/solar panel requirement have adapted these policies to meet their for new buildings, called the Better Roofs specific needs. (www.toronto.ca – search Ordinance, developed a number of studies green roofs). that costed out the public and private benefits. See https://sf-planning.org/san-francisco- There are very few opportunities for policy better-roofs for more information makers to achieve multiple public benefits, through the development and redevelopment In 2011, the federal government agency, process, in a manner that leverages private General Services Administration, (GSA) roof and wall space, as well as investment. which owns or leases over 400,000 buildings Since there are many private benefits from across the United States, hired an engineering green roofs and walls, there tends to be less firm named ARUP to conduct a detailed life- resistance to policies that incent or require cycle cost benefit analysis of three different these technologies. Green roofs are the sized green roofs. The results of this study perfect public-private partnership, in that they are contained in the table below. Since this confer many public and private benefits, while study was undertaken, the costs of extensive exploited large areas of wasted roof and wall green roof design and implementation have space in our cities. In 2017, The City of San gone down, in some cases by as much as 30 Francisco became the first US city to mandate per cent.

The Private Benefits of Living Architecture Energy savings due to reduced demand for heating and cooling from evapo-transpiration, thermal mass transfer, shading and insulation Energy savings from shading and blocking the wind Energy savings from pre-cooling air conditioning unit intake air Energy savings from reducing the need to exchange indoor air Carbon credits from associated energy savings Savings associated with longevity increases to waterproofing and building envelopes Improved indoor air quality resulting in improved occupant health and performance Improved property values related to better visual amenity, accessible amenities and noise attenuation Improved patient recovery in hospitals Improved academic performance in schools Marketing and promotional opportunities Integration with the site for better overall stormwater management and reuse Improved public relations/community relations and potentially faster project approval times Improved rentability, saleability of properties and units Contributes to reaching USGBC and CAGBC LEED credits Contributes to meeting the Living Building Challenge 2.0 and Sustainable Sites ™ Access to public incentives and/or enhanced ability to meet regulations such as stormwater management Integration with other building systems, such as mechanical systems and solar photovoltaic panels for better energy efficiency and generation Potential to generate direct revenue for sale or lease of roof spaces, and from new uses such as urban agriculture production Biophilic related benefits resulting in reduced absenteeism, improved staff retention, and better job performance Source: Rise of Living Architecture, 2013. See www.greeninfrastructurestore.com MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 241

Notice the importance of the economies of See Programs). This experience led to the scale as the size of the green roof increases so understanding that in order to develop green does the economic benefit relative to a black roofs and walls they must be seen as part of roof. The internal rate of return on the 50,000 a larger range of living green infrastructure square foot green roof project was 5.9 percent. systems which include urban forests, Community net present value associated with bioswales, rain gardens, meadowlands, benefits such as the urban heat island effect, passive and active turf and wetlands. It air quality and biodiversity were estimated to also reinforced the fact that in order to by more than $30 per square foot over the life move supportive policy into place, one must of the project. focus on senior levels of government. In 2010, I founded the Green Infrastructure Our work to develop the green roof industry Ontario Coalition, a group comprised of six and then later, the green wall industry, led organizations that shared the perspective that us inevitably to the conclusion that policy we needed better policies from the Province of development, which is truly effective, needs Ontario, to support the further development to reposition living, green technology systems and protection of living green infrastructure. as a form of traditional or ‘grey’ infrastructure. We spent over a year developing a In 2007, Green Roofs for Healthy Cities comprehensive report on policy changes we established a charitable organization called the were seeking from the Province of Ontario. Green Infrastructure Foundation and raised (www.greeninfrastructureontario.org) In funds to develop a half day training course Canada, the provincial governments have on living green infrastructure and provide legislative authority over city governments, training in over 30 cities across North America and they also have significantly more funding (www.greeninfrastructurefoundation.org – for grey infrastructure projects. Hence it was

Cost-benefit Analysis of Green Roof vs. Black Roof – Public and Private Benefits

GREEN ROOF SIZE NATIONAL LEVEL RESULTS (sq. ft.) 5,000 10,000 50,000 Impact on Owners/Occupants/Investors Initial Premium, $/sq. ft. of roof (-$12.6) (-$11.4) (-$9.7) (extra cost of installing an extensive green roof instead of a black roof) NPV of Installation, Replacement, & Maintenance, $/sq. ft. of roof (-$18.2) (-$17.7) (-$17.0) NPV of Stormwater, $/sq. ft. of roof $14.1 $13.6 $13.2 (savings from reduced infrastructure improvements and/or stormwater fees) NPV of Energy, $/sq. ft. of roof $6.6 $6.8 $8.2 (energy savings from cooling and heating Net Present Value* $2.5 $2.7 $4.5 (installation, replacement & maintenance + stormwater + energy NPV) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 5.0% 5.2% 5.9% Payback, years 6.4 6.2 5.6 Return on Investment (ROI) 220% 224% 247% Other Financial Impacts (less realizable) NPV of CO2, $/sq. ft. of roof (emissions, sequestration & absorption) $2.1 $2.1 $2.1 NPV of Real Estate Effect, $/sq. ft. of roof (value, rent, absorption & vacancy) $120.1 $111.3 $99.1 NPV of Community Benefits, $/sq. ft. of roof (biodiversity, air quality, $30.4 $30.4 $30.4 heat island, etc.) Source: (US GSA, 2011, “The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public Buildings”) www.gsa.gov 242 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Breathe Wall – 2015 Exterior Green Wall – Award Winner: LiveWall

Entitled ‘Breathe’, this living art project at ArtPrize®, the world’s largest publicly voted art contest, is home to more than 3500 plants and reaches over 20 feet tall at its peak and stretches 150 feet long. Using the LiveWall® system as the canvas, the entry surrounds and buffers the noise and odors of the city around it. ‘Breathe’ was inspired by the idea of restoring the built environment to a more natural state and restore balance to urban settings by reintroducing vegetation lost during urbanization.

logical for us to expand our activities beyond infrastructure assets, such as urban forests, the City of Toronto in an effort to develop the bioswales, green roofs etc. by 2022. See www. broader market for living green infrastructure greeninfrastructureontario.org for resources in Ontario, with the aim of replicating this and information. model in other provinces and states. In 2019, we organized our 7th conference entitled SUPPORTING DESIGN Grey to Green: Adapting to Climate Change in PROFESSIONALS Toronto with over 400 delegates from across North America in attendance. Conferences One of the main challenges in developing a remain an important vehicle for exchanging new industry is to agree on a standardized body ideas and promoting green infrastructure to a of knowledge (best practices) then transfer it wider audience. into the marketplace. The development of the Green Roof Professional (GRP) training As a result of lobbying by GIO members, green and accreditation took more than seven infrastructure has now been incorporated as a years to complete but was instrumental in requirement in local and regional government developing the industry. Multi-disciplinary asset management report, meaning that groups of professionals worked together to governments will have to develop methods to develop training courses and resources for the assess the quantity and quality of their green industry, which then allowed us to establish MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 243

an occupational standard and an accreditation current with industry developments and exam. This key program has addressed the maintain their GRP accreditation. need for best practices and for unbiased, scientifically based professional training. It In support of continuing education, we have serves multiple functions: developed a number of targeted training half day programs to support their continued o It provides a forum to bring experts together education. These include Advanced Green Roof to determine best practices. Maintenance, Ecological Green Roof Design, Rooftop Food Production, Green Walls 101, Living o It facilitates interdisciplinary communication Architecture and Sustainable Energy, Green between roofing professionals and Infrastructure Valuation, and a series of courses landscaping professionals. on Integrated Water Management for Buildings and Sites, with a goal of reaching net zero o It provides for specialization in traditional water. All of our training is peer reviewed and design professions such as architecture leading edge and is accompanied by resource and landscape architecture and recognizes manuals in English that are available for individuals for their knowledge. purchase at: www.greeninfrastructurestore. com. Online training is available at www. o It provides a measure of protection against livingarchitectureacademy.com poor design, installation and maintenance practices, which are inevitable with a new Each year we celebrate excellence in design practice but which, if left unchecked can with our Awards of Excellence program that harm the industry. recognizes the designers of projects in different green roof and wall categories (intensive and o It allows for continuing education of Green extensive) for different buildings (multi-unit Roof Professionals (GRPs), in an industry residential, small residential, commercial/ which is evolving rapidly in terms of industrial). The Awards promote both green products, performance and practices. roof and wall projects that are designed to deliver multiple benefits through integrated o It provides a source of revenue for the design processes involving close cooperation industry association in order to continue to amongst the building owner and all parties. develop and deliver high quality professional We also recognize policy leadership, corporate training. member leadership and research leadership during our awards program every year. (For We offer three days of training focused on descriptions of many winning projects see: design, implementation and maintenance www.greenroofs.org - awards of excellence) best practices, and a two hour multiple choice exam in support of the Green Roof SUPPORTING MANUFACTURERS Professional (GRP) accreditation. The first exam was launched in 2009, and now there are Developing a reliable supply of products more than 900 accredited GRPs in the market. for the market is a key leg in the stool of These core training courses are now provided industry development, for without them it through online, internet based training is now would be impossible to implement thousands available online 24/7/365, thereby avoiding of projects across North America. Initially, the cost of travel and accommodation to take a roofing membrane manufacturers were the sit-down exam, which is also available online. most important players in supporting the Successful GRPs must remain members in development of the industry, but as the sector good standing with GRHC and complete 16 has developed in North America, there are hours of related training each year to remain more dedicated green roof and wall companies 244 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

who derive 100 per cent of their revenues website (www.livingarchitecturemonitor. from the industry. com). Manufacturers also play an important role in supporting research and development We work closely with our manufacturers activities, product and process innovation, and to develop standards, most recently those ongoing education of the design community. associated with fire and wind uplift. Our manufacturers support our lobbying efforts CONCLUSION at the local and regional government levels, and participate in the trade show at The intense greening of cities is a proven CitiesAlive and our local market development approach to addressing many of the impacts of symposia. There are five manufacturer climate change, and the ongoing need to focus representatives on our multi-disciplinary on human health and well being. Intensive board of directors which provide ongoing greening requires the participation of many input and feedback on our policies and different professionals within society. It also programs. Manufacturers also help to shape requires civic engagement, with citizens that our training programs, providing substantive are informed and care about the place they information and peer reviewing materials. call home. They need to have experience Manufacturers who develop new products with nature, and knowledge about how it and services for the industry are profiled on benefits them in their daily lives. This our Living Architecture Monitor magazine provides the basis for the political support.

Rooftop Wheat Prarie – 2017 Extensive Industrial Commercial – Award Winner: Omni Ecosystems

Chicago’s Rooftop Wheat Prairie is a unique, picturesque landscape growing three stories above a bustling Chicago intersection. A complete anomaly in aesthetics and general design, it is the only rooftop in the city growing amber waves of grain. The golden wheat accented by bright wildflowers offers city dwellers a one-of-a-kind visual splendor. To immerse visitors into the wheat prairie, a room of floor-to-ceiling glass windows was constructed in the middle of the roof, offering incredible views from all angles. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 245

During the Denver Green Roof Ballot in 2018, conviction of many leaders from different the people of Denver voted 54 per cent in fields (policy, design, science, manufacturing), favor of mandatory requirements for green all of whom share in the belief that we must roofs on new buildings, despite a well funded develop greener, healthier, high performance opposition campaign to discredit the benefits , restorative buildings and that green roofs of green roofs in the city. If you live in a city and walls have a critically important role in that has a green infrastructure foundation, like achieving this. The ability of green roofs and the valleys and ravines in Toronto or major walls to deliver multiple public and private parks, or a regional forest, these resources benefits that are in demand in cash strapped are a major asset that you can build upon in cities gives them a very special place in the order to implement living architecture in, toolbox of high performance, restorative on and around our buildings. In many parts building options. The gradual adoption of of the world, it is important to protect these the Living Architecture Performance Tool, resources from corruption and unplanned by designers and policy makers will help to development, and then to work on expanding improve the performance of green roof and greener in our cities for the benefit of all. wall systems in the years to come.

The development of the green roof industry In an increasingly crowded world, we must across North America has resulted largely from use all of the available space in cities through our ability to engage and fuel the passionate the use of green roofs and walls, as well as

Van Dusen Botanical Garden – 2017 Extensive Institutional – Award Winner: Connect Landscape Architecture & Architek

The state-of-the-art Visitor Centre re-connects people to the environmental issues of the 21st Century including water and energy conservation, re-use and recycle, beauty of our native plant ecology, and a healthier way of building and design. The overall scope was 5 acre site master plan including a 16,000-ft2 green and blue roof. 246 CHAPTER 14 - DEVELOPING THE GREEN ROOF AND WALL INDUSTRY IN NORTH AMERICA FOR GREENER, HEALTHIER CITIES: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Harvard Business School’s McArthur/McCollum Building Rooftop Meadow – 2018 Extensive Institutional – Award Winner: Recover Green Roofs

Across seven sections of a multi-tiered roof on Harvard Business School’s McArthur/McCollum building stretches an 11,000 ft2 extensive meadow. The design team searched for an innovative solution that would be light enough to satisfy weight restrictions for the building while showcasing a highly visible and structurally complex roof.

water storage, solar energy, fuel, food and Cities (GRHC), the North American green roof wind energy. These are opportunities so vast, and wall industry association. that we have barely begun to realize their full potential. Our existing roofs and walls are the Early in his career he worked as a public great canvasses of this century, awaiting those policy consultant and examined barriers to poised to embrace living architecture and sustainable community development and the make a lasting contribution to a much better role of governments in supporting environmental world. By 2022, we are working to bring technology development and diffusion. Since another billion square feet of green roofing 1996, he has worked to advance the green roof into being in North America and thousands and wall industry by facilitating research and of green wall projects, and we will continue demonstration projects; organizing conferences to share our evolving understanding of how and workshops; writing articles; judging awards living architecture will help us all achieve competitions; building institutional capacity; greener, healthier and sustainable cities. lecturing; publishing and advocating for supportive policies and standards at all levels of ABOUT THE AUTHOR: government.

Steven W. Peck, GRP, Honorary ASLA, is the In 1999 he began editing and publishing founder and president of Green Roofs for Healthy a quarterly green roof and wall magazine MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 247

entitled Living Architecture Monitor™ (www. Green Roof Plants and Growing Media 401 (2008); livingarchitecturemonitor.com). Mr. Peck Green Infrastructure: Policies, Performance and has written and lectured extensively on the Projects (2009); Introduction to Integrated Water interrelationship between public policy, Management for Buildings and Sites (2010); research and the socioeconomic benefits of living Introduction to Rooftop Urban Agriculture (2010); architecture, as well as on the topics of urban and sustainability and industrial ecology. Advanced Green Roof Maintenance (2011). Co- In 2007 he co-founded the Green Infrastructure Developer, Living Architecture Performance Tool Foundation, the charitable arm of GRHC, with V. 1.0 (2018); Co-Author, Living Architecture Michael Krause, which is dedicated to advancing Performance Tool (2018) all forms of green infrastructure. In 2010 Mr. Peck co-founded the Green Infrastructure Ontario In 2007, he co-founded the World Green Coalition in 2010 with Janet McKay of LEAF Infrastructure Network, with Dr. Manfred in order to lobby for living green infrastructure Koehler, an international coalition of green roof protection and investment in the Province of and wall associations dedicated to developing the Ontario. living architecture industry world-wide (www. worldgreenroof.org). In 2012 he produced and Author of Award Winning Green Roof Designs edited The Rise of Living Architecture which (2008), Mr. Peck has spearheaded the development celebrates the many projects and people that of the accredited Green Roof Professional (GRP) have developed the green roof industry in North program and has co-written and/or edited the America, and provides insights into future trends following resource manuals: Green Roof Design and developments. 101: Introductory Course (2004); Green Roof Design and Installation 201 (2006); Mr. Peck remains optimistic about our ability to, within a generation, rapidly evolve the building Green Roof Policy Development (2006); industry towards producing restorative buildings Ecological Green Roof Design (2006); Green Roof and communities using green roof and wall Waterproofing and Drainage 301 (2007); Green technology. Walls 101: Systems Overview and Design (2007);

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 249 Green wall. Madrid. Belén Gonzalez Blanco

CHAPTER 15 A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL?

Sérgio Rocha CEO. Instituto Cidade Jardim

SUMMARY KEYWORDS

n Brazil, green roofing started to gain force Green roof, rooftop gardening, Brazil, in the late 2000’s with the first specialized permaculture, green building, sandwich Icompanies offering products and services panel, hydroponics. to the market. Although green roofing did not take off as a big business in the country, we INTRODUCTION AND GOALS have an incipient industry that has consistently delivered a 100 thousand square meter per When Burle Marx installed his first roof year. However, without governmental aid garden in Rio de Janeiro during the this market has not grown in the last 10 effervescent 1930’s, he was making Brazilian years. We are proposing the internet as a tool history. The modern green roof movement to extend green roof education to a wider had just been born in Europe, and with audience and the development of more this introduction he inspired a whole suitable and economic technologies to attract generation of projects in different Brazilian business. An example is a new single-ply regions during the next decades. The hydroponic sandwich panel that promises to terrace gardens of the Gustavo Capanema replace ceramic tiles and could represent a Palace, in Rio de Janeiro, represent one next generation product to popularize green of the few well preserved examples of this roofing, positioning them to compete in the period. Inaugurated in 1938, were declared wider roof market. a National Historical Heritage three years 250 CHAPTER 15 - A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL?

after opening. Another historical landmark PERMACULTURE: from the same period is the Matarazzo GREEN ROOF AS A TOOL, A Building (also known as the Anhangabaú MULTIFUNCTIONAL ELEMENT Palace), in São Paulo. Opened in 1939, it was FOR MICRO AND MACRO built to be the headquarters of the Matarazzo INTERVENTION IN CITY DESIGN textile company. The project of the Italian architect Marcello Piacentini has a green Coined by the Australian Bill Mollison roof with more than 400 trees and a fish in the 1970’s and with a strong activist pond a top a 14-story building. Today, the punch, permaculture is a design science for Anhangabaú Palace houses the São Paulo “agriculturally productive ecosystems which City Hall, which organizes guided tours for have the diversity, stability, and resilience of those wishing to visit one of the oldest green natural ecosystems, (...) as a design system it roofs in the country - and be presented with contains nothing new. It arranges what was a beautiful view of the city. always there in a different way, so that it works to conserve energy or to generate more Different from Germany where green energy than it consumes.” (Mollison 1988). roofs have been developed technically and politically, reaching the status of an urban After the first design course taught by Bill transformation tool early in the 1980’s (with Mollison in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 1992, the impressive score of 8 million square green roofs became elements in several meters installed and € 254 million in sales permacultural designs in many rural sites only in 2015), in Brazil, green roofing has - from hen houses to administrative offices. remained as a decorative item. The idea Permaculture institutes and demonstration of making it popular and escalating it to centers strategically placed in the country help fix urban deficiencies started to gain started to spread the idea, although at a force after the 1990’s with the arrival of the non-commercial scale. Indeed, the first permaculture movement in the country. really extensive green roof I saw in Brazil was in Manaus in 2003. It was a very rustic It’s not our objective to write a definitive mix of grass and weeds grown in a thin story about green roofs in Brazil, but to layer of soil over a wooden rooftop. Built for present our views and perspectives after 10 technical performance, not for decoration years of the Instituto Cidade Jardim, and or beauty, this green roof model could be also to contribute to the movement. I would seen covering several chicken coops and pig like to thank all professionals and activists sties at the Amazon Permaculture Institute, who collaborated towards this goal also. where Fabiana Scarda and I (co-founders of Instituto Cidade Jardim) worked for Ali Sharif METHODOLOGY, CONTENT (from Permaculture Latin America) and AND DESCRIPTION Carlos Miller (from the AVINA Foundation - an international organization dedicated In order to a build a scenario that is clear to connecting entrepreneurs from the third and fluid for everyone trying to understand sector to the business sector). Working mostly the Brazilian green roof market, I will draw with common techniques, those green roofs a timeline perspective of the main actors in followed the primitive sod house concept this game - companies, professionals, NGOs, adopted by permaculture manuals - earth, investors, education, political environment wood and stones, now combined with some and innovation - starting from the grassroots modern industrial materials, such as plastic movement that helped put green roofs on tarps, clay balls and filter fabrics. Despite the socio-environmental agenda in this the lack of technical depth compared to country - and brought us to this business. German FLL - Forschungsgesellschaft MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 251

Hospital da Restinga: Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (2017). Largest Green Roof Project - continuous area (5,963 square meter). Landscaper: Toni Backes Paisagismo; Installer: Marcelus Oliveira & Telhado Vivo Coberturas Verdes; Green Roof System: FLAT Instituto Cidade Jardim.

Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau market demand that was beginning to form. (Landscape Development and Research Ecotelhado, a former building company from Society) guidelines, the translation of the Porto Alegre, played an important role in ‘Barefoot Architect Manual’ (van Lengen bringing a market-driven green roof package 1997) and ‘Introduction to Permaculture’ to an audience of civil engineers, architects (Mollison 1998) into Portuguese introduced and landscapers. With good transit among a new generation of young students to the construction companies and investing idea, many of whom began to apply energy in a nationwide network for distributing efficiency principles - and include green roofs its products, they released a wide range - in their designs. of products in the next years within the themes of green infrastructure and biophilic MARKET AND ESCALATION design, including green roofs, green walls, bio-swimming pools and so on. They soon Although some foreign companies, like installed 60.000 square meters per year, and Bidim and Maccaferri, were advertising announced an average annual turnover of € their geotextile products for roof gardening 1.3 million in sales in 2018. (sometimes as a secondary use), it was only in 2005 that the first generation of green In 2007, we decided to leave the NGO world roof products appeared in Brazil to meet the of permaculture centers to found the second 252 CHAPTER 15 - A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL?

green roof company in Brazil, based in São algae and sediments formed by the residual Paulo. Instituto Cidade Jardim was created nutrients. The organic sediment collected to combine business, research and activism, during pool cleaning is composted and used designed as a private research institute focused to feed laying hens. Finally, the manure is on green roofing material development and collected and redirected to fertilize the rooftop market promotion. We developed our own garden, closing the cycle. family of products and services, and installed about 10.000 square meters per year with an The third company to enter the scene annual turnover of € 400 thousand in 2015. Our is Technes, a traditional growing-media differential is exactly in this mixed approach, producer founded in 1987, that in 2008 so what really makes our eyes shine is urban decided to compete in the green roof market farming and the chain reaction it can inspire. and launched the new commercial brand, We wanted to show that permaculture energy Skygarden, also in São Paulo. With strong efficiency strategies can be applied to the urban marketing and media interventions, and with environment, so we chose to focus much of a secret technology brought from Japan, they our efforts on the development of techniques easily reached a turnover of € 900 thousand in and technologies for the production of food sales (Jaggi 2018 a). Working with geotextiles on slabs and rooftops, and the connections for drainage, they focus on special green roof of these activities with other elements in the and green wall substrates. functioning of the building. By the way, green walls rapidly became much Since 2011 we have been experimenting with more popular than green roofs in Brazil. Here the cultivation of agricultural commodities I want to mention Movimento 90º, which also (grain carbohydrates such as wheat, beans and started as a third sector movement but shifted maize) on slabs and lighter roof prototypes, to a business model in 2013 to promote vertical publicizing and promoting the benefits of greening for urban parks in São Paulo. They growing food in scale within cities. At the were responsible for the huge green walls level of subsistence horticulture, we have a along the Minhocão (an elevated avenue) and demonstrative rooftop garden installed over also for the 6 km green corridor along May Instituto Cidade Jardim headquarters in 23rd Avenue (estimated at € 2,2 million), both the center of town. Here we receive visits in the center of São Paulo. from students, researchers, clients and the press. Within a permaculture design, we Many other professionals are building green produce from table grapes and strawberries roofs in their own ways. The 5.000 square to a large variety of leafy greens (several meter green roof over the Eldorado Shopping lettuce varieties, cabbage, arugula, almeirão, Mall (in São Paulo) is the most famous one. catalonha, broccoli), vegetables (tomatoes, The project began after agronomist Rui pumpkins, zucchini, eggplant, chilli peppers), Signori (from the consulting company Ecoagro tubers (potatoes, yams, cassava, earth Academy) started his innovative composting turmeric, carrots), herbs, spices and medicinal program in the basement of the mall. Collecting plants (basil, sage, rosemary, mint, mint, all food waste from restaurants and bringing it onion, chives, parsley, celery, coriander, to an enzyme-accelerated composting station lemon grass and chamomile, aloe, capuchin), he developed, they soon realized the need as well as ornamental plants. All rain water to find a proper destination for the compost. that runs off of the green roof is collected into The rooftop was the obvious solution and a swimming pool that has been transformed now 5.000 square meters of vegetables and into a pond. With a diversity of aquatic herbs are grown on the roof in reused plastic plants, we grow a diversity of insectivorous buckets and boxes. The Eldorado initiative was and herbivorous fish species that feed on the replicated on other shopping malls in Rio de MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 253

Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Manaus, making the specialization course in “Ecological it a benchmark throughout the country. Landscaping: Landscape Planning and Design”. This course includes a focus on green An outsider initiative I want to mention is roof science and techniques. The second Telhado Verde Favela, a grassroots project is the Laboratory of Floriculture (LaFlor) at born in Rio de Janeiro. After spending an the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco infernal summer in 2012, Luis Cassiano, (UFRPE), coordinated by professor Vivian a cultural activist and community leader, Loges. Prof. Loges coordinates undergraduate decided to install a green roof over his house and postgraduate studies in Agronomy, in the ‘Favela do Arará’. A close friend from Horticulture and Plant Science with a major ABIDES (a local NGO) opened the doors of focus on native plants for use as lawns, green his office to Luis, who started to research roofs and urban landscaping, taking into about green roofing on the internet. Through account the beauty, conservation, identity of a common friend living in Berlin, he was place, and low maintenance requirements for presented to the botanist Bruno Rezende (from use in public areas. the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden), who was developing his thesis for a soilless green roof With regard to activism, I would also like to system to be installed over the zinc and fiber- cite the work of agronomist Tony Backes and cement tiles so common in favelas. Cassiano engineer Marcelus Oliveira, at the “Perau also articulates with ENACTUS (a world class do Encanto” Landscaping School, in Nova NGO hosted by the Federal University of Rio Petrópolis, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, de Janeiro) that helped with materials and and that of landscape architect Maria Cecília technical support. Now they are mapping the Guinle, of “Vida no Teto”, in Florianópolis, local demand in order to establish a future Santa Catarina. Tony and Marcelus teach business to be replicated for low-income about green roofs to hundreds of students in communities. This is a hot subject, since it can their regenerative landscaping course each positively affect large human communities year. They practice what they teach and are living in the immense urban heat islands that responsible for the landscaping project and are the favelas all around the world. installation of the largest modern green roof in Brazil, with 5,963 m2 of cultivated area, at the GREEN ROOF HUBS IN BRAZIL Restinga Hospital in Porto Alegre. In addition to designing and installing green roofs, Maria In addition to the companies and organizations Cecília works with the landscaping nucleus of I mentioned above, there are some academic the Commercial and Industrial Association of and activist Green Roof Hubs that I want Florianópolis, which launched the project that to mention. Brazilian undergraduate and installed the first bus stop with a green roof graduate students are already publishing about in the capital of Santa Catarina. The initiative green roofs. There are several research groups gained prominence in the national media and in public and private universities throughout was later replicated on an experimental basis the country. in other cities, such as Manaus (Amazonas), Salvador (Bahia), Garopaba (Santa Catarina) I will highlight two academic centers for their and Caxias do Sul (Rio Grande do Sul). pioneering and ongoing work. The first is the work of Duarte Vaz and Pierre-André Martin POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT in the company EMBYÁ, which, together with professor Cecilia Polacow Herzog With advice from the World Green (coordinator of the Postgraduate Program Infrastructure Network (WGIN), Ecotelhado in Ecological Landscaping at the Pontifical founder João Feijó was probably the first Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro), offers person to systematically promote green roofing 254 CHAPTER 15 - A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL?

expansion in Brazil through governmental aid. One thing that catalyzed this race was the “One To further this idea, he created (almost by Degree Less” campaign by the Green Building himself) the first national association of green Council Brazil (GBCB). Supported by the US roofs, and toured the country, contacting Green Building Council, in February 2009, municipalities and collaborating on green roof GBCB launched its national marketing initiative bills. Nonetheless, ATVB (Brazilian Green Roof to promote cool roofing (white painting and Association and, later, Brazilian Green Tech green roofing) funded by Dow Chemical, BASF Association) never became a representative and Sherwin Williams. The marketing used entity for the green roofing industry in the celebrities with white paint on their hands, country, nor did it connect to grassroots broadcasting promotional videos at cinemas movements, such as permaculture, remaining and on TV, and organizing events. In the same as a single-company initiative. However, this year a white roof bill was presented to the São does not mean that ATVB has had no impact. Paulo legislature, and, separately, a green roof bill, also in São Paulo, and then also at the Brazilian politicians were introduced to green Federal level. Because of poor drafting and the roofs and quickly realized their potential to idea of mandatory installation, the proposals generate political capital and leverage personal caused considerable controversy. popularity. Suddenly, green roof bills started popping up everywhere, and after 2008 a race After several negative insertions in the media, took place to approve the first generation these projects came under severe criticism. of municipal green-roofing laws - as fast as The first to oppose mandatory white roofing possible to gain political and media visibility. was the São Paulo Housing Union (SECOVI-

Ilha Pura Condominium: Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (2016). Largest Green Roof Project - discontinuous area (10,031 square meter). Installer: Chácara Santa Clara Paisagismo; Green Roof System: FLAT Instituto Cidade Jardim. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 255

SP), which in 2011 published a note arguing lack demonstrated benefits, and (7) they lack that roofs would have to be polished and specific standards. SECOVI-SP also released sanded in order to receive paint, which a note taking a position against federal PL represents asbestos and other waste strewn 1703/2011, and Vanderley John, professor of in the air in absurd amounts, given the size of Poli (Polytechnic School of USP) and adviser the city. The Brazilian Council of Sustainable to the CBCS (Brazilian Council of Sustainable Construction (CBCS) also published their Construction), declared to the media: “Green position against white painting, and in roofing is like having pets at home - you need this same year CAU (Brazilian Council of to like and take care of them. It’s a fantastic Architecture and Urbanism) took a position solution, but only when you have time to do at the Federal level against the green roof bill proper maintenance”. PL 1703/2011, but recommended substituting mandatory installation with financial, fiscal or Facing so much criticism, a public hearing was credit incentives. called to discuss improvements to the Federal PL 1703/2011, resulting in the withdrawal of In 2011, GBCB tried an unsuccessful the mandatory term and opening the doors to approximation with the three main Brazilian fiscal, financial or credit incentives, as well green roof companies, but the point is that the as urban environmental compensation. This clever use of the term ‘cool roofs’ by the One revision was influenced by ATVB, but still Degree Less campaign, and the comparison did not reflect a Brazilian green roof industry between green roofing and white roof painting position or consensus. has created confusion in the market. They made a nonsense claim that white roofs are also So, in 2015 BASF decided to strengthen its green (because of thermal effects), positioning position as the best cool roofing solution. live green roofs as ‘cool’ technologies, but hard With the white roof proposition stalled since to work with and inaccessible to the majority 2011 at the Legislative Assembly of São Paulo of the population. and also in Rio de Janeiro, Espaço ECO foundation (a BASF initiative) released (on In this confused climate, in 2012 the January 8th, 2015) a note entitled “Green city council of Rio de Janeiro proposed a roofing is not the most eco-efficient alternative mandatory bill (complementary project nº for residential coverage”. Comparing three 89/2012) establishing that all new public and roofing alternatives (ceramic tiles, green roofs private buildings should be covered with green and reflective painting - cool roof) under a roofs. However, if they are unable to apply Lifecycle Evaluation model (ISO 14040), they this option, they would be obliged to use white concluded: “The Green Roof has a better paint as an alternative solution. Again, the economic and environmental performance subject caused controversy and the proposition compared to the Ceramic Roof, but it was was archived. not enough to be more eco-efficient than the cool roof (white painting).” Moreover, “the In June 2014, the CBCS published its position environmental impacts associated with green against federal green roof bill PL 1703/2011, roofs in the categories of energy consumption, strongly criticizing the proposal that green emissions, accidents and occupational diseases roofing become mandatory in the country, are determinant to impair their performance because (1) they are not adequate to the in relation to white roofing. The waterproofing different Brazilian climatic regions, (2) they blankets needed for green roofing come from lack solid supplier chains, (3) they may pose petrochemicals, which lead to larger impacts”, public health risks when poorly installed, (4) they say. However, they never published they have inaccessible costs for most residents, the full report for peer review. At this point (5) they have high maintenance costs, (6) they white roofing was already perceived as 256 CHAPTER 15 - A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL?

‘greenwashing’ by Brazilian audiences. Worse, long to be compatible with the 26,281 trees real green roofs and walls are perceived in promised. much the same way. A little more than a year after its inauguration, The 11,330 square meter, green wall corridor the project was abandoned and, due to lack of along May 23rd Avenue in São Paulo is one maintenance and irrigation, started to demand that suffered from this perception. Built by high costs to reform and protect the equipment Movimento 90º to be the largest green corridor against vandalism. According to the press, the in urban areas in the world, the 6 km of vertical idea of vertical gardens lasted very little, and gardens were installed in 2017 using resources after the green corridor initiative, the city from an ‘Environmental Commitment Term’, government revoked the decree that allowed regulated by Decree 55.994, of the City of São the installation of green walls as environmental Paulo, as an environmental compensation compensation for trees felled for building tool. This is probably the first time a local companies. government used its power to redirect investments for green infrastructure in Brazil. Soon thereafter, the city of São Paulo vetoed the article of Law 16.277 that made the installation Signed by the São Paulo City Hall and a of green roofs mandatory. According to construction company that had cut about 800 City Hall, this type of installation cannot be adult native trees, the term proposed that made mandatory, as it would influence the instead of replanting 26,281 new trees in a construction of popular housing. degraded area according to the current law, the € 2,2 budget compensation (Zylberkan 2018) The fact is that, of the 12 Brazilian municipalities should be applied to build a 14,600 square we found with approved green roof incentive meter green corridor in the central region of laws, only two were put into practice. The first the state capital. Five of them were built on was the bad experience of São Paulo, using a private buildings, but the new mayor changes Decree to redirect reforestation money and the original project and the other three were install the green wall corridors that I described built on a huge single public wall along May above. More recently, Recife, Pernambuco, 23th Avenue. where it is mandatory for roofs over 400 square meters to be covered with green roofs. Sixty- However, arbitrarily, the new mayor decided five projects have been registered to date, but to install the vertical gardens on top of one it is too early for us to make an evaluation yet. of the city’s most famous graphite panels, vanishing the paintings forever and attracting A LITTLE MORE NOISE the ire of several renowned artists, local civil society movements and environmentalists Skygarden also caused more noise and confusion dissatisfied with the loss of budget for in the market, when they launched two their projects, which began a campaign campaigns: one to stop using plastic materials against the exchange of trees by artificial for green roofing; and another to suggest that vegetated panels. The controversial financing the use of succulent plants was inappropriate. mechanism eventually turned against the idea The first was based on the false premise that of promoting green infrastructure initiatives their green roof systems did not contain any in the city and the project was publicized by plastics or other unsustainable resources, which news agencies as the ‘greenwash scandal’ (the is not a true, since they use geotextile sheets project earned the pejorative nickname ‘walled for drainage in all they combos. Moreover, the trees’), because, according to experts, instead majority of plastic trays used for green roofing in of the 6 km extension of the green corridor, Brazil are from recycled sources, contributing to the compensation really should be 1,500 km their accountability in the long term. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 257

The second campaign was almost xenophobic: preparation for other biodiversity and native in the attempt to promote native vegetation, species promotion (Maggil et al. 2011). Skygarden had published several articles and interviews saying basically that “in order to GREEN ROOFING EDUCATION reduce costs, some companies use desert IN THE CLOUD vegetation, which consumes little water but does not photosynthesize or contribute to the As you can see, we have a lot of work to do maintenance of diversity” (Jaggi 2018 b); and to educate Brazilians about green roofs. “(...) the use of succulent plants or sedum Workshops and courses on green roofing have (species originating from foreign deserts) over become an increasingly common practice in Brazilian buildings. Nothing is more wrong for Brazil, but sometimes more as a sale technique ecological sustainability, since these plants than an educational tool. All the companies photosynthesize with little water release (type involved in the sector give public lectures and CAM) and provides scarce environmental we have many landscapers teaching this subject services, they form true deserts in these areas” in their specialization courses. However, the (Cardim 2010). Succulent plants from the scope of these initiatives is often superficial, genus Sedum where introduced long ago into and while green roofs are extremely attractive Brazil. Although this genus has been used and and well-known to the general public, the studied for modern green roofs for years, the technique’s standards remain virtually argumentation that they form ‘true deserts’ unknown by technicians and by the academy. is fake news. Moreover, exotic succulent In fact, few people are aware that an industry plants can play an important role as pioneer exists and that there is an incipient movement species for plant succession on green roofs in to promote green roofs in the country.

Casa MM. Bragança Paulista, São Paulo (2011). Pitched Green Roof Project (810 square meter). Landscaper: Renata Tilli Paisagismo; Installer: Jardins Suspensos Jardinagem Vertical; Green Roof System: MODULAR Instituto Cidade Jardim. 258 CHAPTER 15 - A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL?

Another education issue is the benefit/cost exclusively in an internet environment. ratio. The effort invested in a face-to-face Between November and December 2018, we event is usually very large - time, travel costs, reached 238,166 people with our campaigns lodging, food, equipment rental and rooms. and a total of 810,092 people throughout the Most audiences have 20 to 30 students in a year - with an investment of € 3,700 in social classroom for a limited period of time. media ads. As you can see, internet activism escalated green roofs to new audience level That’s when we realized the potential of the and can play an important role in education internet to promote this market. In mid-2016, and popularization, with relatively low costs. we decided to systematize our lecture contents and to record in video our first online course - BIOMIMICRY FOR THE NEXT ‘Introduction to Green Roofs’, and host it in an GENERATION OF GREEN ROOF online teaching platform. Initially composed PRODUCTS of three modules (preparation, materials selection, execution techniques), in 2018 we Green roofs are expanding all over the world added a 4th module about marketing and and already represent a significant market in renamed it the ‘Green Roof Seed Program’, Europe, which installed 11.3 million square adding on-site events for commercial and meters in 2015 - well ahead of North Americans market discussions, demand mapping, sales (about 300 thousand square meters yearly) management, customer service, etc. Teaching and Brazil (about 100 thousand square meters about FLL basics, local building regulations yearly). Meanwhile these numbers represent and our own field experience (from irrigation about 0.1 percent of the global roofing market to commerce), with this initiative we intend to (which installed more than 11 billion square raise the overall technical level of the market, meters in 2018). This micro-percentage also and form the next generation of green roof demonstrates the huge potential for growth professionals and policy makers. and impact that green roofs can deliver in the coming years. The numbers are expressive. In order to promote the course, we had created the ‘Green One problem is that current green roof Roof Week’, a free online event where we technologies are coatings for already presented several videos with basic content, waterproofed structures - usually a flat roof as well as interviews with invited experts and (most of the time a slab) with a waterproofing professionals - all of this available online for the membrane. Thus, as well pointed by Porsche audience to watch and to share. This resulted and Köhler (2003), roof gardening is not in a nearly instantaneous increase in audience, suitable for all kinds of buildings. In fact, 97 prompting us to multiply our monthly % of roofs in Brazil are not flat, being covered audience by eight times in one leading social with clay or fiber-cement tiles, or metal sheets media platform, from less than 1,000 active (CBCA & ABCEM 2014), hence not being users earlier this year to almost 8,000 monthly able to be greened due structural restrictions users following us by December 2018. and inherent adaptation costs. While we need to evolve as a movement to raise more In order to identify and retain public interest governmental aid for market development, we in green roofing in Brazil, we held several also need to move toward more appropriate digital media events throughout 2018. These technologies. included a series of seven professional videos about the benefits of green roofing (with a total With that in mind, we challenged ourselves to of 2,712 views on Youtube), three editions create a product that would not be an additional of ‘Green Roof Week’, and several online item in the building. The idea was to simplify technical classes (4 live webinars), transmitted the application of green roofs and, mainly, MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 259

not to depend on a waterproofing membrane. hydroponic tile presented positive results in To this end, we decided to seek inspiration in all the cultivation tests carried out in Brazil, nature: by simulating the functioning of plant Italy and Germany, and was also approved tissues in a leaf, we had the idea of creating in all the initial characterization tests carried the first hydroponic tile - a new single-ply out by IPT (Brazilian Institute of Technology, hydroponic tile. This is a sandwich panel at São Paulo University), attesting that the that does not require a slab or waterproof product already complies with NBR 15.575- membrane, delivering greening and water 5:2013 (House Buildings: Performance - Part tightness in the same product for the first time. 5: Roofing Systems), or in other words: it does not leak, supports trampling for maintenance Instead of the traditional layering, the new and is impact resistant. We also had positive system is installed as a conventional thermal advances in industrial development (validated sandwich panel, where overlapping and screws mold design in industrial tests, selection of guarantee tightness and stability for (almost) raw materials and good production practices, flat roofs to a 90° inclination wall. Lighter than map of initial costs for price formation) and a regular clay tile, its dry weight is 10 kilograms the commercial strengthening line (branding, per square meter. The saturated weight is about visual identity, digital marketing campaigns, 45 kilograms per square meter, depending on a new patent granted in Brazil and patents plant selection. After assembling the panels deposited in Europe and the USA). over the roof structure, simply insert the drip irrigation lines and connect them to a water We believe in the potential of this new supply attached to a hydroponic system, so the technology. Our plan now is to introduce the internal irrigation circuit board will distribute new product to the market and to find local the water without overloading the weight of partners to develop it commercially in Europe the system. It is well suited for extensive green and the US. This is our contribution to make roof cultivation with species commonly used green roofing suitable for a larger share of the for landscaping, but its greater potential resides overall roofing market. in intensive urban agriculture, allowing the cultivation of vegetables and grains. The tiles RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS also possess excellent thermal and mechanical AND RECOMMENDATION resistance, allowing people to walk on its surface for maintenance. After a 10-year period we can say that an incipient green roof industry has been born This new technology is protected by the and keeps hanging on in Brazil. However, Green Patents Program of INPI (Brazilian for a business intended to attain scale and Institute of Intellectual Property) and, since change the urban climate, the numbers need 2016, its development has been supported to be much better. We are talking about a 100 by the program Smart Cities - Sustainable thousand square meter basis installed per year Cities of FAPESP (Foundation for Research - a little bit more than 10 soccer fields. Although Support of São Paulo) and FINEP (Funding there is some inaccuracy in these numbers for Innovation and Research, of the Brazilian (we have only three green roof companies that Federal Government). Together, they brought published their results to date), green roofs investments on the order of € 175,000 to prepare have not yet taken off in Brazil. I identify main the product for the market, in exchange for a reasons: 20% stake in the product’s patent. One is the absence of an appropriate The results obtained in this period were governmental climate. Although we have green exciting and reinforced our belief in the roof incentive laws passed in 12 municipalities, market potential of the product. Our we have the impression that we are moving in 260 CHAPTER 15 - A BRAZILIAN GREEN ROOF STORY: HOW TO GET TO THE NEXT LEVEL?

Hydroponic Green Roof. Itu, São Paulo (2019). Beans growing into the new sandwich panel prototype - no waterproofing needed. Developer: Instituto Cidade Jardim.

the right direction. However, when we look Another issue is the macro-economic scenario. more closely, we cannot say that any of these After a period of good economic results, the initiatives has resulted in more green roofs Brazilian economy stopped growing in 2014 installed. Many of the texts of these laws are and a deep recession started in 2015 that lasted based on mandatory compliance, which has until 2017, with a timid expansion in 2018. attracted hostility to these initiatives. In fact, This was combined with a long-lasting political the proposed federal bill was so criticized that crisis between 2016 and 2018. We don’t have the obligatory requirement was withdrawn numbers from any other green roof company and replaced by financial, fiscal or credit in Brazil, but in this period our sales dropped incentives. What we have repeatedly heard by 57%. The new Federal Administration has from politicians who advocate compulsion is not taken a position on anything related to this that the state cannot give up revenue to invest market. in urban improvements, while demanding that the private sector invest. This kind of position Another thing is the general ignorance of has created tension, rather than agreement the population regarding these technologies, about how to proceed. which is further aggravated when we have campaigns staining the reputation of the To understand the importance of government green roofs with white paint or when we see entering the game, the only project that cases of vegetable xenophobia against exotic was financed through an incentive decree succulent plants. In this regard, I would like to represented almost the annual turnover of comment on the points raised by the CBCS: (1) the three private companies that operated in we do have systems adequate to the different that year. However, some of these laws are so Brazilian climatic regions, (2) we have an confused that they lead to negative results for incipient supply chain that can deliver green the public perception of the market, as is the roofs in any city in the country with more case of the City of São Paulo, that took money than 100 thousand inhabitants, (3) in order from the reforestation of native trees to build a to avoid poorly installed green roofs we must 6 km long green wall. advance in standardization, (4) in order to MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 261

overcome inaccessible costs we must evolve em Aço) & ABCEM (Associação Brasileira de financial tools in the same way photovoltaics Construção Metálica). O Nome da Rosa Editora. did, (5) extensive green roofs have very low maintenance costs, (6) modern green roofs EFB (2015): “White Paper”. EFG (European have a wide bibliography of demonstrated Federation of Green Roofs & Walls). EFB. benefits. Cardim, R.H. (2010): “O Telhado Verde e a Escolha What brought us here will not take us to the da Vegetação – Plantas Suculentas (Sedum) X next level, so, in order to open up the benefits Vegetação Nativa”. Árvores de São Paulo: Verde of green roofing to a wider audience and urbano, árvores e resgate da biodiversidade change our cities’ climates, we must bring more nativa na metrópole. https://arvoresdesaopaulo. new entrepreneurs, professionals and civil wordpress.com/2010/02/09/o-telhado-verde-e- society actors to advocate for it. Permaculture a-escolha-da-vegetacao/ brought inspiration to a whole generation of professionals, but the connection to a more Jaggi, M. (2018 a): “Prática se destaca entre technical and standardized movement, such soluções sustentáveis”. Jornal Valor Econômico. as the green roof movement (which connects Macroeconomia. 15/Mar/2018. straight to the building industry), can leverage our cities to the next level. Jaggi, M. (2018 b): “Telhados de edifícios ajudam a resgatar plantas nativas”. Jornal Valor Although today there is a broader commercial Econômico. Macroeconomia. 15/Mar/2018. acceptance of green roofs in the building market (especially within leading building van Lengen, J. (1997): Manual do Arquiteto contractors, big corporations and signature Descalço. Livraria do Arquiteto. Rio de Janeiro. houses), it’s clear that there is latent demand in the middle class - and here governments Magill, J.D., Midden, K., Groninger, J., Therrell, can play a game-changing role to make it M. (2011): “A History and Definition of Green happen, through different financial aid and tax Roof Technology with Recommendations for reduction incentives, as in the rest of the world Future Research” (2011). Southern Illinois (Magill 2011). University Carbondale Research Papers. Paper 91. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/91 Despite the bad business and political environment in the last years, green roofs Mollison, B. (1988): Permaculture: A designers’ came to stay and they configure one of the most manual. Tagari Publications. Australia. successful cases of green building techniques being spread across the country. They are being Porsche, U. & Köhler, M., (2004): “Life Cycle Costs adopted in both favelas and signature houses. of Green Roofs - A Comparison of Germany, Leveraging Brazilian green-roof markets and USA, and Brazil”. Proceedings RIO 3 - World moving from one hundred thousand to one Climate & Energy Event. 1-5 December 2003, million square meters installed per year is not Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. pg. 461-467. http://www. an easy task, and will be our goal for the next rio12.com/rio3/proceedings/RIO3_461_U_ years. Porsche.pdf

REFERENCES OF THE CHAPTER Zylberkan, M. (2018): “Prefeitura não paga conta AND RECOMMENDED READINGS de água e luz, e muro verde de Doria definha na 23 de Maio”. Folha de São Paulo. Cotidiano. 22/ CBCA & ABCEM (2014): “Perfil dos Fabricantes de Oct/2018. Telhas de Aço e Steel Deck -Executive Research Report”. CBCA (Centro Brasileiro da Construção

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 263 San Sebastiao Market. Oporto. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 16 GREEN ROOFS IN PORTUGAL: FROM INVISIBILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INCENTIVE POLICY FOR THE CITY OF PORTO

Beatriz Castiglione and Paulo Palha Portuguese Association for Green Roofs (ANCV)

ore than a hundred years ago, in BRIEF EVOLUTION OF GREEN the city of Porto, one of the first ROOFS IN PORTUGAL FROM THE MPortuguese green roofs (GR) was 1960’S TO 2000 built in an ancient water reservoir located in the space known today as “Parque da Although there may exist other examples of Pasteleira”. This green roof, constructed in historical GR from the XIX century, it was the XIX century, was built with the traditional only in the middle of the XX century that they green roof system and corresponds today started to be popular in Portugal. One of the to one of the great testimonies of this first buildings in the country to receive a GR construction technic in Portugal. Similar to was the Garbe Hotel, in the region of Algarve, this project, perhaps the oldest in Portugal, followed by the Ritz Hotel in Lisbon. The Porto and Lisbon host numerous cases of experience acquired by the landscape architect GR, many of them invisible to the general Viana Barreto in the last one was essential in population (since most of them are on street the development of the first big emblematic GR level), who still consider it a recent practice project in Portugal: the Calouste Goulbenkian in the country. This green heritage, however, gardens green roofs, designed by Viana has gradually received more attention and is Barreto and Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles around moving towards greater recognition in the the 1960s (Dias, 2014). This garden is one of era of Nature-Based Solutions for cities, even the most important gardens of the modern though the way to get here has not been movement in Portugal and a big reference for easy. the Portuguese landscape architecture. 264 CHAPTER 16 - GREEN ROOFS IN PORTUGAL: FROM INVISIBILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INCENTIVE POLICY FOR THE CITY OF PORTO

During the 1960’s, Portugal was going through to find many residential and commercial the longest-running dictatorship in Europe, all buildings with GR from this period. while raging wars against its colonial territories in Africa, culminating in the Portuguese The first decade of the years 2000 was very revolution of 1974. Because of that, in this important for the development of new and period there was a gap on the construction of modern GR projects, some of them from very GR. reputable names of Portuguese architecture, such as Carrilho da Graça, Álvaro Siza and Almost a decade later, in the 1980s, other Souto Moura, who used GR in one of his most important GR projects were launched, such as important works: the Braga stadium (Cannatá, the one from the Portugal Telecom building 2007). During this decade GR evolved from the and the “Centro Cultural de Belém”, built in private sector and had more visibility to the 1989. The green roofs market kept growing general population, as more projects in the shyly in the private sector during the 1990’s public spaces started to appear. Examples are and experienced a boom after the famous the Trindade station and the Lisbon Square, world exposition EXPO 98. This world both in Porto. The Lisbon Square GR, built in exposition, which took place during the the historical centre of the city, gave back to summer of 1998, was a booster of construction; the citizens a space that has been abandoned specially promoting the sustainable solutions for years and corresponds today to one of that presented energetically efficient technics the most successful public spaces and great (Magalhães, 2001). In “Parque das Nações”, the postcards of Porto (https://architizer.com/ new urbanized area of Lisbon, it is possible projects/praca-de-lisboa/)

Gulbenkian gardens GR (source: Portuguese Association for Green Roofs) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 265

Gulbenkian gardens GR (source: Portuguese Association for Green Roofs)

Although GRs became more popular during can be installed on buildings (new or pre- the second decade of the years 2000, they existing) such as GRs, highlighting their remained relatively unknown and with their enormous importance, and the numerous potential underestimated in Portugal, leading contributions they can give to the possibility to some unacceptability and misinformation to create healthy, sustainable, biodiverse among some group of professionals, politicians and resilient urban territories. To do that and the population in general. In parallel, the association establishes a triangle of following the global trend, Portuguese cities are connections between research institutions, becoming more populated over the years. This municipalities and companies that are linked tendency requires different ways of planning, to the international community, since the governing and building cities, which demands association is a member of the World Green the planners to find new and different technics Infrastructure Network (WGIN) and the to work the city as an ecosystem. Within this European Federation for Green Roofs (EFB). context, with the objective to promote GRs in the cities, a group of professionals committed With the work of the association and the to the cause created in 2015 the Portuguese growing popularity of the technology all over Association for Green Roofs (ANCV). the world, GRs market has been growing in Portugal over the last years. Nevertheless, the THE PORTUGUESE ASSOCIATION dissemination of GRs, initially in Europe and FOR GREEN ROOFS AND THE later in the world, was only possible due to the FIFTH FAÇADE PROJECT numerous incentive policies that promoted their construction, based on research about its The objective of ANCV is to promote green environmental, economic and social benefits. infrastructure in cities, especially those that Without political will, it is difficult for GRs to 266 CHAPTER 16 - GREEN ROOFS IN PORTUGAL: FROM INVISIBILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INCENTIVE POLICY FOR THE CITY OF PORTO

Centro Cultura de Belém (source: Portuguese Association for Green Roofs)

be implemented on a large scale in cities, and The methodology included the choice of two without a large-scale implementation in the municipal buildings to receive green roof city the benefits of GR are not significant for projects, the realization of the inventory of the urban environment as a whole. existing green roofs in the city, mapping the potential of existing buildings to receive a Aware of this reality, and following his long green roof in the city and launching the first term conviction that “vegetation should Portuguese guide for project, construction and become a mandatory building material”, maintenance of GRs. Paulo Palha, the President of ANCV, wrote and proposed to the Porto municipality the Besides, one of the most important parts of the Fifth Façade Project (PQAP), a project whose project was related to the attention given to the purpose was to define which models the performance of the roof in the development of municipality of Porto should follow in order the policy proposal. If for many years the focus to include green infrastructure, in particular in Europe was on creating incentive policies GRs, into the urban planning, environmental without necessarily distinguishing the type of and climate change strategy of the city. The green roofs they were promoting, now the lens municipality enthusiastically received the should be on what kind of green roofs we want project, and the cooperation between ANCV in cities, according to the services they can and the city council started in August 2016. offer and the different environmental needs for each city. Therefore, policies should never The work of PQAP was developed in ignore the characteristics of the green roof, collaboration with research groups from requiring and promoting certain aspects that different Portuguese universities, as well as present advantageous benefits for the cities, with councils of two foreign cities with more which may obviously change from case to experience in GRs policies: London and Linz, case, since both practitioners and researchers chosen by the PQAP team with the help of the must know how to apply the politics into their WGIN and EFB federations. own reality. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 267

Lisbon Square Porto. Portugal

Trindade metro station, in Porto (source: Portuguese Association for Green Roofs) 268 CHAPTER 16 - GREEN ROOFS IN PORTUGAL: FROM INVISIBILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INCENTIVE POLICY FOR THE CITY OF PORTO

PQAP team on field to choose a model municipal building to receive a GR project (source: Portuguese Association for Green Roofs)

Map of existing GR in the city of Porto (source: Portuguese Association for Green Roofs) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 269

The Fifth Façade Project developed by the strong and supported in Portugal. Hopefully PQAP team was delivered in August 2017 and it will not take long for Porto to become the is currently under evaluation by the different first Portuguese city to have a GR policy sectors of the municipality, in order to decide and push the same attitude across the other if it will become a policy and in which ways. municipalities of Portugal.

The adoption of a policy for GR in Porto will We feel that GR are no more an issue for some represent a big step in the history of GRs in “special” people with environmental concerns, Portugal. If green roofs have been important but it is a trend in new developments, a for the construction sector for many years, concern of municipalities and an issue for now it is time to give a step forward and different research groups In Portugal, and an become a strategic piece in a bigger urban industry that is growing. plan, associating it with other nature based solutions necessary for the proper functioning REFERENCES of the urban environment. Cannatá, M. Fernandes, F. (2007). Estádio Finally, whatever the decision of the Municipal de Braga de Eduardo Souto de Moura. municipality may be, the impacts of the project in the city are already visible, for example Dias, L. (2014). Reabilitação do edifício da Escola with the new project of the Campanhã bus Ambiental da Quinta da Gruta através da terminal, approximately 2-hectare park with implementação de uma cobertura ajardinada. 13000 m2 of green roofs. The competition Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. for the project, launched by the CMPorto, required the presence of GR. Magalhães, M.R. (2001). A Arquitetura paisagista em Portugal. Morfologia e complexidade. The pressure for a policy that considers GR Editorial Estampa in the strategy of a city is more and more (https://architizer.com/projects/praca-de-lisboa/

MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 271 Berlin. I. de Felipe

CHAPTER 17 ENGLAND: GREEN ROOFS IN LONDON FROM POLICY TO DELIVERY

Dusty Gedge Director Livingroofs.org, President European Federation of Green Roof Associations

Ben Moat Msc Architecture: Advanced Environmental Energy Systems. Centre for Alternative Technology, Wales

INTRODUCTION BEGINNINGS

n March 2008 the new London Plan, In the late 1990’s the UK government’s published by the Greater London Authority, drive to build on post-industrial land lead Iwas launched. This strategic document to a surprising champion of green roofs. is a statutory requirement for the London The Black Redstart (Phoenicurus Ochruros), Government (see endnote for brief overview protected under law, is a rare breeding London Government and the London bird in the UK. This bird is generally found Boroughs) The new London Plan announced a on post-industrial wastelands, known as major a shift in policy in terms of green roofs brownfields, in cities such as London and and green walls. The previous London Plan, Birmingham. These habitats, whilst not published in 2004, had merely ‘encouraged’ pristine wildernesses, nurture the majority the use of green roofs and walls in new of the UK’s breeding population. In response developments. The new version included a to the threats faced by breeding Redstart distinct policy. The policy had transformed pairs from encroaching development the form ‘encouragement’ to ‘expectation’, the London Wildlife Trust and the London first robust policy in the United Kingdom. Biodiversity Partnership identified the need Since then the policy, along with actions at to replace lost habitat at roof level. Therefore prior to 2008 have seen the uptake of green the notion of the ‘brown’ roof emerged to roof in London grow exponentially regardless essentially create a brownfield habitat at of the financial crash in the late 2000s. roof level (2). 272 CHAPTER 17 - ENGLAND: GREEN ROOFS IN LONDON – FROM POLICY TO DELIVERY

The publication of the Urban White ‘Summers by 2050 will be 1.5 – 3.50C hotter…in Paper in 2000 outlined the strategic view central London the urban heat island currently that development should be focused on adds 5 -60C to summer night time temperatures Brownfield sites rather than Greenfield sites. and will intensify in the future’ (6). However research and evaluation of these sites by ecologists soon demonstrated that Thus green roofs were recognised to be many of these plots of land were of great a potentially multifaceted solution that importance for a whole range of rare species could assist the capital meet the challenges of invertebrates that had become extinct in of climate change and help adapt to the the wider countryside (8). likelihood of higher summer temperatures and increases in intense summer storms The growing interest in how green roofs (leading to localized flash floods). These fears could benefit biodiversity and how their have been realized to a certain extent with the implementation in new developments could exceptionally hot summers of 2005 and 2006 be used to both mitigate and compensate for and extensive flash flooding of 2007. the loss of ecological value at ground level led to one of the first major reports on green roofs London has both a central strategic authority in the UK by the English Nature (now Natural (Greater London Authority) and also 32 local England). Not only did this report advocate boroughs (LB) with responsibility for their the use of green roofs for biodiversity but also area. A number of these boroughs, notably effectively highlighted their benefits across Islington, Lewisham and Tower Hamlets, were the broader sustainability agenda (3). actively promoting and ensuring that green roofs were installed for nature conservation. On a practical level a number of organizations such as the London Wildlife Trust, The London THE NEW LONDON PLAN Biodiversity Partnership and the Environment Agency were actively pressurizing developers In 2007 the author, along with colleagues, was to install green roofs for ecological mitigation commissioned to write a technical review of and compensation purposes. Most of these green roofs and green walls. This report was projects in the early 2000s were focused along to support the change in policy on green roofs the River Thames in the centre of London, from one of ‘encouragement’ to expectation’. where many new residential apartments The report reviewed all the technical data blocks were being built. available for a range of benefits including reduction in the urban heat island, thermal CLIMATE CHANGE – performance, storm water attenuation, A SHIFT IN EMPHASIS biodiversity and amenity. It also reviewed city policies elsewhere in the world. The During the mid 2000s there was a distinct technical report, published in late 2007, lead policy shift as the climate change agenda to a distinct policy on Living roofs and walls in gathered momentum. A series of excessively the revised London Plan published in March hot summers resulted in the London 2008. mayoral agenda, from having previously been concerned with issues surrounding The new London Plan Living roofs and wall ‘fuel’ poverty, widening it’s emphasis to (Policy statement 4a 11) states: incorporate concerns regarding ‘cool’ poverty and the likely impacts of increased summer The Mayor will and the boroughs should expect temperatures and negative effects of the all major developments to in corporate living Urban Heat Island. The London Climate roofs and walls, where feasible and reflect Change Partnership stated in 2002 that this in Local Development Framework policies. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 273

Interior garden. Tokio. I. de Felipe

It is expected that this will include roof and wall AUDITING LONDON’S GREEN planting that delivers as many of these objectives ROOFS as possible: Livingroofs.org undertook an audit of green – Accessible roof space roofs in London in 2004. The total area of green roofs was underestimated due to the – Adapting and mitigating for climate change challenges of accessing extensive and detailed information from architects, developers – Sustainable urban drainage and companies. The audit estimated that 96,682m2 of green roofs had been installed in – Enhancing biodiversity the Greater London area. Some of these roofs dated back to 1932! – Improved appearance However in 2014 an audit of all the existing Boroughs should also encourage the use of living green roofs in Central London was undertaken. roofs in smaller developments and extensions This was commissioned by the GLA and was where the opportunity arises [5] undertaken by the author. The total area of green roofs in central London currently Although it is too early to evaluate the stands at 179,000m2 – this just under twice the effectiveness of the new policy, green roofs original audit for the whole of London. Since have been delivered on an increasing scale then two further unpublished as yet audits in the capital over the last 8 years and the have been undertaken for two of the London new Plan should continue to enhance this Boroughs. The London Borough of Tower momentum. Hamlets has over 170,000m2 of existing green 274 CHAPTER 17 - ENGLAND: GREEN ROOFS IN LONDON – FROM POLICY TO DELIVERY

roofs. This is not surprising considering it is than 2 million m2 (21 million ft2). This shows an area of London where a great deal of new the growth of the green roof market in London development has occurred over the last ten has had a significant impact in London over years. Across the river an audit of the London the last 15 years. Borough of Lewisham shows that there are 60,000m2. It must be noted that this borough GREENING EXISTING BUILDING is relatively suburban and conventional pitch STOCK roof dwellings take up the majority of the land area. Furthermore this district was one of the The potential for greening the existing first boroughs to push green roofs through building stock in London was highlighted int planning back in the early 2000s. It is also eh original technical report to support the interesting to note that at least a fifth of the new London Plan. A series of 1 km sections of roofs are combined solar and green roofs – central London were reviewed to understand redently referred to as biosolarroofs. how many existing roofs could potentially be retrofitted with green roofs. The estimate was Taking these figures an estimation of the that 32% of the land area of Central London current green roof coverage of London can had the potential to be greened. A series be made. Excluding the City of London and of green infrastructure reports in recent Westminster, which area covered by the years has qualified this area. In the Victoria figure from for Central London there are a Business Improvement District (BID) the further 31 boroughs. Using the lower total for total potential area was around 29% and in the London Borough of Lewisham then the several other audits of BIDSin London the total estimated area outside Central London figure varied between 25% and 33%. Taking could be 1.8 million m2. Therefore the total an average of 28% the potential for greening estimate area for London equates to just less existing stock in London is immense.

Cristal Tower. Madrid. I. de Felipe MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 275

A note should be made on how the above the retrofitting of green infrastructure into calculations are arrived at. A good proportion the existing urban core, London through its of flat roofs in Central London are inverted existing auditing processes is when placed to roofs covered in shingle or pavers. Removal lead the way. of this element would allow a reasonably good green roof to be installed. There are quite a REFERENCES few examples of where green roofs have been retrofitted on inverted roofs in Central London 1 City of London (2003) Green Roofs Research and elsewhere in the capital, so although Advice Note [www.cityoflondon.gov.uk] some commentators maybe sceptical of the potential the figures do add up. 2 Frith, M. & Gedge, D. (2000). The black red- start in urban Britain: a conservation conun- The importance of retrofitting green roofs drum? British Wildlife, 8, 381–388 needs to be highlighted, especially in the light of the new EU Green Infrastrucure and 3 Grant, G., Engleback, L. & Nicholson, B. Ecosystem Services Policy. Whilst planning (2003). Green roofs: Their potential for conserv- can deliver green roofs on new developments, ing biodiversity in urban areas. English Nature cities like London will need to consider how Research Report 498. Peterborough, U.K. Eng- they can adapt the existing building. To ensure lish Nature the urban fabric is resilient to climate change existing buildings will be key. Cities are 4 Green roof toolkit - http://www.en- mainly made up of buildings, and therefore vironment-agency.gov.uk/regions/ green roofs will have to play an important thames/323147/2093788/?ver- role in helping the existing fabric of the city sion=1&lang=_e adapt. 5 Living roofs and walls – technical report to sup- CONCLUSION port the London Plan 2007 http://www.london. gov.uk/mayor/strategies/sds/tech_rpts.jsp Over the last 15 years London has taken great strides in delivering green roofs. From 6 London’s warming: The impacts of climate near total resistance from the mainstream- change on London http://www.london.gov.uk/ building professionals back in the late 1990s lccp/publications/impacts.jsp green roofs now an important and accepted building technology. Through championing 7. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/abou- and development of policy and guidance, tus/news/archive/list/item/?id=2780&- green roofs are not only being installed they year=2007&month=05 also being delivering to meet specific policy agendas within the capital. 8 Our Towns and Cities: The Future - Deliver- ing an Urban Renaissance (The Urban White Although London may not appear to many Paper) 2000 http://www.communities.gov.uk/ to be one of the leading green roof cities in archived/general-content/citiesandregions/ the world, the figures outlined in this chapter publicationscities/urbanwhitepaper/ show otherwise. As the agenda moves toward Green roof parking. Bangalore. India. I. de Fellipe PART 3 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 278 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 279 Toronto green terrace. I. de Felipe.

AUSTRALIA National organization: Office: Green Roofs Australasia Ltd 22 Oxford Street, Sydney, NSW, Aus. e-mail: [email protected]

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: Dissemination: Green Roofs Australasia (GRA) is a member National Conferences aim to provide a mix of based peak body for promotion, dissemination international and national keynote speakers and the education of vegetated systems for ur- and delegates with the latest developments in ban development and renewal. The primary technology, research and design projects. focus for GRA advocacy is green roof, living A comprehensive website provides members wall and green facade systems for the built with a library; project gallery; image gallery; environment which connect to deep soil land- videos; news; events; a professional registry, scaping as a holistic solution for environmen- technology companies and social media con- tal sustainability. nectivity through FB, a blog and Twitter:- Fol- The goal is to promote a gradual transition low us on #GRAustralasia from grey to green infrastructure based on qualitative and quantitative research data. Associations: GRA has developed associations with the Aus- Background: tralian Institution of Architects; Australian In- GRA was formed in 2006 as Green Roofs Aus- stitute of Landscape Architects; Horticulture tralia and in 2010 included New Zealand to be- Australia; Landscape Contractors Association, come known as Green Roofs Australasia. Nursery & the National Gardens Industry of The structure of GRA has evolved from an in- Australia corporated association to a registered compa- ny limited by guarantee with Not For Profit International Affiliation: status. GRA was a founding member of the World The current Board of Directors are: Green Infrastructure Network (WGIN) and President: Matthew Dillon holds a Board Member position. Secretary: Tanya Excell Treasurer: Zoe Zimmerman CONTACT: Board: Kirsty Ruddock; Rosie Mohorko; Robert GRA Head Office in Sydney, Aus.E: Griffith [email protected] Membership: HOMEPAGE: GRA membership categories include: Stu- www.greenroofsaustralasia.com.au dents; Individuals; Sole Traders; Small Com- panies; Corporations; Universities and Insti- NUMBER OF MEMBERS: tutions; Capital City and Local Governments. 864 single members with 280 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Corporate members: Adaption Centre, completed in 2012. - Manufacturer: The City of Melbourne installed test green roof - Distributer/supplier: plots on council buildings; held a competition; - Supplier of components: began a community forum group ‘Canopy’; - Living walls: sought community consultation; engaged the - Professionals: research assistance of Burnley and developed - Nurseries, Landscape Companies: guideline drafts which were released as ‘the - Local Government Councils Growing Green Guide’ in 2013. http://imap. - Sole Traders; Individuals; Students vic.gov.au/uploads/Growing%20Green%20 Guide/Growing%20Green%20Guide%20FI- CITY PROGRAMS NAL%20DRAFT%20website4.pdf GRA has been active in discussions with Aus- www.land-environment.unimelb.edu.au/ tralian Capital Cities regarding policy, re- about-us/our-locations/burnley/ search and appropriate incentive initiatives http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti- since 2006. Initially, all research data, guide- cle/pii/S1618866710000099 lines, policy templates and best practice for The development of green infrastructure in specification, design and maintenance were Sydney has largely been driven by clients based on a hybrid USA - European model. and architects willing to absorb the addition- Keynote speakers such as Nigel Dunnet, Ed al costs associated with design and construc- Snodgrass, Manfred Koehler and other no- tion. The City of Sydney published Green Roof table experts were brought to GRA Confer- Guidelines in 2010, which were based on the ences to share, inspire and educate a small German FLL issue. In 2013 a new Green Roof community of professionals, academics and Policy was legislated and will be on trial un- tradespeople. The aim for GRA in the early til 2018, at which time the performances and stages of industry development was to create the coverage will be monitored. Extensive a platform for dissemination and education CBD Canopy planting throughout the CBD is through conferences, speaking engagements, a response to mitigating the impacts of Urban media interviews, and publications, building Heat Island Effects. http://www.cityofsydney. membership, international networking and a nsw.gov.au/vision/sustainable-sydney-2030 website. In 2007 a Labour Government swept www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/.../109384/ to power with a mandate to address climate Green-roofs-and-walls-strategy.pdf - 2012-11- change primarily through a reduction of car- 05 (http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__ bon emissions from large polluters. A Minis- data/assets/pdf_file/0011/158870/attach- try for Climate Change & Water was formed ment_a__draft_green_roofs_and_walls_poli- which worked in conjunction with the Minis- cy1.pdf) try for Environment. The mood of the country The State of South Australia has been progres- shifted with greater awareness for the envi- sive with research on green infrastructure at ronment and funds were available for climate all three universities and collaborations with change mitigation research. GRA continues Graham Hopkins and Christine Goodwin from to play a significant role as a stakeholder in Fifth Creek Studios. The Botanic Gardens of research projects around Australia. Adelaide published the Green Infrastructure To date, the collaboration between the Univer- Project which aims at bringing community, in- sity of Melbourne (UoM) Burnley Campus and dustry and government together to promote, the City of Melbourne (CoM) has formulated demonstrate, guide policy and realise a tran- a successful relationship which is an example sition towards a sustainable green urban en- for other Australian Capital Cities to follow. vironment. The UoM was the first to receive significant www.environment.sa.gov.au/botan- funding for green roof plant research and for icgardens/Learn/Green_Infrastructure the construction of a Green Infrastructure http://www.sa.gov.au/upload/franchise/ MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 281

Housing,%20property%20and%20land/PLG/ ACADEMIC RESEARCH WSUD_chapter_6.pdf INSTITUTIONS http://web01.redland.qld.gov.au/robo/Min- - http://www.land-environment.unimelb.edu. utes_Agendas/April_June10/Agendas%5C- au/research/research-groups/green-infra- May%5C5_May_PP%5CGreenRoofs_Appen- structure-research-group/ dix_2_policy_review.pdf - http://visions.unimelb.edu.au/episode/ http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/ green-roofs-growing-research news/industry-news/w-a-yet-to-embrace- - http://www.thefifthestate.com.au/ar- green-roofs chives/51540/ www.land-environment.unimelb.edu.au/ CONFERENCES about-us/our-locations/burnley/ Annual national conferences with an interna- - http://www.bpn.com.au/news/queensland- tional focus since 2007. The conferences vary joins-the-green-roof-revolution- depending on the State with an average dele- - http://www.aila.org.au/projects/SA/living_ gate attendance of 250 - 300. Local manufac- arch/default.htm turers participate providing the general public -http://www.zoossa.com.au/conserva- & professionals with technology information tion-ark/research/projects?project=Attract- at the Expo category. International & National ing%20native%20wildlife%20to%20green%20 keynotes cover a range of green infrastructure roofs%20and%20walls%20at%20the%20Ade- topics over 3 days. laide%20Zoo In 2014 GRA held the 2014 World Green In- - http://w3.unisa.edu.au/unisanews/2012/ju- frastucture Congress in Sydney with 32 Inter- ly/story1.asp national and National leading authorities in - http://www.ies.unsw.edu.au/sites/all/files/ the discipline of green infrastructure research; Njames-Gmetternicht_GRpolicy.pdf design; technology and installation. The - http://www.api.org.au/folder/journal/de- 2014WGIC was attended by 420 delegates.” cember-journal--up-on-the-roof - HF Castleton, V Stovin, SBM Beck, JB Davi- FURTHER ACTIVITIES: son - Energy and Buildings, 2010 - Elsevie Current working groups. http://www.greenroofs.com/pdfs/stu- Rural Industry Research and Development dent-OptimumGreenRoofforBrisbane.pdf Corporation (RIRDC) Sustainable Built Environment, National Re- HIGHLIGHTED NATIONAL search Centre SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION VCCCAR; NGIA; Horticulture Australia; UTS - Living Architecture; Hopkins & Goodwin Future Sustainability; UoM Adaption Centre; (CSIRO Press) QUT; Fytogreen Australia; CSIRO; UNSW - Living Wall & Green Roofs Plants for Aus- CRC; RBG SA; USA; UoA; SA Dept Land & En- tralia; vironment. Adelaide Botanic Gardens; Curtin - https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/ University. items/11-175 Water Sensitive Urban Design: http:// - www.environment.sa.gov.au/botan- www.planning.sa.gov.au/go/wsud icgardens/Learn/Green_Infrastructure http://scholar.google.com.au/schol- - Bee Friendly: Planting Guide for Aust Polli- ar?hl=en&q=%22green+roof%22+Austral- nators; ia&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C5&as_sdtp - http://www.rirdc.gov.au/search-results?- www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/.../greening- searchCriteria=bee+friendly the-city/green-roofs-and-walls - 2013-11-21 CURRENT TRENDS MEMBERSHIP: Australasia is in transition from grey to green Founding nation member of WGIN infrastructure, however research data spe- 282 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

cific to climates is required to qualify and velopments as a successful marketing tool for quantify new policy before real progress can sales. The interest has recorded steady growth be acheived. There is a trend for all forms of since 2007 and with recent media attention for green infrastructure including street canopy large projects, new research data and great- planting, park revegetation; green roofs, liv- er awareness about the environmental, social ing walls and green facades. Perceived costs and economic benefits demand, there are and risks are a present barrier which results in strong signs for a surging expansion towards green facades and extensive green roofs prov- 2020. Urban farming is a strong trend through- ing cost efficient with less associated risks. out suburban communities however as yet Green buildings are in public demand and liv- have not transcended to rooftops. ing wall signatures are included on new de-

Source: Matt Dillon. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 283

SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS Coastal dune revegetation and 263 hectares OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE of revegetated native parkland including a 2.7 Graham Hopkins, Melinda Perkins, Steven hectare extensive green roof over the plant. Livesley, John Rayner, Sasha Cohen, War- Sydney Olympic Park, NSW. The Brownfield wick Savvas, Prof Peter Newman, Charlie Har- area of Homebush Bay was remediated from groves, Dr Cheryl Desha, Mark Paul, Daniel an area of landfill, abattoirs and a navy arma- Baffsksy, Matt Dillon, Sidonie Carpenter. ment depots into a multiuse Olympic site us- ing WSUD technology to ensure that the town GROWTH RATE RELATION remains ‘nationally and internationally recog- BETWEEN EXTENSIVE /ROOF nised for excellence and innovation in urban GARDENS/PODIUM DECKS AND design, building design and sustainability. SOME WORDS ABOUT LIVING Australian Parliament House, Canberra, ACT. WALLS AND INDOOR GREENING (Architect: Romaldo Giurgola, 1985) Capital MARKET Hill was excavated to build the new Parlia- There is no comprehensive data for the ment House and the earth was replaced to rec- growth expansion of green roofs, living walls reate the hill form as a 40,000 sqm green roof and green facades. However, within Sydney planted with turf. inner suburbs there are presently 28 living Origin Energy Building, Melbourne, VIC walls covering 2,684.89 sq.m and 55 green (Building Owner: Cromwell Group; roofs covering 85961.46 sq.m Living Wall Design, System, Installation by the Due to the cost of design, installation and GreenWall Company) maintenance for media based living walls and The tallest living wall in Australia is an inter- green roofs there has been a preference for nal continuous green spine down the central green facade planting, especially for retro fit core of 22 floors to the foyer. projects and car parks which require air circu- One Central Park, Sydney, NSW. (Architect: lation and filtered day light. Jean Nouvel; Vertical Garden Design: Patrick The real estate industry reports that sales Blanc. Construction: Frasers Group. Collab- for off plan on new developments sell faster orating Landscape Architects: Aspect Studios if there are obvious green elements such as Sydney) a green roof or wall. Such developments are Planted 20-50 metre felt panels specified by marketed as ‘green villiages’ providing resi- PB with 500 species growing at altitudes of 10 dent community activities. - 150m. Also, planter boxes with spill plant- ing and tensile s/s cables for creepers (Tensile Major Projects Australia). At ground level a new 6,400 sqm Victorian Desalination Plant, Wonthaggi, VIC green roof public park. (Architects: ARM/ Peckvonhartel; Landscape Architects: Aspect Studios Mel- RECOMMENDED NATIONAL bourne. WEBPAGES: Design, installation & maintenance: Fytogreen www.greenroofsaustralasia.com.au Australia) 284 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

AUSTRIA Organisation: Verband für Bauwerksbegrünung, VfB Wiedner Hauptstr. 63, Postbox 351 AT-1045 Vienna, Austria Type of Organisation: Non-Profit Organisation Contact Person: Vera ENZI (Spokeswoman), Gerold STEINBAUER (President), Elisabeth GRUCH- MANN (Secretary) Email: [email protected] Website VfB: www.gruenstattgrau.org Website GSG: www.gruenstattgrau.at Phone: +43 650 634 96 31

ABOUT US on buildings through communication, The non-profit Austrian Green Roof and Living demonstration projects, business incubators, Wall Association (VfB) was founded in 1991 and law and policies activities – not only on brings together over 70 industry and business national, but also on European level. The players, planning, delivering and maintaining intention is to upscale and share the results greened buildings in Austria. Since 2017, the with all partners in the European network and Austrian association (VfB) is 100% owner of market (knowledge transfer). The trade of the the Austrian competence centre and central greening industry is now highly demanded coordination unit GRÜNSTATTGRAU, the and ready for rollout. After publishing the Innovation Laboratory for Green Cities. national standards for green roofs ÖNORM GRÜNSTATTGRAU is supported by the L1131 (2010) and interior landscaping ÖNORM Austrian Ministry of Transport, Innovation and L 1133 (2017), a committee of experts (VfB) are Technology and consists of a partner network currently working on the Austrian Standards of over 300 entities from public, research and of outdoor vertical greening (ÖNORM L1136), business sector. GRÜNSTATTGRAU is facilitated including the results of the latest fire protection by three different experts panels formed by tests. Furthermore, GRÜNSTATTGRAU is the network partners (business,scientific and supporting cities to set up strategies including external advisory board) who are supervising green infrastructure. The demand of action GRÜNSTATTGRAU with their expertise. taking within cities for climate change adaption is rising. The instruments of GRÜNSTATTGRAU are MISSION AND CURRENT STATUS including demonstration testbeds in different In light of its background of the Austrian cities, a moving Green Laboratory on roadshow Green Roof and Green Wall Association, and a multi-stakeholder online platform GRÜNSTATTGRAU is focussing on the future to develop and offer own supporting tools, of urban green environment, innovations and services and technologies. ideas for green cities, products and services, The mobile Living Lab unit test-track activities targeting research dissemination and roadshow of GRÜNSTATTGRAU is a knowledge transfer, technical implementation reconstructed cargo container called MUGLI guidance, co-creation activities and economic that is used to demonstrate various kinds of and social cooperation regarding Green green roof, outdoor and indoor green wall Infrastructure and nature based solutions on technologies, energy production, pollinator buildings and their implementation. and bird supporting technologies and in The aim is to promote all levels of green general new innovative approaches for green MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 285

The mobil Living Lab, named MUGLI in Vienna Residential Green Roof, Sargfabrik Vienna

Greening the facade Austrians largest sustainable, Urban Gardening Residential Green roof, OASE 22, with climbing plants, self-seeding Green Wall, Vienna municipality building municipality building MA48, MA31, Vienna Vienna ©Rataplan. and energy infrastructure. MUGLI stands for online platform includes databases for mobile.urban.green.living.innovative. It is used showcase projects, products, R&D-projects and for information and communication work, greening experts and provides different online awareness rising, events, as an experimental services of GRÜNSTATTGRAU, for example space, to generate live monitoring data and as a free digital first level consultancy service a meeting point and physical centre to show for projects called “Greening Check”. Event green technologies come alive. Since summer calendar and newsletter are implemented. In 2017 MUGLI is touring through Austria and the internal area we provide studies and data beyond to bring the greening technology for premium users. All network partners of to all target and synergy partner cities of GRÜNSTATTGRAU have online profiles to GRÜNSTATTGRAU. present their innovations, products, projects or The GRÜNSTATTGRAU online platform ideas online. (www.gruenstattgrau.at) is a multi-stakeholder The Green Living Laboratory platform for all network partners of GRÜNSTATTGRAU represents an innovative GRÜNSTATTGRAU and the interested public. approach for facilitation and multiplication It provides information for green cities and of national, European and global interests in nature based solutions, greening technologies Climate Change adaptation through Green and best practice of green buildings. The Infrastructure and Nature Based Solutions. 286 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

BELGIUM Adress: Grote Moerstraat 76, 8200 Bruges (Belgium) Mail: [email protected] www.gevelendakgroenfederatie.be

Recreation Center.

CURRENT PRESIDENT requirements, current scientific knowledge Simon Perneel and external imput of experts. It’s aiming to develop general standard requirements by the end of 2019 in order to dessiminated SIZE OF THE ASSOCIATION these requirements to architects and other 20 membres stakeholders. Parallel to this, first steps are taken to organise Founded in 2018, the federation reunites a quality label and the assessment systems around 70% of of contractors of green roof of it in order to encourage contractors and and green walls in Belgium. The federation architects to aspire for qualitive green roofs is lead by a board meeting every two months and green walls. Current and future research and guided by a member comittee every four projects are supported in order to close months. knowledge gaps of regional-related topics and The mission is to improve the quality and the in European programs. public awareness of green roofs and green Regional projects on the promotion of green walls in the construction market. To achieve roofs (and wider aims as biodiversity) are this, several specialized comittees focus supported. on determine qualifications of the different The federation acts also as an intermediate layers and the relation between. For that, organ between the members and the it’s focussing on existing European quality governement for topics as the drought of 2019. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 287

BOLIVIA

National organization: Ciudades Verdes Bolivia

Verdes Bolivia is an online platform that STRUCTURE AND MISSION: serves as a meeting place where individuals Ciudades Verdes Bolivia is a Bolivian collective and institutions can share ideas, projects and that gathers individuals and institutions proposals as well as inform others of best committed to the development of cities that practices in addition to current local and promote citizens’ well-being in harmony international initiatives. with the environment and principles of sustainability. OTHER ACTIVITIES: Ciudades Verdes Bolivia is an online platform Mission: that currently seeks to engage its members To generate opportunities for people and through virtual discussions and posts. Ciudades institutions that are committed to the Verdes Bolivia places a special emphasis on development of green cities in Bolivia to share leveraging its existing network to identify new ideas, experiences and best practices. members and, as such, introduce green ideas and concepts to a wider audience. Vision: Bolivia is a country characterized by GREEN ROOF RESEARCH green cities that are in harmony with the INSTITUTIONS environment and offer social well-being. - CIDES-UMSA - Fundación Milenio ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE: - ,Fundación Tierra Ciudades Verdes Bolivia is a virtual network - ,Dirección de Investigación Científica y launched in 2014. Tecnológica (Cochabamba) Directors: - Maria Teresa Nogales (Fundación Alternativas) FUTURE TRENDS - Gabriela Aro (Municipal Government of La Ciudades Verdes Bolivia will engage its Paz) current network through online discussions - Javier Valda (FAO – Bolivia) and posts in an effort to encourage members to share ideas, best practices and lessons CONTACT PERSON: learned related to green initiatives in Bolivia Maria Teresa Nogales and around the globe. [email protected] Ciudades Verdes Bolivia will seek opportunities to organize events, presentations and other HOMEPAGE: activities aimed at fostering greater visibility http://goo.gl/1LAZVo for national green initiatives. NUMBER OF MEMBERS: NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF 91 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE - Professor Julio Prudencio (CIDES-UMSA), MEMBERSHIP: La Paz Membership to Ciudades Verdes Bolivia is - Professor Ivonne Farah (CIDES-UMSA), La open to the public and free of charge. Ciudades Paz 288 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

- Lic. Bishelly Elias (Agrónomos & - Lic. Oscar Bazoberry (IPDRS), La Paz Veterinarios Sin Fronteras), La Paz - Lic. Anne Piepenstock (GIZ), La Paz - Arq. Roberto Auchen (Representative Green - Dr. Angélica Stemmer (Dirección de Building Bolivia), La Paz Investigación Científica y Tecnológica - Lic. Silvana Galindo (Gerente Parque - Universidad Mayor de San Simón), Urbano Central), La Paz Cochabamba - Lic. Stephan Von Borris (Environmental Consultant), Santa Cruz de la Sierra RECOMMENDED NATIONAL - Ing. Rudy Guzman (Forestry Expert & WEBPAGES: Consultant), Santa Cruz de la Sierra www.gbcbolivia.org/ - Lic. Andrea Urioste (Fundación Amigos de www.ftierra.org/ la Naturaleza), Santa Cruz de la Sierra www.fundacion-milenio.org/ - Lic. Maria Teresa Nogales (Fundación www.fan-bo.org/ Alternativas), La Paz www.lapaz.bo/index.php?option=com_cont - Lic. Andrea Ibañez Pantoja (Fundación ent&view=article&id=6795:parque-urbano- Alternativas), La Paz central&catid=211&Itemid=657 - Lic. Javier Thellaeche (Fundación www.facebook.com/FanaticosxlaNaturaleza Alternativas), La Paz www.alternativascc.org - Lic. Maria Julia Jimenez (Slow Food Bolivia), bolivia.blogresponsable.com/ La Paz https://www.facebook.com/SlowFoodBolivia - Ing.Carmen Sotomayor (AOPEB), La Paz http://www.redesma.org/

Green roof La Paz. Source: I. de Felipe. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 289

BRAZIL

Sérgio Rocha Founder | Instituto Cidade Jardim [email protected] +55 11 98322-1728 www.institutocidadejardim.com.br

HISTORY In 2016 we were granted by the Sustainable Instituto Cidade Jardim (The Garden City Cities - Intelligent Cities award offered by Institute) is a Brazilian company founded in FAPESP and FINEP (Brazilian development 2008 to offer regenerative solutions to heal the agencies) to improve product research and to urban environment, using the rooftop market make this innovation ready for the market. to achieve the scale of transformation we must reach to cope with urban development challenges for the 21th century. MISSION We design and produce materials for green To make current dry roof technology so roofs, having installed over 80,000m2 in these obsolete to the point that, in the near future, first 10 years. We also offer online courses and instead a desert, we will look at the city skyline training for students from all over the world. and see a forest canopy. In 2012 we patented a brand new green roof solution to bring all the well-known benefits of green roofing to those buildings (and OBJECTIVES also houses, sheds, etc.) without slabs or We intend to do for the green roof industry waterproofing membranes, with the PLUS the same Steve Jobs made for the personal capability to work in a closed hydroponic loop, computers. Along with our new patented all- fed with reused water - it’s water conservative, in-one green roof technology, green roofing turns dirt water into biomass or food, and will be easier and finally at reach for all those promises to make green roofs more accessible who has a roof. The new product launching is to the developing world. planned for the 1st semester, in Brazil. 290 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

CHINA National organization: International Rooftop Landscaping Association Room 105, Building 4, Construction Yard, Sanlihe Road, Haidian District, 100037, Beijing, China Tel: 86-10-67115339 Fax: 86-10-68312977 e-Mail: [email protected]

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: CONTACT PERSONS: International Rooftop Landscaping - Zhiqiang Wu (President) Association (IRLA) was established by green - Xianmin Wang roof volunteers, and officially registered as a non-profit social organization in the United HOMEPAGE: States on Aug. 7th, 2009. IRLA has set up many www.greenrooftops.cn offices around the world, with the Asian/ Pacific region’s office located in China, where NUMBER OF MEMBERS: the secretary-general Prof. Xianmin Wang IRLA now has 130 company members, takes charge of the daily activities. including construction companies, IRLA’s aim is to organize and unite green manufacturers, designing institutes, and roof workers, promote world peace, and material and plant suppliers. There are also protect the environment, construct low- 4,000 individual members in the association. carbon, energy-saving, liveable and well- landscaped ecological environments, carry CITY PROGRAMS out rooftop farming, develop roof agriculture, - Beijing, 2011: promoting vertical greening in improve land use efficiency, and facilitate the its documents. sustainable development of human society. - Shanghai, 2012: different subsidies according IRLA’s professional field includes green roofs, to the scale of vertical greening projects. green walls, indoor greening, etc; carbon - Tianjin, 2013: planning to construct 100,000 construction, energy-efficient buildings, m2 of green roof gardens annually. land use efficiency, rainwater collection and - Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, application, rooftop farming, and ecological &Chongqing, 2013: add vertical greening into restoration protecting, planning, constructing its regulations. and managing. - Henan Province, 2013: formulating normative IRLA’s principal activities: documents on green roof technologies. - To organize international academic exchange Conferences: activities, promote technological development Annual international conferences since 2010: and cooperation; - 2010 Shanghai World Green Roof Conference, -To popularize new technologies, and call on with about a thousand attendees; people participating in greening to beautify - 2011 Hainan World Green Roof Conference, our living environment; also with hundreds of attendees from all over -To issue green roof development related the world; awards; - 2012 Hangzhou World Green Roof Congress, -To carry out professional education research annual meeting of WGIN, with about 1,500 and promote professional training. people; Every year, IRLA has a conference on vertical - 2013 Nanjing World Green Roof Congress, greening. In 2014, the conference will focus with hundreds of attendees. on the “Ecocity.” - In 2014, the name will be changed to MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 291

Roof gardens in the style of a Chinese garden in Hangzhou. Source: M. Köhler the International Ecocity and Green Roof In Suzhou, IRLA and the local government Conference at Qingdao, Shandong Province. established a design institute to learn from world-class designers and build world-class FURTHER ACTIVITIES: vertical greening projects in China (2013). Professional trainings are held every year all over China, such as in Shanghai, Chongqing, MEMBERSHIP: Shenzhen, Qingdao, Dalian and Beijing. The Founding member of WGIN meetings are about vertical greening materials, technology and design. ACADEMIC RESEARCH Annual conferences are held in different INSTITUTIONS cities. - School of Architecture, Tsinghua University: Beginning in 2014, there will be training on http://www.arch.tsinghua.edu.cn/chs/index. specific technologies and vertical greening htm skills, such as irrigation, plant selection - College of Architecture and Landscape and ecological bags to protect slopes. Most Architecture of Peking University: http:// importantly, experts will teach trainees by www.cala.pku.edu.cn/ actually doing it on their own. - Beijing Institute of Landscape Arvhitecture: In Qiandeng, IRLA and the local government http://www.bjylkys.com/ established a base to turn Qiandeng into an - Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences: ecotown by 2018. http://www.shnky.com/ 292 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

- Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences: GROWTH RATE RELATION http://www.zaas.ac.cn/ BETWEEN EXTENSIVE /ROOF - Shanghai Jiaotong University School of GARDENS/PODIUM DECKS AND Agriculture and Biology: http://www.agri.sjtu. SOME WORDS ABOUT LIVING edu.cn/ WALLS AND INDOOR GREENING - Shenzhen Institute of Garden Sciences MARKET: About 12,000,000 m² total green roofs with a SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC rate of increase about 20% to 25%, mostly in PUBLICATION: extensive gardens. Books: Green Roofs, Vertical Greening in Green facades with climbers are common in Beijing Olympic Games, Vertical Greening in many cities. Shanghai Expo Garden, Roof Garden Design Vertical greening is developing very fast in and Case Study China, but due to it being in the beginning Journals: Building Science and Technology, stages, large-scale projects are not yet common. Chinese Landscape Architecture Also, because vertical greening just started in China, the markets are very promising. CURRENT TRENDS: Green roofs, green walls, hanging gardens, RECOMMENDED NATIONAL roof farming, roof lawns and underground WEBPAGES: garage greening. www.greenrooftops.cn, http://www.yuanlin.com/ SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: Prof. Xianmin Wang, Dingguo Zhao, Prof. Zhaolong Wang, Lili Han, Yifan Tan MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 293

COLOMBIA

National organization: Red Colombiana de Infraestructura Vegetada. RECIVE, Calle 42 No. 8a-80 Oficina 1301 Bogota D.C. Colombia

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: projects in academia at the undergraduate RECIVE is a non-profit professional network, and graduate levels, National University of aiming to promote the development of green Colombia, Humboldt University (IASP), and infrastructure in Colombia as: Universidad Piloto de Colombia. - A responsible practice that enhances envi- -More than 60 publications in mass media ronmental quality and promotes well-being. journals, technical magazines, academic - A long-standing and feasible technology. journals and international websites. - A successful and sustainable market. -Technical advice to various government en- To achieve this objective, our multidiscipli- tities. nary group of experts conducts activities in five strategic cores of work: ORGANIZATION – a. Promotion and education STRUCTURE: b. National database Non-profit, non-government organization. c. Assessment and certification d. Technical advice and regulations Committees: e. Innovation and development - Technical and scientific. Director: Andrés Ibáñez G. RECIVE was founded in 2011 after initial de- - Financial sustainability. Director: Pablo At- velopment of green infrastructure over the uesta last 4 years: - Communications. Director: Luis Alberto Su- -More than 60 implementations in public and arez private projects. - Advisory and education. Director: Bio David -More than 60,000 m2 of infrastructure Perico greened. - Policy and regulations. Director: Miguel -Formulation of the multi-scale func- Angel Cardenas tion-based Green Roof Guidelines of Bogota (By-law 418, 2009). Board of directors: -Inclusion of Colombia as a member of the - Chair: Andrés Ibáñez G. World Green Infrastructure Network since - Vice-chair: David Perico 2010. - Treasurer: Pablo Atuesta -Co-founding of ALIVE, Asociación Latino- - Secretary: Luis Alberto Suarez americana de Infraestructura Verde (Latin American Green Infrastructure Association), CONTACT PERSONS: 2010. Andrés Ibáñez G. -Participation in the World Congresses in [email protected] Mexico, 2010; China, 2011; France, 2013; and Singapore, 2013. HOMEPAGE: -Participation in research and development www.recive.org 294 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Source: A. Ibañez

NUMBER OF MEMBERS: CONFERENCES: - Founding companies: 4 - A natural skin for Bogota, conference 1 on - Regular members: 6 Vegetated surfaces. - Executive members: 4 - A natural skin for Bogota, conference 2 on - Sponsor members: Vegetated surfaces. Aug 13-15, 2013 - Honorary members: 1 - A natural skin for Bogota, conference 2 on Vegetated surfaces. Nov 15, 2013 CITY PROGRAMS - http://ambientebogota.gov.co/web/ - Bylaw 419, 2009, promotion of green roofs in una-piel-natural-para-bogota/memori- Bogota. as-del-evento - Biotic Roofs Guidelines, Secretary of Envi- - http://ambientebogota.gov.co/web/ ronment, Bogota, 2012. una-piel-natural-para-bogota - Biotic Walls Guidelines, Secretary of Environ- ment, Bogota, 2013. MEMBERSHIP: - http://ambientebogota.gov.co/web/ Founding member of LAGIN, member of una-piel-natural-para-bogota//consulta-la- WGIN guia-tecnica-de-techos-verdes-para-bogota - Urban agriculture program, Municipality and ACADEMIC RESEARCH Botanical Gardens. institutions - Sustainable construction code, under devel- - National University of Colombia http:// opment. www. unal.edu.co/english/ - Colombian environmental construction la- - Universidad de Los Andes http://www. uni- bel. ICONTEC, 2013. andes.edu.co/ - Environmental Observatory, environmental - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Colombia reporting, Secretary of Environment, Bogota. http://www.javeriana.edu.co/puj/english/ http://oab.ambientebogota.gov.co/observa- - Universidad Piloto de Colombia http://www. dores/reports/submit unipiloto.edu.co/ MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 295

- Universidad del Bosque http://www. uelbos- NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF que.edu.co/en GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE - Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería http:// - Andrés Ibáñez G. www. escuelaing.edu.co/es/ - Miguel Angel Cárdenas P. - Universidad de Antioquia http://www. - Alejandra Rincón udea.edu.co/portal/page/portal/EnglishPor- - Andres Martinez tal/EnglishPortal - Diana Wiesner - Universidad EAFIT http://www. eafit.edu. co/english/Paginas/english-version-univer- GROWTH RATE RELATION sidad-eafit-medellin-colombia-south-america. BETWEEN EXTENSIVE /ROOF aspx GARDENS/PODIUM DECKS AND - Universidad del Valle http://www. univalle. SOME WORDS ABOUT LIVING edu.co/english/ WALLS AND INDOOR GREENING - Universidad de Nariño http://www. udenar. MARKET: edu.co/ The average area of biotectonics implemented per year in Colombia since 2009 is estimated SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC at 12,796 square meters. 82% of the potential PUBLICATION: market is concentrated in 5 strategic zones: Biotic Roof Guidelines. Guia Tecnica de Capital region, Paisa Region, Santander, Costal Techos Bioticos de Bogota, Secretaria Distrital region, and Valle del Cauca. Bogotá accounts de Ambiente, 2012. for one quarter of the overall market available Techos Vivos: Sistemas constructivos de in the country. techos verdes extensivos en Bogota. Ibáñez New developments accounted for 81.27% of Gutiérrez, Andrés, Master’s thesis, Master of the number of projects intervened with biotec- Building, National University of Colombia, Bo- tonics, and retrofit projects for 18.73%. gotá, 2009. By the end of 2012, the total area of building Modelación física de un techo verde extensivo surfaces greened (biotic roofs and walls) had para la aplicación de un sistema de drenaje reached 60,000 square meters. urbano sostenible. León Fandiño, Eduardo Al- Three building uses contributed the most to fonso, Master’s thesis, Master in Engineering the increase in vegetated surfaces in urban - Hydraulic Resources, Faculty of Engineering, areas: Commercial (38.6%), Office (18.5%), National University of Colombia, 2012 Hotels (8.5%) and Institutional (7.5%). The area of biotic wall installation has been CURRENT TRENDS: growing significantly in the last year, but there - Ecologically specialized biotic roofs is no data available. - Eco-productive biotic roofs - Micro infrastructure (bus stops) RECOMMENDED NATIONAL - Sustainable urban drainage systems WEBPAGES: - Social urban farming www.recive.org - Biotic walls and advertising - Locally developed technologies - Substrates with recycled materials - Substrates with natural organic fibers 296 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

CUBA

National organization: Calle Amargura 60, lower level, between Mercaderes & San Ignacio La Habana Vieja, Cuba C.P. 10100 Email: [email protected] Website: www.sociedadpcma.org.cu Telephone: (537) 8649512 y 13

HAVANA: TWO INITIATIVES FOR has had good acceptance by the inhabitants THE HUMAN’S WELFARE AND besides of contributing with the improvement ENVIRONMENT of the environmental situation and image of Located in the area inside of the walls of the the local area. Simon Bolivar, Las Carolinas, old village San Cristobal de la Habana, in and Carlos J. Finlay Parks are great examples. the capital city, its historical center has gone The new environmental strategy of ZPC through a large process of transformation 2013-2020, has as objective to reinforce thanks to the work of a multitask team, led the work projections towards green areas by Havana’s city historians office. Declared in and biodiversity, with programs aimed to 1978 national monument and in 1982 world rehabilitate and create new green spaces and cultural heritage by UNESCO, in 1993 was to improve its management. Little by little one of the priorities among the areas aimed to appear small family gardens in inner yards and conservation (ZPC)1 , and in 1995 among the roofs. The strategy emphasizes on promoting most important areas aimed for tourism. The the inclusion of environmental dimension model for urban recovery that it promotes, from the projects’ conception and design, tries to reach an alive- Historical Center, linked all of it according to the good use of natural to the life quality of its citizens. That’s why the and urban resources, the implementation of different work fields meet the same challenge better practices like cleaner production and of influencing on the human being’s welfare sustainable consumption, the insertion of and keeping the environment’s quality. green spaces and climate change adaption. Because of the reduced amount of spaces, La Quinta de los Molinos, located in Havana’s in the Historical Center the green areas are heart, has recently been assigned to the located mainly in the Port Avenue, Prado, Historian’s Office so that it would be rescued Central Park and Fraternity Park, which as well as its heritage, environmental and comprise 18 hectares of total surface. In its historic values. It borders Cerro, Plaza and interior, the restoration works in the oldest Centro Habana. Declared in 1981 National part of the city has paid special attention to Monument and previously Botanical Garden of parks and squares. It is frequently seen the use Havana and Cuba, started to work as a facility of flower boxes in balconies and inner gardens of environmental education on September in the old houses and buildings. Achieving 2011.Since then, many didactics workshops good harmonization in this process through and tours have been developed in different the use of empty spaces where old buildings specialties, in order to teach the students how collapsed is one of the objectives; they have to take care of the environment and use the turned into parks with urban furniture with natural resources in a responsible way. a lot of green and sport fields. Such a practice Nowadays, the Quinta de los Molinos has 4.8 MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 297

hectares, creating the first wooden band in Among the first programs of the Quinta de the city, it has almost 170 species of plants, los Molinos, we can find the social work, with 14 of them are originally from Cuba, the most activities like gardening, organic productions, common are the arborous ones, followed by the permaculture, animal well-being, among herbaceous one and finally, in a less degree the others. Also, it offers veterinary consultation shrubs one. According to the size of this land, and to worm pets. Also it gives special attention the location in the city, and the diversity in the to senior people, so they can find here an flora, we can find a wild fauna associated with excellent place to talk about topics related to the vegetation of this place. In 2005, specialists natural science, environment, international from the Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, of culture and protection of nature. the Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio The environmental educational labor of this Ambiente (CITMA) made a research and they institution combines the theory given in found 66 species, 19 of them were mollusk (7 the classrooms with the practice in natural fluvials and 12 land ones) including 1 endemic areas. Students from the primary and the of this área, 2 amphibious, 8 reptiles, 32 birds secondary level schools are the ones that take (14 migratory) and 5 species of mammals. In more advantages of this place. This Garden 2010, students from the Faculty of Biology of also supports an important subject called «El the Havana’s University made a research in Mundo en que Vivimos», this subject is taught order to characterize the invertebrates in the to the students that are in 4th grade. They also area, reporting a large number of individuals receive guided tours in this place. Besides, from different species. it contributes in the practical formation of

Las Carolinas 298 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Parque Simón Bolivar

gardening students from the Trade School of aquatic plants and the importance of fish in the Historian of the City Office and also for the ponds. students who are majoring in Natural Sciences In order to carry out these activities, this garden at the University of Havana. has a specialized team in communication, This area produces organic fertilizers and popular education, biology, agronomy and plant trees that are used for parks and gardens informatics; also it has specialists from the City in the Historical center and other areas. It has Historian Office, the University of Havana, a workshop for the elaboration of handcrafts the Heritage Society and Environment, among that can have an utilitarian or ornamental other contributors. The Garden Quinta de los function, floral decoration, brushes made Molinos works in order to be an interactive of palm fruits, nests for wild nests and park for learning natural science and biodegradable bags. Also it has a place for environmental education. obtaining worm humus and 32 flowerbeds Autors collective for planting vegetables, spices and medicinal SPCMA plants. All these contribute to a self system of organic production with didactical purposes in GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT city areas, very attractive to visitors. “SOCIEDAD PATRIMONIO, Visitors can improve their knowledge here and COMUNIDAD Y MEDIO participate in events and festivals of different AMBIENTE”­­­­ specialties that are aimed to the protection of SPCMA (Heritage, Community and the nature and the environment. They can Environment Society) learn how to plant an orchid and a tree, to Slogan: For the City, its Inhabitants and the eat healthy, to breed a pigeon, to know about Environment MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 299

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: SOCIETY GUIDELINES: Founded on May 12­­­­­­­­ of 2004, the Heritage, • To support the socio-cultural program of the Community and Environment Society is a Office of the City Historian. not-for-profit civil organization. The Society • To make known, both internally and has a two-fold mission: first, to cooperate internationally, the planning and management with initiatives that advance the socio- activities on which this program is based. cultural program for the rehabilitation and • To promote the establishment and development revitalization of the City of Havana, initially of knowledge and skills in disciplines relevant to launched in the city’s Historical Centre and the Society’s three program areas. now expanding throughout the rest of the • To support the management and implementation Priority Zone as designated by the Office of of donations and projects focused on the heritage, the City Historian; and second, to support the community and urban environment of the City planning and management structures that of Havana. make this work possible, by promoting them • To sponsor and carry out events at both the both domestically and in the international national and international level. arena. To carry out this mission, the Society • To promote research within the Society’s manages, coordinates and implements a program areas. range of projects within three program areas: • To facilitate and carry out the transfer of Heritage, Community, and the Environment. experience and technology with and among other Members: institutions and countries. Its membership consists of individuals and institutions, both national and international, BOARD OF DIRECTORS: who are interested in the preservation, Honorary President: Eusebio Leal Spengler rehabilitation, management, development and President: Ana Lourdes Soto Pérez promotion of the historical, architectural and Full Members: Magda Resik Aguirre cultural heritage of the City of Havana, and in Nelys García Blanco the community and environmental issues that Ángel Valdés Mujica affect the City. José Vázquez Rodríguez Substitute Members: Pablo Fornet Gil Martha Rosa Muñoz Campos Orlando Ramos Blanc 300 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

CZECH REPUBLIC

National organization: General information Czech Landscape Gardening Association – Czech Green Roof Association (Svaz zakládání a údržby zeleně, z.s. - odborná sekce Zelené střechy (ZeS)) Údolní 33, 602 00 Brno [email protected] Managing Director: Ing. Jana Šimečková President: Ing. Jitka Dostalová Chapter written by: Ing. Pavel Dostal, [email protected]

CURRENT NATIONAL PROJECT SIZE OF THE ASSOCIATION Description: DRN is a newbuilt administrative • 24 individual members (installation building in the heart of Prague close to the companies) Czech National Theatre. It features 650 m2 • 7 business members (manufacturers of of intensive green roof and a 5-storey green components) façade of 262 m2 with grasses and spring • 2 associated members (associations) bulbous flowers in national colours. DRN has been awarded first place in the competition CURRENT ACTIVITIES Green Roof of the Year 2018. In 2016, the Association implemented a project http://www.zelenastrecharoku.cz/cs/ called “Green roofs – hope for the future II.” menu/soutezni-dila/budova-drn-objekt-se- (Zelené střechy – naděje pro budoucnost smisenymi-funkcemi-vyuziti/ II.) supported by the Czech Ministry of Environment. The most significant outcome of STRUCTURE AND MISSION the project was the publication of Czech green The Czech Green Roof Association (Sekce roofs standards which coins the terminology Zelené střechy) was founded in 2013 under of green roofs, describes their functions, the Czech Landscape Gardening Association categorizes green roof types and stipulates (Svaz zakládání a údržby zeleně). It comprises the qualitative requirements for each layer of natural and legal persons which actively engage green roof. It also describes suitable vegetation, in business activities in areas of landscaping its maintenance and recommended warranty and greenery on buildings, particularly green conditions. The document is first of its kind roofs. The Association supports the greening in the Czech Republic and has been used as a of roofs, walls and other constructions qualitative requirement for a national green as means of sustainable construction, roof subsidy program “New green savings”. environmental protection and urban greenery In the following year, the Association published retrofitting. Since its founding, the Association an overview of measures used to support is a member of the European Federation green roof uptake in European countries of Green Roof and Wall Associations – EFB. and cities. The document was welcomed by It offers topical seminars and workshops for municipalities looking to promote urban green professionals and the general public, issues infrastructure and climate adaptation. expert publications including the Czech green In 2018, supported by a Ministry of roof standards, organizes the Green roof of the Environment grant as in previous years, the year competition and engages in international Association continued to spread knowledge projects. In 2018, the Association became a about green roofs. As a result, an information member of the Czech Green Building Council. portal has been created to serve professionals MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 301

as well as general public looking to find expert The City of Pilsen includes green roofs and non-commercial information about green walls to help mitigate the risk of flash flooding, roofs. In the next years, the Association aims and to lower the risks of heatwaves. Green to further spread knowledge about roofs are one of the four climate adaptation measures recommended and elaborated. SOME SELECTED CITY GREENING The City of Ostrava as with other Czech cities PROGRAMS is also looking to use green roofs to reduce the The City of Prague, in its Strategy on proportion of sealed surfaces and ameliorate Adaptation to Climate Change, aims to support the urban heat island. It is considering the the introduction of green roofs and other green development of incentives to help achieve infrastructure elements, find ways to encourage this. green roofs including grant programs, edit current grant programs so that they enable the SOME SPECIFIC RELATED HOT support of green roofs, establish a “best green TOPICS roof competition” in Prague. 195 000 m2 green roofs have been created in The City of Brno includes green roofs and the Czech Republic in 2017, which represents green walls within its strategy to lower the risk an annual increase of 50 %. 77 % (150 000 m2) of heatwaves and the urban heat island effect. of the total were extensive and 23 % (45 000 Currently, the city is looking to use existing m2) were intensive green roofs. Green roofs areas for the creation of green roofs and walls. are predominantly requested by the private Micro-grants are being considered as one of sector. the measures to achieve this. 302 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

EFB- EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF GREEN ROOF AND LIVING WALL ASSOCIATIONS

Name: EFB- European Federation of Green Roof and Living Wall Associations (Europäische Föderation Bauwerksbegrünungsverbände) Address: Wiedner Hauptstr. 63; AT-1045 Vienna, Austria Type of Organisation: Non-Profit Organisation Contact Person: Vera ENZI (Spokeswoman), Dusty GEDGE (President), Elisabeth GRUCHMANN-BERNAU (Secretary) Email: [email protected] Website: www.efb-greenbuildings.eu Phone: +43 650 634 96 31

The EFB was founded in 1997 as a Non- • Germany (BUGG gebaeudegruen.info) Profit Organisation based with its main office • Germany (VBHS vbsh-ev.de) and in Vienna (AT). There are currently 16 • France (ADIVET adivet.net) national green roof and wall associations that • Hungary (ZEOSZ zeosz.hu) are members of the federation, including • Italy (AIVEP aivep.it) Switzerland as an exchange partner: • Netherlands (VBB bouwwerkbegroeners.nl) • Austria (VfB gruenstattgrau.org, GSG • Poland (PSDZ psdz.pl) gruenstattgrau.at) • Portugal (ANCV greenroofs.pt) • Czech Republic (ZES zelenestrechy.info) • United Kingdom (livingroofs.org) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 303

• Scandinavia: Sweden, Norway, Finland, MISSION AND CURRENT STATUS Denmark (SGRA scandinavian-green-roof.org, The Federation and its national members SGRI greenroof.se) actively promote the use of green roofs and • Spain (PRONATUR. pronatur.es) green facades throughout Europe. Such • Belgium (BVG) technologies are known to provide better • Serbia (GRA nazk.org) quality of life for towns and cities by returning • Exchange partner Switzerland (SFG sfg- sealed surfaces back to nature and help gruen.ch) with Climate Change Adaptation. In 2018 the European Parliament and the Council ABOUT US amended the Directive 2010/31/EU on the The national associations themselves consist energy performance of buildings and the of over 500 Small to Medium Enterprises and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. their employees, dealing with manufacturing, In this light, green roofs and walls can supplying and construction of Green Roofs contribute even more by improving building’s and Walls in Europe. The association is still energy performances and help meeting other growing with new members, like Serbia important targets like renewable Energies in 2018, and supporting other countries development. like currently Luxembourg to establish By organizing urban green infrastructure an association. Most national associations conferences over Europe (EUGIC) the transfer have full and extraordinary members from of knowledge becomes enhanced. In 2015 the Universities, City Governments, Planning and first European Urban Green Infrastructure Architecture bodies related to the association. Conference took place in Vienna with Green Roofs and Living Walls of all kinds offer great success, followed by Budapest in 2017 a wide range of different measurable benefits. and London in 2019. Within the last years They are therefore considered as an important working groups supported by the European element of the Urban Green Infrastructure Commission intensified and Green Roof and network especially in densely built retrofit wall Technologies became part of Horizon areas of cities. The EFB is supporting Green 2020 projects across Europe. Currently the Roofs and Walls on European level through EFB has started a market research initiative to policy standards, research, promotion, generate a comprehensive market report for education, knowledge transfer, etc.. the greening industry (2018-2019). 304 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

FRANCE

National organization: ADIVET, Association des toitures et façades végétales 85, rue Gabriel Péri, 92120 Montrouge, France e-mail: [email protected] François Lassalle, president Marc Lacaille, general delegate

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: CITY PROGRAMS Established in 2003, Adivet is a non- - Cities involved in green roofs/green façades: governmental, non-profit organization to • Paris (Plan Local d’Urbanisme, Plan promote all national activities of green roofs biodiversité) (extensive, semi-intensive and intensive) and • Lyon green façades. The association brings together • Grenoble the key players in the green roof and green - National environmental process « Grenelle wall industry (manufacturers, waterproofing de l’environnement», launched by former and landscaping contractors, professional president Sarkozy, and still working. associations, etc.). It recently expanded to encompass the green wall industry, a sector in CONFERENCES: which many of its members have been present Technical symposiums since 2004, in for several years. association with: Concerning the green roofs, the hard work and - CSTB (national building technical council) dedication of the association and its members - different CAUE (departmental architecture in recent years, (training/ information/ councils) experimentation) has resulted in a boom in - CRITT ARRDHOR (technical center for green roofs in France, with more than one horticulture) million square meters installed in 2011. Adivet is also recognized as a reference organization Together with the WGIN, organization of the in its field and is co-editor of the French World Green Infrastructure Congress (Congrès Professional Standards for Green Roofs and mondial de la végétalisation du bâtiment) in Terraces, together with the UNEP (National Nantes, September 2013). Over 70 speakers, Union of Landscaping Companies) and the 500 delegates CSFE (French Waterproofing Association). MEMBERSHIP: CONTACT: National: François Lassalle - Plante &Cité (www.plante-et-cite.fr) [email protected] - CSFE (www.etancheite.com) - Betocib (www.betocib.net) HOMEPAGE: - Association HQE (www.assohqe.org) www.adivet.net - France GBC (www.francegbc.fr)

NUMBER OF MEMBERS: International: About sixty - founding member of the WGIN since its launch (2007) - member of the EFB (2013) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 305

ACADEMIC RESEARCH NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF INSTITUTIONS GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE - CSTB (Paris) - François Lassalle (Adivet) - Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées (Marne la - Raphaël Lamé (Adivet) Vallée, 77) - Olivier Damas (Plante et Cité) - Ecole des Mines (Paris) - CEREMA (Bron, 69) GROWTH RATE RELATION BETWEEN EXTENSIVE /ROOF SELECTED NATIONAL GARDENS/PODIUM DECKS AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION: SOME WORDS ABOUT LIVING Règles Professionnelles pour les toitures et WALLS AND INDOOR GREENING terrasses végétalisées MARKET: (editions in 2004, 2007, 2014) - About 1,500,000 m² green roofs each year. Directives Professionnelles pour les façades - About 90% extensive, 10% semi-intensive végétalisées (writing in progress) - Roof gardens (intensive green roofs) also about 1,000,000 m²/year. CURRENT TRENDS: - Green facades exist in many cities and this - More biodiversity on green roofs market is growing. - Rooftop farming 306 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

GERMANY

ABOUT US - A UNION FOR MORE • Exchange of experiences and cooperation GREEN! with neighbouring associations Bundesverband GebäudeGrün e.V. (BuGG) is („cross-association Alliance on Building a merger of the two previously independently Greening“), including the German-speaking acting well-established associations Deutscher associations from Austria and Switzerland Dachgärtner Verband e.V. (DDV) and • Networking services, exchange of Fachvereinigung Bauwerksbegrünung e.V. experiences (FBB). • Practical working aids for members Joining forces into one strong association aims at avoiding double work and investments, and Strengths and success modules of BuGG: with joined competences of both associations • Members from different sectors of green we can act in a more targeted way and roofs, green walls and interior greening. increase our impact. BuGG operates both as A multitude of opinions and ideas allow a broad professional organisation and advocacy group exchange of experiences, and an extensive for companies, communities, universities, coverage of wide range of topics organisations and all parties interested in • Project groups, foreign affairs, scouts, building greening (green roofs, green walls ambassadors and interior greening). • Fact sheets on various fields of specialisation • Working brochures on various topics, e.g. Registered office: Berlin Safe Trade Separation, Basics of Green Roofs, Business office: Saarbrücken Guidelines for Local Authorities, Municipal Founded: 17.05.2018 Green Roof Strategies) Members: 330 • List of root-proof membranes and coatings Activities: all activities in green roofs, green (“WBB-list”) walls and interior greening; predominantly in • Yearbook Building Greening Germany, embedded into activities of EFB and • Discussion sheet „Nationwide Strategy on WGIN Building Greening“ • Cooperation with other trade associations, Our targets: e.g. BGL, ZVG, BDLA, BDA, DGNB, DWA • Increasing the building greening market • Collaboration with and contacts to policy- (increase of direct and indirect funding, makers building greening must be taken as granted) • Newsletter (GebäudeGrün-eNews) • BuGG is the first contact partner in building • Professional website (including blog and greening social media): www.gebaeudegruen.info • Working on image and public relations of • Green Roof Symposium in Ditzingen (since building greening 2003), Green Wall Symposium, Interior • Initial information and argumentation for Greening Symposium and nationwide architects and building owners seminars Green Roof Forum throughout • Technical competence, professional Germany, International Congress on Building brochures, comments on guidelines Greening in Berlin • Market knowledge: data, facts and figures on • Presence at trade fairs GaLaBau, Nürnberg the German market and Grünbau/Bautec, Berlin MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 307

• Research projects Contact details: •BuGG contributes to FLL guidelines since BuGG Bundesverband GebäudeGrün e.V. many years • Annual BuGG Green Roof, Green Wall, Registered office: Interior Greening Awards Albrechtstraße 13 • Trade magazine „GebäudeGrün” (previously D-10117 Berlin Dach + Grün; 4 issues p.a.) +49 30 / 40 05 41 02 • Market report: annual figures published (internal member survey and survey of cities Business office: and communities) In den Birken 11 D-66130 Saarbrücken At present, BuGG has about 330 members from +49 681 / 98 80 570 various trades and industries that are busy with green roofs, green walls and interior greening. [email protected] As a primary target, BuGG aims at presenting www.bugg.de the advantages and possibilities of building www.gebauedegruen.info greening in front of the widest audience www.facebook.com/Gebaeudegruen/ possible. Acting as federal association Bundesverband GebäudeGrün e.V., we have www.gebaeudegruen.info/bugg/ueber-uns/ opportunities to create a positive framework ueber-den-bugg/ and environment „pro green“ that are closed to individual companies.

The Board of Directors of BuGG (v.l.n.r.): Hans Schmid (Member), Gerd Vogt (CFO), Dr. Gunter Mann (President), Carsten Henselek (Vice President), Helmut Kern (Member) The former presidents of FBB and DDV Dr. Gunter Mann (left) and Carsten Henselek after the merger on 17.05.2018 308 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

HONG KONG WGIN Partner: Prof. C.Y. Jim, University of Hong Kong, Department of Geography, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. Tel: 852-3917-7020; Fax: 852-2559-8994; Email: [email protected]; Webpage: http://geog.hku.hk/staff_FT_jim.html

CITY PROGRAMS - The first research-experiment green roof About 25% of the 1050 km² of Hong Kong is was established in 2005 on top of an academic high-density urban areas. As one of the most building at the University of Hong Kong. compact cities in the world, both commercial - A Green Roof for Schools program was initiated and residential high-rise buildings with 20–50 in 2007 with donations from a corporation stories are common. Most rooftops are flat (Hongkong Bank Foundation) to install 14 but largely barren and covered with concrete green roofs. This seed project subsequently tiles. The green roof movement in Hong Kong triggered more green-roof installations in other was initiated in 2005 by the University of Hong schools and non-governmental buildings with Kong. Green roofs have been promoted by the the help of government and business funding. government since 2008, spearheaded by the - The largest green roof was established in 2006 Architectural Services Department. Since 2012, on top of the Wetland Park Visitor Centre with green roof and green wall promotion has been a walkable vegetated area of 12,620 m². It is taken on by the Hong Kong government, under mainly covered by grass with only two rows of its Greening, Landscape and Tree Management landscape trees. section of the Development Bureau. - A large green roof was installed in 2007 on The territory’s first open competition, the Skyrise top of a shopping mall called The Elements in a Greenery Award, was organized in 2012 by the newly developed area (Kowloon West). government, together with professional bodies - The first rooftop woodland was installed in associated with the construction and property 2008 on top of an electricity substation in development sector. It aimed at encouraging Kowloon. more installation of green roofs and better - The first green roof on top of a railway station green roof design and management. A total of was installed in Tai Po in 2009. 113 very high quality projects participated in - Green roofs were installed in 2010 on top of the contest. They fell under four categories; a new prison in the New Territories, believed government projects, private developments, to be the first penitentiary facility to have roof schools and non-government organizations, greening. and planning-research studies. The panel of - The first experimental vegetable field was judges chose 27 outstanding projects for the established in 2011 on the roof of the library coveted award. Most green roofs are extensive. building at the University of Hong Kong. Thus far, only two intensive sites in the form of - Commercial properties owned by a developer sky woodland have been established by a local (Hongkong Land) greened the roofs of their power company (CLP) on the top of electricity shopping malls and footbridges from 2011 to substations embedded in built-up areas. Green 2013. roofs and green walls have continued to be - The new government office complex, opened installed on new buildings, accompanied by in 2011 at Tamar, included green roofs on retrofitting of existing buildings. top of the Legislative Council chamber and Some pioneering, well-designed and well- underground parking garages. known green roofs can be enumerated: - A new sky woodland in conjunction with four MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 309

Roof farming, biodiversity and environmental education. Source: M. Köhler massive green walls was installed in 2013 on an sensors and data loggers to acquire long-term electricity substation in a new town (Tseung data related to microclimatic, thermal, energy, Kwan O). With high-density vegetation cover, hydrological and species performance. complex biomass structure, diverse species composition and attractive flowers, it offers the The experimental study has been extended to finest example of building-envelope greening territory-wide assessments based on remote for an institutional structure in Hong Kong. sensing images, geographic information The green roof and associated green wall systems, digital image analysis and field work. (vertical greening) research projects were They cover: initiated in 2005 at the University of Hong Kong - the urban-fabric factors accounting for green and sustained by generous donations and grants roof distribution; provided by the government and private sector. - the potential sites for green roof establishment; Thus far, eight sites with field experiment plots - the macro-scale benefits in terms of suppressing and environmental monitoring equipment the urban heat island effect, enhancing carbon have been established: sequestration and hence reducing the carbon - a green roof on the University’s Runme Shaw footprint, curtailing greenhouse gas emission, Building; and trimming energy consumption; and - a green wall on the Runme Shaw Building; - a game-theory simulation to find the best - a native woodland on the CLP substation in strategy to promote green roof adoption. Lai Chi Kok; - a large-scale public building of the Tai Po CHALLENGES OF GREEN ROOF Railway Station; DEVELOPMENT - a public housing-estate site at Tseung Kwan O; Some factors have restricted or stifled the - a large-scale plant species trial site on the development of green roofs in the compact city: University’s Library Building; - a setup to evaluate hydrological benefits on - The humid-tropical monsoon climate with the Library Building; and frequent rainstorms and typhoons (wind - a large-scale green wall combining speed often exceeding 100 km h-1) may environmental assessment and species trial damage vegetation on roofs. at the Drainage Services Department’s Shatin - Ample rainfall and warmth in the hot- site. These experiments are well equipped rainy season from April to September can with state-of-the-art environmental monitoring invite aggressive growth of weeds and other 310 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

competitors or pests of green roof plants. earnest desire to improve the quality of the - The extended cool-dry season from October environment and quality of life through to March demands regular irrigation to sustain multi-faceted urban greening, including roof plant growth. greening. - The load bearing capacity of many old building is sometimes too low or unknown ROOF GREENING STRATEGIES: (due to loss of government records), making it The following strategies are proposed to uncertain or risky to install a green roof. enhance the quantity and quality of green roofs - Some older buildings have not received in Hong Kong: proper maintenance for too long, resulting in leaking and structural problems to render - Improve the relevant technical competency them unsuitable for green roof installation. by developing and adopting stringent - Many rooftops of commercial buildings standards and specifications of green roof tend to be occupied by air-conditioning units, materials and methods. making them unavailable for roof greening. - Establish an official contractor accreditation - The policy framework of some key and registration system to scrutinize the government departments controlling land, knowledge and skill of concerned companies. planning and building administration has - Enhance training of green roof engineers and not been adjusted to facilitate green roof technicians with respect to design, installation installation. and maintenance. - Absence of government and industry - Accord higher priorities to greening the technical standards and specifications on roofs of old urban areas which are deficient in green roofs. ground-level green spaces. - Inadequate knowledge and skill level of - Give preference and support to the greening some green roof contractors. of roofs on residential buildings. - Use of low-quality materials by some - Plan new towns or new development areas contractors. to insert more green roofs. - Where appropriate, ensure that the green OPPORTUNITIES FOR GREEN roofs are easily accessible to the public. ROOF DEVELOPMENT: - Support more in-depth research to optimize Some factors are conducive to the development cost-effectiveness, ecosystem services and of green roofs in Hong Kong: multiple benefits of the innovative urban greening technology to the ultra-compact city. - The city, with a reasonable GDP and per capita income and a healthy governmental MAIN JUSTIFICATIONS FOR financial status, can afford to install green SKYRISE GREENERY IN HONG roofs. KONG: - The central level of the government has - Evapotranspiration cooling of ambient air adopted an enabling attitude to promote especially in the long and hot summer green roofs. - Shielding and thermal insulation to reduce - Green roof research findings at the University heat influx into indoor space of Hong Kong have provided ample objective - Amelioration of the urban heat island effect information and support to advocate and win - Mitigation of the urban smog problem support for green roof innovations. - Introduction of greenery and natural elements - Liberal publicity efforts associated with in compact built-up areas research programs have raised public - Provision of high quality green spaces in safe awareness and community knowledge about and often secluded locations green roofs. - Compensation for the grave shortage of green - The community has developed an spaces at the ground level MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 311

- Enhancement of urban wildlife and urban (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam) 46: 1263-1274. biodiversity - Tsang, S.W. and Jim, C.Y. (2011) Theoretical - Teaching and learning about nature in schools evaluation of thermal and energy performance of tropical green roofs. Energy (Elsevier SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS Science, Amsterdam) 36: 3590-3598. OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE - Tian, Yuhong, Jim, C.Y. (2011) Factors A research team composed of three influencing the spatial pattern of sky gardens in postdoctoral fellows, three PhD students and the compact city of Hong Kong. Landscape and three technicians or research assistants has Urban Planning (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam) been established by Professor C.Y. Jim at the 101: 299-309. University of Hong Kong to conduct in-depth - Jim, C.Y. and He, H.M. (2011) Estimating studies on the ecological and environmental heat flux transmission of vertical greenery aspects of green roofs and green walls. ecosystem. Ecological Engineering (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam) 37(8): 1112-1122. SOME RECOMMENDED - Jim, C.Y. and Tsang, S.W. (2011) Ecological SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE ABOUT energetics of tropical intensive green roof. GREEN ROOFS/LIVING WALLS IN Energy and Buildings (Elsevier Science, HONG KONG: Amsterdam) 43: 2696-2704. - Jim, C.Y. (2010) School Green Roof: City - Jim, C.Y. (2012) Effect of vegetation Cooler and Cleaner. Friends of the Country biomass structure on thermal performance of Parks and Cosmos Books, Hong Kong, 180 pp. tropical green roof. Landscape and Ecological - Jim, C.Y. (2010) Environmental and energy Engineering (Springer, New York) 8: 173-187. benefits of the sky woodland. CLP, Hong Kong, - He, H.M. and Jim, C.Y. (2012) Coupling 86 pp. model of energy consumption with changes in - Jim, C.Y. (2008) Ecological design of sky environmental utility. Energy Policy (Elsevier woodland in compact urban Hong Kong. Science, Amsterdam) 43: 235-243. In: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable - Jim, C.Y. and Peng, Lilliana L.H. (2012) Communities. Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, Weather effect on the thermal and energy Baltimore, MD, pp. 1-15. performance of an extensive tropical green - Jim, C.Y. and He, H.M. (2010) Coupling heat roof. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening flux dynamics with meteorological conditions (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam) 11: 73-85. in the green roof ecosystem. Ecological - Jim, C.Y. and Peng, Lilliana L.H. (2012) Engineering (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam) 36: Substrate moisture effect on water balance and 1052-1063. thermal regime of a tropical extensive green - He, H.M. and Jim, C.Y. (2010) Simulation of roof. Ecological Engineering (Elsevier Science, thermodynamic transmission in green roof Amsterdam) 47: 9-23. ecosystem. Ecological Modelling (Elsevier - Tian, Yuhong and Jim, C.Y. (2012) Science, Amsterdam) 221: 2949-2958. Development potential of sky gardens in the - Jim, C.Y. and Tsang, S.W. (2011) Modeling compact city of Hong Kong. Urban Forestry and the heat diffusion process in the abiotic layers Urban Greening (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam) of green roofs. Energy and Buildings (Elsevier 11: 223-233. Science, Amsterdam) 43: 1341-1350. - Tsang, S.W. and Jim, C.Y. (2013) A stochastic - Tsang, S.W. and Jim, C.Y. (2011) Game-theory model to optimize forecast and fulfillment of green approach for resident coalitions to allocate roof demand. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening green roof benefits. Environment and Planning (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam) 12: 53-60. A (Pion, London) 43: 363-377. - Jim, C.Y. (2014) Heat-sink effect and indoor - Jim, C.Y. and Tsang, S.W. (2011) Biophysical warming imposed by tropical extensive green properties and thermal performance of an roof. Ecological Engineering (Elsevier Science, intensive green roof. Building and Environment Amsterdam). 62: 1–12. 312 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

HUNGARY

Name of local organization: ZEOSZ (Hunagrian Division of Green Roof and Green Wall Contractors) Current address: 2822 Szomor, Hegyalja út 52. email: [email protected] Homepage: www.zeosz.hu Contact person/address: Péter Dezsényi tel: +36309920700 email: [email protected] Current president: Péter Dezsényi Size of the association (number of current members): more than 70 members

ZEOSZ (National Division of Green Roof and green wall guideline for architects, landscape Green Wall Contractors) is now a subdivision architects and decisionmakers (2017). The of the Association of Hungarian Landscape new green roof guideline is about to follow by Contractors (MAKEOSZ). The two, originally 2020. independent organizations have just merged Another noticeable market development is into a new, larger federation by the beginning the first ever Hungarian municipality who of this year (2019), with over 70 contractor announced green roofs being mandatory in members, plus system manufacturers, the entire 12th district of Budapest, for all technical schools, universities, consultants, new and renovated flat roofs. ZEOSZ was etc. on board, in order to foster municipalities contracted as their main consultant. make their cities greener and healthier all Thanks to this, with some other progressive around Hungary. regulations, and the dynamic growth of the ZEOSZ has been promoting green roofs and Hungarian economy, both green roof and green walls for 20 years now, from media green wall markets are growing exponentially appearances through professional trainings in the last 3-4 years. Hungary now has over 3 and education to lobbying for local- and million m2 green roofs, and about 200 living country regulations. walls, mostly made by a new generation Its latest big achievement is the release of of specialised contractors and trained the first ever Hungarian green façade and technicians. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 313

INDIA

National organization: Indian Green Infrastructure Network No:302 , 9 th main 1st block HRBR layout , Kaylan Nagar . BANGALORE – 560043 Karnataka . INDIA Secretary – Vivek Martin +91-9845878126

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: CONTACT: IGIN is a membership-driven NGO set up IGIN: Hema Kumar – Founder – President - with the vision to develop world-class green +91-9945200332 sustainable cities in India by fostering a network Vivek Martin – Secretary of Professionals, Architects, Government Organizations, Industrialists, Developers, HOMEPAGE: etc., and facilitating discussions as well as www.iginasia.org spread of education on Green technology and environmental issues. India being such a huge NUMBER OF MEMBERS: market for infrastructure development and About: 95 city growth, there is a glaring need for green awareness in the country today. CITY PROGRAMS To bridge this gap and foster our vision we Being a new organization we also are closely believe that a forum and juncture is needed working with many NGOs both nationally to educate and create awareness among both and internationally .We are also working on professionals and civilians. It is with this drive wherein Through IGIN landscape professionals that we also organized International Green can do certification courses. Talking to experts Conference, in association with the World like architects, landscape architects, green Green Infrastructure Network (WGIN). technology experts via LIVE video conferencing The International Green Conference was first about the best green projects designed and of its kind in the sub-continent, encompassing implemented by them. IGIN wants to bridge educational programs, workshops on Green the GAP by bringing the best innovative Sustainable Technology in India. The engineering for the landscape industry, conference themed “Re-Think Sustainability” professional education and an internationally- was held in Bangalore, India from November recognized certification system. 26 - 28, 2012. The conference will examine international, CONFERENCES: regional, and national ‘best practices’ towards International Green Conference. Nov 26-28 , achieving green sustenance. The deliverables 2012 – Bangalore. India will be a set of substantive policy and action- oriented recommendations that will be FURTHER ACTIVITIES: leveraged through participants drawn from - Urban Farming Systems within 10 countries and beyond. Varied and - Roof Top Farming relevant topics like Vertical Gardening, Green - R&d On Different Types of Roof Garden and Roofs, Storm Water Management, Rain Water Green Facades. Sustenance, Urban Water Management, Green Architecture, etc. was covered in this MEMBERSHIP: Conference. Founding member of IGIN 314 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ACADEMIC RESEARCH GROWTH RATE RELATION INSTITUTIONS BETWEEN EXTENSIVE /ROOF Looking forward and collaborating with Indian GARDENS/PODIUM DECKS AND horticulture SOME WORDS ABOUT LIVING WALLS AND INDOOR GREENING CURRENT TRENDS (2012-2013): MARKET: Economical and inovative green facades and - About 8-10 Mill m² green roofs each year. roof top farming - About 40% extensive, 60% intensive roof gardens SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS - Green facades with climbers, green wall, bio/ OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE living walls are growing for the past few years - Prof. Chandru at average of 40- 50 thousand m² per year. - Santosh Stanley RECOMMENDED NATIONAL WEBPAGES: www.iginasia.org

Roof garden on parking lots, India, Bangalore. Source: M. Köhler. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 315

IRAN

National organization: Office Address: Iranian Green Roof Association (IGRA) No. 418-3rd Alley-Abiverdi 1-Chamran Blvd Shiraz – Iran Postal Code: 71946-43519 Phone Number: Office: +98 711 6463445 Fax: +98 711 6463151 e-Mail: [email protected] President: Aslan Jonoubi Contact - President: ([email protected]) ([email protected]) - Phone Number : +98 917 118 0553

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: communities by encouraging dense, mixed- Iranian Green Roof & infrastructure use development correlated with mass transit, Association (IGRA) is a non-governmental, pedestrian connectivity, and open space. Our non-profit organization; in cooperation with architects and building engineers deliver governmental as well as private institutions to high-performance buildings tailored to their promote and construct Green spaces. contexts. Our landscape architects and urban As a representative of WGIN, IGRA has designers design low-impact landscapes. Our registered and established standards and program construction managers maintain and regulations of Green Roof Design in Iran via the advance sustainable agendas as projects are city councils. In-order to promote and inspire implemented. sustainable attributes we have attended annual We take pride in providing sustainable green most conferences hosted by GHRC worldwide, roofs. Our technical expertise is backed up and have also released presentations as well by scientific research, therefore our roofs as articles and have hosted many symposiums work exactly in the nature it is intended for. and seminars throughout Iran. We provide the correct system for the exact We specialize in Green roofs (extensive semi- requirements. We do not design substandard intensive and intensive), and green walls. roofs, only installing systems we can guarantee Principles of environmental awareness are to be sustainable. fundamental to our design culture. Our sustainable solutions have shaped many ORGANIZATIONS- STRUCTURE: projects throughout Iran; our projects Non-governmental, non-profit organization have achieved honors and recognition for environmental responsibility. CONTACT: Our capabilities provide for a range of Aslan Jonoubi sustainable outcomes; our strategic planners help local governments develop strategies to HOMEPAGE: reduce their carbon footprints. Our economists - www.irangreenroof.ir inform a higher and more even quality of - www.shirazgreenroof.ir life for communities. Our environmental - www.irangreenroofassociation.ir ecological planners conserve open space, protect biodiversity, restore habitat, NUMBER OF MEMBERS: support renewable energy development, About: 60 members. including: corporate and manage natural resources. Our master members and Manufactures planners create inherently more sustainable 316 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

CITY PROGRAMS Green roof policies Alterations about regulations in green roof Shiraz’s city council has altered building plans have been approved throughout Iran by codes and has regulated policies based on city councils via Aslan Jonoubi who’s now a Bame Sabz guidelines, which is now the policy maker of Incentive programs for the official booklet of Green Roof Standards in metropolitan in Iran-Shiraz. Iran.

Detail of the results: CONFERENCES: Executive committee consisting of Civil • Green Roof Symposium WGIN Service executive, urban planning executive, Shiraz-Iran: architecture executive, managing director On the 6th of November 2013, a Symposium of parks, and the managing directors of was held in Conference hall of Fars environmental organizations in Shiraz were province telecom and Aslan Jonoubi The all involved in a two week discussion about representative of WGIN (World Green sustainable developments throughout the Infrastructure Network) in Iran was talking country; where at-last the city council adopted Regarding the benefits and technical Issues a project entitled to promote the value of of Green Roofs and Green Walls. He, as sustainable practice and green development. a policy maker of Incentive Program for a The City Council approved plans to build metropolitan in Iran-Shiraz, talked about the new green spaces on buildings and rooftops world experiences of Green Roofs and Green vertically and horizontally. Walls.

ArtPrize 2013. Source: Greenroofs.com. Photo Courtesy of LiveWall. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 317

• Engineers Society of Fars Province MEMBERSHIP: symposium Conference - GRHC member since 2008 In 2012 a Symposium was held in the - WGIN Member since 2011 Conference hall of Engineers society in the province of Fars regarding Green Roof ACADEMIC RESEARCH technical issues and benefits. INSTITUTIONS Shiraz Azad University FURTHER ACTIVITIES: Current Trends: - Organized classes to teach Green roof - Green Roof technology through the education of GRHC - Green Wall classes in New York, Atlanta and Toronto. - Preparing Plant Specification for the SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS purpose of Green Roof within Iran’s Climate. OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE - Promoting Green Roof Benefits through Aslan Jonoubi seminars and publications. - Green facades GREEN PROJECTS: - Cost – benefit Analysis of green roofs and www.omranparsco.ir green facades. www.mooshircenter.ir - Maintenance of green roofs www.eramcenter.ir - Further international cooperation in WGIN - Inspecting Green roof Designs - Assembling policy regulations regarding Green Roof Design 318 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ISRAEL The Local Planning and Building Unit Tel- Aviv – Yaffo, last year approved an update on National organization: instructions on how to plan and implement Israel Green Building Council Green Building within the city. This was done in www.ilgbc.org order to match the existing municipal guidelines of the New Israeli Standard for Sustainable The council acts according to principles of Building that was published in the end of the sustainability that balance environmental, social year 2011 and was fixed by British consultants and economic interests. It works towards being and multiple Israeli professionals. positioned as a leading and up to date organization These guidelines will apply to all types of in the field of green building. It strives for buildings within the city – in residential buildings internationally recognized high standards which the process will be gradual – at this point targeted are adjusted for the local conditions. at high rises (buildings that consist of 9 floors and Working with the Ministry of Environmental above). Commercial buildings consisting of more Protection, the SII and leading academic than 20 floors and residential buildings consisting institutions, the ILGBC also helped to establish of more than 30 floors will have to submit to the framework for accreditation of green more specific Green Building standards (2 stars building professionals. To date 120 professionals according to the new laws). These laws will also be have already received accreditation to work with implemented on buildings that are being redone the revised standard. through the new Tama 38 process (renovating old buildings while adding on extra floors). CONTACT: It has also been decided that public buildings Fran Sorin will have infrastructure for green roofs and Author of Digging Deep: Unearthing Your solar energy panels as a standard. The City Hall Creative Roots Through Gardening, Ecological politicians have voted in favor for these new Landscape Design Specialist regulations. [email protected], FB, Twitter, LinkedIn In the past year and a half, 170 buildings in the city were built within the new Green CITY PROGRAMS Building regulations (a totla of 1,000,000 meters of commercial, residential, hotels and Tel Aviv public buildings). In addition the principles More than 100 buildings and towers in the Tel- of sustainable and green building are to be Aviv, Yaffo district are built according to the assimilated as a standard for architectural and principles of Green Building. city planning for Tel-Aviv. Since 2011, Tel Aviv has implemented the Every education building within the city will element of Green Building and is making it have to assimilate Green Buildings standards (19 an obligation for the parties involved in the kindergardens, 8 schools and 5 sports centers). development and building. Schools with sea views with in the “Goosh From the year 2012, it is an obligation for Hagadol” will be built with extremely high Green involved parties to conform to the new Israeli standards and was chosen as the first school in Green Building standard. the country that will have a “green tag” according In the plans for building construction and design, to the new standards. The school will be built Tel Aviv approved of a 1,000,000 square meter according to the principles of Green planning and building for business and residential purposes building with the guidance of a Green Expert and under the Green Building standard. They are will be held to standards such as energy saving also working on similar projects for the West (shade, infrastructure, natural light, etc), water Tel-Aviv and Sde Dov (the small airport off of usage reduction and will be imbedded with solar the port) area – how to transform an existing system on the roof and put emphasis also on neighborhood into a sustainable neighborhood – recycling. There will also be a green garden and more community and organizationally oriented. an ecological structure on the roof of the school. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 319

In the year 2008, a agreement was signed with voltaic cells the roofs of 100 schools, in East Tel-Aviv, Yaffo and 15 city forums to reduce and West Jerusalem. Money earned from gas and environmental pollution and warming. saved electricity is invested in environmental In a statistic testing it was found that 67% of education. the air pollution is produced by structures One Jerusalem school in West Jerusalem has (mostly energy used within these structures). a green roof, and a second special-ed school in Because of this in April 2011, it was passed that East Jerusalem is about to have one. In addition, new construction will need to receive a permit the Jerusalem Bird Observatory has a Seasonal according to their use of the Green Building Living Roof and Walls. principles. These guidance principles deal with Jerusalem has a flourishing network of 45 saving energy, water, use of healthy building community gardens, much loved by the diverse ingredients, improvement of tenant health communities of the city. (natural light, healthy air). These will need to Neighborhood recycling centers have been be met in order to receive a building permit. placed in community gardens, which have become a hub for community activities. In the Google campus, Tel Aviv last 3 years, recycling has increased from 2% - “In 2013, Google moved into a new office space 14% in Jerusalem. in Tel Aviv, Israel. Designed by Camenzind Because of Jerusalem’s steep hills, rainwater Evolution, in collaboration with Setter -harvesting is coming back into regular practice, Architects and Studio Yaron Tal, the impressive as it was in ancient times. Urban landscaping is 8,000 sqm campus occupies 8 floors in Electra increasingly making use of drainage basins to Tower. create natural lakes, retain water for nature and It is a new milestone for Google in the prevent flooding. development of innovative work environments: Jerusalem is blessed with an abundance of nearly 50% of all areas have been allocated Urban Nature. An in-depth report conducted by to create communication landscapes, giving the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel countless opportunities to employees to surveyed 151 sites. collaborate and communicate with other Jerusalem’s urban nature sites are all to be found Googler’s in a diverse environment that will on the city’s green map ( www.greenmap.org.il) serve all different requirements and needs. Within the ICLEI-LAB initiative, Jerusalem is Only 7 of the 8 rented floors in Electra Tower the only city in the Middle East that has prepared are actually occupied by Google. The remaining a Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. floor gives space to a new ‘Campus’, which was This initiative ensures that nature in Jerusalem also opened in December by the Israeli Prime will be afforded the respect of an independent Minister. The ‘Campus Tel Aviv’, powered and critical layer of infrastructure, not simply by Google for Entrepreneurs, is a new hub what is left over after urban development. for entrepreneurs and developers, providing The Gazelle Valley is a pioneering initiative a base for start-up companies, and is only the which began as a grass roots campaign, but has second Google ‘Campus’ worldwide. developed into Israel’s first urban nature park ( Sustainability played a vital role to Google in 60 acres) the development of their new Tel Aviv offices Jerusalem is the first city in Israel to put in Light and the project is currently awaiting LEED Rail, which has taken all polluting traffic out of ‘Platinum’ certification, the first of its category the city.” in Israel.” Contributed by Naomi Tsur, Ex -Deputy Mayor Source:http://officesnapshots. of Israel, has been a major force in helping com/2013/01/31/google-tel-aviv-office-design/ these Jerusalem projects come to fruition. She has recently left the ministry to devote more Jerusalem time to her role as President of Green Pilgrim “The Jerusalem Municipality has put photo- Jerusalem. (www.greenpilgrimjerusalem.org) 320 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

and winter heating. The room uses energy- efficient lighting and is equipped with motion detectors that turn off the lights when it’s not in use. The building’s data center has also been designed to save energy. It features Intel Xeon processors, which reduce power consumption. The building boasts wide and double glazed windows, patios and reflective shelves, which allow natural light to filter inside. More than 75% of its high-use areas are exposed to natural light with the help of automatic control systems that regulate the flow. Automatic sensors control the levels of artificial lighting according to the natural light, and employees can control lighting and temperatures in their offices via their personal computers. Fresh air is monitored by CO2 sensors that track the number of people on each floor. The roof of the facility is covered with vegetation and heat-reflecting materials to lower interior temperatures. The roof garden provides enough Freestanding greenwall. thermal insulation to lower the heat load by 17 Source: Greenroofs.com. Photo Courtesy of cooling tons. A special control system installed Green Living Technologies International (GLTi). in the facility reduces water consumption for gardening needs by 55%, compared with average Haifa summer consumption. Water condensed by air In Haifa ”Intel Israel” dedicated the country’s conditioners is collected and used for gardening. most environmentally-friendly office building. The facility has also installed standard water- Dubbed IDC9, the 11-storey, $110 million facility saving sanitary systems such as faucets, showers, has a double distinction. It is Israel’s first LEED- toilets and urinals to achieve 30% reduction in certified green building and it has been awarded water usage.” Gold – the second-highest rating in the LEED Information taken from Israel21c.org - http:// certification system. israel21c.org/environment/intel-israel-goes- There are barely a handful of LEED-certified green-and-wins-gold/ buildings in Israel. The facility incorporates a slew of green K’far Saba elements, beginning at the construction level. K‘far Saba is planning a “green revolution,” with Construction waste was separated at source a comprehensive plan for numerous short-term into its component parts and recycled. About 13 and long-term changes. percent of the construction materials came from In the near future, the city plans to change all recycled sources. The structure was constructed street lights to energy-conserving bulbs, work on a previous parking site to prevent damage with shopping centers to reduce the use of plastic to natural assets. These measures are expected bags, use recycled paper in all municipal offices, to result in a reduction of 17% in total energy change municipal inspectors’ uniforms to ones consumption. made of recycled material, encourage the use of In addition, an energy-saving technique has “clean” energy, conceal electrical transformers been used in the facility’s server room. Spread underground and take other steps. In the long over 7,535 square feet, the space will house up term, the city plans to create an environmentally- to 15,000 computers. The heat generated from friendly farm on the agricultural land in the east these computers will be recycled for hot water of the city, check the possibility of using hybrid MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 321

fuels in public transport, and introduce a pilot University declared, “Until now, Israel has not program for newspaper recycling that will see had a research center for green roofs and research special bins placed around the city, much as from other countries has not necessarily been bottle-collection bins are placed now. applicable for the unique climate and flora of the The report said the “jewel in the crown” will Middle East. The new center, headed by Prof. be Kfar Saba’s new “green neighborhood” Leon Blaustein of the University’s Department in the west of the city, the first in Israel to of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, will be built according to green guidelines that be examining the field in the Israeli context: include improved thermal insulation and other Will it be possible to assemble green roofs in measures designed to save electricity, solar the Israeli climate without artificial irrigation? power systems, water-saving equipment, a Will Israeli flora be reliable to serve for green unique underground garbage removal system, roofs; and do green roofs increase the biological and numerous pedestrian and bicycle paths. diversity of insets and plants?” A municipal spokesman said that even though building work on the “green neighborhood” has Tel Aviv University’s Porter School of not yet begun, demand for apartments in the Environmental Studies project has been high. Kfar Saba mayor Yehuda A new building at Tel Aviv University features Ben Hamo said it was also the city’s intention to a standalone EcoWall that aims to provide work with local businesses to encourage them to vertical garden space and research facilities take steps toward improving the environment. for its faculty. The university’s Porter School The plan was put together by councilors, of Environmental Studies (PSES) hopes that its municipal officials and representatives from the new green building design will not only join the Ministry of Environmental Protection.” small number of LEED certified buildings in Information taken from : the country, but will also highlight sustainable http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satel- methodologies for future buildings in Israel. lite?cid=1192380709937&pagename=- The 3,700 sq m (39,826 sq ft) building will also JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull use a cost-effective chilled beam cooling system that works by circulating interior and outdoor air STRUCTURE AND MISSION through mounted chilled water coils and then A Leading Israeli Sustainable Architecture Firm: redistributing it back into the space to regulate Knafo Klimor Architects (http://www.kkarc. the temperature. com) The EcoWall and green roof of the building Knafo Klimor Architects, founded by David will become a sustainable architecture Knafo and Tagit Klimor in 1980, operates from research lab, and both will play a central role 2 branches in Tel Aviv and in Haifa with a in ongoing energy, water, soil, vegetation and diverse staff including architects, urbanists and materials studies at the university. Additional designers. sustainable features include 50kw solar panels, They designed the Green Elementary School in biological pools and grey water harvesting that K’far Saba, the first green school meeting LEEDs will prove vital in this drought-prone region. standards, which was completed in 2012. Environmental data gathered by the school will This design has been so well received that the be displayed on the egg-shaped capsule meeting firm has already been commissioned to build room that extrudes in both directions from the another green school. EcoWall. For more information on the project, click on: With only three other LEED-certified buildings http://www.kkarc.com/projects. in the country, PSES hopes to achieve LEED aspx?gp=3&c=444&p=3781 platinum status upon completion later this year.” Source: Axelrod-Grobman Architects via ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS: ArchDaily Last year, Haifa University built a green roof Sourced from: http://www.gizmag.com/pses- and ecology center - A statement from Haifa tel-aviv-sustainable-building/28080/ 322 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ITALY

National organization: Headquarters AIVEP - Italian Green Roof Association Lungotevere degli Altoviti, 4 – 00186 Roma. Ing. Giorgio Boldini (President). Current Board of Directors:

- Ing. Boldini Giorgio (president) - Dott. Geol. Crasso Maurizio - Harpo s.p.a. - Ing. Fiori Matteo - Perini Livio - Europomice - Dott. Agr. Rigolli Riccardo - Frapoli Stefano – Poliflor Scarl - Dott. Agr. Zecchini Ivano - Geom. Campagnoli Valter - Prof. Arch. Panunzi Stefano - Sign. Ra Casolaro Ondina - Arch. Bit Edoardo - Sig.ra Modena Anna Ludovica - Arch. La Rosa Maria Elena - Ing. Comel Silvio

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: directives that encourage the development of The AIVEP (Italian Green Roof Association) is green roofs; application of the existing rules; a non-governmental, non-profit organization - creating links with other associations that that promotes all national activities of green work to protect the environment and the roofs (extensive and intensive), green facades development of green infrastructure. and other technology with greenery-related functions in architecture. Members Since this is a cross-discipline that uses data AIVEP - Italian Green Roof Association - was and knowledge from various scientific and founded in 1997 to: professional members, AIVEP belong to - Aggregate all those who work professionally different professions and sectors: and scientifically in the field of green roofs Agronomists, architects, forestry industry, or are interested in the topic of green roofs to engineers, landscape architects, technicians, combine resources and energies. systems manufacturing companies, companies - Create synergies in research and dissemination producing components running specialists, of technical design, implementation and nurserymen, gardeners teachers, public and maintenance of green roofs. private institutions, environmentalists and nature lovers. AIVEP is a member of the EFB European Federation of National Associations CONTACT: The Association has the following objectives: Dr. Riccardo Rigolli - disclosure of the technical realizations of [email protected] green roof professionals. These techniques constitute the modern discipline that applies, HOMEPAGE: in a scientifically-sound manner, the most www.aivep.org innovative methodologies to achieve and maintain a stable green roof on different types CITY PROGRAMS of roofing, consistently with the standard UNI Law 10/2013: “Regulations for the development 11235: “guidelines for the design, execution, of urban green spaces” inspection and maintenance of green roofs”; CEN - European Committee for Standardization: - qualification of green roofs; CEN/TC 390 “Project Committee – Criteria - awareness of the central and local for design, performance, test methods and institutions; adoption of new resolutions and maintenance of roof gardens”. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 323

Presidential Decree No. 59 of 2/6/2009 - updates – analysis composition AIVEP). Casolaro “Regulations on the implementation of Article 4, - Modena – Zecchini paragraph 1, letters a) and b) of the DLG 19 August Group 5 - Innovation Cloud. (Analysis and 2005, n. 192, concerning the implementation of evaluation of participation). Panunzi Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings. “ MEMBERSHIP: R.I.E. Index - Building’s impacts index Founding member of EFB, Founding member of http://www.lexambiente.org/acrobat/strumurb.pdf WGIN? CONFERENCES: SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC http://www.nemetonmagazine.net/blog PUBLICATION: See Bibliographic information.doc FURTHER ACTIVITIES: Current working groups: CURRENT TRENDS (2012-2013): Two departments are active in the association for - Urban farming purposes of aggregation and coordination: - Vertical greening - Research section - Businesses section SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: GROUP COMPONENTS - Prof. Stefano Panunzi Group 1 - Web info. Boldini - Comel - Rigolli - Dr. Riccardo Rigolli Group 2 - Law of Urban Green Infrastructure. (General coordination activities - preparation of RECOMMENDED NATIONAL AIVEP documents - proposals Conferences and WEBPAGES: territorial). Boldini - Casolaro - Crasso - Fiori - - http://www.nemetonmagazine.net/ Panunzi - Perini - Rigolli - http://www.promoverde.it/ Group 3 - Law professionalism unregulated. - http://www.verdeepaesaggio.it/ (Information requirements at the Ministry -https://www.facebook.com/portaleprogres? - coordination, organization and proposals). sk=wall Boldini - Casolaro - Crasso – Zecchini -https://www.facebook.com/Associazione. Group 4 – Interior. (Bylaws, rules of procedure, Arspat qualifications and commissions - financial - UNI - Guidelines: UNI 11235:2007. ISPRA

Bougainvillea is one favorite climber. Lago di Garda (Italy). Source:M. Köhler. 324 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

JAPAN

Current adress, email Tamura building 2F, 3-2-4, Kanda Jinbocho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0051, JAPAN Contact person/adress of this chapter saori Ishihara / saori. [email protected]

CURRENT PRESIDENT Hajime Koshimizu Supporting member corporations and organizations: 118. Individuals: 29 CURRENT ACTIVITIES 1. Public awareness activities: Implementation of public awareness activities, including the National Urban Greenery Fair. 2. Awards and grants: The Green City Award, the Rooftop and Wall Greening Technology Contest and other awards, the Green Environment Plan Grand Prize, Kao’s Forestation Program for Everyone, and other One Picture of a current national project. The 35 National Urban Greenery Yamaguchi Fair grants. 3. Surveys and research projects: Conducted joint research with private companies, commissioned research by the national STRUCTURE AND MISSION, and local governments, and held an urban INFORMATION ABOUT CHANGES greening forum as a venue to present the IN THE LAST YEARS. results of these studies. The Organization for Landscape and Urban 4. Evaluation business: Conducts evaluation supports a variety of initiatives by citizens, projects such as the Social and Environmental businesses, and public organizations involved Contribution Green Evaluation System in activities to create, protect, and grow (SEGES) and the certification of urban greenery, and contributes to the development greening technologies. of green communities through research, 5. Human resource development, information information provision, and public awareness dissemination, and international cooperation: activities related to urban greenery. To Grants for research to students, disseminates achieve these goals, The Organization information in journals, websites, etc., for Landscape and Urban consists of the and implements international cooperation General Affairs Department, the Planning projects such as international seminars on and Research Department, and the Research rooftop greening technology between Japan Department. Since last year, we have and Korea. been accepting the attendance of Imperial Princess Mako, commending the winners SOME SELECTED CITY of the commendation system, and holding GREENING PROGRAMS “wa” exchange events to promote mutual The Organization for Landscape and Urban interaction. Infrastructure has given several awards and MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 325

Iwaki City of Fukushima Prefecture Kamakura City of Kanagawa Prefecture grants. Here, we will introduce the cities that its numerous heritage sites. Based on the received the “Green City Award” in the “Green Greenery Basic Plan formulated here, the City Planning Division” (the development of city has developed various measures over the measures that utilize the characteristics of a years, such as the utilization of the Green Area region for the greening of urban and regional Preservation System, securing independent areas and the conservation of green spaces financial resources, and awareness-raising and the results) in the last three years. activities in cooperation with local citizens 1. Iwaki City of Fukushima Prefecture: Iwaki and companies. City is one of the areas affected by the tsunami in the Great East Japan Earthquake. As a part SOME SPECIFIC RELATED HOT of the rebuilding efforts in the affected coastal TOPICS areas, the city has planted acorn trees at the One of the hot topics in Japan is the Urban tsunami prevention green areas and parks, Green Area Certification System that was involving its citizens from seed germination to established in 2017. Following the approval tree growing activities, to pass on the DNA of of a municipal government, this system can the local trees to the new town. be set up, managed, and utilized as an urban 2. Kamakura City of Kanagawa Prefecture: green area that can be used by residents. This Kamakura City is located next to Tokyo, and system can be used as an effort to reduce is well-known as a tourist destination and property and city planning taxes. 326 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

KOREA National organization: Korea Green Roof & Infrastructure Association (KOGRIA) Science Hall 1. Landscape architecture lab. #207. Seoul Women’s University Seoul, Korea. Phone number : +82-2-970-7675 Fax : +82-2-970-5950

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: relevant professionals to introduce the needs of Cooperation among governmental as well as roof greening systems, the technologies as well private organizations, research institutes, as methods, and good examples of it. educational institutions, and green roof With our continuous activities, research and companies for the Construction of Urban Green studies of the Green Roof Project, we finally Space in the Future officially established the Korea Green Roof & Our association consists of relevant Infrastructure Association (KOGRIA) with the governmental as well as private organizations, authorization of the Ministry of Environment research institutes, educational institutions, on Jan, 2003. Since then, KOGRIA has and private companies for green space. At first, constantly tried to create new urban green we came together to discuss the issue of the spaces based on the outcomes and experiences Urban Green Space Project, aiming to change gained through our studies. our desolated city filled with grey concrete into a lively one with greenery. Then, we reached ORGANIZATIONS- STRUCTURE: a conclusion: Research and development for Non-profit, non-government organization the advanced green technologies and their distribution are the most realistic as well as CONTACT: idealistic solutions. - President : Prof. Eunheui, Lee (Unhi Lee) In an effort to find the best ways to proceed ([email protected]) with it, we organized the “Association for - Executive secretary : Heejung, Youn (cornus@ Study of Green Roofs,” and released many swu.ac.kr) presentations as well as articles for Roof Greening periodically. Additionally, we hosted HOMEPAGE: lots of symposiums and seminars, inviting http://www.ecoearth.or.kr/

Busan City Hall green roof MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 327

NUMBER OF MEMBERS: - Dongguk University, Prof. Choonghyun, Oh 150 single members and 36 corporate (urban horticulture and green roofs, etc.) members from all related professions of green - Seoul National University, Prof. Dongkun, infrastructure. Lee (mitigation of urban heat islands and Corporate members: See the details of the list restoration) from Dec. 2012: http://www.ecoearth.or.kr/ - Sangmyung University, Prof. Taehan, Kim pds/ company_info.htm (thermal simulation of extensive green roof systems, solar energy systems) CITY PROGRAMS - Korea Institute of Construction Technology, - Academy for green roofs (water proofing, Prof. Hyunsu, Kim (green walls, technology design, management): Seoul, 2003 for developing eco-housing estates that - Workshop: Green Wall (Living Wall): Busan, countermeasure urban climate changes) 2008 - Gyeonggi Green & Agriculture Foundation - Annual Green Space Fair (Since 2010) (supports green roof projects in Gyeonggi, • The 1st Green Space Fair: Feb. 2010 landscape gardening program) (Gangnam-gu office, etc.) • The 2nd Green Space Fair: June 2010 (Busan SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC city hall, etc.) PUBLICATION: • The 3rd. Green Space Fair: Oct. 2011 (SBS Prof. Eunheui, Lee broadcasting company, etc.) - A Study on Competitive Relationship of Ground • The 4th. Green Space Fair: Oct. 2012 (Daewoo Cover Plants for Artificial Roof Greening, 2010 ‘purugio’ green space in Bucheon, etc.) - Effects of Extensive Green Roof System on Rainwater Circulation, 2011 FURTHER ACTIVITIES: Prof. Hyunsu, Kim - Every 2 years, Green-roof Technology Seminar - Resistance to Root Penetration of Root Barrier of Korea and Japan : since 2004 in Seoul for Green Roof System, 2008 • The 1st Green-roof Technology Seminar of - Technology on developing eco-housing estate Korea and Japan (in Seoul, Korea, 2004) that countermeasures urban climate changes, • The 2nd Green-roof Technology Seminar of 2010 Korea and Japan (in Tokyo, 2006) • The 3rd Green-roof technology Seminar of CURRENT TRENDS: Korea and Japan (in Seoul, 2008) Urban agriculture on roofs, community roof • The 4th Green-roof Technology Seminar of gardens, mitigation of urban heat islands Korea and Japan (in Tokyo, 2010) • The 5th Green-roof Technology Seminar of SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS Korea and Japan (in Seoul, 2012) OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: - Prof. Eunheui, Lee (Seoul Women’s University; MEMBERSHIP: summarized overview in: Lee, EH., 2009: World WGIN member since 2011 Green Roof Infrastructure Congress, Toronto) Academic research - Prof. Hyunsu, Kim (Korea Institute of institutions: Construction Technology) - Seoul Metropolitan Government (supports green roof projects since 2002) RECOMMENDED NATIONAL - Seoul Women’s University, Prof. Eunheui, WEBPAGES: Lee (mitigation of urban heat islands and air -http://www.seoul.go.kr/info/organ/sub pollution with green plants and green roofs, a homepage/green/index.html planting model of extensive green roof systems, - http://www.kict.re.kr/eng/rsch/build.asp effects of an extensive green roof system on - http://www.ggaf.or.kr/eng/business/ rainwater circulation, urban horticulture, etc.) business _000.html 328 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

MEXICO

National organization: AMENA A.C. Asociación Mexicana para la Naturación de Azoteas, A.C. Calle Uxmal 117-402 Col. Narvarte C.P. 03020, Ciudad de México Contact: Dr. Gilberto A. Navas Gómez: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.amenamex.org.mx

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: Standard for Green Roof Installation in a Latin AMENA A.C. is a non-governmental and American country. This norm establishes non-profit organization. It was founded in technical specifications for the installation of 2005 by Tanya Müller García and Gilberto naturation systems in Mexico City, and was Navas Gómez as non-profit association for published in December 2008. Ten years later, research, promotion and assessment of public this Environmental Standard was updated policies to promote green roofs in Mexico. and published in the Official Gazette of the AMENA collaborates closely with institutions Government of Mexico City on November 30, of higher education such as the Universidad 2018. Autónoma Chapingo in the investigation of different aspects of the green roof systems. INTERNATIONAL Its stakeholders include professional COLLABORATION: designers and builders, architects, developers, AMENA is a founding member of the World environmental consultants, government staff, Green Infrastructure Network (WGIN). It professors-researchers, students and building continues its international cooperation with owners interested in sustainable design and WGIN and currently provides with Ulrike Grau ecological architecture. from Chapingo University a board member. In 2010, AMENA organized the annual WGIN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD: Congress in Mexico City. It was the first AMENA actively participated in the World Green Roof Congress ever held in Latin development of the first Environmental America. Approx. 500 attendees participated MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 329

and the congress featured international local government of Mexico City through the speakers with emphasis on Latin American Secretary of Environment and in collaboration speakers as well as Mexican presenters. with the agronomic university Universidad Autónoma Chapingo fostered the installation ACADEMIC RESEARCH of approximately 4000 m² of green roofs each INSTITUTIONS WITH GREEN year. INFRASTRUCTURE RELATED Most of the green roofs are located in RESEARCH: Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey. - Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. http:// Furthermore, the surface area is difficult to www.chapingo.mx estimate in other cities and smaller towns of - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: the country. But it is Mexico City that leads the o Facultad de Arquitectura del Paisaje. development and promotion of green roofs at http://www.arquitectura.unam.mx a national level due to its installation norm o Instituto de Biología. http://www. which is based on the FFL standards, as well ib.unam.mx/ as the fiscal incentive program. Incentives for - CIIEMAD-IPN. http://www.ciiemad.ipn. green roofs range between 10 and 15 % off mx/Paginas/Inicio.aspx property taxes. Mexico City also has several - Colegio de Postgraduados. http://www. projects for the installation of green roofs in colpos.mx public buildings such as schools and hospitals. - Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Recently, green roofs with biodiversity designs http://www.uam.mx/ are being promoted. Living walls are also becoming more popular CURRENT GREEN ROOF despite being rather expensive and having to ACTIVITIES IN MEXICO: cope with problems with the proper selection About 10,000 m² green roofs are being built of vegetation for external walls, water each year of which about 80% are extensive management in relation to evapotranspiration naturation systems and 20% more intensive and application of nutrients. They are majorly roof gardens. Over the past six years, the implemented by companies as showcases. 330 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

PERU National organization: Agricultura Urbana Perú Av la Universidad s/n. Lima.- La Molina Ing. Saray Siura Cespedes, President.

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: Municipality of Rimac have developed a draft Agricultura Urbana Perú is a nongovernmental Urban Agriculture plan in order to guarantee nonprofit organization, formed mainly food for 370 families in marginal areas. by teachers of various specialties from La - Global agenda: Urban orchard a table - Molina National Agrarian University and Fstt. From 2005 to 2008 the Cities Farming other universities in the interior, as well as for the Future Program was implemented. companies. It seeks to promote all national They worked on capacity building among activities related to using available spaces local authorities and other local stakeholders where it is possible to develop agricultural regarding urban agriculture and policy activities and spaces that are located within formulation and strategic planning for urban urban and suburban areas of cities. The agriculture in a multi-faceted form. http:// purpose is to improve the environment, www.ipes.org/proyecto/43. generate additional sources of income and - My Huerta Program Urban Agriculture, led supply food to families. by the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima. http://www.munlima.gob.pe/limaambiental/ - President: Saray Siura Céspedes. agriculturaurbana-presentacion (Agriculture - Horticulture) - Vice President: Jose A. Palacios Vallejo FURTHER ACTIVITIES: (Agronomy-Ornamental Plants) San Miguel Municipality (Metropolitan Lima). - Treasurer: Rosario Pérez Liu. (Economics - Promotes recovery ceilings in its jurisdiction. Agricultural Economics) http://www.munisanmiguel.gob.pe/2012/04/ - Member 1: Vilma Gomez Galarza municipio-promueve-la-recuperacion-de- (Economics - Business Management) techos-en-san-miguel/ - Member 2: María Inés Gorriti (Fishery - Several companies provide services and Management) advice on issues related to improvement and sustainable practices. CONTACT: Dra. Vilma Gómez Galarza ACADEMIC RESEARCH e-mail: [email protected] INSTITUTIONS: - Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina – HOMEPAGE: UNALM. http://www.lamolina.edu.pe/ http://www.lamolina.edu.pe/ - Universidad Nacional del Centro –UNCP. agronegociosvirtual/ http://www.uncp.edu.pe/ - Asociación Peruana de Arquitectura del NUMBER OF MEMBERS: Paisaje. http://paiperu.org/ - 5 teachers from UNLAM - 3 teachers from UNCP Empresas Libelula. Green Roof. A natural garden on CITY PROGRAMS: your roof. http://libelula.com.pe/ ; http:// - Feed Urban Agriculture for Human libelula.com .pe/Techo-Verde,977.html Settlements in the Rimac. The FAO and the - ARVE. Create landscaping projects with MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 331

a special and different twists. Their goal - Alfredo Rodriguez, UNALM. Green Roof at is to create new and better green areas in home. cities. http://globus.pe/peru/arve-jardines- http://www.lamolina.edu.pe/hidroponia/ verticales-y-techos-verdes/ Boletin62/repotarje%20Publimetro.pdf - Arqseed Studio Architects. http://www. - Municipality of Jesus Maria. Jesus Mary Green arqseed .com/techo-verde.html City. (2013). http://www.munijesusmaria - Maruplast Internacional E.I.R.L. Leader in the .gob.pe/pdf/publicaciones/jm_verde.pdf import of plastic products for the horticulture - The Metropolitan Environmental Agenda. sector. http://www.maruplast.com/techo_ http://www.munlima.gob.pe/limaambiental/ verde.html images/archivos/agenda-ambiental- - Techo Verde Perú. Specializes in the metropolitana.pdf marketing of world class goods and services. http://techoverdeperu.com.pe/web/ CURRENT TRENDS: - GANIA. Green roofs and walls for charge - Urban and peri-urban agriculture in popular cities. http://gania.pe/ neighborhoods of Lima and Huancayo - Comercial Industrial Delta S.A. (CIDELSA) - Strengthening education issues and http://www.cidelsa.com.pe/esp/techos- sustainable economic activities verdes.html - Climate change - Eco- Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Environment (CIPER). http://www.ciperperu.com/ servicios.html. SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC - Local Authorities: provincial and district PUBLICATION: mayors - University teachers and researchers - Roberto Claros Cohaila, Isabel Claros - Companies that provide ecological services Abarca (2011). Urban agriculture in lat in relation to evapotranspiration and municipal agendas. http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/ application of nutrients. item/143987/la-agricultura-urbana-en-las- agendas-municipales RECOMMENDED NATIONAL - Urban and peri-urban agriculture in WEBPAGES: Metropolitan Lima: a strategy to fight against − Recover connecting people with nature and poverty and food insecurity (Third Inter- a green culture spread from our cities http:// Agency Meeting). 25 and August 26, 2006, peru.panda.org/mi_ciudad_verde.cfm Lima - Peru. Published by the International − Urban agriculture (UA) includes the Potato Center (CIP), the coordinating body production and/or processing of harmless of Urban Harvest. http://www.cipotato.org/ agricultural species (vegetables, fruits, publications/ pdf/004205.pdf medicinal plants, etc.) and raising small - Noemi Soto y Saray Siura. (2007) Panorama animals for consumption..http://www.ipes. of Experiences of Urban Agriculture in the org/area/agricultura-urbana City of Lima. IPES-Promotion of Sustainable − Peruvian Council for Sustainable Development. http://www.ipes.org/ Construction. http://www.perugbc.org.pe/ backup_ eyresis/public_html/au/switch/Pdf/ site/index.php Panorama%20de%20Experiencias%20AU.pdf 332 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

POLAND

Current address and email pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland, www.psdz.pl

Contact person/address [email protected]

Logo of the Conference on the occasion of the decade the existence the Polish Green Roof Association

STRUCTURE AND MISSION, Very important and common activity of all INFORMATION ABOUT CHANGES members of the Association is the cooperation IN THE LAST YEARS. with municipal offices, contributing to creation Polish Green Roof Association (PGRA) gather of local and/or national policy concerning together 106 members interested in green importance of green infrastructure to cities. roofs and living walls problems. They are An equally important purpose is to create researches, architects, consultants, appraisers, nationwide guideline that will stimulate inspectors and technical supervisors, installation of bigger number of green roofs professional press journalists, lawyers, and living walls on new and existing buildings employees of governmental and municipalities and will helps to understand how many organizations as well as students. benefits this kind of urban greenery can Polish Green Roof Association is a member brings. Therefore, in recent years Association of the Federation of Engineering Associations closer co-operates with municipalities. – FSNT-NOT, which is Polish organisation of over 170 years history. This organization unites CURRENT PRESIDENT: and co-ordinates 39 professional Associations Marta Weber-Siwirska (PhD, assistant professor of all branches of engineers and technicians at Wroclaw University of Environmental and in Poland (ca. 100 300 individual members Life Sciences) altogether). From 2014 Polish Green Roof Association is a member of EFB (European SIZE OF THE ASSOCIATION: Federation of Association of Green Roofs and 106 members including 18 supporting Living Walls) and from 2017 is a member of members WGIN (World Green Infrastructure Network). PGRA inspires specialists involved with CURRENT ACTIVITIES green roofs and living walls problems and In the current year (2019) Polish Green Roof serves as the source of information, news and Association leads the following actions: resources dealing with planning, execution and upkeeping of green roofs and living walls The Visegrad Group project – this is second as well as the place where everyone can share joint project Associations from Czechia, their experience. The aim of the Association Hungary, Slovakia and Poland. These adjacent is to spread highly specialized knowledge by Central European countries have similar organising training courses and conferences. history and current economic situation. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 333

Therefore it is quite easy to conduct joint Besides above mentioned activities the projects. In 2019 the representatives of these members of Polish Green Roof Association countries will visit one city in each country. have been invited by other organisations to They are the examples of smart city in present lecture and seminars in different ecological meaning and showed solution are conferences and training courses. possible to implicate in every city belonging to Visegrad Group. SOME SELECTED CITY GREENING PROGRAMS Conference on the occasion of the tenth For now, there is no national policy on green anniversary of the existence the Polish infrastructure in Poland yet. Some cities Green Roof Association – the most important like Warsaw, Krakow, Lodz and Wroclaw event for Polish Green Roof Association published standards for urban greenery. These this year. All board members and some documents do not mention the green roofs and other members of the PGRA are involved in living walls, but sometimes indicate in which preparation of this international conference. case they can be used. In addition, inhabitants During this conference Association wants of Wroclaw can obtain a tax reduction if the to present the current situation of green building where they live has green roof or infrastructure in Poland and in the World. It living wall. would help some Polish stakeholders to take proper decisions to create more green roofs and living walls in their cities. 334 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

PORTUGAL

HISTORY OF YOUR like Copenhagen and highly encouraged by a ASSOCIATION: number of worldwide governments. Rainwater retention and peak flood delay, The Portuguese Association for Green Roofs, thermal insulation, protection and increase existing since 2015, is a non-profit organization, of waterproofing life, creation of biodiversity which aims to promote green infrastructure in niches, CO2 capture and oxygen production, cities, especially those that can be installed on associated with the improvement of the buildings (new or pre-existing) such as green urban landscape and the appreciation of the roofs, highlighting their enormous importance, buildings, are part of the set of arguments of and the numerous contributions they can give undeniable value that make it unquestionable to the possibility to create healthy, sustainable, the need to introduce the green roofs in the biodiverse and resilient urban territories. cities, demonstrating the urgency to consider vegetation as a mandatory building material. BOARD MEMBERS OF YOUR ASSOCIATION CONTACT DETAILS President: Paulo Palha. OF THE ASSOCIATION [email protected] E-MAIL, WEBSITE ADDRESS / Vice-president: Cristina Matos Silva. COUNTRY [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Treasurer: Ana Mesquita. Website address: www.greenroofs.pt [email protected] Co-opted members of direction: PROFESSIONAL IMAGE AS Beatriz Castiglione. ASSOCIATION [email protected] Cristina Calheiros. [email protected] José Avila e Sousa. [email protected] VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT In the last decades, problems such as pollution, soil impermeabilization indexes, density and quality of buildings, energy inefficiency and loss of biodiversity, have been aggravated, at the same time that extreme (and increasingly frequent) climatic phenomena occurs, such as heat waves / drought and extreme precipitation phenomena. The evidence of many services that green roofs can bring to the urban environment makes them part of the environmental strategy of modern cities, already an obligation in cities MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 335

NATIONAL RESEARCH Walls Associations, and the World Green Infrastructure Network, among other The Fifth Façade Project institutions. The Fifth Façade Project (PQAP), a project created by Paulo Palha, President of the PQAP represents an important step in the Portuguese Association for Green Roofs history of the Green Roofs movement in (ANCV), is a project between ANCV and the Portugal, since it’s the first time that a City Porto City Council. Its objective is to define Council manifests its desire to include green the best way to include green roofs in the roofs in the urban planning documents of the environmental and urban strategy of the city city. The project was also essential to give of Porto. ANCV executive capacity and increasing The project began in August 2016 and visibility. On the other hand, it symbolizes was attended by a large group of people the interdisciplinary character of the from different departments of the association, since it has been necessary to Porto City Council, as well as different promote the intervention of research groups, universities, foreign municipalities, the companies, and municipalities; exactly the European Federation of Green Roofs and network created by ANCV. 336 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

SCANDINAVIA

National organization: Scandinavia Green Roof Association (SGRA) Tel: 040948520 E-Mail: [email protected]

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: NUMBER OF MEMBERS: Scandinavian Green Roof Association (SGRA) About: 20 members is a not for profit organization. Among the members of Scandinavian Green Roof FURTHER ACTIVITIES: Association a majority of Malmö’s departments In 2012-2013 SGRI began to develop vocational and a majority of all green roofs installers in green roof training material and initiated Scandinavia is represented, among a couple of collaboration with upper secondary and other organizations from various fields such vocational Schools in the Öresund region. as the university of Malmö, architect firm The work with producing course material and waterproof installers. The board of SGRA continued in the autumn and winter of 2013, consist of persons from all different fields and with the creation of online green roof course goal is to have a board which represent all sides material - both as a complement to the of the green roof market; installers, contractors, vocational courses and as an e-course platform designers, academia and green roof customers. for university green roof e-course. Since the end of the 1990s SGRAs mission has been both to increase the green roof and façade ACADEMIC RESEARCH greening market and to raise the quality of INSTITUTIONS: products and maintenance. Swedish Agricultural University (SLU) is In 2001 SGRI formed the Scandinavian represented in SGRAs board. Green Roof Institute (SGRI) to manage the development of Augustenborg Botanical Roof CURRENT TRENDS: Garden – the first and one of the biggest Interest for green roofs is increasing but the public botanical roof garden in the world interest of living or green walls is growing even with its 9500 square meters. In the beginning more. And even though a great interest there is of 2000 SGRI developed advanced research no city in Sweden that can compare itself with & demonstration activity to promote Green the current development in Copenhagen. Roof development in Scandinavia which 2006 resulted in the first doctorate of green roofs in NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF Scandinavia and an ongoing close partnership GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: SWEDEN with the Swedish University of Agricultural Tobias Emilson (SLU Alnarp) Science (SLU). Ann-Marie Fransson (SLU Alnarp) Sofia Eskilsdotter (SLU Ultuna) CONTACT: Lars Johansson (SLU Ultuna) Jonatan Malmberg (President) (Superintendent Cleas Florgård (SLU Ultuna) at Augustenborg Botanical Roof Garden and Jonatan Malmberg (SGRI) SGRI) Annika Kruuse (Malmö City Environmental [email protected] Department, project manager of the BiodiverCity project) HOMEPAGE: Kristina Mårtensson (SWECO Stockholm office) www.greenroofs.se Per Nyström (CEO Nyfam. Started Vegtech in http://greenroofmalmo.wordpress.com early 1990s) MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 337

Jan Wijkmark (White Architects, Stockholm) Torgny Henriksson (Byggros Sweden) NMBU, and the City of Oslo. Following this Mattias … (Urbio Architects) work, the City of Oslo announced a plan to Milan Obradovic (Social Democrates – Malmö develop a green roof policy similar to other City. European cities, such as Copenhagen. The growing interest in green roofs has encouraged NORWAY further developments like a seminar series led Green roofs have a long-standing history in by the Norwegian Association for Landscape Norway. For centuries, Norwegians have used Gardeners (NAML) and a Norwegian translation ‘torvtak’ sod roofs as a mechanism for insulation of Germany’s FLL guidelines. against the cold winters. Today, the tradition Though Norway may have a slowly growing is still strong and these sod roofs can be found green roof market currently, its historical use both in cities and throughout the countryside. contributes to quality developments in an area Other types of green roofs, such as extensive well-poised for expansion. sedum roofs, are being used increasingly more in Norway. This reflects the improving GROWTH RATE RELATION understanding of green roofs as a beneficial BETWEEN EXTENSIVE /ROOF tool for the urban environment and challenges GARDENS/PODIUM DECKS AND in climate change rather than just as a symbol SOME WORDS ABOUT LIVING of national heritage. WALLS AND INDOOR GREENING Norsk Forening for Grønne Tak (NFGT – MARKET Norwegian Association for Green Roofs) is the primary independent professional body Observed trend green roofs: supporting members who want to promote Green roofs is becoming more and more green roofs in the country. Many of the green popular in Sweden and mostly extensive roofs suppliers are small businesses scattered green roofs. However, demand and interest throughout the country, and this centralized of intensive green roofs is raising, and one body is of growing importance for those reason is that the City of Stockholm is planning interested in preserving sod roof heritage to increase their green space on garages and as well as those interested in increasing the houses dramatically in the future to meet the presence of urban green roofs and other green demand of both new developments and green infrastructures. NFGT is looking to the future space. by participating in the creation of national standardizations with the Norwegian Bureau of Observed trend green walls: Standards, uniting small and large businesses in There exists at least 7 serious out door green various supplier fields, and promoting progress wall experiments in Sweden. In Stockholm, in the budding green roof sector. Malmö and Gothenburg – initiated both by From 2009 to 2014, in a project titled ‘Cities of academia (SLU and State) and companies the Future’, urban municipalities in Norway (White Architects, PEAB, Concrete Farming, contributed significantly to the development of Odlingsnätverket and NCC). However, despite green roofs. Seven of its largest cities installed the growing interest the amount of green walls green roofs for demonstration and research installed for other purposes that research is purposes, leading the way for urban strategies very, very few. as well as a better understanding of local The indoor greening market, we are not stormwater mitigation. Two major papers were informed about trends in this field. made from the work – ‘Urbanization - Green roofs in urban areas. Field experiments runoff RECOMMENDED NATIONAL water’ with SINTEF and Nittedal Torvindustri WEBPAGES: and ‘Green roof – Results from the knowledge www.greenroof.se acquisition project’ with SINTEF, Bioforsk, 338 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

SINGAPORE

National organization: There is no professional nor academic organisation in Singapore that focuses on green roofs and/or vertical greenery (which is collectively termed as „skyrise greenery.“) The closest and most relevant organisation in that aspect is the government agency, Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology (CUGE, in short), which is under the National Parks Board (NParks, in short).

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: MEMBERSHIP: CUGE is jointly established by the NParks n.a. and the Singapore Workforce Development Agency. CUGE has a critical mass of ACADEMIC RESEARCH knowledge to share and advance expertise on INSTITUTIONS: urban greenery and ecology, including skyrise - NParks CUGE greenery. - Housing and Development Building Research NParks is responsible for providing and Institute (HDB BRI) enhancing the greenery, including skyrise - National University of Singapore (NUS) greenery, of Singapore. It also manages parks, - Nanyang Technological University (NTU) nature reserves, streetscapes or roadside greenery. SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC Verditecture Private Limited is a Singapore- PUBLICATION: registered private company that focuses There are too many. Papers from Dr Tan Puay on skyrise greenery and also WGIN’s Yok, Prof Wong Nyuk Hien and Ms Angelia representative in the South East Asian region. Sia. CONTACT: CURRENT TRENDS: - [email protected] Interest for green roofs is increasing but the - [email protected] interest of living or green walls is growing even more. HOMEPAGE: - www.nparks.gov.sg GROWTH RATE RELATION - www.skyrisegreenery.com BETWEEN EXTENSIVE / ROOF - www.verditecture.com GARDENS/ PODIUM DECKS AND SOME WORDS ABOUT CITY PROGRAMS: LIVING WALLS AND INDOOR - Skyrise greenery incentive scheme (“SGIS” GREENING MARKET in short) 4 – 6% per year - Skyrise greenery sharing sessions and talks - Skyrise greenery awards RECOMMENDED NATIONAL WEBPAGES: CONFERENCES: www.skyrisegreenery.com International Skyrise Greenery Conference MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 339

SPAIN National organization: PRONATUR. itdUPM. ETSIAAB. Avda. Puerta de Hierro 2. Madrid 28040. Spain www.pronatur.es

Contact person PRONATUR: Julian Briz. [email protected]; [email protected]

STRUCTURE AND MISSION Secretary: Manuel Pasquín, Entrepreneur. a) PRONATUR (Spanish Society for the Treasurer: Beatriz Urbano. Professor. Promotion of Nature in Urban and Rural Universidad Valladolid. Areas) is a non-profit and non-governmental Directors: organization. It was founded in April 1992 - Isabel de Felipe. Honorary Profesor. with the collaboration of IASP (Humboldt itdUPM. Madrid. University Berlin). - Francesca Oliveri. Professor UPM. Madrid. b) Board of directors 2019: The goal of PRONATUR is to promote and President and founder: Julián Briz. Emeritus coordinate activities between University, Professor. Administration and firms for improvement Vice President: Joaquín Sicilia. Entrepreneur. of nature in urban environment with Firm Sicilia Architect. socioeconomic dimensions. 340 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Some of the guidelines for PRONATUR are focused on: - Greening buildings - Green streets and open spaces in the city - Quality environment (air, acoustic) - Urban agriculture - Health and recreation - Integration of urban society

As a way to promote urban agriculture in 2012, it was founded in coordination with Foro Agrario the Observatory of Urban Agriculture CURRENT PRESIDENT Julián Briz. Emeritus Professor. SIZE OF THE ASSOCIATION Including the Observatory of Urban Agriculture, about 200. There are academics, technicians, entrepreneurs, practitioners and neighbourhood organizations. CURRENT ACTIVITIES Members of international institutions: - 1999: Red Internacional de Ciudades en Naturación (RICEN) in coordination with IASP (Humboldt University Berlin) - 2002: Member of the European Council for the Village and Small Towns (ECOVAST) - Since 2010: Member of the board of Directors of WGIN (World Association) - Since 2017 Member of the board of Directors of EFB (European Association) - 2010: Contribution and discussion in the a) National and international seminars and Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture and Urban congresses: Planning (FAO-ETC) - 1995. International seminar in Cottbus - Collaboration in international master courses (Germany) at the Bundesgartenschau = BUGA about green cities sponsored by the EU at - 1999: International seminar in Madrid about Chapingo University (Mexico). “Bioclimatic Architecture and Urban Nature” - Postgraduate courses in bioclimatic - Participation with IASP in the International architecture at the Faculty of Architecture in Congress on Urban Greening and Agriculture UPM. in: Quito (Ecuador), Cartagena de Indias (Columbia), Cuba (Havana). Rio Janeiro ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH (Brazil). ACTIVITIES: - Participation in the WGIN International In 1994, from the City Hall of Madrid, Congress in: Toronto (Canada), Mexico DF PRONATUR received the award in the field of (Mexico), Indore (India), Hangzhou (China), “Urban Environment”. Nantes (France), Nagoya (Japan), Sydney Three experimental green roofs were created (Australia), Bangalore (India). in collaboration with the City Halls of Berlin MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 341

and Madrid (1993), UPM (1996) and the - Vertical Urban Agriculture edited by itdUPM Ministry of Industry and Energy and the firm and PRONATUR (2017) Intemper (1999) - Multifunctional Green Urban Infrastructure - Several PhD, Masters Theses and academic (2019 in print) projects - Member of the team coordinated by the b) Proceedings and public declarations on Technical Agricultural School of Barcelona green urban infrastructure seminars (Havana, publishing the handbook of “Standard Quito, Cartagena Indias, Berlin, Madrid, Río construction on green roofs” Janeiro) - Since 2012 PRONATUR is an active member of the Innovation and Technology SELECTED CITY GREENING for Development Centre (itdUPM): PROGRAM + Laboratory Bioclimatic Architecture and The more important cities in Spain (Madrid, Urban Agriculture (LABAU) Barcelona, Sevilla, Zaragoza, Valencia) have + Climat Reality Prize Award 2018 developed local programs to improve green + Massive On line Open Couse (MOOC) infrastructures. Special attention has to be about “Ciudades verdes, naturación y given to Vitoria, nominated European Green agricultura urbana” (2018), with more than City in 2012. There are no official statistics. 2000 participants However, in many Spanish cities there is + Project of “Vegetation towers designed a growing trend in green buildings. In the as urban modules for cleaning the air of Madrid area, some of the more significant cities” projects are the Barajas Airport, Santander + Projects of green urban infrastructure Financial City, Caixa Forum, hospitals, rooftop with the City Hall of Madrid and the City farms, and others. Hall of Lugo. + Project of greening the Matadero Space SOME SPECIFIC RELATED HOT with Madrid Town Hall and itdUPM. TOPICS • Environmental impact of green roof and wall SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC • Urban agriculture multifunctions PUBLICATION • Carbon and energy footprint evaluation under the focus of green urban areas. a) Books: • Roof top farming. - Naturación Urbana: “Cubiertas ecológicas y • Improve the coordination of synergies mejora medioambiental” Mundiprensa (1999, between actors (public and private sector) 2004) involved in greening cities activities - Green Cities in the World, WGIN, PRONATUR • Urban Energy and water management. (2014, 2015) • Socioeconomic impact of green urban - Agricultura Urbana Integral, edited by the infrastructures Ministery of Agriculture and PRONATUR (2015) 342 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

TAIWAN

National organization: Taiwan Green Roof & Green Wall Association Office Address: 6-3, 160, Section 6, Mingchuen East Road, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan Phone: 886-2-27923958 Fax: 886-2-87919495

STRUCTURE AND MISSION: CITY PROGRAMS: The Taiwan Green Roof & Green Wall New Taipei City green roof project, Taipei Association was formed on May 18th, 2011, by City Green roof guidelines, Kaohsiung City a group of environmentally-conscious people greening guidelines, Taichung greening consisting of professors, architects, developers, guidelines landscape designers and contractors, and horticulture supply companies. It is officially CONFERENCES: incorporated as a nation-wide non-profit Local counties or cities have sponsored green institution. roof seminars each year with the help from the The missions are to: Taiwan Greenroof Association. No national or - Develop and provide products and international conferences have been held yet. technologies for the green roof and green wall industry FURTHER ACTIVITIES: - Establish and publish industry standards Green roof conferences in the 6 major cities of and practices Taiwan are planned for 2014 - Promote and educate the public on benefits and safety concerns MEMBERSHIP: - Assist governmental agencies in devising Member of WGIN policies and measures to impose compulsory green roofs and green walls ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Train and certify qualified installers INSTITUTIONS: - Secure legislative and financial support - National Taiwan University from government at the central and city/ Department of Horticulture and Landscape county levels of government Architecture - Network with relevant associations in http://www.hort.ntu.edu.tw/main.php promoting green building concepts and - Chinese Culture University practices. Department of Landscape Architecture http://www2.pccu.edu.tw/crtdla/english.htm CONTACT: Nelson Li, President SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION: HOMEPAGE: Parks & Greenland Association publications, http://www.greenroof.org.tw “I love Grenroof” published by “Myhouse” NUMBER OF MEMBERS: CURRENT TRENDS: - Individual members: 60 High rise greenery is becoming more and more - Corporate members: 21 popular as some skyscraper-style apartments have been introduced. Roof gardens are MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 343

becoming popular. Storm water management fact that local governments are pushing for is another key concern here which helps the compulsive green roofs in new construction installation of green roofs projects. However, intensive green roofs are usually preferred. For existing buildings, on SOME NATIONAL KEY PERSONS the other hand, extensive green roofs are more OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: popular because of dead-load constraints. - Hsien-Der Lin, Green Building Council Green walls are very popular as the local - Nelson Li, President of the Taiwan Greenroof governments require compulsory green walls Association on the fences of construction sites. More and - John Li, Chairman of Taiwan CECI more permanent types of green walls have - Monica Kuo, Department head of Landscape been installed as well as the indoor green Design at Culture University walls in restaurants and shopping arcades. - Y. S. Chang, Professor at National Taiwan The current constraint is the technology to University keep them sustainable. Maintenance costs - C. M Kuo, Curator of Botanical Sample library are rather high and some architects criticize of National Taiwan University that green walls consume too much water and energy. GROWTH RATE RELATION BETWEEN EXTENSIVE /ROOF RECOMMENDED NATIONAL GARDENS/PODIUM DECKS AND WEBPAGES: SOME WORDS ABOUT LIVING http://www.greenroof.org.tw WALLS AND INDOOR GREENING MARKET The growth of the green roof and green wall industry is at about 20-30% a year due to the

Roof garden as Art installation. Source: M. Köhler 344 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

THE NETHERLANDS National organization: AVereniging Bouwwerk Begroeners VBB Industrielaan 15 B 3925BD Scherpenzeel - Netherlands Phone +31 33.277 3404 Mail: [email protected] Website: www.bouwwerkbegroeners.nl The VBB is a member of the European Federation of Building Greenworkers: EFB and the Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau: FLL .

SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE bushes also mask traffic and industrial noise. CHANGE Finally, green roofs not only help with water A clean, green and healthy country where storage but also they save energy and increase sustainability contributes to a strong economy. the life span of the roof. This is the ambition the Dutch VBB wants to Urban parks and gardens can be used to work on for sustainability. Reducing carbon produce healthy and sustainable food. More emission, preparing for the consequences plants in public areas, on roofs and on facades of climate change, improving air quality will also make cities a more pleasant place in and reducing noise are the main topics in which to live. By additionally creating high- the Netherlands. The VBB (and their green quality parks and developing ecological routes roofs and green walls) are at the national and nature parks around we also stimulate the level key player as the association with potential for recreation and leisure activities experienced members. VBB = Vereniging as well as improving biodiversity. Bouwwerk Begroeners which means “Building Greenworkers Association”. The VBB KNOWLEDGE constitute a big club but with an experience The VBB programme is based on knowledge of that matters, some members have been the members such as roofing contractors, green working as the largest in its field in Europe or roof manufacturers & suppliers, architects even worldwide. The motto is “knowledge by and landscape designers who are active in the organization “. green roof industry.Innovative green solutions and international collaboration will enhance MORE GREEN AREAS the quality of life in the Netherlands. Creating more green areas in and around In the long term we would like to see ‘trees the cities will contribute to many of the key and green areas’ become a standard part of targets. More plants will enable the cities instruments targeting the fields of health, to store more rainwater and in this way noise control, climate, water storage and air prevent water damage (green roofs and green quality. Green roofs, living roofs and brown facades). Planting trees, bushes, shrubs, green roofs are and will be an increasingly important facades, roof gardens and green roofs makes technology. The ecosystems services that are the cities more attractive and helps limit the provided by green roofs and living roofs will consequences of rises in temperature, which be especially important in regard a reduction in turn reduces the risk of heat stroke (heat- in the Urban Heat Island [our summers are induced illness). Extra vegetation is good for predicted to get much hotter] and help reduce public health as the view of and proximity the impact of flash summer storms that are to planted areas reduces stress and trees and predicted to increase as the climate changes. MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 345

We intend to demonstrate that an intensely storage. Many residents and entrepreneurs urban and industrial environment can are already contributing to our urban nature accommodate biodiversity. goals. In Amsterdam and Rotterdam groups The VBB is a member of the European of residents and entrepreneurs are setting up Federation of Building Greenworkers various urban farm initiatives. We match the EFB and the Forschungsgesellschaft demand with other ideals such as sustainably Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau FLL . managed natural areas around the cities, The members of the VBB-association do work urban parks and gardens or involving young on development and realization and do have inhabitants via nature and environmental various types of green roofs and facades e.g. education. Some private individuals and sedummixmats, greenrooftiles. entrepreneurs have, with the aid of green roofs subsidy schemes throughout the Netherlands, HOW WILL THE GOALS BE already constructed lots of green roofs and ACHIEVED? green facades. By putting the right plants in the right place. For standardizing the quality of green roofs We are continuing our policy of planting more the VBB is working (with others) on an official trees, bushes and other vegetation in our standard: the NEN-norm, the first official nation. This is something we have been doing standard in this area in Europe. NEN is for several years now. Government, cities, NEderlandse Norm, EN is the European Norm; residents, farmers, shop keepers, institutions like ISO voor International Organization for and local councils are being asked more than Standardization. Meanwhile the VBB has it’s ever to contribute to making this goal a reality. own directive: VBB Richtlijn Begroeide daken We are also trying to cooperate with the 3.1. district waterboards to add to the vegetation The information in the directive green roofing in the form of more green roofs and green provides a summary of materials, systems facades to create an alternative form of water and or products that are used in green roofs. 346 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Information is also given for testing, evaluation and cool buildings. For example, flat roofs of conformity. without greenery can be up to 21⁰C warmer than green roofs. REFERENCE PROJECT DUTCH The design of this passive house is oriented to MARKET - PASSIVE HOUSE the sun and is executed with good insulation WERKHOVEN and advanced installation methods. A In cooperation with architect Voss and conventional heating system is therefore construction company Van Rijn BV - knowledge unnecessary. leader in the field of sustainable concepts –a The property is largely made of wood, since green roof was realized on top of this Passive this material is one of the few materials that is house in Werkhoven, The Netherlands. For in its core a natural and fully Cradle to Cradle this green roof vegetation blankets from product. The very low power consumption Sempergreen were used. Sempergreen is is combined with a very high quality and the world’s largest developer and supplier of comfortable indoor climate. vegetation blankets for green roofs. The house was completed in 2013. Passive Houses are very energy-efficient homes, where consumption of space heating is less than 15 kWh / m² gross per year. It results in an ultra-low energy building, herewith reducing its ecological footprint. Passive design is not an attachment or supplement to architectural design, but a design process that is integrated within the architectural design. Sempergreen: www.sempergreen.com Research shows that extensive green roofs Architect Voss: http://www.abvoss.nl/ reduce temperature fluctuations, bringing Construction company Van Rijn BV: http://www. average temperatures down, while covering bouwbedrijf-vanrijn.nl/algemeen/projecten%20 roofs with Sedum plants - rather than black &%20referenties/Nieuwbouw/Particulieren/ roofs - reduces the energy required to heat Passieve+woning/?art=2013-109#ad-image-0 MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 347

USA / CANADA

National organization: Green Roofs for Healthy Cities 406 King Street East Toronto, ON M5A 1L4 Canada

• Dr. Hamid Karimi STRUCTURE AND MISSION: DC Department of Energy and Environment, Green Roofs for Healthy Cities North America Policy Committee Chair • Dr. Reid Coffman ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND Kent State University, Research Committee AND OBJECTIVES: Chair Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC) is a • Michael Krause non-profit 501(c6) incorporated in 2004 the Kandiyo Consulting, LLC, Green Infrastruc- state of Virginia but serving markets in Cana- ture Foundation da and the United States. This member based • Joe Di Norscia and supported organization provides a variety Rooflite, Member-at-Large of products and services designed to support • John Robinson, CSI/CDT, GRP, RRO the development of the green roof and wall Sika Sarnafil, Member-at-Large industry. We advocate for supportive poli- • Melissa Daniels, GRP, CNLP cies, hold regular events, conduct professional Plant Connection, Green Walls Chair training, develop standards, provide awards • Elizabeth Hart, GRP, CDT of excellence to project designers, researcher GRiT, Green Roof Professional Chair and advocates and support the international • Jeff Joslin, APA movement to develop green roofs and walls. Director, Current Planning, San Francisco, GRHC also works closely with its charitable Policy Co-Chair. arm, the Green Infrastructure Foundation, 501 (c3) whose mission is to develop the green MISSION STATEMENT infrastructure industry more broadly primari- Green Roofs for Healthy Cities’ mission is to ly through education. develop and protect the market by increas- The current board of directors of Green Roofs ing the awareness of the economic, social and for Healthy Cities for 2019 are as follows: environmental benefits of green roofs, green • Matthew Barmore, GRP, MBA walls, and other forms of living architecture Greenrise Technologies, Chair GRHC through education, advocacy, professional de- • Jeffery Bruce, GRP, FASLA, velopment and celebrations of excellence. Jeffery L. Bruce & Co. LLC, Past Chair • Peter Lowitt, ORGANIZATIONS- STRUCTURE: Devens Enterprise Commission, Past Chair Non-profit, non-government organization. • Steven W. Peck, GRP, Honorary ASLA – Ex officio CONTACT PERSON: Founder and President Steven W. Peck, GRP, Founder and President, • Christian Mahlstedt, LEED AP, GRP, Treasurer GRHC Gingko Sustainability [email protected] • Ann-Neil Cosby Rohan Lilauwala, GRP, Program Manager, GIF McGuire Woods LLP, Attorney [email protected] 348 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

HOMEPAGES MEMBERSHIP: www.greenroofs.org Founding member of WGIN. www.livingarchitecturemonitor.com www.livingarchitectureacademy.com FURTHER ACTIVITIES www.greeninfrastructurefoundation.org Online Professional Courses DEDICATED GREEN ROOF CITY Green Roof Professional (GRP) Training is PROGRAMS AND YEAR OF now online, as well as the GRP exam at the IMPLEMENTATION living architecture academy. Three days of -King County, WA: 2004 lectures, 1000 plus pages of digital resource -Portland, OR: Ecoroof, 2005, Clean river re- manuals and a 100 question exam are all wards 2006 available online. -Minneapolis, MN: Stormwater, 2005 Additional courses are available in subjects -Chicago, IL: Green permit program, 2006 such as Advanced Maintenance, Net Zero -Port Cocuitlam, BC: Green roof regulation, Water Design and Installation, Green Wall 2006 Design 101, Green Infrastructure Monetary -Washington DC: Green roof rebate program, Valuation, and Biophilic Design. See www. 2007 livingarchitectureacademy.com for course -Philadelphia, PA: Green roof tax credits, 2007 descriptions and prices. -Seattle, WA: Green factor 2007 -Richmond, BC: Green roof bylaw, 2008 LAPT Performance Rating System -Anne Arundel County, MD: Stormwater tax In 2018 GRHC and the Green Infrastructure credit, 2008 Foundation launched the beta version 1.0 of -New York City, NY: Green building construc- the Living Architecture Performance Tool tion act, 2009 (LAPT) which is a 110 credit system for evalu- -Toronto, ON: Green roof bylaw and Eco roof ating the performance of a green roof, wall or incentive program, 2008 any combination thereof. The framework is -Bloomington, IN: Unified development ordi- flexible to different climates around the world, nance, 2009 and it also has 10 innovation credits built in- -Ohio: Environmental protection agency green to it. There are a number of pre-requisites roof loan program, 2009 that must be obtains in order to achieve third -Milwaukee, WI: Metropolitan sewerage dis- party project certification – certified, silver, trict regional green roof initiative, 2019 gold and platinum. More than 10 projects are -Onondaga County NY: Green improvement going through the certification program. The fund, 2010 LAPT can be used by designers to improve -Wisconsin: Vegetated roof systems guide- their designs, by developers and owners to lines, 2010 improve performance and by policy makers. -Devans, MA: Policy for the construction of It is based on the same structure as the USG- green roofs, 2011 BC’s LEED program and Sustainable Sites. To -Austin, TX: Green roof density bonus, 2011 download a free copy of the LAPT go to www. San Francisco, California: Better Roofs Ordi- greeninfrastructurefoundation.org A revised nance requiring green roof and/or solar pan- version 2.0 of the LAPT will be completed in els 2017. 2020 after the initial certifications are com- Portland, Oregon: Mandatory green roof re- pleted in 2019. quirement for new buildings in City Central. 2018 Events Denver, Colorado: Mandatory green roof re- Across North America we organize events to quirement for new and existing buildings. train and develop policy in support of green 2018. roofs, walls and other form of green infra- MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 349

structure. Each spring, we organize Grey To Conference recordings for CitiesAlive and Green, a conference on green infrastructure Grey to Green, which consist of powerpoints in Toronto, Canada. Every year we also hold synced to audio recordings, are available for an international green roof and wall confer- purchase, as well as various training resource ence called CitiesAlive. To find out about manuals, at our Green Infrastructure Store these please visit www.greenroofs.org The – www.greenroofs.org/greeninfrastructure- next CitiesAlive conference will be in Phila- store/ delphia in 2020. SERVICES PUBLICATIONS The Green Infrastructure Foundation has Each quarter we publish the Living Architec- developed a unique program that combines ture Monitor, now in its 20th year. This dig- the redesign of a community park, district ital journal includes interviews with experts, or building complex using green infrastruc- new products, new project designs, award ture, with a detailed cost and benefit analysis winning projects, policies and more. The dig- of the outcome. This Green Infrastructure ital version is free and can be downloaded at Charrette program has worked with commu- www.livingarchitecturemonitor.com Back is- nities from Toronto to New York and Seattle. sues are available online. For more information and to read some of the We publish the Green Pages: Green Roof and Charrette Report see: www.greeninfrastruc- Wall Industry Directory which is available for turefoundation.org download under our “Resources Section” of the www.greenroofs.org web site. GREEN ROOF RESEARCH GRHC also publishes an estimate of green roof INSTITUTIONS IN NORTH and wall development on an annual basis, a AMERICA summary of which is also available on our web There are many green roof research institu- site. Although not comprehensive, these sur- tions in North America. In 2018, we launch veys do provide a snap shot of where the in- the Centers of Regional Living Architecture dustry is developing across North America. Excellence with a number of prominent re- 350 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

search institutions to further advance re- • To provide venues to hold GRP training search, teaching and policy development. courses, continued GRP education, and gener- The new Centers of Excellence and leading al membership drives; academics are as follows: • To engage more students to support the employment needs of the growing industry Southern Illinois Center of Excellence through membership and training; Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, • To provide continuing education GRPs and Dr. Bill Retzlaff, Associate Dean, CAS, Distin- support industry professionals to meet and ad- guished Research Professor, Biological Sciences vance policies within their region; • To strengthen dissemination via the Journal New Jersey – Stevens Institute of Technol- of Living Architecture by supporting the re- ogy Center of Excellence search work completed at the centers; Stevens Institute of Technology, Dr, Elizabeth • To facilitate academic meetings and semi- Fassman-Beck, Associate Professor, Depart- nars; and ment of Civil, Environmental and Ocean En- • To provide support to faculty for funding stu- gineering dent research, directly with seed funding, and through industry partnerships. Colorado Center of Excellence Colorado State University, Dr. Jennifer Bous- CURRENT TRENDS: selot, Special Assistant Professor, Department Biophilic design theory and practice as it per- of Horticultural and Landscape Architecture; tains to buildings and communities. University of Colorado Denver, Leila Tolder- lund, Assistant Professor SELECTED NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC College of Architecture and Planning. PUBLICATION GRHC has established a per reviewed online Greater Ohio Center of Excellence scientific journal called the Journal of Living Kent State University, Dr. Reid Coffman, As- Architecture (JLIV). It is focused on green sociate Professor, College of Architecture and roof and wall research and it is free to access Environmental Design; at: www.livingarchitecturemonitor.com/jliv University of Cincinnati, Professor Virgin- ia Russell, Director, Horticulture/Landscape NATIONAL KEY PERSONS OF Architecture/Professor Landscape Architec- GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ture and Dr. Ishi Buffam, Department of Bio- An overview is summarized in: Peck, S., 2013: logical Sciences; Heidelberg University, Mark The Rise of Living Architecture, GRHC, Toronto, E. Mitchell, Biological and Environmental Canada Sciences. RECOMMENDED NATIONAL The objectives of these Centers of Excellence WEBPAGES: are as follows: http://www.urbanagsummit.org/ • To support the development of living archi- www.greeninfrastructurestore.com tecture research, professional training and www.livingarchitecturemonitor.com policy development at a regional scale; www.greeninfrastructurefoundation.org • To aid academic/industry/policy interaction www.greenroofs.org in ways that can better address regional envi- www.citiesalive.org ronmental, market place, regulatory, and cli- www.greytogreenconference.org matological realities; www.livingarchitectureacademy.com

Julián Briz Manfred Köhler Isabel de Felipe MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN The book is a fruitful collaboration between institutions, organizations, enterprises and expertise’s in green urban infrastructures under the common idea that Humanity needs a sustainable development, where urban areas has to look for INFRASTRUCTURE ecosystemic services. Solutions to many problems may resolved under the nature experience which for thousand years have Editors: Julián Briz, Manfred Köhler, Isabel de Felipe been adapted to the environment.

We present the experience of specialist in a broad range of disciplines, which deal with topics as mimicry, energy saving, Food Health landscape or urban planning. Biodiversity Environment Along 352 pages the publications includes 17 chapters with 30 authors from 17 countries. There is a special section, which describes international and national organization from 30 Recreation countries. Photography color, tables and graphics facilitate the Biomimetisme SDG lecture and understanding of the topic green urban infrastructure. Socioeconomics Energy Landscape Climate change MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

2019