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Digital Cultures EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT NEW MEDIA IN ONE ACCESSIBLE, EASY-TO-NAVIGATE VOLUME! 888888888888888 DIGITAL CULTURES 88888888888DIGITAL CULTURES Understanding New Media 88888888888From Facebook to the iPhone, from YouTube to Wikipedia, from Grand Theft Auto to Second Life – this book explores new media’s most important issues and debates in an accessible and engaging text for newcomers to the field. 88888888888With technological change continuing to unfold at an incredible rate, Digital Cultures rounds-up major events in the media’s recent past to help develop a clear understanding of the theoretical and practical debates that 88888888888surround this emerging discipline. It addresses issues such as: • What is new media? • How is new media changing our lives? 88888888888• Is new media having a positive or negative effect on culture and human communication? Each chapter includes a case study which provides an interesting and lively balance between the well-trodden and 88888888888the newly emerging themes in the field. Topics covered Edited by include digital television, digital cinema, gaming, digital 88888888888DIGITAL democracy, mobile phones, the World Wide Web, digital news, online social networking, music and multimedia, 88888888888virtual communities and the digital divide. Digital Cultures is an essential introductory guide for all Creeber media and communication studies students, as well as those 88888888888CULTURES with a general interest in new media and its impact on the 88888888888world around us. Glen Creeber is Senior Lecturer in Film and Television at and Understanding New Media Aberystwyth University, UK. 88888888888 Royston Martin lectures Internationally and is a Senior 88888888888 Martin Consultant to the Thomson Reuters Foundation. 88888888888 Edited88888888888 by Glen Creeber and 88888888888Cover design Hybert Design • www.hybertdesign.com 88888888888 www.openup.co.uk Royston Martin JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 1 SESS: 16 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 0A8EE7BA /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Digital Cultures Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 1 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 2 SESS: 16 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 04087663 /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 2 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 3 SESS: 16 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 0A36CD19 /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Digital Cultures Edited by Glen Creeber and Royston Martin Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 3 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 4 SESS: 17 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 278389CC /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: [email protected] world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121—2289, USA First published 2009 Copyright © Creeber and Martin 2009 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 978-0-33-5221974 (pb) 978-0-33-5221981 (hb) ISBN-10: 0335221971 (pb) 033522198X (hb) Typeset by Kerrypress, Luton, Bedfordshire Printed and bound in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Fictitious names of companies, products, people, characters and/or data that may be used herein (in case studies or in examples) are not intended to represent any real individual, company, product or event. Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 4 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 5 SESS: 17 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 062E6C8C /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin For Tomas Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 5 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 6 SESS: 17 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 04776A57 /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 6 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 7 SESS: 17 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 3754DE9D /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Contents Acknowledgements ix List of contributors x Introduction 1 Glen Creeber and Royston Martin 1 DIGITAL THEORY: Theorizing New Media (Glen Creeber) 11 Case Study: Digital aesthetics (Sean Cubitt) 2 ON THE NET: Navigating the World Wide Web (David Bell) 30 Case Study: Wikipedia (David Gauntlet) 3 DIGITAL TELEVISION: High definitions (Michele Hilmes) 46 Case Study: Making Television News in the Digital Age (Damien Steward) 4 DIGITAL CINEMA: Virtual screens (Michael Allen) 61 Case Study: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (Michael Allen) 5 VIDEO GAMES: Platforms, programmes and players (Ge´rard Kraus) 76 Case Study: Bioshock (Ge´rard Kraus) 6 DIGITAL MUSIC: Production, distribution and consumption (Jamie Sexton) 92 Case Study: The i-Pod (Jamie Sexton) 7 PARTICIPATORY CULTURE: Mobility, interactivity and identity Matt Hills 107 Case Study: Social networking & self-identity (Matt Hills) 8 THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: Scarcity, inequality and conflict (Last Moyo) 122 Case Study: Virtual wars (Sebastian Kaempf) 9 DIGITAL DEMOCRACRY: Enhancing the public sphere (Last Moyo) 139 Case Study: Electronic votes in Haiti (Tim Pershing) 10 AFTER NEW MEDIA: Everywhere always on (Royston Martin) 157 Case Study: Natural Language Processing (NLP) (Alexander Clark) Appendix: ‘New Media – a timeline’ 170 Bibliography 179 Index 199 Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 7 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 8 SESS: 17 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 04093519 /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 8 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 9 SESS: 17 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 0FD2FBE6 /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Acknowledgements With love and thanks to Katherine Porter and our children, Amelia, Martha and Orlando. Royston Martin For giving me faith in the future, I would like to thank Nicholas, Dan, Alex, Frankie, Marika and Orrin. Glen Creeber Kerrypress Ltd – Typeset in XML A Division: creebermartin F Sequential 9 www.kerrypress.co.uk - 01582 451331 - www.xpp-web-services.co.uk McGraw Hill - 170mm x 240mm - Fonts: Stone Sans & Stone Serif JOBNAME: McGraw−creebermartin PAGE: 10 SESS: 17 OUTPUT: Fri Nov 7 08:51:33 2008 SUM: 5B340C86 /production/mcgraw−hill/booksxml/creebermartin/creebermartin Contributors Michael Allen is a Lecturer in Film and Electronic Media at Birkbeck College, University of London. His publications include the monographs Family Secrets: The Feature Films of D.W. Griffith (BFI 1999), Contemporary US Cinema (Pearson 2003) and the edited collection Reading CSI: Crime Television Under the Microscope (I.B. Tauris 2007). He has also published numerous articles on the history of media technologies, and is currently completing a book on the filming and televising of the Space Race. David Bell is a Senior Lecturer in Critical Human Geography and leader of the Urban Cultures & Consumption research cluster in the School of Geography at the University of Leeds, UK. His most recent book is the second edition of The Cybercultures Reader, co-edited with Barbara Kennedy (Routledge 2008). Alexander Clark is a Lecturer in Computer Science at Royal Holloway University in London. He has written a wealth of academic papers primarily concerned with unsupervised learning of natural language, and its relevance to first language acquisition. He won the Omphalos competition, and the Tenjinno competition, which were two grammatical inference competitions in learning context-free gram- mars and transductions, respectively. He is a participant in the PASCAL Network of Excellence. Glen Creeber is a Senior Lecturer
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