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September 2014 Abstract Creating a User-centred Metadata Schema for Digital Comics A study submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Information Management at THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD by Jeongha Son September 2014 Abstract Background. Due to the lack of research and commercial interest of digital comic metadata schemas, readers could face difficulties in finding digital comics. Therefore, a domain specific metadata schema should be considered and developed for supporting information seeking process digital comics. Aims. The research aimed to create user-centred metadata for digital comics by investigating the information seeking process of digital comic users. Methods. The research used a mixed methods approach including a combination of domain analysis and questionnaire. Domain analysis techniques were used to collect potential metadata elements for describing digital comics. A number of developed metadata schemas, commercial digital comic related websites and library catalogs were investigated. A questionnaire was also designed to investigate the information seeking process of digital comics’ users and was piloted with five digital comic readers. The URL link of the revised online questionnaire was distributed mainly by e-mail (the University of Sheffield student volunteer lists) to recruit digital comic readers (non-probability sampling). Finally, sixty-five digital comic readers took part in the survey. Results. Firstly, using the domain analysis technique a total of sixty-nine elements were collected. These were divided mainly in to two parts (elements for general description and elements for series, volume and episode (issue) description) to describe the hierarchical structures of digital comics. Secondly, a number of findings were made about digital comic users by analysing the result of the questionnaire. Digital comic users are such active users; they like to share information. They often engage in searching for finding episodes and character information. They use title, topic, genre and main character information for formulating queries. Images of comics and story descriptions are important in identifying and extracting information. Finally, users do not often give consideration to the physical description of digital comics. Conclusion. A set of fifty-five metadata elements as an optimal user-centred metadata schema is proposed where all elements are optional and repeatable depending on features and structures of the digital comic. For enhancing the feasibility of the metadata, the metadata schema should be revised and controlled vocabularies need to be established. Further work could include a larger number of participants and in-depth interview would be desirable. 1 Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge my supervisor, Prof. Paul Clough for continuing to offer his expertise, advice and support throughout this project. I would like to thank the sixty-five digital comic readers who participated in my research. I would also like to thank Dr. George Turner and Geoffrey Yau who supported me in developing my English academic writing skills. Finally, I would like to dedicate this project to my parents, Heeyoung Son and Dongju Shin, for being so understanding and supportive while I completed my work; also to my sweetest sister, Jeongyeon Son and my dearest brother, Bids. 2 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Context and Motivation ................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Definition of Terms ....................................................................................................... 9 1.2.1. Comics and Digital Comics ..................................................................................... 9 1.2.2. Metadata and Metadata Schema .......................................................................... 9 1.2.3. User-centred Metadata ....................................................................................... 10 1.3. Aim and Objectives ..................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Structure of Dissertation ............................................................................................. 12 Chapter2. Literature Review .................................................................................................. 13 2.1. Comics and Digital Comics .......................................................................................... 13 2.2. Comics in Information and Knowledge Management Discipline ................................ 15 2.3. Information Resource Description .............................................................................. 16 2.4. User-centred Metadata .............................................................................................. 18 2.5. Digital Comic Metadata Schema ................................................................................. 20 Chapter3. Methodology ......................................................................................................... 22 3.1. Overview of Metadata Design Process ....................................................................... 23 3.2. Domain Analysis .......................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1. Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 25 3.2.2. Data Analysis of Domain Analysis ........................................................................ 27 3.3. Questionnaire ............................................................................................................. 28 3.3.1. Self-completion Questionnaire ............................................................................ 29 3.3.2. Online Questionnaire Design ............................................................................... 30 3.3.3. Pilot Test .............................................................................................................. 32 3.3.4. Distribution and Participant ................................................................................. 33 3.3.5. Data Analysis of the Questionnaire ..................................................................... 34 3.3.6. Ethical Considerations .......................................................................................... 35 3 3.4. Limitations of the Methodology ................................................................................. 35 Chapter4. Results ................................................................................................................... 36 4.1. Results of Domain Analysis ......................................................................................... 36 4.1.1. Mock up Metadata Framework ........................................................................... 36 4.2. Results of Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 45 4.2.1. Participant Demographical Information .............................................................. 46 4.2.2. Digital Comic Reading Experience ........................................................................ 47 4.2.3. Digital Comic Information Seeking Experience .................................................... 49 4.2.4. Summary of Information Seeking Process of Digital Comic Users ....................... 65 Chapter5. Discussion .............................................................................................................. 68 5.1. Discussion of Findings ................................................................................................. 68 5.1.1. Discussion of Mock-up Elements ......................................................................... 68 5.1.2. Discussion of Information Seeking Process of Digital Comic Users ..................... 68 5.2. Proposed User-centred Metadata Schema................................................................. 71 5.2.1. Proposed Metadata Schema ................................................................................ 72 5.2.2. Proposed Metadata Schema and Implementation .............................................. 74 5.2.3. Proposed Metadata Schema and Example .......................................................... 76 Chapter6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 80 6.1. Accomplishment Aim and List of Objectives ............................................................... 81 6.2. Limitation and Future Work ........................................................................................ 82 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 84 Appendix 1 Proposal for Research Ethics Review .................................................................. 93 Appendix 2 Research Ethics Approval Letter ......................................................................... 98 Appendix 3 Online Questionnaire
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