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The Tectonic Evolution of the Hatay Ophiolite of Southeast Turkey

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The Tectonic Evolution of the Hatay Ophiolite of Southeast Turkey THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE HATAY OPHIOLITE OF SOUTHEAST TURKEY by JENNIFER INWOOD A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Science August 2005 University of Plymouth JENNIFER INWOOD THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE HAT AY OPHIOLITE OF SOUTHEAST TURKEY ABSTRACT A combination of palaeomagnetic and structural analyses have been used to constrain rotations in the Hatay (ICizildag) ophiolite of southeast Turkey in the eastern Mediterranean region and to produce a tectonic model for its evolution. The ophioHte comprises part of a prominent chain of southern Neotethyan ophiolites that stretches from the Troodos ophiolite of Cyprus eastwards to the Semail ophiolite of Oman. The Hatay ophiolite and the related Baer-Bassit ophiolite of Syria comprise the most westerly ophiolites emplaced onto the Arabian platform in the Maastrichtian. The palaeomagnetic analyses demonstrate that a large coherent anticlockwise rotation was experienced by the Hatay ophiolite, with minor variability resulting from differential rotations of adjacent tectonic blocks. Positive inclination-only tilt tests indicate that the Halay ophiolite preserves a pre-deformational magnetisation. This is supported by rock magnetic analyses, consistent with a seafloor origin of magnetisation acquisition, soon after genesis at a spreading ridge. Magnetic carriers capable of preserving a remanence stable over geological time are identified. Palaeomagnetic analyses of the sedimentary cover sequences of the Hatay and Baer-Bassit ophiolites have been performed to provide timing constraints on the rotations in the underlying ophiolites. These illustrate that a large component of the rotations occurred pre-emplacement of the Halay/Baer-Bassit sheet. Structural analyses performed on all levels of the Hatay ophiolite and its sedimentary cover add insight into the phases of deformation that have affected the ophiolite and enable rotations to be constrained in relation to the structural development of the ophiolite. The structural events recognised can be linked to the regional tectonic evolution of the ophiolite and used to critically evaluate previous tectonic interpretations of the Hatay ophiolite. Comparison between the large coherent anticlockwise rotations observed in the Troodos, Hatay and Baer-Bassit ophiolites imply that a significant component is likely to be linked to a common cause, inferred to be of intraoceanic origin as part of a coherent microplale. Thus, existing models for the rotation of the Troodos microplate have been revised to incorporate a larger area and also account for the rotations of the Hatay and Baer-Bassit ophiolites. Restoration of sheeted dykes to their original orientations implies that a primary variation in dyke strike existed within the southern Neotethyan ocean. In combination with the implications of the palaeomagnetic results for microplate rotation, these characteristics suggest formation of the ophiolites within a complex Neotethyan spreading system, analogous in many respects to fast-spreading marginal basin systems of the modem oceans. ui LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Hatav ophiolite 3 1.3 Oceanic tectonics 6 1.3.1 Ophiolites and comparison with oceanic crust 6 1.3.2 Geophysical investigations of seafloor fabrics and their interpretation 6 1A Structural development of ophiolites 11 1.5 Regional tectonics of eastern Mediterranean Neotethyan orogenic belt 12 1.6 Significance of new paiaeomagnctic and structural work in the Hatav 13 ophiolite 1.7 Aims and objectives 14 1.8 Layout of thesis 15 CHAPTER TWO 2. TECTONIC AND REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 16 2.1 Introduction to chapter 16 2.2 Present-day plate tectonic framework and regional structural history 16 2.2.1 Present plate tectonic framework 18 2.2.2 Nature and locations of fault intersections in SE Turkey 22 2.2.3 Fault kinematics and stress evolution in the Hatay region 26 2.3 Relative motion history of maior plates 28 2.4 Ophiolites of the eastern Mediterranean 31 2.4.1 Origin and distribution 31 2.4.2 Ophiolite emplacement mechanisms 35 2.5 Implications of ophiolites for the evolution of the eastern Mediterranean 38 2.5.1 The palaeogeography of the Tethys ocean in the eastern Mediterranean 38 2.5.2 Ophiolite root zones in the eastern Mediterranean 42 2.6 Ophiolites of the peri-Arabian chain 46 2.7 Geology of the Hatav ophiolite 49 2.7.1 Genera! description 49 2.7.2 Overview of geological research 53 2.7.3 Description of lithologies 53 2.7.4 Sedimentary cover of the ophiolite 57 2.7.5 Emplacement of the ophiolite 58 2.7.6 Post-emplacement structures 60 2.7.7 Petrogenesis 62 2.8 Previous suggestions on the tectonic evolution of the Hatav ophiolite 63 2.9 Overview of the geology of related ophiolites 68 2.9.1 Troodos ophioiite 68 2.9.2 Baer-Bassit ophiolite 74 2.10 Synthesis 80 CHAPTER THREE 3. THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD AND PALAEOiMAGNETIC 81 METHODS 3.1 Introduction to chapter 81 3.2 The Earth's magnetic field 81 3.3 Magnetisation theory and acquisition of magnetisation 82 iv 3.3.1 Fundamentals of magnetism and magnetic terms and parameters 84 3.3.2 Acquisition of magnetisation 89 3.4 Measurement, demagnetisation and rock magnetic techniques 91 3.4.1 Alternating field (AF) demagnetisation 93 3.4.2 Thermal demagnetisation 94 3.4.3 Measurement of magnetisation 95 3.4.4 Magnetic fabric 95 3.4.5 Rock magnetic experiments 96 3.5 Analysis of magnetisation data 98 3.5.1 Plotting and analysis of results 98 3.5.2 Components of magnetisation 100 3.5.3 Secular variation and virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) in sampling 101 3.5.4 Standard structural corrections 102 3.5.5 Net tectonic rotation analysis method 103 3.5.6 Statistical tests for the timing of magnetisation acquisition 106 3.6 Apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) 109 3.6.1 African and Eurasian apparent polar wander paths 109 3.6.2 Determination of tectonic rotations 111 3.7 Synthesis 112 CHAPTER FOUR PREVIOUS PALAEOMAGNETIC RESEARCH IN TETHYAN 113 OPHIOLITES 4.1 Introduction to chapter 113 4.2 Palaeomagnetic insights into the regional structural history 113 4.3 Palaeomagnetic insights into the evolution of Tethys 115 4.4 Review of palaeomagnetic results from the Troodos ophiolite and its 118 sedimentary cover 4.4.1 Palaeomagnetic results from the ophiolite 118 4.4.2 Palaeomagnetic results from the sedimentary cover 126 4.4.3 Rotation of the Troodos microplate 129 4.5 Review of palaeomagnetic results from the Baer-Bassit ophiolite 132 4.5.1 Palaeomagnetic results from the ophiolite 132 4.5.2 Palaeomagnetic results from the sedimentary cover 133 4.5.3 Tilt about dyke-normal axes 135 4.6 Review of palaeomagnetic results from the Semail ophiolite 137 4.7 Tectonic rotation models 138 4.8 Synthesis 142 CHAPTER FIVE PALAEOMAGNETIC RESULTS FROM THE HATAY OPHIOLITE 143 5.1 Introduction to chapter 143 5.2 Sampling and measurement procedures 143 5.2.1 Sampling and measurement methods 143 5.2.2 Structural controls on the choice of sampling sites 145 5.3 Sampling localities 146 5.3.1 Antakya (4 sites) 147 5.3.2 Coast (15 sites) 147 5.3.3 Isikli (4 sites) 148 5.3.4 Kara^ay (20 sites) 148 5.3.5 Kisecik (8 sites) 148 5.3.6 Komur<?ukuru (5 sites) 149 5.3.7 Tahtakoprti (5 sites) 149 5.4 Rock magnetic summary 150 5.5 Magnetic fabric analyses 150 5.6 Palaeomagnetic results overview 155 5.7 Palaeomagnetic results by locality 163 5.7.1 Antakya (4 sites; extrusive rocks) 163 5.7.2 Coast (15 sites; cumulate rocks, gabbros and SDC) 164 5.7.3 Isikli (4 sites; SDC) 165 5.7.4 Kara^ay (20 sites; cumulate rocks, gabbros and SDC) 166 5.7.5 Kisecik (8 sites; cumulate rocks and SDC) 169 5.7.6 Komiir^ukuru (5 sites; extrusive rocks) 170 5.7.7 Tahtakoprii (5 sites; extrusive rocks) 171 5.8 Grouping of sites 172 5.9 Summary of results 177 5.9.1 Results from sites with palaeohorizontal control 177 5.9.2 Results from sites with palaeovertical control 180 5.9.3 Reversely magnetised sites 182 5.9.4 Low coercivity (LC) components 183 5.9.5 Magnetisation of different dyke populations and gabbro screens 185 5.10 Timing of magnetisation acquisition (tilt tests) 185 5.11 Analysis of the sheeted dyke complex 187 5.11.1 Net tectonic rotation analysis method 188 5.11.2 'Inclination restoration to a reference' method 192 5.12 Analysis of the extrusive sequence 193 5.13 Discussion 195 5.13.1 Implications of westerly directed remanences 195 5.13.2 Age implications of reverse/normal magnetisation components 197 5.13.3 Implications of restoration of dyke strike to original orientations 201 5.13.4 Rotations about dyke-normal axes 202 5.14 Synthesis 203 CHAPTER SIX 6. PALAEOMAGNETIC RESULTS FROM THE SEDIMENTARY 204 COVER SEQUENCES OF THE HATAY AND BAER-BASSIT OPHIOLITES 6.1 Introduction to chapter 204 6.2 Sampling and measurement procedures 204 6.3 Hatav sedimentary cover 206 6.3.1 Sampling localities 206 6.3.2 Rock magnetic summary 208 6.3.3 Magnetic fabric analyses 210 6.3.4 Palaeomagnetic results 212 6.3.5 Timing of magnetisation acquisition (tilt tests) 216 6.4 Bacr-Bassit sedimentary cover 217 6.4.1 Sampling localities 217 6.4.2 Rock magnetic summary 217 6.4.3 Magnetic fabric analyses 219 6.4.4 Palaeomagnetic results 222 6.4.5 Timing of magnetisation acquisition (tilt tests) 227 6.5 Summary of results from Hatay and Baer-Bassit sedimentary covers 229 6.6 Discussion 229 6.7 Synthesis 231 VI CHAPTER SEVEN 7.
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