Arti Refrigerant Database: Archival and Historical Citations

DOE/CE/23810-104 (JMC/ARTI-9909C - RDB9931)

ARTI REFRIGERANT DATABASE: ARCHIVAL AND HISTORICAL CITATIONS

September 1999

prepared by

James M. Calm Engineering Consultant 10887 Woodleaf Lane Great Falls, VA 22066-3003 USA

for the

Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 425 Arlington, VA 22203 USA

This report is one of a series for the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) Program, under ARTI contract number 671-50000 for grant number DE-FG02-91CE23810 from the U.S. Department of Energy. Page ii

Please refer questions or comments on this document to:

James M. Calm Engineering Consultant 10887 Woodleaf Lane Great Falls, VA 22066-3003 USA

e-mail: [email protected] telephone: 703/450-4313 telefax: 707/516-0552

Glenn C. Hourahan Vice President Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 425 Arlington, VA 22203 USA

e-mail: [email protected] telephone: 703/524-8800 telefax: 703/522-2349

Neither James M. Calm, the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), nor any person acting on behalf of them: (a) makes any warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, material, method, or process disclosed in this document or that such use may not infringe privately owned rights; or (b) assumes any liabilities with respect to use of, or damages resulting from use of, any information, apparatus, material, method, or process disclosed in this document. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring.

All product and brand names referenced by ™, (TM), ®, or (R) are trademarks or registered trademarks, respectively, of their owners. Refrigerant Database Page iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

Purpose ...... 1 Contents ...... 1 Limitations ...... 2 Database Form ...... 2 Computerized Version ...... 2 Report Version ...... 4 Documents ...... 4 Ordering Information ...... 4 Additions ...... 5 Obtaining Documents ...... 6

REFRIGERANT DATABASE - CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS ...... 7

1999 ...... 7 December 1999 ...... 7 November 1999 ...... 7 October 1999 ...... 7 September 1999 ...... 7 August 1999 ...... 7 July 1999 ...... 7 June 1999 ...... 7 May 1999 ...... 7 April 1999 ...... 7 March 1999 ...... 7 February 1999 ...... 7 January 1999 ...... 7 1999 (month not indicated) ...... 8 1998 ...... 8 December 1998 ...... 8 November 1998 ...... 8 October 1998 ...... 8 September 1998 ...... 8 August 1998 ...... 8 July 1998 ...... 9 June 1998 ...... 9 May 1998 ...... 9 April 1998 ...... 9 March 1998 ...... 9 February 1998 ...... 9 January 1998 ...... 10 1998 (month not indicated) ...... 10 1997 ...... 11 December 1997 ...... 11 November 1997 ...... 11 October 1997 ...... 12 Page iv Refrigerant Database

September 1997 ...... 13 August 1997 ...... 13 July 1997 ...... 13 June 1997 ...... 13 May 1997 ...... 13 April 1997 ...... 14 March 1997 ...... 14 February 1997 ...... 14 January 1997 ...... 16 1997 (month not indicated) ...... 17 1996...... 18 December 1996 ...... 18 November 1996 ...... 18 October 1996 ...... 19 September 1996 ...... 19 August 1996 ...... 19 July 1996 ...... 20 June 1996 ...... 23 May 1996 ...... 23 April 1996 ...... 23 March 1996 ...... 24 February 1996 ...... 24 January 1996 ...... 24 1996 (month not indicated) ...... 26 1995 ...... 29 December 1995 ...... 29 November 1995 ...... 29 October 1995 ...... 29 September 1995 ...... 34 August 1995 ...... 35 July 1995 ...... 39 June 1995 ...... 40 May 1995 ...... 41 April 1995 ...... 43 March 1995 ...... 45 February 1995 ...... 46 January 1995 ...... 47 1995 (month not indicated) ...... 51 1994 ...... 54 December 1994 ...... 54 November 1994 ...... 59 October 1994 ...... 61 September 1994 ...... 65 August 1994 ...... 65 July 1994 ...... 67 June 1994 ...... 72 May 1994 ...... 74 April 1994 ...... 79 March 1994 ...... 83 February 1994 ...... 84 January 1994 ...... 85 1994 (month not indicated) ...... 94 1993 ...... 96 Refrigerant Database Page v

December 1993 ...... 96 November 1993 ...... 99 October 1993 ...... 102 September 1993 ...... 113 August 1993 ...... 116 July 1993 ...... 122 June 1993...... 123 May 1993 ...... 128 April 1993 ...... 132 March 1993 ...... 136 February 1993 ...... 140 January 1993 ...... 145 1993 (month not indicated) ...... 152 1992...... 156 December 1992 ...... 156 November 1992 ...... 157 October 1992 ...... 159 September 1992 ...... 164 August 1992 ...... 172 July 1992 ...... 173 June 1992 ...... 183 May 1992 ...... 185 April 1992 ...... 186 March 1992 ...... 189 February 1992 ...... 190 January 1992 ...... 191 1992 (month not indicated) ...... 192 1991 ...... 198 December 1991...... 198 November 1991 ...... 204 October 1991 ...... 204 September 1991 ...... 205 August 1991 ...... 206 July 1991 ...... 210 June 1991 ...... 210 May 1991 ...... 212 April 1991 ...... 212 March 1991 ...... 213 February 1991 ...... 213 January 1991 ...... 214 1991 (month not indicated) ...... 216 1990 ...... 224 December 1990 ...... 224 November 1990 ...... 225 October 1990 ...... 226 September 1990 ...... 226 August 1990 ...... 226 July 1990 ...... 227 June 1990 ...... 229 May 1990 ...... 230 April 1990 ...... 233 March 1990 ...... 234 February 1990 ...... 235 Page vi Refrigerant Database

January 1990 ...... 237 1990 (month not indicated) ...... 237 1989 ...... 242 December 1989 ...... 242 November 1989 ...... 243 October 1989 ...... 243 September 1989 ...... 244 August 1989 ...... 246 July 1989 ...... 247 June 1989 ...... 248 May 1989 ...... 249 April 1989 ...... 252 March 1989 ...... 252 February 1989 ...... 252 January 1989 ...... 252 1989 (month not indicated) ...... 253 1988 ...... 258 December 1988 ...... 258 November 1988 ...... 258 October 1988 ...... 258 September 1988 ...... 258 August 1988 ...... 259 July 1988 ...... 259 June 1988 ...... 260 May 1988 ...... 261 April 1988 ...... 261 March 1988 ...... 261 February 1988 ...... 261 January 1988 ...... 262 1988 (month not indicated) ...... 262 1987 ...... 265 December 1987 ...... 265 November 1987 ...... 265 October 1987 ...... 266 September 1987 ...... 266 August 1987 ...... 266 July 1987 ...... 267 June 1987 ...... 267 May 1987 ...... 267 April 1987 ...... 267 March 1987 ...... 267 February 1987 ...... 267 January 1987 ...... 267 1987 (month not indicated) ...... 267 1986 ...... 269 December 1986 ...... 269 November 1986 ...... 269 October 1986 ...... 269 September 1986 ...... 269 August 1986 ...... 269 July 1986 ...... 269 June 1986 ...... 270 May 1986 ...... 270 Refrigerant Database Page vii

April 1986 ...... 270 March 1986 ...... 270 February 1986 ...... 270 January 1986 ...... 270 1986 (month not indicated) ...... 271 1985 ...... 274 December 1985 ...... 274 November 1985 ...... 274 October 1985 ...... 274 September 1985 ...... 274 August 1985 ...... 274 July 1985 ...... 274 June 1985 ...... 274 May 1985 ...... 275 April 1985 ...... 275 March 1985 ...... 275 February 1985 ...... 275 January 1985 ...... 276 1985 (month not indicated) ...... 276 1984 ...... 278 1983 ...... 281 1982 ...... 283 1981 ...... 286 1980 ...... 289 1979 ...... 291 1978 ...... 293 1977 ...... 294 1976 ...... 295 1975 ...... 298 1974 ...... 300 1973 ...... 302 1972 ...... 303 1971 ...... 305 1970 ...... 307 1969 ...... 308 1968 ...... 310 1967 ...... 312 1966 ...... 314 1965 ...... 315 1964 ...... 316 1963 ...... 318 1962 ...... 319 1961 ...... 320 1951-1960 ...... 321 1941-1950 ...... 330 1931-1940 ...... 332 before1931 ...... 335 Page viii Refrigerant Database Refrigerant Database Page 1

INTRODUCTION

This report provides citations and summaries from the ARTI Refrigerant Database from the Archival and Historical Citations file. It is one of a series prepared to provide a record of the database entries in printed form.

Purpose

The Refrigerant Database is an information system on alternative refrigerants, associated lubricants, and their use in air conditioning and refrigeration. It consolidates and facilitates access to property, compatibility, environmental, safety, application and other information. It provides corresponding information on older refrigerants, to assist manufacturers and those using alternative refrigerants, to make comparisons and determine differences. The underlying purpose is to accelerate phase out of chemical compounds of environmental concern.

Contents

The database provides bibliographic citations and abstracts for publications that may be useful in research and design of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. The complete documents are not included, though some may be added at a later date.

The database identifies sources of specific information on R-22, R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propylene), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, R-414A, R-414B, R-415A, R-416A, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which information is available even though standard designations may not have been assigned yet. It addresses lubricants including alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol, polyolester, and other synthetics as well as mineral oils. It also references documents addressing compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant circuits.

Incomplete citations or abstracts are provided for some documents. They are included to accelerate availability of the information and will be completed or replaced in future updates. Page 2 Refrigerant Database

Limitations

The Refrigerant Database is intended as a means to assist users in locating sources of information on alternative refrigerants. But, the database is: • neither a comprehensive nor authoritative reference source, • not a substitute for independent data collection by users, • not a substitute for examination of the data, information on how they were arrived at, assumptions, and caveats in the cited documents, and • not an endorsement of suitability or accuracy of referenced publications.

Materials compatibility, properties, safety considerations, and other characteristics affecting suitability or desirability may be influenced by a number of factors. Among them are specific application conditions, preparation such as drying before use, additives including fillers, impurities, catalytic interactions with other materials used, and changes in compounding between one source or batch and another. Similarly, new findings or corrections may supersede previously published data. The database is an aid in locating data that may be pertinent; it is not and should not be viewed as the source of data for research, design, analysis, or other purposes.

Database Form

The database is available in both computerized ("electronic") and report ("manual" or "listing") versions.

Computerized Version

The computerized version includes both data summaries and bibliographic citations organized into a number of segments ("files"). These segments can be searched individually or together, in any combination.

The computerized database provides 606 specially-prepared data summaries, including refrigerant (single compound and blend) profiles, tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and elastomers, and toxicity reviews for refrigerants. The refrigerant profiles cover designations, common uses, chemical and trade names, other identifiers, molecular mass, critical properties (pressure, temperature, specific volume, and density at the critical point), physical and thermophysical properties for selected conditions, safety classifications, toxicity and flammability data, exposure limits, atmospheric lifetime, ozone depletion potential, global warming potential, halogen global warming potential, commercialization, phaseout, and other data.

The computerized version also provides more than 6,100 citations. They are organized into a primary file that includes recently added and key references, a supplement on copper in air Refrigerant Database Page 3

Distribution of the Refrigerant Database

computerized report documents (diskette) (listing) (copies)

data summaries • refrigerant profiles yes no a • compatibility yes no a • toxicity yes no a

bibliographic citations and synopses (detailed abstracts) • recently added and key yes yes a • copper supplement b yes b a • archival and historical yes no a

search and retrieval software yes c no no

additions and changes flagged no yes no

distributed on cost-recovery basis • subscription (periodic updates) yes yes no • as ordered no yes yes d

a Data summaries, citations, and synopses may be printed with the computerized version. b The Copper Development Association (CDA) sponsored supplement provides additional citations and synopses, most of which address compatibility with or use of copper in air- conditioning and refrigeration systems. The supplement is included and searchable with the computerized version, but published as a separate report. c Use of the search and retrieval software is subject to acceptance of the license agreement for it; both accompany the computerized version. d Distribution is limited to documents in the public domain or for which authorization has been obtained. Others may be ordered from their publishers, which are identified in the bibliographic citations.

conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival group covering historical and superseded documents.

The search and retrieval software provided with the computerized version enables very fast searches for user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The search program offers several automated features to simplify use. They include optional prompting by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" capability to allow entry of word segments, and a configuration capability to customize a number of options. The program also allows printing of selected portions of the database. Printing the entire database would yield more than 8,000 pages, so a printed version is available for those who prefer to use the database manually. Page 4 Refrigerant Database

Report Version

A listing of the recent and key citations is provided in report form. The citations are grouped under the primary or first subject addressed; they are not cross-referenced under other topics. The computerized version, therefore, is better suited to search for information by subject.

Citations and summaries from the supplement on copper in air conditioning and refrigeration are published separately. They also are arranged by subject.

Archival and historic citations are included in a third report. They are presented in reverse chronological order, beginning with the most recent. These citations remain accessible through the computerized version.

Documents

The database also includes a collection of published and unpublished documents, copies of which can be ordered individually. Approximately one third of the documents cited in the database are included in this collection. They include documents that are not protected by copyright or proprietary restrictions. They also include documents for which the authors or copyright owners granted permission for reproduction and distribution. The remainder can be obtained from their publishers, libraries, and other sources (see page 6).

Ordering Information

The computerized version of the database and the report version for recently added and key references can be ordered along with a subscription for updates. The report versions of the copper supplement and the archival citations report are available as separate documents distributed through the database.

An order form for the Refrigerant Database, which indicates the pricing, accepted methods of payment, and applicable terms and conditions, may be downloaded from the Internet from http://www.arti-21cr.org/db/qa.html. Alternatively, a copy may be obtained by mail or fax by calling +1-703/524-8800 or faxing +1-703/522-2349. Questions should be sent by e-mail to [email protected]. Please note that the same form may be used to obtain the computerized database and remaining scheduled updates, the report version and remaining scheduled updates for primary and key references, and database documents by completing the corresponding portions of the form. Refrigerant Database Page 5

Additions

Future updates and expansions to the database are planned. Please help in making it more useful, and facilitating use of alternative refrigerants, by submitting the following:

• corrections to errors identified in the database,

• copies of helpful papers - whether your own or written by others - for citation, and

• suggestions for improving the database.

Authors or those holding rights to published or unpublished works pertinent to the database are invited - and encouraged - to authorize their reproduction and unrestricted distribution through the database. Product literature normally is not included, but studies providing relevant information, whether on proprietary or generic substances, will be considered.

Please send your inputs to: James M. Calm Engineering Consultant 10887 Woodleaf Lane Great Falls, VA 22066-3003 USA jmc@spectrum -internet.com

Thank you for your help with and use of the database. Its objective is to accelerate phase out of chemical compounds of environmental concern by sharing the information needed to do so. Page 6 Refrigerant Database

Obtaining Documents

Documents indicated as available from JMC in their citations are available through the database. An order form, which indicates the pricing, accepted methods of payment, and applicable terms and conditions, may be downloaded from the Internet from http://www.arti- 21cr.org/db/qa.html. Alternatively, a copy may be obtained by mail or fax by calling +1- 703/524-8800 or faxing +1-703/522-2349. Questions should be sent by e-mail to [email protected] .

Other documents should be ordered from their publishers or alternative sources as identified in the database. Many of these documents also may be obtained from libraries. An effort will be made to secure permission for JMC to distribute additional documents, to facilitate access to them, but compliance with copyright provisions precludes doing so until appropriate arrangements are made. Reports from national laboratories and the Gas Research Institute may be ordered from the NTIS; most other publications from the U.S. Government may be obtained from the GPO. Addresses for several alternative sources follow: ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Suite 600, Cincinnati, OH 45240 USA; phone +1-513/742-2020, fax +1-513/742-3355, e-mail [email protected] AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2700 Prosperity Avenue, Suite 250, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA; phone +1-703/849-8888, fax +1-703/207-3561; http://www.aiha.org ARI Air -Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, 4301 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 425, Arlington, VA 22203 USA; phone +1-703/524-8800, fax +1-703/528-3816; http://www.ari.org ASHRAE Publication Sales, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air -Conditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA; phone +1-404/636-8400, fax +1- 404/321-5478, e-mail [email protected] CAS Chemical Abstracts Service, Document Delivery Department, Post Office Box 3012, Columbus, OH 43210-0012 USA; phone + 1-614/447-3670 x2956 (from USA 800/848-6538) , fax + 1-614/447-3648 EHIS Environmental Health Information Service, OCR Subscription Services Incorporated, Post Office Box 12510, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2510 USA; phone +1-919/541-3841, fax +1-919/541-0273, e-mail: [email protected] EPRI EPRI Distribution Center, 207 Coggins Drive, Post Office Box 23205, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523 USA; phone+ 1-510/934-4212 GPO Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 USA; phone + 1-202/512-1800 IIR / IIF Institut International du Froid, 177, Boulevard Malesherbes, F -75017 Paris, France; phone +33-1 / 42.27.32.35, fax +33-1 / 47.63.17.98, e-mail [email protected] JAR Japanese Association of Refrigeration, Nippon Reito Kyokai, 4th Floor, San-ei Building, 8 San-ei-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan; phone +81-3/3359-5231, fax +81-3/3359-5233 JMC James M. Calm, Engineering Consultant, 10887 Woodleaf Lane, Great Falls, VA 22066-3003 USA, fax+ 1-703/450-4313, e-mail [email protected] JSRAE Japan Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Sanei Building, 8 Sanei-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0008, Japan; phone +81-3/3359-5231, fax +81-3/3359-5233 LHL Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering, and Technology, 5109 Cherry Street, Kansas City, MO 64110-2498 USA; phone + 1-816/363-4600, fax + 1-816/926-8785, e-mail [email protected] NTIS National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 USA; phone +1-703/487-4780 SAE Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA Refrigerant Database Page 7

REFRIGERANT DATABASE - CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

1999 (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1999 (462 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB9134)

December 1999 This document provides bibliographic citations for 3227 publications that may be useful in research, design, and application of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, November 1999 materials addressed, and key conclusions are provided for approximately 40% of these documents. The database identifies sources of October 1999 specific information on R-22, R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, R-290 September 1999 (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), R- 744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propylene), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic August 1999 blends of these fluids. These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R- July 1999 406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, R-414A, R-414B, R-415A, R-416A, R-500, R-501, R-502, June1999 R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which information is available, even though standard designations May 1999 may not have been assigned yet. It also addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It references documents on Aril 1999 compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The database is available in both a March 1999 computerized version and as a listing in report form. The computerized version includes more than 5800 citations, including those in the report February 1999 version, others from a supplement on copper in air conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival group covering historical and superseded documents. The computerized version also includes January 1999 592 specially prepared data summaries, including refrigerant (single compound and blend) profiles, J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and Database, report DOE/CE/23810-100, Air-Condi- elastomers, and toxicity reviews tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute Page 8 Refrigerant Database

for refrigerants. More than 8,000 pages of scribes a large database, consisting of refrigerant reference material can be searched and profiles, compatibility and toxicity data summaries, selectively printed using accompanying retrieval and bibliographic references. This database offers software, which enables very fast searches for a means to locate thermodynamic and transport user-selected terms or combinations of terms. property, compatibility, performance, safety The search program offers several automated (flammability and toxicity), environmental, and features to simplify searches including optional other data on alternative refrigerants. It also prompting by search category, an automated addresses associated lubricants, retrofit "thesaurus" of synonyms and related terms, chain procedures and experience, as well as test and searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, a analysis methods to qualify refrigerants and "wildcard" capability to allow entry of word refrigerant-lubricant combinations. The paper segments, and a configuration capability to describes the refrigerant profiles, which customize a number of options. Both the report encompass more than 200 parameters, depending and computerized versions include instructions to on the information available for individual obtain cited documents or subscriptions for refrigerants, for nearly 500 single compound database updates. refrigerants and blends.

1999 (month not indicated) September 1998

August 1998 1998 J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant Database, report DOE/CE/23810-96A, Air-Condi- December 1998 tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, August 1998 (472 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB8850)

November 1998 This document provides bibliographic citations for 3324 publications that may be useful in research, design, and application of air-conditioning and October 1998 refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, materials addressed, and key conclusions are provided for approximately 40% of these J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Property, documents. The database identifies sources of Safety, and Environmental Data for Alternative specific information on R-22, R-23, R-32, R-41, Refrigerants, The Earth Technologies Forum R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, (proceedings, Washington, DC, 26-28 October R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, 1998), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, R-290 Arlington, VA, 192-205, October 1998; republished (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), R-600a as report DOE/CE/23810-101, Air-Conditioning and (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), R- Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, 744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propylene), ethers, VA, October 1998 (14/18 pages with 2 tables, and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic available from JMC as RDB8B16) blends of these fluids. These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, This paper presents tabular summaries of se- R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R- lected physical, safety, and environmental 406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, (atmospheric lifetime, ozone depletion potential, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, ODP, global warming potential, GWP) data for R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, R-414A, alternative and candidate refrigerants along with R-414B, R -415A, R-416A, R-500, R-501, R-502, comparative information for those that have been R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, or are being replaced. The alternatives include R-508B, R-509A, and others for which information both those in commercial production or is available, even though standard designations development and a number that are still being may not have been assigned yet. It also evaluated, such as hydrofluoroethers and fluori- addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene nated amines. The two tables, one sorted by glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other designation and the other by normal boiling point lubricants. It references documents on (NBP), provide data in both metric (SI) and compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with inch-pound (IP) units for a total of 186 desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor compounds and blends. The paper also de- insulation, and Refrigerant Database Page 9

other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The 134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, database is available in both a computerized R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, R-290 version and as a listing in report form. The (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), R-600a computerized version includes more than 4800 (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), R- citations, including those in the report version, 744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propylene), ethers, others from a supplement on copper in air con- and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic ditioning and refrigeration, and an archival group blends of these fluids. These blends include covering historical and superseded documents. R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, The computerized version also includes 580 R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R- specially prepared data summaries, including 406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, R-408A, refrigerant (single compound and blend) profiles, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R- tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and 411B, R-412A, R-413A, R-414A, R-414B, R-415A, elastomers, and toxicity reviews for refrigerants. R-416A, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, R- More than 8,000 pages of reference material can 505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, be searched and selectively printed using and others for which information is available, even accompanying retrieval software, which enables though standard designations may not have been very fast searches for user-selected terms or assigned yet. It also addresses mineral oil, combinations of terms. The search program offers alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), several automated features to simplify searches polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It including optional prompting by search category, references documents on compatibility of re- an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and frigerants and lubricants with desiccants, elas- related terms, chain searches to broaden or tomers, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" capability to other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The allow entry of word segments, and a configuration database is available in both a computerized capability to customize a number of options. Both version and as a listing in report form. The the report and computerized versions include computerized version includes more than 4800 instructions to obtain cited documents or citations, including those in the report version, subscriptions for database updates. others from a supplement on copper in air conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival group covering historical and superseded documents. The computerized version also includes more than July 1998 550 specially prepared data summaries, including refrigerant (single compound and blend) profiles, tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and June 1998 elastomers, and toxicity reviews for refrigerants. More than 6,000 pages of reference material can be searched and selectively printed using accom- May 1998 panying retrieval software, which enables very fast searches for user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The search program offers several automated features to simplify searches including April 1998 optional prompting by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" capability to allow entry of March 1998 word segments, and a configuration capability to customize a number of options. Both the report J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant and computerized versions include instructions to Database, report DOE/CE/23810-91A, Air-Condi- obtain cited documents or subscriptions for tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), database updates. Arlington, VA, 15 March 1998 (472 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB8345) February 1998 This document provides bibliographic citations for 3270 publications that may be useful in research, design, and application of air-conditioning and L. Zipfel (Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Ger- refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, many), W. Krücke (Solvay, Germany), P. Dournel materials addressed, and key conclusions are (Solvay Research and Technology, Belgium), K. provided for approximately 40% of these Börner (Solvay, Germany), and P. Barthélemy HFC-365mfc, HFC-246fa, and documents. The database identifies sources of (Solvay, Germany), specific information on R-22, R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R- Page 10 Refrigerant Database

New Blends Promising HFC Blowing Agent Op- nati, OH, 1-89 and notes, 1998 (89 of 192 pages with tions, paper 5, Blowing Agent Systems: Formula- 5 tables and 4 appendices; 1 page errata; available tions and Processing (seminar proceedings), Rapra from ACGIH for $22.50, RDB8810) Technology Limited, Shropshire, UK, 19 February 1998 (7 pages with 4 figures and 5 tables, RDB8808) This book provides data for use as guidelines or recommendations in the control of potential health status of and data for R-245fa, R-365mfc, and hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are azeotropes of R-365mfc with R-134a, R-227ea, tabulated for airborne concentrations of chemical n-pentane, isopentane, and cyclopentane, namely substances to which workers may be exposed. R-134a/365mfc (13/87), R-227ea/365mfc (7/93), These chemicals include some commonly or R-601/365mfc (41.6/58.4), R-601a/365mfc (54.3/- historically used as refrigerants, based on their 45.7), and R-cyclopentane/365mfc (27.5/72.5), chronic and/or acute toxicity. The TLV data refer to respectively; R-245fa and R-365mfc also are concentrations under which it is believed that candidate refrigerants; comparative physical nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed properties, thermal conductivity, safety and without adverse health effects subject to identified handling, characteristics as blowing agents considerations. The TLVs are categorized as time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in the Dry-Out short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), Region of In-Tube Evaporation with Refrigerant- and ceiling (TLV-C). The document indicates the Lubricant Mixtures, research project 800-RP, molecular weights and bases or critical effects American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air- underlying the adopted TLV concentrations. Notes Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, are provided for interpretation, but the information September 1993 - February 1998 (ASH0800) is not intended for use without training in industrial hygiene. The document flags TLVs and other data This research examined heat transfer in the final for compounds included in the Notice of Intended stage of in-tube evaporation, where the annular Changes (NIC), to flag data for which future liquid film thins and dries out. The work was ini- revision has been proposed. It also provides tiated to formulate a generalized heat transfer appendices addressing carcinogens, substances coefficient in this dry-out region, where significant of variable composition, mixtures, and sampling criteria for airborne particulate matter. The area is required to achieve desired levels of refrigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, superheating. Unusual behavior or refrigerant- R-13B1, R-20, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-113, lubricant mixtures also may occur in this region. R-114, R-115, R-160, R-160B1, R-170 (ethane), Measurements of heat transfer and pressure drop R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), R-601 were expected in both smooth and enhanced (pentane), R-610, R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 tubes with R-22 and R-134a, or an appropriate (ammonia), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur alternative, as a function of lubricant content. dioxide), R-1130, R-1150, R-1270, R-7146 (sulfur Tests were planned for mixtures containing 0, 1, hexafluoride), and others. A TLV concentrations 2, 3, and 5% lubricant, for conditions determined has been added for R-290 (propane), previously through a literature search and examination of the deemed a simple asphyxiant. Changes are energy transfer process in qualities exceeding proposed for R-1130a, R-1132a, R-1140, 90%. The contractor for the project was the École R-1140B1, R-1141, and others. R-20B1, R-20B3, Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (ÉPFL), R-30, R-30B1, R-150, R-160B1, R-746, R-748, Ecublens, Switzerland, led by J. R. Thome; it was R-764, R-1216, and others are identified as sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, chemical substances under study. Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Test Method for Inorganic Acid Removal Capacity of Desiccants Used in Liquid Line Filter Driers, proposed research project 793-RP, American Society January 1998 of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1994 - February 1996, extended to 1998 (ASH0793)

1998 (month not indicated) This research will develop a method of testing desiccants, at liquid-line conditions, for inorganic 1998 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Sub- acid removal capacity from circulating refrigerant. stances in the Work Environment, 1998 TLVs® It then will demonstrate the consistency of the and BEIs®: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical method with different desiccants and refrigerants. Substances and Physical Agents; Biological Expo- UOP molecular sieve 4AX-H6 (8x12), sure Indices, American Conference of Governmental Rhône-Poulenc activated alumina grade A (3-5 Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincin- mm), and Davison Chemical silica gel Refrigerant Database Page 11

grade 407 (8-20 mesh) will be tested. It also will computerized version includes more than 4800 determine the solubility of hydrochloric acid (HCl) citations, including those in the report version, in R-12 and R-22 at specified temperatures. The others from a supplement on copper in air con- work is needed to assist component ditioning and refrigeration, and an archival group manufacturers in design of filter driers with covering historical and superseded documents. maximum performance. The need is heightened The computerized version also includes more than by increased refrigerant recycling and recovery. 500 specially prepared data summaries, including The contractor for the project is Imagination refrigerant (single compound and blend) profiles, Resources, Incorporated (IRI), led by R. C. tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and Cavestri; it is sponsored by Technical Committee elastomers, and toxicity reviews for refrigerants. 3.3, Contaminant Control in Refrigeration More than 6,000 pages of reference material can Systems. be searched and selectively printed using accompanying retrieval software, which enables very fast searches for user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The search program offers several 1997 automated features to simplify searches including optional prompting by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior December 1997 searches, a "wildcard" capability to allow entry of word segments, and a configuration capability to J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant customize a number of options. Both the report Database, report DOE/CE/23810-90A, Air-Condi- and computerized versions include instructions to tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), obtain cited documents or subscriptions for Arlington, VA, 15 December 1997 (474 pages with 1 database updates. table, available from JMC as RDB7C10)

This document provides bibliographic citations for November 1997 more than 3300 publications that may be useful in research, design, and application of J. J. Byrne, M. W. Abel, and A. M. Gbur (Integral air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Sciences, Incorporated, ISI), Methods Development Synopses of the content, materials addressed, for Organic Contaminant Determination in and key conclusions are provided for approxi- Fluorocarbon Refrigerant Azeotropes and Blends, mately 40% of these documents. The database replaced version of report DOE/CE/23810-85, identifies sources of specific information on R-22, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 30 November 1997 R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, (158 pages with 34 figures and 35 tables, RDB7C07) R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), Report presents new gas chromatography (GC) R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 methods to determine the organic purity of (water), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propyl- zeotropic and azeotropic refrigerants. Appendices ene), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and patterned after those in ARI Standard 700 zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends Appendix 95 identify columns, chromatographic include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, conditions, and methods to determine both the R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R- composition and purity of covered blends. They 405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, address those in the 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 500, 502, 503, 507, 508, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, and 509 refrigerant series following the R-414A, R-414B, R-415A, R-416A, R-500, R-501, designations assigned in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, 34. They include R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which R-402A, R-402B, R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R- information is available, even though standard 407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, designations may not have been assigned yet. It R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R- also addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, 412A, R-500, R-502, R-503, R-507A, R-508A, and polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and R-509A. The new methods are applicable to both other lubricants. It references documents on new and reclaimed refrigerants. The report compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with identifies procedural improvements, clarifications, desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor limitations, and recommendations for future insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant additions. [This report was replaced with a circuits. The database is available in both a computerized version and as a listing in report form. The Page 12 Refrigerant Database

corrected version and is no longer available; see October 1997), reprints available from Solvay Fluor RDB8505 for replacement.] und Derivate GmbH, Hannover, Germany, October 1997 (19 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, RDB- X. Ma, G. Du, and J. Shang (Hangzhou First 8C05) Chemical Company Limited, China), Evaluation of First-12 in Replacing CFC-12 in Refrigerator- discusses theoretical and experimental differ- Freezers, Proceedings of the International Confer- ences between R-290 (propane), R-407C, and ence on Ozone Protection Technologies (Baltimore, R-410A as replacements for R-22; compares their MD, 12-13 November 1997), Alliance for Re- thermodynamic performance in optimized cycles sponsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 92-95, and capacities in typical cycles; tabulates the November 1997 (4 pages with 6 figures and 1 table, phaseout schedule for R-22 in Europe by country; RDB8331) compares the costs of equipment designed for the three replacements; concludes that no alternative near-azeotropic blend of R-22/152a as a re- offers the technical advantages of R-22; projects placement for R-12 in refrigerator-freezers: claims that both R-407C and R-410A will be used as 5-10% improvement in efficiency and 20-30% replacements and that R-410A will be the primary reduction in charge amount candidate

H. König (Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Ger- many), Comparison of R410A, R407C and Propane October 1997 in Heat Pump Applications, Heat Pump Systems, Energy Efficiency and Global Warming (proceedings J. G. Crawford (The Trane Company), Heat Pump of the IIR conference, Linz, Austria, 28 September - 1 Technology on the Horizon, Refrigerants for the October 1997), publication 1997/4, International 21st Century (proceedings of the ASHRAE/NIST Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 94-104, Refrigerants Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 6-7 1997 (11 pages with 3 figures, RDB8C06) October 1997), American Society of Heating, Re- frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- discusses theoretical and experimental differ- RAE), Atlanta, GA, 104-110, 1997 (7 pages with 3 ences between R-290 (propane), R-407C, and tables, RDB7B12) R-410A as replacements for R-22; compares their thermodynamic performance in optimized cycles reviews factors driving the forecast of technolo- and capacities in typical cycles; concludes that no gies for heat pumps: the factors specifically ad- alternative offers the technical advantages of dressed are the functions of a heat pump, diver- R-22; projects that both R-407C and R-410A will sity of demand, energy sources, thermal source be used as replacements and that R-410A will be and sink, heat pumping process, compression the primary candidate mechanisms, thermal distribution subsystem, efficiency trajectory, frosting, and refrigerant Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United selection; concludes that vapor-compression States, 1996, report DOE/EIA-0573(96), Energy In- systems will remain dominant due to intrinsic ef- formation Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, ficiency advantages, but that absorption cycle use Washington, DC, October 1997 (158 pages with 18 and water-source will increase for some ap- figures and 60 tables, available from GPO as plications; screw and scroll compressor pene- document 061-003-01008-3, limited copies available tration will increase while rolling-piston rotary from JMC as RDB8501) compressors may lose market share; R-22 will remain the dominant refrigerant for several years estimated emissions in the USA of carbon dioxide and then be replaced by hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) (R-744), methane (R-50), nitrous oxide (R-744A), blends as R-22 is phased out; an appendix halocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride (R-7146), criteria examines the suitability of evaporative cooling as pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and a not-in-kind (NIK) with a conclusion that comfort nonmethane volatile organic compounds, VOCs), cannot be maintained for many common and other greenhouse gases: the halocarbons conditions; a second appendix examines use of addressed include R-10 (carbon tetrachloride), absorption chillers to replace electric-driven R-11, R-12, R-12B1 (halon 1211), R-13B1 (halon vapor-compression systems; it finds that 1301), R-14, R-20 (chloroform), R-22, R-23, R-30 absorption may be economically attractive, but (methylene chloride), R-113, R-114, R-115, will not reduce global warming R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-140a (methyl chloroform), R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, H. König (Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, R-152a, R-227ea, and R-31-10; the halocarbon Germany), Technical and Cost Comparisons of data are presented individually and collectively for Refrigeration Cycles (R22 - R407C - R410A - the bromofluorocarbon (BFC, halon), chlorofluoro- Propane), R22 Substitution - Reality or Wishful carbon (CFC), Thinking (ASERCOM Symposium, IKK, Essen, 8 Refrigerant Database Page 13

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), hydrofluoro- pound and blend) profiles, tabular compatibility carbons (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC) groups; summaries for plastics and elastomers, and depending on the substance, data cover the pe- toxicity reviews for refrigerants. More than 6,000 riod from 1989 through 1996; estimated emissions pages of reference material can be searched and are from all uses - refrigerant components are a selectively printed using accompanying retrieval small fraction of the total; report identifies the data software, which enables very fast searches for sources, conversion methods, and limitations user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The search program offers several automated features to simplify searches including optional prompting September 1997 by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" Refrigerant J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), capability to allow entry of word segments, and a Database , report DOE/CE/23810-89A, Air-Condi- configuration capability to customize a number of tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), options. Both the report and computerized ver- Arlington, VA, 15 September 1997 (482 pages with 1 sions include instructions to obtain cited docu- table, available from JMC as RDB7950) ments or subscriptions for database updates. This document provides bibliographic citations for more than 3400 publications that may be useful in research, design, and application of August 1997 air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, materials addressed, and key conclusions are provided for approxi- July 1997 mately 40% of these documents. The database identifies sources of specific information on R-22, R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, M. N. Sarevski, Influence of the New Refrigerant R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, Thermodynamic Properties on Some Refriger- R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, ating Turbocompressor Characteristics, Fuel and R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), Energy Abstracts, 38(4):260, July 1997 (1 page, R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 rdb8C31) (water), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propylene), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and consideration of properties in centrifugal com- zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends pressor design include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R- 405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, June 1997 R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, May 1997 R-414A, R-414B, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which information is J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Copper in Air available, even though standard designations may Conditioning and Refrigeration - Supplement to not have been assigned yet. It also addresses the ARTI Refrigerant Database, report JMC/- mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol ARTI/CDA-9705D, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, and the references documents on compatibility of refriger- Copper Development Association (CDA), New York, ants and lubricants with desiccants, elastomers, NY, May 1997 (88 pages with no figures or tables, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and other available from JMC as RDB7522) materials used in refrigerant circuits. The database is available in both a computerized This document provides bibliographic citations for version and as a listing in report form. The more than 450 publications that may be useful in computerized version includes more than 4800 research, design, and application of citations, including those in the report version, air-conditioning and refrigeration (ACR) others from a supplement on copper in air con- equipment. Summaries or brief descriptors of the ditioning and refrigeration, and an archival group content, materials addressed, and key con- covering historical and superseded documents. clusions are provided for the majority. This The computerized version also includes more supplement to the ARTI Refrigerant Database than 500 specially prepared data summaries, increases the information provided, by focusing on including refrigerant (single com- the suitability of and application data for copper and copper alloys with refrigerants. The

please see page 6 for ordering information Page 14 Refrigerant Database

key concentration areas are application data, data summaries, including refrigerant (single compatibility, and heat transfer (including surface compound and blend) profiles, tabular compati- enhancement). An introduction outlines the bility summaries for plastics and elastomers, and reasons copper is the preferred fabrication toxicity reviews for refrigerants. More than 6,000 material in many ACR components. It cites the pages of reference material can be searched and metal's superior heat transfer properties, corro- selectively printed using accompanying retrieval sion resistance, ease of fabrication and joining, software, which enables very fast searches for strength, and machinability. It also notes the user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The latitude afforded by copper, brass, bronze, and search program offers several automated features other alloys in manufacturing processes such as to simplify searches including optional prompting casting, forging, machining, drawing, sintering, by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of and forming. A concluding section provides de- synonyms and related terms, chain searches to scriptions of both the Refrigerant Database and broaden or narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" the Copper Data Center (CDC) database. capability to allow entry of word segments, and a configuration capability to customize a number of J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant options. Both the report and computerized ver- Database, report DOE/CE/23810-86A, Air-Condi- sions include instructions to obtain cited docu- tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), ments or subscriptions for database updates. Arlington, VA, May 1997 (452 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB7561) T. B. Coplen (U.S. Geological Survey, USGS), Atomic Weights of the Elements 1995, Journal of This document provides bibliographic citations for Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 26(5):- more than 3200 publications that may be useful in 1231-1253, May 1997 (23 pages, RDB7B48) research, design, and application of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. definitive atomic weights used to calculate the Synopses of the content, materials addressed, molecular mass of refrigerants and key conclusions are provided for approximately 40% of these documents. The database identifies sources of specific information on R-22, April 1997 R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, March 1997 R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propylene), ethers, and others as well as February 1997 azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R- 401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, Database, report DOE/CE/23810-83A, Air-Condi- R-407C, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, Arlington, VA, February 1997 (452 pages with 1 table, R-413A, R-414A, R-414B, R-500, R-501, R-502, available from JMC as RDB72A9) R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which information This document provides bibliographic citations for is available, even though standard designations more than 3200 publications that may be useful in may not have been assigned yet. It also research, design, and application of addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other Synopses of the content, materials addressed, lubricants. It references documents on and key conclusions are provided for approxi- compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with mately 40% of these documents. The database desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor identifies sources of specific information on R-22, insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, circuits. The database is available in both a R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, computerized version and as a listing in report R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, form. The computerized version includes more R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), than 4600 citations, including those in the report R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 version, others from a supplement on copper in (water), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 air conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival (propylene), ethers, and others as well as group covering historical and superseded doc- azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. uments. The computerized version also includes These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R- approximately 500 specially prepared 401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, Refrigerant Database Page 15

R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R- to azeotropes, and add new definitions. The last 407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, address acute toxicity, azeotropic temperature, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, cardiac sensitization, ceiling (as in exposure R-414A, R-414B, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, limits), chronic toxicity, committee (in the context R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, of the standard), critical point, heat of combustion, R-509A, and others for which information is LC50 (median lethal concentration), maximum available, even though standard designations may temperature glide, ppm, permissible exposure not have been assigned yet. It also addresses level (PEL), short-term exposure limit (STEL), and mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol Workplace Environmental Exposure Limit (WEEL). (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It The addenda clarify that concentrations identified references documents on compatibility of refriger- as "ppm" for safety classifications are "ppm by ants and lubricants with desiccants, elastomers, volume", expand the purpose, and provide metals, plastics, motor insulation, and other detailed instructions for designation and materials used in refrigerant circuits. The classification applications. They also modify the database is available in both a computerized designation system for miscellaneous organic version and as a listing in report form. The compounds as well as inorganic compounds, computerized version includes more than 4400 provide uniform systems to number the carbon citations, including those in the report version, atoms in molecules and determine designations others from a supplement on copper in air con- for fluoroethers, differentiate among azeotropic ditioning and refrigeration, and an archival group blends having the same components, and add a covering historical and superseded documents. new reference. Composite tables remove the The computerized version also includes 479 "provisional" notation previously appended to specially prepared data summaries, including some safety classifications, correct a number of refrigerant (single compound and blend) profiles, chemical names for consistency with the tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry elastomers, and toxicity reviews for refrigerants. (IUPAC) conventions, correct informational (not More than 5,000 pages of reference material can part of the standard) data on refrigerants, and add be searched and selectively printed using safety classifications for R-23, R-32, R-116, accompanying retrieval software, which enables R-124, R-125, R-143a, and R-218. The addenda very fast searches for user-selected terms or also add designations, tolerances, and safety combinations of terms. The search program offers classifications for R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, several automated features to simplify searches R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, including optional prompting by search category, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, related terms, chain searches to broaden or R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-507A, narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" capability to R-508A, R-508B, and R-509A. A subsequent allow entry of word segments, and a configuration addendum revises the tolerances for R-407A and capability to customize a number of options. Both R-407B. The addenda detail the submission the report and computerized versions include in- requirements - including both content and copy structions to obtain cited documents or sub- quantities - to apply for designations and scriptions for database updates. classifications of additional refrigerants. A foreword and table identify the changes by specific Addenda to Number Designation and Safety addendum. Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34a-o, 34q-z, 34ab, and 34ae (Addenda to Addenda to Number Designation and Safety ANSI/ASHRAE 34-1992), American Society of Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Standard 34a-o, 34q-z, and 34ab (Addenda to neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1997 (18 pages with 3 ANSI/ASHRAE 34-1992), American Society of tables, available from ASHRAE, RDB8602) [first Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- distributed June 1998] neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1997 (18 pages with 3 tables, available from ASHRAE, RDB7250) [distri- This cumulative addendum combines addenda a buted February 1997] through o, q through z, 34ab, and 34ae as well as errata sheet number 1 to ANSI/ASHRAE This cumulative addendum combines addenda a Standard 34-1992. The errata correct a conver- through o, addenda q through z, addenda 34ab, sion error in the metric units for flammability and errata sheet number 1 to ANSI/ASHRAE classifications. The addenda provide a desig- Standard 34-1992. The errata correct a nation distinction for zeotropic blends having the conversion error in the metric units for flammability same components in different proportions, classifications. The addenda provide a expand the applicability of dual classifications (as designation distinction for zeotropic blends having formulated and worst case of fractionation) the same components in different pro- Page 16 Refrigerant Database

portions, expand the applicability of dual classi- desorption rates for hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) fications (as formulated and worst case of frac- refrigerants and polyolester (POE) lubricants and tionation) to azeotropes, and add new definitions. to define the characteristics of the foam formed The last address acute toxicity, azeotropic following a pressure drop. The stated objectives temperature, cardiac sensitization, ceiling (as in are to define those characteristics, to determine exposure limits), chronic toxicity, committee (in the rate at which an HFC leaves solution with the the context of the standard), critical point, heat of POE after the pressure drop, and to determine the combustion, LC50 (median lethal concentration), rate at which the POE reabsorbs the HFC maximum temperature glide, ppm, permissible refrigerant. The tests address and R-32, R-125, exposure level (PEL), short-term exposure limit R-134a, R-143a, R-404A, R-407C, and R-410A (STEL), and Workplace Environmental Exposure with two ISO 68 POEs (Witco Suniso(R) SL68 and Limit (WEEL). The addenda clarify that ICI Emkarate™ RL68H). Comparative tests are concentrations identified as "ppm" for safety included for R-12 and R-22 with a naphthenic classifications are "ppm by volume", expand the mineral oil (MO, Witco Suniso(R) 3GS and 4GS). purpose, and provide detailed instructions for The charts describe the apparatus and designation and classification applications. They measurements; they also present the data also modify the designation system for obtained and interpretations for them. They note miscellaneous organic compounds as well as that R-32 and R-134a favored foaming while inorganic compounds, provide uniform systems to R-125, R-143a, and most of the blends did not, number the carbon atoms in molecules and that pressure-release foaming yielded very little determine designations for fluoroethers, stability for the HFC-POE pairs, and that foaming differentiate among azeotropic blends having the only was observed for fast pressure drops, not for same components, and add a new reference. slow ones. The document concludes with plans for Composite tables remove the "provisional" future work. notation previously appended to some safety classifications, correct a number of chemical E. A. Groll (Purdue University), Modeling of Ab- names for consistency with the International sorption/Compression Cycles Using Working Pair Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Carbon Dioxide/Acetone, paper PH-97-12-1, conventions, correct informational (not part of the Transactions (Winter Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 26- standard) data on refrigerants, and add safety 29 January 1997), American Society of Heating, Re- classifications for R-23, R-32, R-116, R-124, frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- R-125, R-143a, and R-218. The addenda also RAE), Atlanta, GA, 103(1):863-872, 1997 (10 pages add designations, tolerances, and safety with 9 figures, RDB7C23) classifications for R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R- 402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-744/acetone R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, Experimental Determination of Shell-Side Con- R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-507A, denser Bundle Heat Transfer Design Factors for R-508A, R-508B, and R-509A. A subsequent Refrigerants R-123 and R-134a, research project addendum revises the tolerances for R-407A and 676-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, R-407B. The addenda detail the submission and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, requirements to apply for designations and GA, April 1991 - January 1997 (ASH0676) classifications of additional refrigerants. A foreword and table identify the changes by This research determined the heat transfer coef- specific addendum. ficients (HTC) for R-123 and R-134a in condensers for the refrigerant-side (outside) of tubes. Limited, comparative measurements also were January 1997 made for R-11 and R-12. Four or more different geometries for tube bundles, with at least two D. Y. Goswami, D. O. Shah, C. K. Jotshi, S. S. finned and two enhanced tubes types, were Bhagwat, M. Leung, and A. S. Gregory (University of examined. Correlations or charts were developed Florida), Foaming Characteristics of Refrig- for use in heat exchanger design. The contractor erant/Lubricant Mixtures, seminar presentation for the project was Iowa State University of (ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 25-29 Science and Technology led by M. B. Pate; it was January 1997), report DOE/CE/23810-82B, Air- sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.5, Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers. (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 29 January 1997 (38 pages with 29 charts, available from JMC as RDB7402) Fundamental Study of Refrigerant Line Tran- sients, research project 736-RP, American Society of A summary and presentation charts summarize Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- the objectives, interim findings, and plans for an ongoing study of the foaming absorption and Refrigerant Database Page 17

gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April 1993 - January status of and data for R-245fa and R-365mfc; 1997, extended to 1998 (ASH0736) comparative physical properties, thermal conductivity, fire resistance, toxicity, handling, This research project examined causes and characteristics as blowing agents, and experi- consequences of pressure transients, induced by ences in trial uses condensation during hot-gas defrost, in refrigerant piping. The underlying goal was to develop means 1997 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical to prevent their occurrence, either by appropriate Substances in the Work Environment, 1997 design or operation. The problem induces TLVs(R) and BEIs(R): Threshold Limit Values for hydraulic shock and vapor-propelled liquid Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and slugging. The work involved a literature search, Biological Exposure Indices, American Conference of documentation of critical flow regimes, and Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincin- analysis of both condensation-induced hydraulic nati, OH, 1-53 and notes, 1997 (53 of 160 pages with shock and vapor-propelled liquid slugs. The 5 tables and 4 appendices, available from ACGIH for contractor was the University of Illinois, led by A. $15.00, RDB7A50) M. Jacobi; it was sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committees 10.3, Refrigerant Piping This book provides data for use as guidelines or and 10.1, Engineered Refrigeration Systems. recommendations in the control of potential hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are tabulated for airborne concentrations of chemical 1997 (month not indicated) substances to which workers may be exposed. These chemicals include some commonly or historically used as refrigerants, based on their H. Z. Abou-Ziyan, M. F. Ahmed, M. N. Metwally, and chronic and/or acute toxicity. The TLV data refer Solar Assisted R22 and H. M. Abd EI-Mameed, to concentrations under which it is believed that R134a Heat Pump Systems for Low-Temperature nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed Applications, Applied Thermal Engineering, without adverse health effects subject to identified 17(5):455-469, 1997 (15 pages, rdb8512) considerations. The TLVs are categorized as time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), regression fits of published properties for R-22, short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), R-134a, and R-404A; comparative performance and ceiling (TLV-C). Notes are provided for of R-134a and R-404A in a cascaded solar-as- interpretation, but the information is not intended sisted heat pump system for use without training in industrial hygiene. The document flags TLVs and other data for L. A. Weber and D. R. Defibaugh (National Institute compounds included in the Notice of Intended of Standards and Technology, NIST), Derivation of Changes (NIC), to flag data for which future the Bubble Pressure Surface, P(x,T), of a Binary revision has been proposed. It also provides ap- Mixture by Ebulliometry: The System C3H3F5 + pendices addressing carcinogens, substances of C4H2F8, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, variable composition, mixtures, and sampling 4(6):1187-1190, 1997 (4 pages with 3 figures and 4 criteria for airborne particulate matter. The re- tables, RDB8210) frigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, R-13B1, R-20, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-113, R-114, R-245ca, R-338mcc (identified in the paper as R- R-115, R-160, R-160B1, R-170 (ethane), R-290 338mccq), the azeotropic blend R-245ca/338mcc, (propane), R-600 (butane), R-601 (pentane), calculated dew and bubble curves for 27-102 °C R-610, R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 (ammonia), (80-215 °F) and pressures of 98-970 kPa (14-141 R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), psia), thermodynamic properties, thermophysical R-1130, R-1150, R-1270, R-7146 (sulfur hexaflu- data; the azeotropic composition of oride), and others. The TLV concentrations are R-245ca/338mcc ranges from 56/44 to 79/21 for changed for acetone, R-40B1 (methyl bromide), the temperature and pressure ranges indicated R-748 (ozone), and others in this revision; changes are proposed for R-112, R-1130a, and L. Zipfel, W. Krücke, K. Börner, P. Barthélemy (Sol- others. R-290 (propane), R-601 (n-pentane), vay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Germany), and P. mineral oil mist, and others remain in the NIC list Dournel (Solvay Research and Technology, Bel- as does R-748 with a revised TLV proposal. R- gium), HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa Progress in 20B1, R-20B3, R-30, R-30B1, R-150, R-160B1, R- Application of New HFC Blowing Agents, Pro- 746, R-764, R-114, and others are identified as ceedings of the Polyurethanes World Congress 1997 chemical substances under study. (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), 176-184 plus 1 page errata, 1997 (10 pages with 10 figures and 7 tables, Production, Sales and Atmospheric Release of RDB8809) Fluorocarbons through 1995, Alternative Fluoro- carbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), Washington, DC, 1997 (108 pages with 2 Page 18 Refrigerant Database

figures and 41 tables, limited copies available from Synopses of the content, materials addressed, JMC as RDB7363) and key conclusions are provided for approximately 40% of these documents. The database R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-134a, identifies sources of specific information on R-22, R-141b, R-142b, production and emission data R-23, R-32, R-41, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245fa, R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), 1996 R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270 (propylene), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends December 1996 include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, A. Sekiya (National Institute of Materials and R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, Chemical Research, NIMC, Japan) and S. Misaki R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, R-500, R-501, (Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R- Earth, RITE, Japan), A Continuing Search for New 508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which in- Refrigerants, ChemTech, 26(12):44-48, December formation is available, even though standard 1996 (5 pages with 2 figures and 7 tables, RDB8317) designations may not have been assigned yet. It also addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, properties of fluoroether (FE) and hydrofluoro- polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and ether (HFE) candidates for refrigerant use; basic other lubricants. It references documents on physical properties (normal boiling point, viscosity, compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with density, surface tension, and thermal conductivity) desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor and qualitative stability indications for R-E236fa1, insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant R-E245fa1, R-E263fb1 (shown as R-E236ea1 in circuits. The database is available in both a the paper), R-E338mcf2, two fluorinated amines 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 computerized version and as a listing in report (CH CH N(CF ) and CH FCH N(CF ) ), and two form. The computerized version includes more fluoro-oxysilanes (CF3CF2CH2OSi(CH3)3, and 3 2 3 3 than 4200 citations, including those in the report (CF ) CHOSi(CH ) ); tabular comparison of the version, others from a supplement on copper in air normal boiling point and critical temperature, conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival pressure, and specific volume of R-114, R-E134, group covering historical and superseded R-E227ca1, R-E236fa1, R-E263fb2, documents. The computerized version also R-E31-10mcc1, and R-E31-10mcc2; atmospheric includes 474 specially prepared data summaries, lifetime and halocarbon global warming potential including refrigerant (single compound and blend) (HGWP) of R-11, R-E236ea1, R-E245fa1, profiles, tabular compatibility summaries for R-E254cb1, R-E365mcf2, and four fluorinated plastics and elastomers, and toxicity reviews for amines; summary properties of the three refrigerants. More than 5,000 pages of reference hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) deemed to be the most material can be searched and selectively printed promising, namely R-E245cb1, R-E347mcc3, and using accompanying retrieval software, which R-E347mmy1; thermophysical data; overview of enables very fast searches for user-selected terms the project for "Development of Advanced or combinations of terms. The search program Refrigerants for Compression Heat Pumps" offers several automated features to simplify undertaken by the Research Institute of searches including optional prompting by search Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) category, an automated thesaurus of synonyms and related terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, a wildcard capability to November 1996 allow entry of word segments, and a configuration capability to customize a number of options. Both J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant the report and computerized versions include Database, report DOE/CE/23810-79A, Air-Condi- instructions to obtain cited documents or tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), subscriptions for database updates. Arlington, VA, November 1996 (432 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB6B41)

This document provides bibliographic citations for more than 3200 publications that may be useful in research, design, and application of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Refrigerant Database Page 19

October 1996 polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); not compatible with epichloro- H. König (Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Ger- hydrin, HNBR, nitrile (marginal), Viton; based on many), Ersatz von R22: Weltweite Tendenzen shrinkage <5% and swelling <20% after 2-week [Replacements for R-22: Worldwide Directions], KK immersion at room temperature), foaming char- Die Kälte- und Klimatechnik, Germany, 49(10):- acteristics, foam aging effects 758-762, October 1996 (5 pages in German, rdb- 8C07) August 1996

replacements for R-22 Addenda to Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE S. Misaki (Research Institute of Innovative Technol- Standard 34a-o and 34q-x (Addenda to ogy for the Earth, RITE, Japan) and A. Sekiya (Na- ANSI/ASHRAE 34-1992), American Society of tional Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- NIMC, Japan), Update on Fluorinated Ethers as neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1996 (20 pages with 3 Alternatives to CFC Refrigerants, Proceedings of tables, available from ASHRAE for $8 members and the International Conference on Ozone Protection $12 nonmembers plus handling fee, RDB6801) Technologies (Washington, DC, 21-23 October [distributed August 1996] 1996), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arling- ton, VA, 65-70, October 1996 (6 pages with 8 tables, This cumulative addendum combines addenda a RDB7108) through o, addenda q through x, and errata sheet number 1 to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992. R-E245cb1 [CH3OCF2CF3], R-E347mmy1 [CH3- The errata correct a conversion error in the metric OCF(CF3)2 or CF3CF(OCH3)CF3], R-E347mcc3 units for flammability classifications. The addenda [CH3OCF2CF2CF3]; physical properties, synthesis, provide a designation distinction for zeotropic thermal stability with lubricants and metals blends having the same components in different (aluminum, copper, and steel), critical properties proportions, expand the applicability of dual (temperature and pressure), toxicity, flash point, classifications (as formulated and worst case of atmospheric lifetime, GWP, HGWP, cycle fractionation) to azeotropes, and add new performance definitions. The last address acute toxicity, azeotropic temperature, cardiac sensitization, September 1996 ceiling (as in exposure limits), chronic toxicity, committee (in the context of the standard), LC50 R. S. Agarwal (Indian Institute of Technology, India), (median lethal concentration), maximum Isobutane as Refrigerant for Domestic Re- temperature glide, ppm, permissible exposure level (PEL), short-term exposure limit (STEL), and frigeration in Developing Countries Proceedings , Workplace Environmental Exposure Limit (WEEL). of the IIR Conference on Applications for Natural The addenda clarify that concentrations identified Refrigerants (Århus, Denmark, 3-6 September 1996), as "ppm" for safety classifications are "ppm by International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, volume", expand the purpose, and provide France, September 1996 (rdb9308) detailed instructions for designation and classification applications. They also modify the use of hydrocarbons as refrigerants, R-600 (n- designation system for miscellaneous organic butane), R-600a (isobutane) compounds as well as inorganic compounds, provide uniform systems to number the carbon M. C. Bogdan, D. J. Williams, P. B. Logsdon, and R. atoms in molecules and determine designations C. Parker (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Status Report for fluoroethers, differentiate among azeotropic on the Development of HFC-245fa as a Blowing blends having the same components, and add a Agent, Polyurethanes Expo '96 (proceedings of the new reference. Composite tables remove the 39th Annual Technical and Marketing Conference, "provisional" notation previously appended to September 1996), Society of the Plastics Industry some safety classifications, correct a number of (SPI), Washington, DC, 1996 (10 pages with 13 chemical names for consistency with the figures and 17 tables, RDB6B40) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions, correct informational (not R-245fa, physical properties, flammability, envi- part of the standard) data on refrigerants, and add ronmental data, toxicity (4-hr LC50 rat >200,000 safety classifications for R-23, R-32, R-116, ppm, LC50 mouse > 101,300 ppm, LD50 >2,000 R-124, R-125, R-143a, and R-218. The addenda mg/kg, cardiac sensitization >20,000 ppm, weak also add designations, tolerances, and safety activity in human lymphocyte at 300,000 ppm v/v, classifications for R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, not active in mouse micronucleus study at R-402A, R- 100,000 ppm, Ames assay negative), thermal and hydrolytic stability, compatibility (compatible with Buna-N, EPDM, neoprene, Page 20 Refrigerant Database

402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, 22, R-23, R-32, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R- R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-408A, 134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-218, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-290 R-411B, R-412A, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, and (propane), R-C318, R-600 (butane), R-600a R-509A. The addenda detail the submission (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R-1270 (propy- requirements to apply for designations and lene), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and classifications of additional refrigerants. A zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends foreword and table identify the changes by include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, specific addendum. R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-407D, July 1996 R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R- 411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-413A, R-500, R-501, R- 502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R- Copper in Air J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), 508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which in- Conditioning and Refrigeration - Supplement to formation is available, even though standard the ARTI Refrigerant Database , report JMC/- designations may not have been assigned yet. It ARTI/CDA-9607D, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration also addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, and the polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and Copper Development Association (CDA), New York, other lubricants. It references documents on NY, July 1996 (60 pages, available from JMC as compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with RDB6720) desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant This document provides bibliographic citations for circuits. The database is available in both a 316 publications that may be useful in research, computerized version and as a listing in report design, and application of air-conditioning and form. The computerized version includes refrigeration (ACR) equipment. Synopses or brief approximately 4000 citations, including those in descriptors of the content, materials addressed, the report version, others from a supplement on and key conclusions are provided for the majority. copper in air conditioning and refrigeration, and an This supplement to the ARTI Refrigerant archival group covering historical and superseded Database increases the information provided, by documents. The computerized version also focusing on the suitability of and application data includes more than 450 specially prepared data for copper and copper alloys with refrigerants. summaries, including refrigerant (single compound The key concentration areas are application data, and blend) profiles, tabular compatibility compatibility, and heat transfer (including surface summaries for plastics and elastomers, and enhancement). An introduction outlines the toxicity reviews for refrigerants. More than 4,500 reasons copper is the preferred fabrication pages of reference material can be searched and material in many ACR components. It cites the selectively printed using accompanying retrieval metal's superior heat transfer properties, software, which enables very fast searches for corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication and user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The joining, strength, and machinability. It also notes search program offers several automated features the latitude afforded by copper, brass, bronze, to simplify searches including optional prompting and other alloys in manufacturing processes such by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of as casting, forging, machining, drawing, sintering, synonyms and related terms, chain searches to and forming. A concluding section provides de- broaden or narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" scriptions of both the Refrigerant Database and capability to allow entry of word segments, and a the Copper Data Center (CDC) database. configuration capability to customize a number of options. Both the report and computerized ver- J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant sions include instructions to obtain cited docu- Database, report DOE/CE/23810-77B, Air-Condi- ments or subscriptions for database updates. tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1996 (426 pages with 1 D. R. Defibaugh, K. A. Gillis, M. R. Moldover, J. W. table, available from JMC as RDB6772) Schmidt, and L. A. Weber (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic This document provides bibliographic citations for Properties of CF3-CHF-CHF2, 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hex- more than 3200 publications that may be useful in afluoropropane, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 122(1-2):- research, design, and application of 131-155, 31 July 1996 (25 pages with 8 figures and 6 air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. tables, RDB8253) Synopses of the content, materials addressed, and key conclusions are provided for approxi- reports thermodynamic properties of R-236ea mately 40% of these documents. The database based on measurements of the vapor pressure, identifies sources of specific information on R- Refrigerant Database Page 21

density of the compressed liquid, refractive index temperatures and compositions. These data will of saturated liquid and vapor, critical temperature, be used to determine the mixing parameters, in- speed of sound in the vapor phase, and surface cluding any temperature and/or composition tension determined from the capillary rise; also dependence, for the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis reports the ideal-gas heat capacity, saturated (CSD) equation of state and an extended cor- liquid and vapor densities, surface tension, and responding states (ECS) model. The R-41 mea- estimates of the critical pressure and density surements will address vapor pressure; liquid based on the measured data; provides density; liquid, two-phase, and ideal gas heat coefficients for the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis capacities; vapor sound speed and virial coeffi- (CSD) equation of state (EOS) cients; and the critical point parameters. The report describes measurement of vapor-liquid W. Goetzler and L. Bendixen (Arthur D. Little, In- equilibrium (VLE) properties for R-32/125/134a, corporated, ADL), Risk Assessment of HFC-32/- R-125/134a, R-125/143a, and R-143a/134a. It HFC-134a (30/70) in Mini-Split Residential Air also summarizes bubble point pressure and near Conditioners, Proceedings of the 1996 International saturation density measurements of R- Refrigeration Conference at Purdue (23-26 July 32/125/134a, R-125/143a, and R-143a/134a as 1996), edited by J. E. Braun and E. A. Groll, Purdue well as initiation of isochoric heat capacity mea- University, West Lafayette, IN, 27-32, July 1996 (6 surements of R-143a/125. It further describes pages with 3 figures, RDB6753) similar measurements and triple-point temperature and heat of fusion measurements for R-41. concludes that the risks due to fires resulting from Figures compare the new data and those pub- use of R-32/134a (30/70) in mini-split air lished in prior, independent studies to calculated conditioners in Japanese residences would be data from the ECS model in REFPROP for extremely low; risks from servicing and other R-32/125/134a. Others show the liquid phase handling are higher but can be controlled isochoric and saturated liquid phase heat capacities of R-41. Tables present the VLE and G. G. Haselden (University of Leeds, UK), Wide- near-saturation data for R-143a/134a. Additional Boiling Refrigerant Mixtures - Technical and tables show VLE, bubble point pressure, and near Commercial Challenges, Proceedings of the 1996 saturation data for R-32/125/134a. A final set of International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue tables present near saturation as well as (23-26 July 1996), edited by J. E. Braun and E. A. experimental liquid, gas, and two-phase heat Groll, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 193- capacities of R-41. All of the tables are repeated in 198, July 1996 (6 pages with 1 figure and 2 tables, metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units of measure. RDB6839) X. Liu (Carrier Corporation), LMTD Applications in energy saving by use of blends with high tem- Two-Phase Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Heat perature glide; flow circuit incorporating a liquid Exchangers, Proceedings of the 1996 International injection system coupled with a modulating float Refrigeration Conference at Purdue (23-26 July valve; evaluations by analytical methods and 1996), edited by J. E. Braun and E. A. Groll, Purdue confirming tests for R-407C, R-32/125/134a University, West Lafayette, IN, 145-150, July 1996 (6 (31/32/37), R-125/152a/600a (50/25/25), R- pages with 1 table, RDB6828) 32/227 (probably R-32/227ea) (35/65) M. O. McLinden and S. A. Klein (National Institute of W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and Standards and Technology, NIST), A Next Gen- Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of eration Refrigerant Properties Database, Pro- HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-77A, ceedings of the 1996 International Refrigeration Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- Conference at Purdue (23-26 July 1996), edited by J. stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1996 (36 pages E. Braun and E. A. Groll, Purdue University, West with 4 figures and 11 tables, available from JMC as Lafayette, IN, 409-414, July 1996 (6 pages with 2 RDB6C02) figures and 2 tables, RDB6C16)

This interim report summarizes progress in description of REFPROP Version 6; explains uses measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven of the modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) binary and one ternary blends as potential and Helmholtz equations of state (EOSs) along replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include with an extended corresponding states (ECS) R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R- model to calculate the thermodynamic properties 125/134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, of single-compound refrigerants; tabulates the and R-290/134a. Measurements also are being EOS, source, and limits of application for R-11, made for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential R-12, R-22, R-32, R-113, R- replacements for R-13. The work consists of simultaneous measurements of the coexisting liquid and vapor densities, compositions, and bubble point pressures over a wide range of Page 22 Refrigerant Database

123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, R-152a, R- Equipment of Joint-Stock Company NORD to 170, R-290, R-600, R-600a, R-717, and R-744; Alternative Refrigerants, Proceedings of the 1996 lists the ECS reference fluids for R-13, R-14, R- International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue 23, R-114, R-115, R-116, R-134, R-141b, R-142b, (23-26 July 1996), edited by J. E. Braun and E. A. R-170, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-C270, R- Groll, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 507- C318, and R-1270; describes "mixture Helmholtz 512, July 1996 (6 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, models" based on application of mixing rules to RDB6C33) the Helmholtz EOS and transformations of the MBWR EOS and ECS models; presents the pure comparative performance of R-134a, R-401A, R- fluid and mixture models for transport properties; 600a, R-134a/152a, R-152a/600a, and R-290/- describes the FORTRAN subroutines suite for 600a; cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, property calculations and user interface written in total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) Pascal Genetron(R) AZ-20 (R-410A) Product Brochure, D. M. Robinson and E. A. Groll (Purdue University), bulletin G-525-012, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Mor- Using Carbon Dioxide in a Transcritical Vapor ristown, NJ, July 1996 (16 pages with 4 figures and 7 Compression Cycle, Proceedings of the 1996 In- tables, RDB6B27) ternational Refrigeration Conference at Purdue (23- 26 July 1996), edited by J. E. Braun and E. A. Groll, This bulletin supplies information on R-410A, a Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 329-336, July patented blend of R-32 and R-125 - R-32/125 1996 (8 pages with 6 figures, RDB6923) (50/50) -that behaves like an azeotrope. It was designed to replace R-22 in a variety of new literature review of R-744 in refrigeration, suitable equipment including unitary air-conditioners, applications, and research needs; thermodynamic chillers, and commercial refrigeration. The doc- modeling ument outlines potential applications and provides physical property data including the chemical E. G. Zaulichnyi and A. P. Iakoushev (National name and formula, appearance, molecular weight, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus), normal boiling point, corresponding heat of Universal Effective Cooling and Heating Systems vaporization and vapor density, critical parameters on the Compressed Air, Proceedings of the 1996 (temperature, pressure, specific volume, and International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue density), and flammability. It also indicates the (23-26 July 1996), edited by J. E. Braun and E. A. liquid density, vapor pressure, and the vapor and Groll, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 541- liquid heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and 547, July 1996 (7 pages with 4 figures, RDB6C34) viscosity at 25 °C (77 °F). The bulletin then presents product specifications and provides both R-729 (air), vortical gas-energy dividing tube a pressure-temperature table and pressure- (VGEDT) [a vortex tube refrigeration process], enthalpy (Mollier) diagrams. It reviews servicing experimental data, industrial tests considerations presents a tabular summary of the stability of R-410A with polyolester lubricants and X. Zeng, G. Peterson, L. Ye, and W. Harvey (Smart metals (aluminum, copper, and steel). The text Power Systems), A Performance Analysis of Low refers inquiries on desiccants to drier Pressure HFC Refrigerants in Vapor-Compres- manufacturers, but provides a solubility plot for sion Refrigeration Cycles, Proceedings of the 1996 water in R-410A and lists suitability indications for International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue 27 elastomers and plastics. The bulletin suggests (23-26 July 1996), edited by J. E. Braun and E. A. use of polyolester lubricants, but indicates that Groll, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, compressor and lubricant manufacturers should 337-342, July 1996 (6 pages with 8 figures and 1 be contacted for specific recommendations. It then table, RDB6924) reviews safety information, addressing general toxicity, inhalation effects, skin and eye contact, evaluation of two undisclosed, low-pressure re- responses to leaks, flammability, combustibility, frigerants identified as HFC-LVP and HFOC-LVP and thermal stability. The bulletin offers guidance (the latter probably a hydrofluoroether, HFE); for storage, handling, leak detection, retrofit, comparison to R-134a for air conditioning using a recycling, reclamation, and disposal. It also small centrifugal compressor; efficiency com- provides tabular thermodynamic properties parisons to R-113, R-123, and R-134a; concludes (pressure, liquid density, vapor volume, liquid and that a performance increase of 5-15% over vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat of R-134a is possible vaporization) for -30 to 70 °C (-60 to 160 °F) [tables cover dissimilar ranges for the two sets of V. V. Zhidkov (NORD Association, Ukraine), V. P. units]. Formulae are presented to calculate Zhelezny, and A. G. Butler (Odessa State Academy thermodynamic properties, including vapor of Refrigeration, Ukraine), Ecological and Ener- getical Aspects of Changing-Over Refrigerant Refrigerant Database Page 23

pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat ca- R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R- pacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of state 508B, R-509A, and others for which information is also is presented. The data are provided in both available, even though standard designations may inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units. AI- not have been assigned yet. It also addresses liedSignal's product name for R-410A is Gene- mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol tron(R) AZ-20. (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It references documents on compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with desiccants, June 1996 elastomers, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The P. Dinnage (Rhône-Poulenc Chemicals Limited, UK), database is available in both a computerized R.22 Drop-In Launched, Refrigeration and Air version and as a listing in report form. The Conditioning, UK, June 1996 (1 page with 3 figures, computerized version includes more than 3500 RDB6708) citations, including those in the report version, others from a supplement on copper in air conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival R-403A, R-413A, Isceon 59 and 89 (replace- group covering historical and superseded ments for R-22 and R-13B1, respectively); de- documents. The computerized version also velopment and performance trials includes more than 450 specially prepared data summaries, including refrigerant (single compound and blend) profiles, tabular compatibility May 1996 summaries for plastics and elastomers, and toxicity reviews for refrigerants. More than 4,000 H. König (Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Ger- pages of reference material can be searched and many), Auswirkungen der Druckgrenzenerweit- selectively printed using accompanying retrieval erung durch R22-Ersatzkältemittel auf die Kom- software, which enables very fast searches for ponenten des Kältemittelkreislauf [Impacts of In- user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The creasing Compression Ratios for R-22 Replacement search program offers several automated features Refrigerants on the Components of Refrigeration to simplify searches including optional prompting Circuits], Ki Luft- und Kältetechnik, 32(5):213-216, by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of May 1996 (4 pages in German, RDB8C03) synonyms and related terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" evaluation of higher compression ratios capability to allow entry of word segments, and a configuration capability to customize a number of options. Both the report and computerized ver- April 1996 sions include instructions to obtain cited documents or subscriptions for database updates. J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant Database, report DOE/CE/23810-70B, Air-Condi- W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of Arlington, VA, 15 April 1996 (382 pages with 1 table, HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-70A, available from JMC as RDB6450) Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1996 (36 pages This document provides bibliographic citations for with 6 figures and 14 tables, available from JMC as more than 2800 publications that may be useful in RDB6C01) research, design, and application of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. This interim report summarizes progress in Synopses of the content, materials addressed, measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven and key conclusions are provided for approxi- binary and one ternary blends as potential mately 40% of these documents. The database replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include identifies sources of specific information on R-22, R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R-125/- R-23, R-32, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, 134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, and R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R-290/134a. Measurements also are being made R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R-600 for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential replacements (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), for R-13. The work consists of simultaneous ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and measurements of the coexisting liquid and vapor zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends densities, compositions, and bubble point include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, pressures over a wide range of temperatures and R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, compositions. These data will be used to R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R- determine the mixing parameters, in- 407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-500, R-501, R-502, Page 24 Refrigerant Database

cluding any temperature and/or composition comparisons to the lower flammability limit (LFL) dependence, for the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis values measured in other studies, including those (CSD) equation of state and an extended cor- following ASTM E681. The LFL0 R-50 (methane) responding states (ECS) model. The R-41 mea- was measured as 4.9 ±0.1 % v/v in dry air; that for surements will address vapor pressure; liquid R-32 was found to be 14.0 ±0.8 % v/v in dry air density; liquid, two-phase, and ideal gas heat and 14.1 ±0.6 % v/v with 44% relative humidity. capacities; vapor sound speed and virial coeffi- No flames occurred with mixtures of R-134a and cients; and the critical point parameters. The air at ambient pressure and temperature. Cited report describes measurement of coexisting advantages of the new method are higher densities, bubble point pressures, and liquid and precision and independence from the ignition vapor compositions of R-32/125 and R-32/143a source. with a new vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) apparatus. It also summarizes development of a vapor pressure equation for R-41, determination March 1996 of saturated liquid densities and critical point parameters (temperature, pressure, and density) M. S. Kim, G. Morrison, W. J. Mulroy, and D. A. for R-41, completion of five pres- Didion, A Study to Determine the Existence of an sure-volume-temperature (PVT) isochores for R- Azeotropic R-22 'Drop-In' Substitute, report 41/744, and initiation of VLE and coexisting NISTIR 5784, National Institute of Standards and density measurements on R-143a/134a. Figures Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, March 1996 compare the new data and those published in (66 pages with 14 figures and 9 tables; available from prior, independent studies to calculated data from JMC as RDB6432) the ECS model in REFPROP for R-32/125 and R-32/143a. Others show the locus of mea- R-22 alternatives, R-C270/134a, R-134a/600a, surements for R-41 and comparisons of the vapor R-290/134a pressure data to those from other studies. Tables present the VLE data for R-32/125 and R-32/134a, near saturation data for R-32/143a, and bubble point pressures and near saturation February 1996 data for R-32/125/134a. Additional tables show the compressed liquid, VLE vapor pressure, near saturation, critical parameter, calculated vapor January 1996 pressure, and saturated liquid data R-41. All of the tables are repeated in metric (SI) and J. C. Bare (Environmental Protection Agency, EPA), inch-pound (IP) units of measure. Identifying and Evaluating Alternatives to CFC- 114 for Navy Shipboard Chillers, ASHRAE Journal, C. Womeldorf and W. L. Grosshandler (National In- 38(1):44-46, January 1996 (3 pages with 2 tables, stitute of Standards and Technology, NIST), Lean RDB6103) Flammability Limit as a Fundamental Refrigerant Property (Interim Technical Report - Phase II), R-114, R-236ea, R-236fa report DOE/CE/23810-68, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant VA, 30 April 1996 (50 pages with 18 figures and 9 Database, report DOE/CE/23810-66B, Air-Condi- tables, available from JMC as RDB7103) tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 15 January 1996 (360 pages with 1 The report presents an investigation of the lean table, available from JMC as RDB6134) flammability limit (LFL0 that is independent of the ignition source. It defines the limit as the fuel-air This document provides bibliographic citations for mixture that extinguishes an adiabatic flame when more than 2500 publications that may be useful in the strain rate (i.e., the normal gradient of research, design, and application of velocity) is zero. The report explains that no air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. method currently exists to measure this Synopses of the content, materials addressed, fundamental limit directly, but that measurements and key conclusions are provided for approxi- with an opposed-flow burner provide a mately 40% of these documents. The database quantifiable basis for extrapolating to the zero identifies sources of specific information on R-22, value. The report reviews the background, de- R-23, R-32, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, scribes the experimental apparatus and proce- R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, dures, discusses the fundamental flammability R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R-600 limit, and summarizes the equilibrium chemistry (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), involved. The opposed flow burner and burner ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and flow control system are shown schematically. The zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends report then presents measurements and include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R- Refrigerant Database Page 25

401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, bubble point pressures over a wide range of R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, temperatures and compositions. These data will R-407C, R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, be used to determine the mixing parameters, in- R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, cluding any temperature and/or composition R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, dependence, for the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, and (CSD) equation of state and an extended cor- others for which information is available, even responding states (ECS) model. The R-41 mea- though standard designations may not have been surements will address vapor pressure; liquid assigned yet. It also addresses mineral oil, density; liquid, two-phase, and ideal gas heat alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), capacities; vapor sound speed and virial coeffi- polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It cients; and the critical point parameters. The references documents on compatibility of report describes completion of a new vapor-liq- refrigerants and lubricants with desiccants, uid-equilibrium (VLE) apparatus as well a mea- elastomers, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and surement of coexisting densities, bubble point other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The pressures, and liquid and vapor compositions of database is available in both a computerized R-32/134a and R-32/125/134a. It also summarizes version and as a listing in report form. The isochoric pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) and computerized version includes approximately vapor pressure measurements for R-41 along with 3200 citations, including those in the report development of a new spherical resonator for version, others from a supplement on copper in air sound speed measurements. Finally, it describes conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival initiation of isochoric PVT measurements of group covering historical and superseded R-41/744 and VLE and coexisting density documents. The computerized version also measurements of R-32/125. Figures compare the includes more than 400 specially prepared data new data and those published in prior, summaries, including refrigerant (single independent studies to calculated data from the compound and blend) profiles, tabular compati- ECS model in REFPROP for R-32/134a and bility summaries for plastics and elastomers, and R-32/125/134a. Another shows the locus of toxicity reviews for refrigerants. More than 3,800 measurements for R-41. Tables present the pages of reference material can be searched and compressed gas and liquid-phase PVT data for selectively printed using accompanying retrieval R-41, in metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units of software, which enables very fast searches for measure. Two final tables present the vapor user-selected terms or combinations of terms. The pressure measurements for the same refrigerant. search program offers several automated features to simplify searches including optional prompting B. A. Nagengast (Consulting Engineer), History of by search category, an automated "thesaurus" of Sealed Refrigeration Systems, ASHRAE Journal, synonyms and related terms, chain searches to 38(1):S37, S38, S42-S46, and S48, January 1996 (8 broaden or narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" pages with 8 figures, RDB6104) capability to allow entry of word segments, and a configuration capability to customize a number of This article reviews the evolution of hermetic re- options. Both the report and computerized ver- frigeration systems, to address refrigerant leak- sions include instructions to obtain cited docu- age, up to the 1940s. It identifies the Audiffren- ments or subscriptions for database updates. Singrün refrigerating machine, which used R-764 (sulfur dioxide) as the refrigerant, as the first W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and successful attempt. This device, nicknamed the Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of "dumb-bell", was developed by Marcel Audiffren in HCFC Alternatives , report DOE/CE/23810-66A, France in the early 1890s. It was first manu- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- factured in France from 1903 through the 1940s, stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1996 (36 pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as by the Établissements Singrün, and in the United RDB6603) States from 1911-1928, by the General Electric Company. A second, externally-driven, sealed This interim report summarizes progress in system was invented by Heinrich Zoelly in measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven Switzerland and patented in 1918. The device binary and one ternary blends as potential was manufactured by Maschinenfabriken Escher replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include Wyss & Cie, under the name "Autofrigor"; it used R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R- R-40 (methyl chloride). A third system was 125/134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, invented by Jay G. DeRemer before 1918. The and R-290/134a. Measurements also are being design was based on the "Archimedes' Screw," made for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential using mercury swirled in slugs up an inclined replacements for R-13. The work consists of rotating screw, to compress R-600a (isobutane) simultaneous measurements of the coexisting and later R-40. The oil-free design was manu- liquid and vapor densities, compositions, and Page 26 Refrigerant Database

factured by Savage Arms Company from 1923 Condensation Heat Transfer of Alternative Re- through the 1920s. The article describes three frigerants for HVAC Applications, Performance of historic efforts to develop hermetic, reciprocating a Suction-Line Capillary-Tube Heat Exchanger, piston compressors with internal drives. They Performance of an Adiabatic Capillary Tube with included one by Douglas H. Stokes in Australia, Zeotroplc Mixtures, Thermophysical Properties of before 1916, and a semi-hermetic compressor by R-245ca, Measurement of R-22 and Alternative Earl Oswald and Clarence Holly in the USA, Refrigerant Leakage Rates from Open-Shaft before 1924. The latter was manufactured by the Compressors, Double-Walled Heat Exchangers Utility Compressor Company; it used R-160 (ethyl for Class 2 Refrigerants, Heat and Mass Transfer chloride), and later R-764, with a glycerin Additives in Aqua Ammonia Systems, Boiling and lubricant. The third attempt was developed and Two-Phase Flow of Ammonia and Ammonia-Oil tested from 1917 through 1924 by the General Mixtures in a Corrugated Passage Simulating a Electric Company in the USA. Sales of the Plate Heat Exchanger, Performance Comparison resultant oscillating cylinder 2 (OC2) compressors of Different Refrigerants in Flat-Plate, Micro- began in 1925. channel Evaporators, Effect of Motion of an Ammonia Air Mixture in an Enclosed Space on 1996-1997 Research Plan, American Society of Explosivity, Separating Velocities for Ammonia in Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Horizontal and Vertical Vessels, Laboratory neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1 January 1996 (26 Verification of Modeling Transients in Refrigerant pages with 7 tables, RDB6301) Lines, Refrigerant Piping Pressure Drop Computer Program, and Optimizing Refrigeration for High Tc This list of prospective research subjects identifies Superconducting Applications and Systems. This 334 proposed projects, 56 designated as priority plan summarizes anticipated funding and status. The projects are grouped into eight project procedures for implementing the research iden- classifications, based on approved funding tified; it replaces versions published for preceding guidelines. Projects relating to refrigerants fall in years [see RDB5134]. several of these categories, primarily including the third and sixth highest areas, Environ- mentally-Safe Materials and Refrigeration 1996 (month not indicated) Systems. The research areas were proposed by ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, S. Bonekamp and K. Bier, Influence of Ultrasound and other committees; they were prioritized by on Pool Boiling Heat Transfer to Mixtures of R23 ASHRAE's Research and Technical Committee. and R134a, Pool Boiling 2 (proceedings of the Eu- The highest priority group (three stars) includes rotherm Conference, seminar 48), 227-238, 1996; research of HFC Refrigerant-Lubricant Modeling republished in the International Journal of Refriger- for Gas Solubility and Lubricant Viscosity, ation (IJR), 20(8):606-615, December 1997 (11/10 identified as a high-risk project. The next clas- pages with 12 figures and 2 tables, RDB8519) sification includes Thermophysical Properties of R-23, Comprehensive Thermodynamic Property heat transfer enhancement for R-23, R-134a, and Data for Refrigerant Blends, and Develop Solu- R-23/134a bility and Viscosity Data for Various Oil-Refrig- erant Mixtures at High Discharge Temperatures M. L. Huber, J. S. Gallagher, M. O. McLinden, and G. and Pressures. one-star The priority group in- Morrison, NIST Thermodynamic Properties of cludes Transport Property Data for Refrigerant Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures Database Blends, Flammability Properties of Alternative (REFPROP), Standard Reference Database (SRD) Refrigerants, A Uniform Equation of State for 23 version 5.0, National Institute of Standards and Alternatives to the CFC Refrigerants , and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 1996 (soft- Chloride, Fluoride, and Acidity Measurements of ware and documentation available from NIST for CFC, HCFC, and HFC Refrigerants. It also $465.00 or $100.00 to upgrade from previous ver- Evaporation of Ammonia Outside includes sions, RDB6C15) Smooth and Enhanced Tubes with Miscible and Immiscible Oils and Measurement of Solubility, Viscosity, and Density of R-32/125 (R-410 Series) Version 5.0 of REFPROP calculates properties for Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures. Among nonpriority single-compound refrigerants as well mixtures of projects are: Investigation of Major Sources of up to five of them. The refrigerants include R-11, Refrigerant Emissions and Feasible Methods for R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-14, R-21, R-22, R-23, Reducing These Emissions, Assessment of R-32*, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-116, R-123*, Vibration Insulation Material Compatibility with R-123a, R-124*, R-125*, R-134, R-134a*, R-E134, R-22, Alternative Refrigerants, and Ethylene R-141b, R-142b, R-143, R-143a*, R-152a*, Glycol Mixtures The Effects of Inundation and R-E170, R-218, R-227ea, R-236ea, R236fa*, Miscible Oil Upon Enhanced R-245ca, R-245cb, R-E245fa1 (identified Refrigerant Database Page 27

in the program as R-E245), R-C270 (cyclopro- Refrigerant Equipment, International Journal of pane), R-290 (propane)*, R-C318, R-600 (n-bu- Energy Research (IJER), 20:787-796, 1996 (20 tane)*, R-600a (isobutane)*, R-601 (n-pentane)*, pages with 10 figures and 1 table, RDB6744) R-601a (isopentane)*, R-717 (ammonia), R-744 (carbon dioxide)*, and R-1270 (propylene). An performance evaluation of R-23/22/152a in three option is provided to select use of a Carna- different compositions (not disclosed in this paper) han-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation of state or identified as NARM-12, NARM-22, and an Extended-Corresponding-States (ECS) model NARM-502; outlines the experimental approach with a highly accurate Modified Benedict- and provides plots of the coefficients of Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equation for the 14 fluids performance (COPs) in a prototype air-to-air heat indicated with an asterisk (*). Measured inter- pump, home refrigerator, and four commercial action parameters are provided for common refrigeration machines; a plot compares the mixture pairs, along with a method to estimate pressure-temperature relationships for R-22, interaction parameters for others from a corre- NARM-502, and R-502; concludes that the three lation. Fourteen thermodynamic properties can be tested blends offer similar pressure-temperature calculated, in user-selected units of mea- relations to R-12, R-22, and R-502, respectively, surement, including temperature, pressure, den- and potential to enhance performance by 7-30% sity, specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, speed of sound, specific heats at constant volume and J. Y. Shin, M. S. Kim, and S. T. Ro (Seoul National pressure, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. University, Korea), Experimental Study on Con- REFPROP also provides information on single vective Heat Transfer for Pure Refrigerants and compound refrigerants including the ASHRAE Refrigerant Mixtures in a Horizontal Tube, Trans- Standard 34 designation (R number), chemical actions, Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers formula and name, Chemical Abstract Service (KSME), Seoul, Korea, 20(2):730-740, 1996 (11 registry number, molecular mass, triple-point pages, rdb6831) temperature if applicable, normal boiling point temperature, critical temperature and pressure, heat transfer polarizability and dipole moment if measured, and estimated surface tension values at repre- C. Y. Yang and R. L. Webb (Pennsylvania State Uni- sentative temperatures. This update replaces versity), Condensation of R-12 in Small Hydraulic version 4.0 (see RDB4101). Diameter Extruded Aluminum Tubes With and Without Micro-Fins, International Journal of Heat B. Mongey, N. J. Hewitt, and J. T. McMullan (Univ- and Mass Transfer, 39(4):791-800, 1996 (10 pages, ersity of Ulster, UK), R407C as an Alternative to rdb6398) R22 in Refrigeration Systems, International Journal of Energy Research (IJER), 20(1):245-254, 1996 (10 R-12, heat transfer pages with 8 figures, RDB8513) C. Y. Yang and R. L. Webb (Pennsylvania State Uni- comparative performance of R22 and R-407C versity), Friction Pressure Drop of R-12 in Small Hydraulic Diameter Extruded Aluminum Tubes S. M. Sami and B. Song (University of Moncton, With and Without Micro-Fins, International Journal Canada), Performance Evaluation of a New Four of Heat and Mass Transfer, 39(4):801-809, 1996 (9 Component HFC Blend in a Vapour-Compression pages, rdb9828) Heat Pump System, Energy, 21(5):361-369, 1996 (9 pages with 13 figures and 3 tables, RDB6745) R-12, pressure drop, heat and mass transfer

performance test results for R-32/125/143a/134a 1996 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical (40/25/25/10), proposed as a replacement for Substances in the Work Environment, 1996 (R) (R) R-502; laboratory test rig and comparative tests TLVs and BEIs : Threshold Limit Values for for R-407B, R-502, and R-507A are outlined; plots Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and show the comparative heating and cooling Biological Exposure Indices, American Conference of coefficients of performance (COP), capacities, Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincin- compression pressure ratios, discharge nati, OH, 1-52 and notes, 1996 (52 of 148 pages with temperatures, and mass flow rates, as functions 5 tables and 4 appendices, available from ACGIH for of the evaporator temperature; also presents $14.00, RDB6901) comparative tests of the tetrary blend and R-502 performed by the National Research Council of This book provides data for use as guidelines or Canada (NRCC) recommendations in the control of potential hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are tab- S. M. Sami and P. J. Tulej (University of Moncton, ulated for airborne concentrations of chemical Canada), A Drop-In-Replacement Blend for Air- substances to which workers may be exposed. These chemicals include some commonly or historically used as refrigerants, based on their Page 28 Refrigerant Database

chronic and/or acute toxicity. The TLV data refer Multilateral Fund and Multilateral Fund to assist to concentrations under which it is believed that Article 5 (developing) countries, finance of and nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed procedures for the Trust Fund for administration of without adverse health effects subject to identified the treaties, and declarations adopted from 1989 considerations. The TLVs are categorized as through 1995. They include the Helsinki time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), Declaration on Protection of the Ozone Layer short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), (1989); declarations by Australia, Austria, Belgium, and ceiling (TLV-C). Notes are provided for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, interpretation, but the information is not intended Liechtenstein, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nor- for use without training in industrial hygiene. The way, Sweden, and Switzerland on advancing the document flags TLVs and other data for phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to not compounds included in the Notice of Intended later than 1997 (1990); a resolution on more Changes (NIC), to flag data for which future stringent measures for ozone depleting sub- revision has been proposed. It also provides stances (1990); statements by Austria, Denmark, appendices addressing carcinogens, substances Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and of variable composition, mixtures, and sampling Switzerland on more control measures (1991); a criteria for airborne particulate matter. The resolution on methyl bromide (1992); statements refrigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, on representation of Yugoslavia (1992); a R-13B1, R-20, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-113, R- memorandum on hydrochlorofluorocarbons 114, R-115, R-160, R-160B1, R-170 (ethane), R- (HCFCs) (1993); and declarations on methyl 290 (propane), R-600 (butane), R-601 (pentane), bromide (1993), by countries with economies in R-610, R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 (ammonia), transition (1993), on the Multilateral Fund (1994), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), on HCFCs (1995), and methyl bromide (1995). R-1130, R-1150, R-1270, R-7146 (sulfur hexaflu- The handbook then lists sources, contacts, and oride), and others. The carcinogenicity desig- publications for further information, primarily from nations are revised for approximately 200 sub- United Nations and international organizations. A stances in this edition; such designations are concluding section presents the evolution of the added for many of the covered refrigerants. Montreal Protocol from its original text through successive amendments. The Vienna Convention Handbook for the International Treaties for the was adopted on 22 March 1985 and entered into Protection of the Ozone Layer (fourth edition), force on 22 September 1988. The Montreal United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Protocol was adopted on 16 September 1987 and Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, 1996 (326 pages, entered into force on 1 January 1989, the London RDB6904) Amendment 29 June 1990 and 10 August 1992, and the Copenhagen Amendment on 23 This document contains the complete texts of the November 1992 and 14 June 1994. Entry into Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol as force follows ratification, accession, acceptance, amended. These international treaties are or approval by prescribed numbers of Parties. formally titled the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal The AIHA 1996 Emergency Response Planning Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Expo- Layer. They are administered under the auspices sure Level Guides Handbook, document 215-EA- of the United Nations Environment Programme 96, American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), (UNEP). The handbook summarizes the resulting Fairfax, VA, 1996 (68 pages with 2 figures and 3 control measures, the signature and ratification tables, RDB6451) status by treaty and amendment for the 159 Parties (countries) that have adopted them, and summarizes development and intended uses for the rules of procedure for meetings of the Parties. Emergency Response Planning Guideline (ERPG) The decisions of the Parties and annexes to the concentrations, to "assist emergency response Montreal Protocol, that relate to its interpretation, personnel planning for catastrophic chemical at meetings in Helsinki in (April-May 1989), releases to the community;" discuses other London (June 1990), Nairobi (June 1991), occupational and emergency exposure guides; Geneva (July 1992), Copenhagen (November summarizes the rationales for ERPG values 1992), Bangkok (November 1993), Nairobi based on "the maximum airborne concentration (October 1994), and Vienna (December 1995) are below which it is believed nearly all individuals presented and indexed to the Articles to which could be exposed for 1 hour" without specified they pertain. The handbook lists approved responses; identifies three levels, namely the destruction procedures and essential use ERPG-1 ("without experiencing other than mild exemptions, composition and procedures (terms transient adverse health effects or of reference) for scientific and economic assessment panels, remedies for noncompliance, procedures for and details of the Interim Refrigerant Database Page 29

perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor), J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Alternative ERPG-2 ("without experiencing or developing ir- Refrigerants and Lubricants - Data for Screening reversible or other serious health effects or and Evaluation, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for symptoms that could impair their abilities to take the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and protective action"), and ERPG-3 ("without expe- Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, riencing or developing life-threatening health 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for Responsible effects"); tabulates ERPGs for R-10, R-30, R-40, Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 169-178, October R-40I1, R-630, R-717 (ammonia), R-764 (sulfur 1995 (10 pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as dioxide), R-1113, R-1114, and others; describes RDB5A02) Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL) Guides as "the workplace exposure lev- This paper describes the ARTI Refrigerant els to which it is believed that nearly all employ- Database and provides a tabular summary for 86 ees could be exposed repeatedly without adverse common and candidate refrigerants. The key health effects;" tabulates WEELs for R-32, R-124, elements identified include a collection of R-125, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, documents, a computerized search system, a set R-E170, R-1113, and others; provides related of refrigerant summaries, and an information definitions to assist users of ERPG and WEEL dissemination operation. The document collection, values in applying them which includes both published and unpublished works, grew from an informal sharing of information on thermophysical properties, materials compatibility, and lubricants for alternative 1995 refrigerants. The current set also includes reports from the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute's (ARTI's) Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) December 1995 Program, the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute's (ARI's) Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP), contributed works, November 1995 and other sources. The search and retrieval system is based on a set of bibliographic citations and extended abstracts on refrigerant and lubricants, their properties, compatibility with other October 1995 materials found in refrigeration systems, effects on heat transfer, system capacity and efficiency, computational and test methods to estimate or S. C. Bhaduri (Indian Institute of Technology, India), determine the preceding data, research, Assessment of HFC-143a as an Alternative of application data, and regulatory information. Two HCFC-22 and R-502, Stratospheric Ozone Pro- tables present refrigerant identifications, safety tection for the 90's (proceedings of the International classifications, environmental data, and physical CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, property data from the database for 109 of the Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for most common refrigerants. The tabular data Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 87- include the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34 95, October 1995 (8 pages with 6 figures and 2 ta- designation, chemical name and formula, bles, available from JMC as RDB5A49) flammability limits, safety group, ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP), R-22, R-143a, R-502 molecular mass, freezing point, normal boiling point, and critical parameters (temperature, P. G. Blacklock (Calor Gas Refrigeration, UK), HC pressure, and density). The focus of the database Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - A Develop- and its sponsorship by ARTI, under a grant from ing Technology, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), are the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and outlined. Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for Responsible J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 404-411, October Database, report DOE/CE/23810-61C, Air-Condi- 1995 (10 pages with 9 figures and 7 tables, available tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), from JMC as RDB5B12) Arlington, VA, 31 October 1995 (346 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB5A28) R-290 (CARE 40), R-170/290 (CARE 50), R-600a (CARE 10), R-290/600a (CARE 30): product de- This document provides bibliographic citations for velopment, performance comparison of R-22 and more than 2400 publications that may be useful in R-170/290, safety, training, technology transfer research, design, and application of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Page 30 Refrigerant Database

Synopses of the content, materials addressed, spheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 412-416, October 1995 and key conclusions are provided for approxi- (5 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as mately 40% of these documents. The database RDB5B13) identifies sources of specific information on R-23, R-32, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R- R-170/290 (CARE 50) in a split-system heat pump 134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, and in chillers, R-290 in a split-system heat pump R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), R. G. Doerr and T. D. Waite (The Trane Company), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends Motor Materials Under Retrofit Conditions, include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon R-405A, R406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 R-407D, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-410A, October 1995), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-500, R-501, Policy, Arlington, VA, 159-168, October 1995; R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, republished as paper DOE/CE/23810-65A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, and others for which Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- information is available, even though standard stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 1995 (10 pages with 2 designations may not have been assigned yet. It tables, available from JMC as RDB5A56) also addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and This paper summarizes tests conducted on motor other lubricants. It references documents on materials, to determine whether prior exposure to compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with the original refrigerant and mineral oil would affect desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor compatibility with an alternative refrigerant and insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant lubricant after retrofit. The materials were exposed circuits. The database is available in both a first to the original refrigerant and lubricant and computerized version and as a listing in report then to the alternatives, for 500 hours at elevated form. The computerized version includes more temperature for each refrigerant-lubricant system. than 3000 citations, including those in the report R-11, R-12, R-22, and R-502 were tested as version, others from a supplement on copper in original refrigerants; R-123, R-134a, R-245ca, air conditioning and refrigeration, and an archival R-404A, and R-407C were tested as retrofit group covering historical and superseded doc- alternatives, the last four with polyolester (POE) uments. The computerized version also includes lubricants. The test materials included motor nearly 400 specially prepared data summaries, insulation, magnet wire varnishes, sleeving, tapes, including refrigerant (single compound and blend) and tie cord. The paper outlines the test methods profiles, tabular compatibility summaries for and materials, provides a qualitative table of plastics and elastomers, and toxicity reviews for findings, and discusses the specific observations refrigerants. More than 3,500 pages of reference for each material tested. It concludes that the material can be searched and selectively printed tested materials appeared to be as compatible using accompanying retrieval software, which with the alternatives as with the original enables very fast searches for user-selected refrigerants and lubricants. One exceptions was terms or combinations of terms. The search sheet insulation containing DuPont Nomex® sheet program offers several automated features to insulation, which showed delamination and simplify searches including optional prompting by blistering particularly after removal of absorbed search category, an automated thesaurus of refrigerant at high temperature. A second was synonyms and related terms, chain searches to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet and broaden or narrow prior searches, a wildcard sleeving insulation, which became embrittled. capability to allow entry of word segments, and a Subsequent tests, under extremely dry conditions, configuration capability to customize a number of showed that embrittlement of the PET materials options. Both the report and computerized could be attributed to moisture present during the versions include instructions to obtain cited exposure. documents or subscriptions for database updates. I. Haider, K. E. Simmons, K. Kim, and R. K. Rader- N. J. Cox (Morris & Young Refrigeration and Air macher (University of Maryland), Independent Conditioning Limited, UK), The Practical Use of Compartment Temperature Control of a Modified Hydrocarbons in Air Conditioning and Refriger- Lorenz-Meutzner-Cycle Refrigerator with a ation, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's Hydrocarbon Mixture, Stratospheric Ozone Pro- (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon tection for the 90's (proceedings of the International Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, October 1995), Alliance for Responsible Atmo- Refrigerant Database Page 31

Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the Interna- Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, tional CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, 206-215, October 1995 (10 pages with 5 figures and Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB5A61) Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 322-330, October 1995 (9 pages with 5 figures and 6 R-12, R-290/600 (70/30) tables, RDB5B06)

W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and indirect systems for refrigeration: R-22, R-410A, Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of R-507A, R-717, R-744; propylene glycol and or- HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-64A, ganic salt heat transfer fluids Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1995 (30 pages P. H. Howard, J. L. Tunkel (Syracuse Research with 7 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as Corporation, SRC), and R. V. Hendriks (U.S. Envi- RDB5C11) ronmental Protection Agency, EPA), Identification of CFC and HCFC Substitutes for Blowing This interim report summarizes progress in Polyurethane Foam Insulation Products, Strato- measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven spheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of binary and one ternary blends as potential the International CFC and Halon Alternatives replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R-125/- Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Ar- 134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, and lington, VA, 417-426, October 1995 (10 pages with 1 R-290/134a. Measurements also are being made figure and 1 table, RDB5B14) for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential replacements for R-13. The work consists of simultaneous screening of candidates for use as foam blowing measurements of the coexisting liquid and vapor agents, tabulates the global warming potential densities, compositions, and bubble point (GWP), molecular mass (MW), and thermal pressures over a wide range of temperatures and conductivity, and normal boiling point (NP) of the compositions. These data will be used to 105 candidates (mostly hydrocarbons and determine the mixing parameters, including any hydrofluorocarbons) ranked highest in potential temperature and/or composition dependence, for the Carnahan-Staling-DeSantis (CSD) equation of G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation), state and an extended corresponding states C. L. Gage, and R. V. Hendriks (U.S. Environmental (ECS) model. The R-41 measurements will Protection Agency, EPA), Evaluation of HFE-125 as address vapor pressure; liquid density; liquid, an R-502 Replacement in Supermarket Low two-phase, and ideal gas heat capacities; vapor Temperature Refrigeration, Stratospheric Ozone sound speed and virial coefficients; and the Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the critical point parameters. The report describes International CFC and Halon Alternatives Confer- measurement of mixture data for R-32/143a, ence, Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), Alliance R-32/290, R-125/134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, R-143a/134a, and R-290/134a. It outlines 238-247, October 1995 (10 pages with 16 figures and development of new apparatus and its calibration. 1 table, available from JMC as RDB5A65) The report discusses preparation of an R-41/744 sample and completion of R-125/143a R-E125, theoretical evaluation, compressor cal- measurements. It also outlines ongoing orimeter tests measurements of R-41. A discussion of related work describes thermodynamic property J. Köhler, M. Sonnekalb (Konvecta/IPEK, Germany), measurements for alternative refrigerants, par- H. Kaiser, and W. Köcher, Carbon Dioxide as a ticipation in an international comparison of Refrigerant for Vehicle Air-Conditioning with property data, and improvements made to the Application to Bus Air-Conditioning, Stratospheric REFPROP property model. Figures show the Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the apparatus calibrations, locus of measurements for International CFC and Halon Alternatives R-41, and comparisons of calculated and Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), measured data for R-32/134a and R-32/125. Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Ar- Tables present the compressed gas and liquid- lington, VA, 376-385, October 1995 (10 pages with 8 phase pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data figures, available from JMC as RDB5B09) for R-41, in metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units of measure. R-744, mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems

U. Hesse (Spauschus Associates, Incorporated), H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), En- Secondary Refrigerant System Options for Su- ergy Savings When Using Hydrocarbons as Re- permarket Refrigeration, Stratospheric Ozone frigerant, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the Page 32 Refrigerant Database

90's (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon pacity, compressor calorimeter tests, dual cycle, Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 compressor options October 1995), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 386-395, October 1995 (10 J. D. Roux, A. Albouy (Elf Atochem SA, France), J. pages with 9 figures and 7 tables, available from Murphy, and J. Costa (Elf Atochem North America, JMC as RDB5B10) Incorporated, USA), Recent Developments in Zero ODP Blowing Agents for Rigid Polyurethane R-C270; R-290; R-600; R-600a; R-601 (n-C5 or Foams, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's pentane); R-601b (2,2-dimethylpropane); R-1250 (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon (propadiene); R-1270; R-290/600; R-290/600/601; Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 R-290/600a (28/72), (40/60), (50/50), and (72/28); October 1995), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric R-290/601 (R-290/n-C5); butene, 2methyl-1,3- Policy, Arlington, VA, 448-452, October 1995 (5 butadiene, 2-methylbutane, 1,2-pentadiene, pages with 4 tables, RDB5B15) 1,4-pentadiene, pentene R-141b, R-245ca, R-245eb, R-245fa, R-365mfc Y. Mianmian, D. Changwei, Y. Zida, L. Zhikun, H. Chuanqiao, and W. Donning (Haier Group, China), S. R. Szymurski, G. C. Hourahan, D. S. Godwin, and Latest Developments on CFC Substitution in K. Amrane, Materials Compatibility and Lubricants China, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's Research on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon DOE/CE/23810-64, Air-Conditioning and Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, October 1995), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric VA, October 1995 (138 pages with 25 figures and 31 Policy, Arlington, VA, 331-340, October 1995 (10 tables, available from JMC as RDB5A27) pages with 3 figures and 6 tables, available from JMC as RDB5B07) This progress report summarizes the status and key findings of the Materials Compatibility and use of R-600a (isobutane) as a refrigerant and Lubricant Research (MCLR) Program. The pro- cyclopentane as an insulation blowing agent in a gram supports critical research to accelerate domestic refrigerator introduction of substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) S. Misaki (Research Institute of Innovative Technol- refrigerants. This work is jointly funded under a ogy for the Earth, RITE, Japan) and A. Sekiya (Na- grant from the Office of Building Technology of the tional Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, U.S. Department of Energy and cost sharing by NIMC, Japan), Development of a New Refrigerant, the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. The Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's program began in September 1991 and will run (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon through September 1996. The report provides Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 descriptions for each of 31 projects, highlighting October 1995), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric their objectives and results. One will measure Policy, Arlington, VA, 278-285, October 1995 (8 thermophysical properties for one pages with 1 figure and 10 tables, available from single-compound and nine blends as HCFC JMC as RDB5B02) alternatives. Four others will examine the compatibility of 64 manufacturing process fluids R-E245cb1 [CH3OCF2CF3] R-E347mmy1 [CH3- with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and two OCF(CF3)2 or CF3CF(OCH3)CF3], R-E347mcc3 ester lubricants, the compatibility of motor [CH3OCF2CF2CF3]; physical properties, synthesis, materials with alternative refrigerants and stability with lubricants and metals (aluminum, lubricants for retrofit, compatibility of lubricant copper, and steel), flash point, toxicity, additives with HFC refrigerants and synthetic lu- atmospheric lifetime, GWP, HGWP bricants, and products resulting from motor burnouts. The report also summarizes a project to D. R. Riffe (Americold / White Consolidated Indus- develop accelerated screening and test methods tries, Incorporated), Dual Cycle Isobutane Refrig- to predict the life of motor materials exposed to erator/Freezer, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Three others will the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and develop alternative flushing and clean-out Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, methods, investigate the fractionation of 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for Responsible At- refrigerant blends, and evaluate lean flammability mospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 258-267, October limits as a fundamental refrigerant property. Two 1995 (10 pages with 5 figures and 10 tables, avail- projects address the effect of selected able from JMC as RDB5A67) contaminants in air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment and the infrared spectra needed to R-600a, consideration, outlook, theoretical per- quantitatively identify the components of formance (R-12, R-134a, R-600a), efficiency, ca- refrigerant mixtures. Three others are Refrigerant Database Page 33

studying the foaming characteristics of HFC re- R-11, R-12, R-22, R-32, R-113, R-123, R-125, R- frigerants with polyolester lubricants, lubricant 134a, R-142b, R-152a, R-290 (propane), R-600a circulation in systems, and the performance and (isobutane), R-1270 (propene), vapor pressure viability of R-245ca in low-pressure chillers. An prediction, corresponding states ongoing project collects and facilitates dissemination of data, through development and ad- U. G. Wenning (Bosch-Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH, ministration of the ARTI Refrigerant Database; a Germany), No-Frost Refrigeration: A Retrospect related project is locating and consolidating in- After Conversion, Stratospheric Ozone Protection formation on the toxicity of alternative refrigerants. for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and Among completed projects are those to measure Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, R-124, 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for Responsible R-125, R-143a, and R-152a; model the Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 396-411, October performance and key operating parameters of 12 1995 (6 pages with 1 figure and 4 tables, available potential alternatives for R-22 and R-502; test the from JMC as RDB5B11) chemical and thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures with metals; measure the R-12, R-134a, R-C270, R-290, R-600, R-600a, re- miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants; measure frigerators, refrigerator/freezers the viscosity, density, and solubility for 38 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; measure the P. Weiss, M. Barreau, and P. Fauvarque (Elf viscosity, density, and solubility for three Atochem S.A., France), Long Term Issues in Se- azeotropic and zeotropic blends to replace R-22 lection of Refrigerants for the Future, Stratospheric and R-502; provide information on the compati- Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the bility of refrigerants and lubricants with motor International CFC and Halon Alternatives materials, elastomers, engineering plastics, and Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), desiccants; investigate electrohydrodynamic Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Ar- (EHD) enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of lington, VA, 268-277, October 1995 (10 pages with 4 alternative refrigerants; and three projects to tables, available from JMC as RDB5B01) develop accelerated screening methods to predict lubricant performance in compressors, to predict R-134a, R-404A, R-407C, R-408A, R-409A, R- the chemical and thermal stability of re- 600a, R-717; comparative safety, environmental frigerant-lubricant mixtures, and to measure and impact, and performance classify the flammability and combustibility of refrigerants. The program summary also identifies X-Y. Zhao, L. Shi, M-S. Zhu, and L-Z. Han (Tsinghua the research contractors and reports prepared for University, China), A New Generation of Long-Term individual projects. Tables and figures illustrate Refrigerants as CFC-12 Alternatives, Stratospheric significant findings of selected projects. Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon Alternatives L. Voers (L&E Teknik og Management, Denmark), A Conference, Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), Scheme for Collecting and Registration of CFC, Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, HCFC, HFC, etc., Stratospheric Ozone Protection Arlington, VA, 286-293, October 1995 (8 pages with 6 for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC figures and 3 tables, available from JMC as and Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, RDB5B03) DC, 23-25 October 1995), Alliance for Responsible THR02 blend (undisclosed but believed to be R- Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 482-489, October 290/152a/13I1), R-13l1 mixtures 1995 (8 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB5B17) Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 1987-1994, report DOE/EIA-0573(87-94), Danish program for increasing on-site recycling Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department and recovery of refrigerants as well as leak re- of Energy, Washington, DC, October 1995 (140 duction pages with 7 figures and 58 tables, available from GPO as document 061-003-00926-3, limited copies W. Wei, T. Liancheng, and X. Hongwei (Xi'an Jiao- available from JMC as RDB5B63) tong University, China), A Simple Vapor Pressure Equation for New Refrigerants, Stratospheric estimated emissions in the USA of carbon dioxide Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the (R-744), methane (R-50), nitrous oxide (R-744A), International CFC and Halon Alternatives Confer- halocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride (R-7146), criteria ence, Washington, DC, 23-25 October 1995), Al- pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and liance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, nonmethane volatile organic compounds, VOCs), VA, 117-122c, October 1995 (8 pages with 3 tables, and other greenhouse gases: the halocarbons available from JMC as RDB5A52) addressed include R-10 (carbon tetrachloride), R-11, R-12, R-12B1 (halon 1211), R-13B1 (halon 1301), R-14, R-20 Page 34 Refrigerant Database

(chloroform), R-22, R-23, R-30 (methylene chlo- duces chlorine in the atmosphere. The illustration ride), R-113, R-114, R-115, R-116, R-123, R-124, further shows that use of HCFCs for a limited time R-134a, R-140a (methyl chloroform), R-141b, R- will not delay return of atmospheric chlorine to 142b, R-152a, and R-227ea; the halocarbon data pre-1970s levels. A synopsis of the Contributions are presented individually and collectively for the of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Climate Forcing bromofluorocarbon (BFC, halon), chlorofluoro- Relative to CO2 discusses radiative forcing, a carbon (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), parameter used to perturb the heat balance in hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC) modeling of the earth-atmosphere system. It groups; depending on the substance, data cover outlines understanding and uncertainties the period from 1988 through 1995; estimated associated with GWP values, atmospheric emissions are from all uses - refrigerant persistence of greenhouse gas emissions, and the components are a small fraction of the total; quantitative influence of integration time horizon report identifies the data sources, conversion (ITH) on analyses of impacts. A table provides methods, and limitations estimates for the atmospheric lifetimes and GWP values for 20, 100, and 500 yr ITH. A sheet on September 1995 Total Global Warming Impact compares the Total Equivalent Warming Impacts (TEWIs) explains the significance of direct (emission related) and D. J. Williams, M. C. Bogdan, R. C. Parker, and G. indirect (energy related) effects of alternative M. Knopeck (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Update on technologies and fluids. A plot shows the radiative the Development of HFC-245fa as a Liquid HFC forcing associated with the direct (refrigerant and Blowing Agent, Polyurethanes 1995 (proceedings of insulation blowing agent) and indirect components the 38th Annual Technical and Marketing Con- of use of a refrigerator freezer. The discussion ference, 26-29 September 1995), Society of the notes that the direct effect is much smaller and Plastics Industry (SPI), Washington, DC, 1995 (10 eliminated within 100 years, whereas significant pages with 8 figures and 16 tables, RDB5C95) carbon dioxide from the associated energy production persists more than 500 years later. The R-245fa, physical properties, flammability, envi- summary discusses the outlook for "not-in-kind" ronmental data, toxicity (4-hr LC50 mouse alternative technologies, suggesting that efficiency >101,300 ppm, cardiac sensitization >20,000 improvement for conventional technologies is ppm), compatibility, foaming characteristics, foam more promising to mitigate future climate change. aging effects A review of the Breakdown Products of Alternatives outlines the mechanisms and Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- consequences of CFC, HCFC, and ceptability Study (AFEAS) Summaries, AFEAS, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) breakdown. It notes that Washington, DC, September 1995 (28 pages with 6 they readily decompose into simple inorganic figures and 3 tables, available from JMC as RDB- species in the lower atmosphere, that the ultimate 5C37) breakdown products are acidic compounds that are washed out in rain, that the acidic This series of eleven leaflets presents key AFEAS concentrations are so low as to have no objectives and findings. A summary of the appreciable effect, and that the alternatives do not Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the contribute to photochemical smog formation in Ozone Layer reviews the history of this urban areas. A further summary of the international accord to phase out production of Environmental Fate of Trifluoroacetyl Halides chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluoro- addresses the atmospheric breakdown of R-123, carbon (HCFC) refrigerants among other R-124, and R-134a, producing trace quantities of chemicals. It also recaps the schedules under the trifluoroacetyl halides. These halides hydrolyze, in Protocol as well as the U.S. Clean Air Act and cloud water droplets or surface waters, to form European regulations. A sheet on Production and trifluoroacetic (TFA) acid and hydrofluoric or Sales of Fluorocarbons reviews and provides a hydrochloric acid. The fate of TFA ions is plot of the worldwide production of R-11, R-12, discussed. While not expected to have an impact R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-134a, R-141b, and on humans, plants, animals, or microorganisms, R-142b for 1980-1994. It highlights key changes further study of the ultimate physiochemical and for CFCs relative to 1986, the base year in the biological fate is underway. A summary on TFA Montreal Protocol, and for CFCs and HCFCs to and Seasonal Wetlands responds to a published 1993 production. A summary on Atmospheric analysis that suggests TFA buildup in transient Chlorine: CFCs and Alternative Fluorocarbons wetlands. The summary outlines factors that may reviews the mechanisms of stratospheric ozone enhance local TFA concentrations in rain and in depletion and provides values for ozone-depletion wetlands. It also discusses the assumptions used potentials (ODPs). It also illustrates how in the substitution of HCFCs for CFCs re- Refrigerant Database Page 35

analyses and interprets the findings. A sheet on global warming potential (GWP), refrigerant re- UV-B Radiation Measurements discusses the placed, trade names, and - for blends - the importance of the ozone layer in shielding ultra- composition for alternatives; they include R-22, violet-B (UV-B) radiation in sunlight as well as R-123, R-124, R-141b, R-142b, R-401A, R-401B, efforts to monitor and observed trends of in- R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R- coming UV-B intensity. A Glossary of Terms 405A, R-406A, R-408A, R-409A, R-409B, R-509A, defines terminology for discussion of the atmo- R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-22/124/600 (50/- spheric effects of alternative fluorocarbons. The 47/3), and R-125/143a/290/22 (42/6/2/50); a last sheet briefly outlines the history and activities second table similarly summarizes chlorine-free of both AFEAS and the companion Programme alternatives including R-23, R-32, R-125, R-134a, for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing R-143a, R-152a, R-404A, R-407A, R-407B, R- (PAFT). 407C, R-410A, R-410B, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-717, R-23/32/134a (4.5/21.5/74), The Hydrocarbon Forum, proceedings of a seminar R-32/125/143a (10/45/45), R-32/125/143a/134a (London Heathrow, UK), Calor Gas Limited, Slough, (10/33/36/21), R-32/134a (25/75), and R-290/600 UK, 15 September 1995 (164 pages, RDB6707) (50/50); use of "natural fluids" including hydrocarbons, R-717 (ammonia), R-744 (carbon diox- This documents consolidates lecture texts, pre- ide), R-718 (water), and R-729 (air) sentation charts, and product literature on the introduction and use of hydrocarbon refrigerants J. D. Douglas, J. E. Braun, E. A. Groll, and D. R. Tree in the UK. It includes a review of the 1995 revision (Purdue University), Trade-Off Between to the British safety standard for refrigeration Flammability and Performance of Hydrocar- appliances and systems, BS4434, with emphasis bon/Flame Suppressant Mixtures as Refrigerants, on provisions for hydrocarbon use. A series of Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of presentations address use of hydrocarbons in Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 supermarket refrigeration, 1-50 kW (0.3-14 ton) August 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration air conditioners, 46 kW (13 ton) chillers with scroll (IIR), Paris, France, lVa:155-162, 1995 (8 pages with compressors, packaged terminal air conditioners, 4 figures and 2 tables, rdb6749) dehumidifiers, and refrigerator cabinets (display cases and boxes). One presentation outlines R-290, R-32/134a (25/75) and (30/70), R- implications of using hydrocarbon refrigerants in 32/125/134a, R-290/227ea, cost-based evaluation appliance manufacture, the choice and supply of of propane and propane-blends as replacements hydrocarbons, charging equipment, and risk for R-22 assessment studies. Another covers the need for technician training. The hydrocarbons addressed T. Engler, F. Mößner, and L. R. Oellrich (Universität in these proceedings are R-290 (Calor Gas Karlsruhe, Germany), Experimental Results and Refrigeration CARE 40), R-600a (CARE 10), Theoretical Investigations with Alternative Re- R-170/290 (CARE 50), and R-290/600a (CARE frigerants, Proceedings of the 19th International 30). Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The Nether- lands, 20-25 August 1995), International Institute of August 1995 Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, lVb:774-781, 1995 (8 pages with 4 figures and 7 tables, rdb7918) A. Cavallini (Università di Padova, Italy), Working Fluids for Mechanical Refrigeration, Proceedings performance tests and evaluation of the total of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration equivalent warming impact (TEWI) for candidate (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), refrigerants for commercial refrigeration: direct International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, (refrigerant related) effect dominates over indirect France, IVa:25-42, 1995; republished in International (energy related) effect for systems with a high Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 19(8):485-496, charge amount per unit capacity ("filling ratio"); November 1996 (18/12 pages with 6 figures and 2 mixtures of R-125 and R-143a result in a high tables, RDB7726) TEWI while those containing R-32, R-134a, R-290, and R-1270 offer lower TEWI values; issues associated with alternative refrigerants concludes that future reductions in TEWI will be including behavior with lubricants, flammability, achieved mainly by the charge amount per unit efficient use of temperature glides, fractionation capacity, employing the refrigerant with the and heat transfer degradation with zeotropic highest coefficient of performance (COP), and if mixtures: tabular summary of the normal boiling applicable taking advantage of temperature glide point (bubble point temperature and glide for in mixtures; refrigerants examined included R-32, blends), ozone depletion potential (ODP), R-125, R-143a, R-C270, R-290 (propane), R-717 (ammonia), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1270, R-404A, R-407A, R-407B, R407C, R-410A, R-507A, R-32/125/134a (30/10/- Page 36 Refrigerant Database

60) and (30/20/50), R-32/125/143a (10/45/45), performance comparison of R-22 and R-407C in a R-32/125/143a/134a (10/33/36/21), R-32/134a laboratory test facility: the capacity of R-407C was (38/62) and (56/44), R-125/143a/134a (45/45/10), similar to that of R-22 at higher evaporator and R-290/600a (70/30) and (73/27) temperatures, but lower at decreasing evaporator temperatures; circulating polyolester (POE) E. Granryd (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH, lubricant reduced the evaporator performance Sweden), Energy Considerations in Heat Pump Technology, Proceedings of the 19th international L. C. M. Itard, V. Fedetov, and C. H. M. Machielsen Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands), Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International In- Thermodynamic Efficiency of Several Non-Azeo- stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVa:17- tropic Mixtures in the Wet Compression/Resorp- 24, 1995 (8 pages with 9 figures and 3 tables, rdb- tion Heat Pump Cycle, Proceedings of the 19th 7725) International Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International options for efficiency improvement in heat pumps Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, and refrigeration with emphasis on vapor IVb:1152-1159, 1995 (8 pages with 1 figure and 4 compression equipment: findings of cycle anal- tables, RDB7944) yses with plots of volumetric cooling capacities and theoretical cycle efficiencies for R-12, R-22, comparative coefficients of performance (COPs) R-134a, R-152a, R-290, R-404A, R-407A, and specific compressor displacements (SCDs) R-407B, R-407C, and R-717; losses and ways to for a theoretical Lorenz cycle, Carnot efficiency, offset them for cycles depend on the refrigerant R-123, R-600 (n-butane), R-601 (n-pentane), R- and application; influence of design parameters 23/123, R-125/123, R-125/152a/123, R-134a/123, R-152a/123, R-290/600 (propane/butane), R-290/- Z. L. Gu and Y. Z. Yu (Xi'an Jiatong University, 600/601 (propane/butane/pentane), R-290/601 China), Stirling-Rankine Hybrid Cycle Heat Pump (propane/pentane), and R-717/718 (ammonia/- with Propane, Proceedings of the 19th International water) for four cases: they include a food Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The processing plant, industrial application, poultry Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International In- processing, and low-temperature district heating; stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:- concludes that mixtures with a relatively large 1128-1135, 1995 (8 pages with 6 figures, rdb7942) difference in normal boiling point temperatures offer the highest COPs in applications utilizing the R-290 use in a cycle suggested as overcoming temperature glide limitations of the Stirling-Stirling and Vuilleumier cycles J. F. Judge, Y. H. Hwang, and R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland), Experimental Results of H. Halozan (Technische Universität Graz, Graz, Two Drop-In Replacement Refrigerants for R-22, Austria), Propane for Heat Pumps, Proceedings of Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration (The Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), August 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:1168-1175, 1995 (8 pages France, IVb:1136-1143, 1995 (8 pages with 5 figures, with 4 figures and 5 tables; the pages are out of se- RDB7943) quence in the published proceedings and page 1170 appears to have been inserted from another paper; advocates use of R-290 (propane) as a re- RDB8307) placement for R-22: argues that the efficiency of R-290 can be improved with use of an internal performance of R-22, R-407C, and R-32/125/134a (suction-liquid) heat exchanger (LSHX) and that it (30/10/60) [candidate for the R-407 series] in a offers lower compressor discharge temperatures, laboratory test facility following standard rating can be used to retrofit existing R-22 systems, and (ANSI/ASHRAE 116-1993) procedures requires a lower charge E. I. Kaapola (AX-Consulting, Finland), Experiences N. J. Hewitt, J. T. McMullan, and B. Mongey (Uni- in Using R404A in Refrigerated Storage, versity of Ulster, UK), The Replacement of R22 in Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration Systems, Proceedings of the 19th Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 International Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, August 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:868-873, 1995 (6 pages with Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 4 figures, rdb7924) lVa:283-289, 1995 (7 pages with 4 figures, (R) RDB7815) R-404A with polyolester (POE, Mobil EAL Arctic 15) lubricant in industrial refrigeration for a Refrigerant Database Page 37

cold storage warehouse: limited miscibility and Paris, France, IVa:391-395, 1995 (5 pages with 3 operational data figures and 1 table, rdb7837)

G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation), replacements for R-22 including R-404, R-407C, C. L Gage, and R. V. Hendriks (U.S. Environmental and R-23/32/134a (4.5/21.5/74); identification of Protection Agency, EPA), Chlorine-Free Al- blend components to replace R-11, R-114 and ternatives for CFC-114: Theoretical and Experi- R-123 mental Investigations, Proceedings of the 19th In- ternational Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, I. M. Mazurin, A. S. Doronin, and A. Y. Stolyarevski The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International (NIPK Elegaz, Russia), New Refrigerators and Air Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:- Conditioners, Proceedings of the 19th International 874-881, 1995 (8 pages with 16 figures, rdb7927) Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International In- alternatives for R-114 for centrifugal chillers, es- stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:914- pecially for naval applications, and high-temper- 924, 1995 (11 pages with 2 figures and 1 table, rdb- ature heat pumps: examination of R-E134, R- 7930) 236ca, R-236cb, R-236ea, R-236fa, R-254cb, and their binary blends, notably including R- Khladon-M (Chladon-M) and Khladon-MT, near- E134/236ca (58/42), R-236cb/236ca (45/55), azeotropic, binary and ternary blends, respec- R-236ea/236ca (95/5), R-236fa/236ca (52/48), tively, of unidentified fluorochemicals proposed as R-254cb/236ca (30/70); role of "k", a dimen- replacements for R-12: results of tests in domestic sionless quantity for which large positive values refrigerators indicate a refrigerant that will incur significant superheating during compression and for which a D. Mosemann and A. Görlitz (Grasso*Kühlautomat negative value indicates a refrigerant that incurs Berlin GmbH, Grasso*KAB, Germany), Safety significant loss during the throttling process; Concept for Ammonia Water Chillers, Proceedings R-236fa was found to have both higher capacity of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration and coefficient of performance (COP) than R-114, (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), but is long atmospheric lifetime is indicated as a International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, disadvantage France, IVa:699-711, 1995 (13 pages with 10 figures and 1 table, rdb7912) R. Krauss and K. Stephan (Universität Stuttgart, Germany), Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of safety measures for use of R-717 (ammonia) with R152a, Proceedings of the 19th International Con- emphasis on its classification as a toxic and gress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, combustible substance in Germany; illustrates 20-25 August 1995), International Institute of approaches that minimize the refrigerant charge Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVa:366-374, 1995 amount, through advanced chiller technologies, (9 pages with 4 figures and 2 tables, rdb7826) and that locate the chillers in machinery rooms; discusses allowed locations, refrigerant amounts, R-152a, transport properties, thermophysical data ventilation requirements, and machinery room classifications under the German VBG 20 D. E. Legheraba, M. Diboun, and S. Belaadi Regulation for the Prevention of Accidents and the (USTHB-ICR, Algeria), The Substitution of the German 4th Emission Control Regulations; Refrigerating Fluids by the GPL / Contribution to illustrates accepted static and dynamic air washer the Ozone Layer Protection, Proceedings of the to absorb ammonia from purge and ventilation 19th International Congress of Refrigeration (The releases Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, S. Nowotny (United Nations Industrial Development France, IVb:890-892, 1995 (3 pages with 1 table, Organization, UNIDO, Austria), Conversion of Re- rdb7925) frigerators and Freezers Manufactured in Devel- oping Countries to the Application of Environ- environmental benefits from use of liquified mental[ly] Benign Refrigerants and Foam Blowing petroleum gas (LPG) as a replacement for Agents, Proceedings of the 19th International chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International In- S. Macaudiere (Elf Atochem S.A., France), HCFCs stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:939- Replacement - An up to Date Review, Proceedings 946, 1995 (8 pages with 4 figures and 3 tables, rdb- of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration 7933) (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), comparative volumetric efficiency and coefficient of performance (COP) for R-12, R-134a, R-152a R-290 (propane), R-401A, R-600a (isobu- Page 38 Refrigerant Database

tane), R-290/600a in refrigerators and freezers; perceived advantages and disadvantages of R- impacts on manufacturing with attention to added 717 (ammonia); rapid increase in the use of safety provisions for use of hydrocarbons and ammonia in chillers and air conditioning in Eu- other flammable refrigerants rope; advantages of ammonia vapor-compression over ammonia absorption systems; development M. Paulus-Lanckriet and D. Balthasart (Solvay Re- of ammonia chillers with attention to the miscibility search and Technology, Belgium), 1,1-Difluoroeth- of polyglycol lubricants with ammonia; qualitative ylene - Useful Fluid for the Refrigeration Industry comparison of risks and economics to ammonia Revisited, Proceedings of the 19th International alternatives Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International In- M. Reiss (Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Germany), stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVa:472- New Working Fluids to Replace CFCs and HCFCs 480, 1995 (9 pages with 8 figures and 1 table, rdb- in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning App- 7849) lications, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The R-1132a, VF2: use to replace R-13, R-23, and R- Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International In- 503; use as a component in blends to replace R- stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVa:503- 22; R-1132a/134a (5/95), (10/90), and (20/80); 510, 1995 (8 pages with 12 figures and 2 tables, physical and thermodynamic properties rdb7855)

S. F. Pearson (Star Refrigeration Limited, UK), Au- R-404A, R-407C, R-32/125/143a/134a (10/33/- tomatic Calorimeter for Mixed Refrigerants, Pro- 36/21) (Hoechst blend HX4) leakage tests, ceedings of the 19th International Congress of Re- compressor discharge temperatures, and volu- frigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 metric refrigerating effect August 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVa:481-487, 1995 (7 pages with A. Suwono, H. M. Samudro, N. Tandian, and W. 5 figures, rdb7854) Adriansyah (Bandung Institute of Technology, In- donesia), Theoretical and Experimental Study of apparatus for efficiency tests of refrigerants with the Application of Propane/n-Butane Mixture as similar properties; results for R-12, R-134a, and Refrigerant Replacing R-12, Proceedings of the R-413A show the blend to have marginally better 19th International Congress of Refrigeration (The performance than R-12 or R-134a Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), In- ternational Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, J. Pettersen, P. Nekså, O. M. Schiefloe, and H. Rek- France, IVa:313-320, 1995 (8 pages with 9 figures, stad (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, Norway), rdb7902) Recent Advances in CO2 Refrigeration, Proceed- ings of the 19th International Congress of Refriger- Redlich-Kwong equation of state for R-290, R- ation (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 600, and R-290/600; theoretical and experimental 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), coefficients of performance for R-290/600 with 40 Paris, France, lVb:961-968, 1995 (8 pages with 7 and 50% R-290 by molar fractions figures and 2 tables, rdb7935) S. R. Szymurski, G. C. Hourahan, D. S. Godwin, and use of R-744 (carbon dioxide) as a refrigerant: K. Amrane, Materials Compatibility and Lubricants properties and characteristics of R-744 and the Research on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report need for a trans-critical cycle; comparisons of the DOE/CE/23810-61, Air-Conditioning and Refrig- cycles, saturation-pressure-curve slopes, and eration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, relative coefficients of performance (COPs) with August 1995 (120 pages with 25 figures and 31 R-22 and R-134a; applications of R-744 in heat tables, available from JMC as RDB5910) pumps for heating, vehicle air conditioners, marine refrigeration, and commercial refrigeration; This progress report summarizes the status and comparisons of compressor displacement and key findings of the Materials Compatibility and COP between R-717 (ammonia) and R-744; Lubricant Research (MCLR) Program. The pro- concludes that R-744 offers competitive energy gram supports critical research to accelerate efficiency and favorable size and safety introduction of substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) A. J. Pitt (APV Refrigeration and Freezer, UK), The refrigerants. This work is jointly funded under a Use of Ammonia in New Application and Markets, grant from the Office of Building Technology of the Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of U.S. Department of Energy and cost sharing by Refrigeration (The Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. The August 1995), International Institute of Refrigeration program began in September 1991 and will run (IIR), Paris, France, IVa:712-719, 1995 (8 pages with through September 1996. The report provides 3 figures and 1 table, rdb7913) descriptions for each of 31 projects, highlighting their objectives and Refrigerant Database Page 39

results. One will measure thermophysical prop- B. J. C. van der Wekken and R. J. M. van Gerwen erties for one single-compound and nine blends (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Re- as HCFC alternatives. Four others will examine search, TNO, The Netherlands), Development of an the compatibility of 64 manufacturing process Air Cycle Plant, Proceedings of the 19th Inter- fluids with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants national Congress of Refrigeration (The Hague, The and two ester lubricants, the compatibility of motor Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), International materials with alternative refrigerants and Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, IVb:- lubricants for retrofit, compatibility of lubricant 1037-1044, 1995 (8 pages with 7 figures, rdb7941) additives with HFC refrigerants and synthetic lubricants, and products resulting from motor R-729: concludes that the air-cycle concept can burnouts. The report also summarizes a project to be used both in heat pumps and refrigeration develop accelerated screening and test methods machines, but that the low isentropic efficiency of to predict the life of motor materials exposed to commercially available compressors and ex- refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Three others will panders, approximately 60%, results in a low develop alternative flushing and clean-out overall efficiency; speculates that air-cycle sys- methods, investigate the fractionation of tems would become competitive if the efficiency of refrigerant blends, and evaluate lean flammability these components can be raised to 0.8-0.9; notes limits as a fundamental refrigerant property. Two that the condensation and ice formation problems new projects address the effect of selected inherent to open air cycles can be avoided by use contaminants in air-conditioning and refrigeration of regenerative heat exchangers equipment and the infrared spectra needed to quantitatively identify the components of C. Wahlberg, V. W. Goldschmidt (Purdue University), refrigerant mixtures. Three others are studying the and G. de Souza Damasceno (Universidade Federal foaming characteristics of HFC refrigerants with de Vicosa, Brazil), Anticipating the Performance of polyolester lubricants, lubricant circulation in Drop-In Refrigerant Alternatives, Proceedings of systems, and the performance and viability of the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration (The R-245ca in low-pressure chillers. An ongoing Hague, The Netherlands, 20-25 August 1995), project collects and facilitates dissemination of International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, data, through development and administration of France, lVb:1029-1036, 1995 (8 pages with 11 figures the ARTI Refrigerant Database; a related project and 1 table, RDB7940) is locating and consolidating information on the toxicity of alternative refrigerants. Among effects of refrigerant charge variations on capacity completed projects are those to measure and subcooling in a domestic refrigerator; effects thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, R-124, of expansion valve position on evaporator R-125, R-143a, and R-152a; model the superheat; correlation of charge with capacity and performance and key operating parameters of 12 power draw; correlation of optimum charge and potential alternatives for R-22 and R-502; test the capacity with molecular weight; correlation of chemical and thermal stability of refrig- average power to refrigerant suction pressure erant-lubricant mixtures with metals; measure the miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants; measure July 1995 the viscosity, density, and solubility for 38 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; measure the viscosity, density, and solubility for three S. Goktun (Istanbul Technical University, Turkey), azeotropic and zeotropic blends to replace R-22 Selection of Working Fluids for High-Temperature and R-502; provide information on the compati- Heat Pumps, Energy, 20(7):623-625, July 1995 (3 bility of refrigerants and lubricants with motor pages, rdb8209) materials, elastomers, engineering plastics, and desiccants; investigate electrohydrodynamic describes criteria for working fluids in high-tem- (EHD) enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of perature heat pumps (HTHPs): examines a range alternative refrigerants; and three projects to of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), hydrofluoro- develop accelerated screening methods to predict carbon (HFC) and hydrofluoroether (HFE) lubricant performance in compressors, to predict candidates in terms of environmental and the chemical and thermal stability of re- thermophysical properties; identifies three HCFCs frigerant-lubricant mixtures, and to measure and (R-123, R-235ca, and R-244ca), two HFCs (R-152 classify the flammability and combustibility of and R-245ca), and five HFEs (R-E143, R-E245, refrigerants. The program summary also identifies R-E245cb, R-E245fa, and R-E254cb) as the research contractors and reports prepared for promising refrigerants for high-temperature individual projects. Tables and figures illustrate applications significant findings of selected projects. R. A. Kerr, Research News, Meeting Briefs: At Quadrennial Geophysics Fest, Earth Scientists Page 40 Refrigerant Database

Think Globally, Science, 269:477-478, 28 July 1995 18(5):355-357, June 1995 (3 pages with no figures or (2 pages with 1 figure, RDB7923) tables, RDB5876)

This meeting summary highlights two presenta- outlines an international project to investigate the tions from the General Assembly of the Interna- large discrepancies between the results of various tional Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG, researchers for the viscosity and thermal Boulder, CO, July 1995) that addressed ozone conductivity of refrigerant R-134a: The in- depletion. The first, by H. van Loon and J. Hurrell vestigation will involve new measurements with a (National Center for Atmospheric Research, single sample in nine or more laboratories NCAR), proposed a linkage between ocean throughout the world. The use of a single sample surface warming and the Antarctic ozone hole. will test whether the reported differences stem The connection is based on comparisons of the from sample purity. The project is coordinated by semiannual oscillation (SAO) in atmospheric the Subcommittee on Transport Properties of pressure differences and the strength of Antarctic Commission I.2 of the International Union of Pure vortex winds. Weakening of the SAO would and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). intensify the vortex in the spring and delay its annual breakup. That would have intensified the D. B. Bivens, M. B. Shiflett, W. D. Wells, G. S. cold in the vortex and given the spring sunshine Shealy, A. Yokozeki, D. M. Patron, K. A. Kolliopoulos, extra time to drive ozone-depleting chemical C. C. Allgood, and T. E. C. Chisolm (DuPont reactions. This theory suggests that while chlorine Chemicals), HCFC-22 Alternatives for Air Condi- trapped in the vortex caused the ozone tioners and Heat Pumps, paper SD-95-12-2, destruction, the hole might not have appeared Transactions (Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 24-28 without the SAO. If so, the strengthened vortex June 1995), American Society of Heating, Re- from global warming may contribute to more frigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- frequent appearance or longer persistence of the RAE), Atlanta, GA, 101(2):1065-1071, 1995 (7 pages Antarctic ozone hole. The second presentation by with 5 figures and 1 table, RDB6385) J. Herman (Goddard Space Flight Center) interpreted new ozone-loss data from the Total R-22 alternatives, R-134a, 407C [R-32/125/134a Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) project as (23/25/52)], and R-410B [R-32/125 (45/55)], an indicator of increases in the ultraviolet (UV) capacity, efficiency, performance, discharge radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The author temperature and pressure reported increases of UV light at DNA-damaging wavelengths at a rate of approximately 8 percent J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant per decade at the latitudes of major developed Database, report DOE/CE/23810-59C, Air-Condi- countries and 10-12% at higher latitudes. tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 30 June 1995 (322 pages, available Equilibrium Water Capacity of Desiccants in from JMC as RDB5651) Mixtures of HFC Refrigerants and Appropriate Lubricants, research project 867-RP, American This document provides bibliographic citations for Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning more than 2100 publications that may be useful in Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April 1995 - July research, design, and application of 1995, extended to 1998 (ASH0867) air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, materials addressed, This research project measured the equilibrium and key conclusions are provided for approxi- water capacity of three desiccants in contact with mately 40% of these documents. The database R-134a and a polyolester lubricant at 24 and 54 identifies sources of specific information on R-23, °C (75 and 125 °C). The contractor for the project R-32, R-116, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R- was Imagination Resources, Incorporated (IRI), 134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, led by R. C. Cavestri; it was sponsored by R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R-600 (bu- ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.2, Refrigerant tane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), System Chemistry. ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, June 1995 R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R- 406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-408A, M. J. Assael (Aristotle University, Greece) and W. A. R-409A, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, Wakeham (Imperial College, UK), A Round Robin R-412A, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, Project on the Transport Properties of R134a, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R-508A, R-508B, R-509A, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), and others for which information is available, even though standard designations may not have been assigned yet. It also addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester Refrigerant Database Page 41

(POE), and other lubricants. It references doc- RAE), Atlanta, GA, 101(2):367-382, 1995 (25 pages uments on compatibility of refrigerants and lu- with 17 figures and 5 tables, RDB6336) bricants with desiccants, elastomers, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and other materials R-12, R-22, R-134a, R-401A (tested with R-22/- used in refrigerant circuits. The database is 152a/124 (52/15/33)], R-401C, R-32/134a (25/75), available in both a computerized version and as a and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) and (23/20/57), listing in report form. The computerized version simplified compressor model, prediction of mass includes more than 2700 citations, including those flow rates and input power in the report version, others from a supplement on copper in air conditioning and refrigeration, and Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Study of Ammonia an archival group covering historical and Spray Evaporators, research project 725-RP, superseded documents. The computerized American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- version also includes more than 350 specially Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April prepared data summaries, including refrigerant 1992 - June 1995, extended to 1998 (ASH0725) (single compound and blend) profiles, tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and This research addressed heat transfer and fluid elastomers, and toxicity reviews for refrigerants. flow for ammonia in falling-film (spray) evapo- More than 3,000 pages of reference material can rators with horizontal tubes. The work included be searched and selectively printed using performance of a literature search, experimental accompanying retrieval software, which enables measurement of heat transfer on both single tubes very fast searches for user-selected terms or and tube bundles. Both plain and enhanced tube combinations of terms. The search program offers surfaces were addressed under varied several automated features to simplify searches temperature and flow to determine the optimum including optional prompting by search category, conditions. Correlations or charts were developed an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and for use in heat exchanger design. A goal was to related terms, chain searches to broaden or enable design of equipment for comfort cooling narrow prior searches, a "wildcard" capability to using reduced inventories of ammonia. An overall allow entry of word segments, and a configuration goal was to provide basic information to permit capability to customize a number of options. Both potential users to evaluate counterflow, the report and computerized versions include in- brazed-plate heat exchangers as refrigerant structions to obtain cited documents or sub- evaporators and condensers. The contractor for scriptions for database updates. the project was the Texas Technological University, led by M-C. Chyu; it was sponsored by V. C. Mei, F. C. Chen, D. T. Chen (Oak Ridge Na- ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer tional Laboratory, ORNL) and E-P. HuangFu (U.S. and Fluid Flow. Department of Energy, DOE), Performance Tests of R-22 and R-32/R-125/R-134a Mixture for Baseline Air Conditioning and Liquid Over-Feeding May 1995 Operations, paper SD-95-12-3, Transactions (Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 24-28 June 1995), (R) Genetron AZ-20 (R-410A) Product Brochure, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and bulletin G525-012, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Mor- Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, ristown, NJ, May 1995 (16 pages with 4 figures and 7 101(2):1072-1077, 1995 (6 pages with 8 figures, tables, RDB5A32) RDB6393) This bulletin supplies information on R-410A, a R-22, R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), performance patented blend of R-32 and R-125 - R-32/125 tests in room (window) air conditioner, modifi- (50/50) - that behaves like an azeotrope. It was cation to flooded evaporator with liquid overfeed designed to replace R-22 in a variety of new (LOF): drop-in cooling capacity was 7.7% lower equipment including unitary air-conditioners, with the blend, 1.1% lower with the LOF modifi- chillers, and commercial refrigeration. The doc- cation ument outlines potential applications and provides physical property data including the chemical P. Popovic and H. N. Shapiro (Iowa State University name and formula, appearance, molecular weight, of Science and Technology), A Semi-Empirical normal boiling point, corresponding heat of Method for Modeling a Reciprocating Com- vaporization and vapor density, critical parameters pressor in Refrigeration Systems, paper 3912, (temperature, pressure, specific volume, and Transactions (Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 24-28 density), and flammability. It also indicates the June 1995), American Society of Heating, Re- liquid density, vapor pressure, and the vapor and frigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- liquid heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity at 25 °C (77 Page 42 Refrigerant Database

°F). The bulletin then presents product specifi- cant manufacturers should be contacted for cations and provides both a pressure-temperature specific recommendations. A table summarizes table and pressure-enthalpy (Mollier) diagrams. It the stability of R-507A with polyolester lubricants reviews servicing considerations presents a and metals (aluminum, copper, and steel). The tabular summary of the stability of R-410A with document recommends against introduction of polyolester lubricants and metals (aluminum, chlorinated materials in systems using R-507A copper, and steel). The text refers inquiries on with polyolester lubricants. It identifies potential desiccants to drier manufacturers, but provides a sources and indicates that the lubricants may be solubility plot for water in R-410A and lists incompatible with them. It also counsels against suitability indications for 27 elastomers and mixing R-502 and R-507A, since R-115 from the plastics. The bulletin suggests use of polyolester former and R-125 from the latter may form an lubricants, but indicates that compressor and azeotrope, making recycling and reclamation very lubricant manufacturers should be contacted for difficult. The bulletin lists suitability indications for specific recommendations. It then reviews safety 29 elastomers and plastics, provides a solubility information, addressing general toxicity, inhalation plot for water in R-507A, and offers effects, skin and eye contact, responses to leaks, recommendations on desiccant driers. It then flammability, combustibility, and thermal stability. reviews safety information, addressing general The bulletin offers guidance for storage, handling, toxicity, inhalation effects, skin and eye contact, leak detection, retrofit, recycling, reclamation, and responses to leaks, flammability, combustibility, disposal. It also provides tabular thermodynamic and thermal stability. The bulletin offers guidance properties (pressure, liquid density, vapor volume, for storage, handling, leak detection, retrofit, liquid and vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent recycling, reclamation, and disposal. It also heat of vaporization) for -30 to 70 °C (-60 to 160 provides tabular thermodynamic properties °F) [tables cover dissimilar ranges for the two sets (pressure, liquid density, vapor volume, liquid and of units]. Formulae are presented to calculate vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat of thermodynamic properties, including vapor vaporization) for -30 to 70 °C (-60 to 158 °F). pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat ca- Formulae are presented to calculate pacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of state thermodynamic properties, including vapor also is presented. The data are provided in both pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units. AI- capacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of IiedSignal's product name for R-410A is Gene- state also is presented. The data are provided in tron(R) AZ-20. both inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units. AlliedSignal's product name for R-507A is (R) Genetron(R) AZ-50 Product Brochure, bulletin G- Genetron AZ-50. 525-030, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, May 1995 (16 pages with 4 figures and 8 tables, HFC-245fa, bulletin G525-513, AlliedSignal Incor- RDB5546) porated, Morristown, NJ, May 1995 (2 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, RDB5A34) This bulletin supplies information on R-507A, a patented, azeotropic blend of R-125 and R-143a - This bulletin introduces R-245fa as a potential R-125/143a (50/50). It was developed to replace replacement for R-141b and other chemicals. It is R-502 in low- and medium-temperature being developed for use as a blowing agent for commercial refrigeration such as display cases, rigid insulating foams. The preliminary bulletin transport refrigeration, and ice machines. The presents selected data for R-245fa, described as document outlines potential applications. It a nonflammable liquid having a boiling point provides physical property data including the slightly below room temperature. A table lists chemical name and formula, appearance, physical properties including the molecular molecular weight, normal boiling point, corre- formula and weight, boiling point, and water sponding heat of vaporization and vapor density, solubility. It indicates the liquid density and vapor critical parameters (temperature, pressure, pressure at 20 °C (68 °F) and the vapor thermal specific volume, and density), and flammability. It conductivity at 40 °C (104 °F). It also states that also indicates the liquid density, vapor pressure, R-245fa exhibits neither a flash point nor flame and the vapor and liquid heat capacity, thermal limits, based on identified tests. Plots show the conductivity, and viscosity at 25 °C (77 °F). The pressure-temperature relation and miscibility in bulletin then presents product specifications, polyether polyols (BASF Pluracol® 975 and 824, performance data, a pressure-temperature table, Dow Chemical Voranol® 390, Bayer Corporation and pressure-enthalpy (Mollier) diagrams. The Multranol® 4063, and Eastman Chemical Thanol® bulletin suggests use of polyolester lubricants and 470X) as well as aromatic polyester polyols provides a generic miscibility diagram, but (Hoechst Celanese Terate® 203, 254, and 2541 indicates that compressor and lubri- and Oxid Terol® 235). The bulletin briefly reviews the environ- Refrigerant Database Page 43

mental benefits of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), report DOE/CE/23810-59D, Air-Conditioning and toxicity inventory listings and data, and perfor- Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, mance as a blowing agent. It outlines laboratory VA, 15 April 1995 (16 pages with 4 figures and 4 ta- stability tests, which showed high thermal and bles, available from JMC as RDB5814) hydrolytic stability. It then indicates that compatibility tests are underway, with favorable This interim report summarizes progress to results to date for neoprene, EPDM, nylon, poly- identify and quantify the products of motor failures tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, DuPont Teflon(R)), in hermetic and semihermetic refrigeration HIPS, and ABS. It suggests unfavorable findings compressors. The study also will assess their for fluoroelastomers, nitrile, and HNBR. The corrosive effects on power-supply terminals, bulletin concludes with recommendations for evaluate the efficacy of current clean-up proce- storage and handling. dures, and assess whether hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants will increase or decrease the incidence of motor burnouts. The primary focus of April 1995 this report is on quantitation of breakdown products formed during atmospheric pressure P. R. Glamm, E. F. Keuper, and F. B. Hamm (The testing. Plots are included of the breakdown Trane Company), Evaluation of HFC-245ca for fraction as a function of energy deposition for R- Commercial Use in Low Pressure Chillers, report 22, R-134a, and R-507A. They show the total DOE/CE/23810-60, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- decomposition products as well as the key ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 30 products for each of these refrigerants. Tabular April 1995 (16 pages with 2 figures and 6 tables, data, indicating the identified breakdown products available from JMC as RDB5801) and quantities, also are given. The report notes continued monitoring of literature on This report outlines preliminary performance es- chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant degradation timates for R-245ca, a potential replacement for and breakdown by thermal and electrical mech- both R-11 and R-123, in multistage, centrifugal anisms. It also describes the electrical breakdown chillers. The report tabulates and discusses the tests at atmospheric pressure and describes theoretical performance of the three refrigerants. preparations for similar tests elevated pressures It notes dependence on precise property data, for and temperatures as well as during induced motor which refinement is underway for R-245ca. The burnouts. single- and three-stage cycles examined, the latter with two interstage economizers, are W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and illustrated on temperature-enthalpy diagrams. The Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of analyses were based on thermodynamic HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-61A, properties and predicted compressor efficiency, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- but excluded variations in heat transfer. The stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1995 (70 pages discussion notes that R-245ca would require a with 16 figures and 18 tables, available from JMC as new compressor for retrofit of either R-11 or RDB6602) R-123 machines, to provide similar performance, due differences in displacement and - especially This interim report summarizes progress in for R-123 conversions - isentropic work. Impeller measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven and diffuser sizes, compressor adiabatic binary and one ternary blends as potential efficiency, power draw, and cycle efficiency replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include (specific power) are tabulated for three-stage, 700 R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R-125/- and 2800 kW (200 and 800 ton) chillers optimized 134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, and for the three refrigerants. The report concludes R-290/134a. Measurements also are being made that the theoretical efficiency of R-245ca is very for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential replacements close to those for R-11 and R-123, but that retrofit for R-13. The work consists of simultaneous would be unattractive due to the required measurements of the coexisting liquid and vapor compressor modifications or changes in design densities, compositions, and bubble point temperatures. The report identifies further, pressures over a wide range of temperatures and planned work to evaluate the commercial viability compositions. These data will be used to of R-245ca, including laboratory tests and determine the mixing parameters, including any assessment of the toxicity and flammability risks. temperature and/or composition dependence, for The report also indicates that the projected cost of both the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) R-245ca could be a concern. equation of state and an extended corresponding states (ECS) model. The R-41 measurements will R. Hawley-Fedder (Lawrence Livermore National address vapor pressure; liquid density; liquid, Laboratory, LLNL), Products of Motor Burnout, two-phase, and ideal gas heat capacities; vapor sound speed and Page 44 Refrigerant Database

virial coefficients; and the critical point parame- R-125/143a, R-32/134a/125, R-290 series, and ters. The report describes detailed analyses of R-143a series of blends. It also discusses ongoing vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) and density data, measurements. Two figures show the measured including the findings of independent studies, as pressures at the bubble and dew points and the well as performance tests on an existing and vapor and liquid densities for R-32/134a. An ECS development of a new VLE apparatus. The model is being developed from the data and will performance tests on the VLE apparatus included be included in the spring 1995 update of evaluation of the effects of adsorption, heats of REFPROP (version 5.0). A series of figures vaporization, phase-envelope widths (difference compare the measurements obtained for between vapor and liquid composition), and the R-32/134a with those from other studies. The text slopes of the density-versus-temperature curves discusses the extent of agreement and on the quality of measurements. The report also differences. Five tables give the measured outlines comparisons to REFPROP, coexisting liquid and vapor mole fractions, bubble comprehensive isochoric measurement of point pressures, and liquid and vapor densities of pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data in an five binary blends in metric (SI) and inch-pound equimolar mixture of R-125 and R-143a, and (IP) units. They include R-32/125 for 7-79 °C vapor pressure and density measurements on (43-173 °F), R-32/134a 7-97 °C (44-206 °F), R-41. Plots compare the data from published R-32/290 for 7-92 °C (44-197 °F), R-125/290 7-91 studies to those calculated using an ECS model °C (45-196 °F), and R-290/134a for 6-99 °C from REFPROP and show the locus of PVT (43-210 °F). measurements for R-41. A table provide the heats of vaporization phase-envelope widths for the Z. Liu, I. Haider, and R. K. Radermacher (University cited blends and R-290/600 (propane/n-butane) of Maryland), Simulation and Test Results of Hy- and R-600/601 (n-butane/n-pentane) at 25 °C (77 drocarbon Mixtures in a Modified-Lorenz- °F). Further tables present the measured VLE Meutzner-Cycle Domestic Refrigerator, HVAC&R data for R-32/134a, R-32/125, R-32/290, Research, 1(2):127-142, April 1995 (16 pages with 6 R-125/143a, R-125/290, and R-290/134a in both figures and 6 tables, RDB5C08) metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units of measure. R-22/123, R-290/600, R-290/41-12 (R-290/601, W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and R-290/n-C5) Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-59A, S. R. Szymurski, G. C. Hourahan, and D. S. Godwin, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1995 (30 pages on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report DOE/CE/- with 12 figures and 5 tables, available from JMC as 23810-59, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration RDB5525) Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1995 (110 pages with 23 figures and 28 tables, available This interim report summarizes progress in from JMC as RDB5903) measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven binary and a ternary blends as potential This progress report summarizes the status and replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include key findings of the Materials Compatibility and R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R-125/- Lubricant Research (MCLR) Program. The pro- 134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, and gram supports critical research to accelerate R-290/134a. Measurements also are being made introduction of substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential replacements (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) for R-13. The work consists of simultaneous refrigerants. This work is jointly funded under a measurements of the coexisting liquid and vapor grant from the Office of Building Technology of the densities, compositions, and bubble point U.S. Department of Energy and cost sharing by pressures over a wide range of temperatures and the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. The compositions. These data will be used to program began in September 1991 and will run determine the mixing parameters, including any through September 1996. The report provides temperature and/or composition dependence, for descriptions for each of 29 projects, highlighting the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation their objectives and results. One will measure of state and an extended corresponding states thermophysical properties for one single- (ECS) model. The R-41 measurements will compound and nine blends as HCFC alternatives. address vapor pressure; liquid density; liquid, Another will obtain compatibility data on 16 two-phase, and ideal gas heat capacities; vapor desiccants with 13 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. sound speed and virial coefficients; and the Three others will examine the compatibility of 64 critical point parameters. The report describes manufacturing process fluids with hydrofluoro- preparation of samples for the carbon (HFC) refrigerants and two ester lubricants, the compatibility of motor materials with alternative refriger- Refrigerant Database Page 45

ants and lubricants for retrofit, and products re- C. Womeldorf, M. King, and W. L. Grosshandler sulting from motor burnouts. The report also (National Institute of Standards and Technology, summarizes projects to develop accelerated NIST), Lean Flammability Limit as a Fundamental screening and test methods to predict the life of Refrigerant Property (Interim Technical Report - motor materials exposed to refrigerant-lubricant Phase I), report DOE/CE/23810-58, Air-Conditioning mixtures and the chemical and thermal stability of and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Four others will Arlington, VA, 31 March 1995 (34 pages with 17 develop alternative flushing and clean-out figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as methods, investigate the fractionation of refrig- RDB5601) erant blends, develop methods to measure and classify the flammability and combustibility of The report presents an investigation of a funda- refrigerants, and a new project to evaluate lean mental flammability limit that is independent of the flammability limits as a fundamental refrigerant ignition source. It defines the limit as the fuel-air property. Other new projects address the com- mixture that extinguishes an adiabatic flame when patibility of lubricant additives with HFC refriger- the strain rate (i.e., the normal gradient of velocity) ants and synthetic lubricants, the foaming char- is zero. The report explains that no method acteristics of HFC refrigerants with polyolester currently exists to measure this fundamental limit lubricants, lubricant circulation in systems, and the directly, but that measurements with a counterflow performance and viability of R-245ca in low- burner provide a quantifiable basis for pressure chillers. An ongoing project collects and extrapolating to the zero value. Preliminary results facilitates dissemination of data, through of the lean flammability limit of R-32 and of the development and administration of the ARTI critical flammability ratio of R-125 in R-32 are Refrigerant Database; a related project is locating reported. The report reviews the background, and consolidating information on the toxicity of describes the experimental apparatus and alternative refrigerants. Among completed procedures, discusses the fundamental projects are those to measure thermophysical flammability limit, and summarizes the equilibrium properties of R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-143a, chemistry involved. It summarizes measurements and R-152a; model the performance and key for R-50 (methane), R-32, R-125, and R-32/125. operating parameters of 12 potential alternatives Figures illustrate the counterflow burner, burner for R-22 and R-502; test the chemical and thermal flow control system, extinction curve for methane stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures with as a function of the local strain rate, and the metals; measure the miscibility of lubricants with definition of the global strain rate. Plots show the refrigerants; measure the viscosity, density, and equilibrium composition and temperature of R-32, solubility for 38 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; R-125, and R-290 (propane) in air as well as the measure the viscosity, density, and solubility for adiabatic equilibrium temperature of R-32 and three azeotropic and zeotropic blends to replace R-32/125 (90/10) in air. Further plots show the R-22 and R-502; provide information on the determination of peak equilibrium temperatures, compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with global and local strain rates at extinction for motor materials, elastomers, and engineering methane, range of lean flammability limits for R- plastics; investigate electrohydrodynamic (EHD) 32, a comparison of flammability limits (LFL and enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of UFL) for R-32 using various methods at ambient alternative refrigerants; and develop accelerated temperatures. Two final plots show the extinction screening methods to predict lubricant points for R-32 and R-125 and extrapolation of the performance in compressors. The program global strain rate, to determine the critical summary also identifies the research contractors flammability ratio of R-125 in R-32. and reports prepared for individual projects. Tables and figures illustrate significant findings of R. Yamamoto, O. Kitao, and K. Nakanishi (Kyoto selected projects. University, Japan), Monte Carlo Simulation of Fluoropropane, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Molecular Thermodynamics and March 1995 Molecular Simulation (Kyoto, Japan, 9-13 January 1994); republished in Fluid Phase Equilibria, B. Stuij, CFC and HCFC Replacement, IEA Heat 104:349-361, March 1995 (13 pages, rdb8923) Pump Newsletter - CFC and HFC Replacement, International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Center summarizes Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for (HPC), Sittard, The Netherlands, 13(1):13-18, March R-218, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245cb, and R-290 1995 (6 pages with 4 figures, RDB5683) using a transferable potential model: notes that the quantitative agreements are not satisfactory environmental concerns, international regulations, even though the results show qualitative agree- economics, safety issues ment with the experimental data; presents a modification involving use of an empirical scal- Page 46 Refrigerant Database

ing factor into the potential function; concludes February 1995 that the agreement are clearly improved with the new factor; compares the carbon-carbon pair J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Copper in Air distribution functions obtained from the MC Conditioning and Refrigeration - Supplement to simulations with experimental x-ray scattering the ARTI Refrigerant Database, report JMC/- data for propane ARTI/CDA-9502D, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, and the K. Yamashita and A. Yabe (Toshiba Corporation, Copper Development Association (CDA), New York, Japan), EHD Enhancement of Falling Film Evap- NY, February 1995 (50 pages, available from JMC as oration Heat Transfer and Durability of EHD Heat RDB5260) Exchanger, Proceedings of the ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference (Maui, HI, This document provides bibliographic citations for 19-24 March 1995), American Society of Mechanical 240 publications that may be useful in research, Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, and Japan design, and application of air-conditioning and Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), Tokyo, refrigeration (ACR) equipment. Synopses of the Japan, 4:253-260, 1995 (8 pages, rdb6225) content, materials addressed, and key conclusions are provided for more than a third of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhancement of heat these documents. This supplement to the transfer for evaporation of R-123 in a falling-film Refrigerant Database increases the information heat exchanger fabricated of stainless steel: of provided, by focusing on the suitability of and the five electrodes, rolled punched plates with application data for copper and copper alloys with vertically-arrayed, offset slits provided the refrigerants. The key concentration areas are maximum enhancement effect; the improvement application data, compatibility, and heat transfer in heat transfer was six times that for a smooth (including surface enhancement). An introduction tube without EHD; tests for durability, based on outlines the reasons copper is the preferred 1,000 hr of operation followed by careful fabrication material in many ACR components. It examination of the test section, found that the cites the metal's superior heat transfer properties, EHD falling film evaporator and the EHD corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication and condenser can be are suited for industrial use joining, strength, and machinability. It also notes the latitude afforded by copper, brass, bronze, and Capillary Tube Performance with Alternative other alloys in manufacturing processes such as Refrigerants, research project 762-RP, American casting, forging, machining, drawing, sintering, Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- and forming. A concluding section provides tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, Septem- descriptions of both the Refrigerant Database and ber 1993 - March 1995, extended to 1998 (ASH0762) the Copper Data Center (CDC) database.

This project developed a methodology to predict J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant refrigerant mass flow rate through a straight, Database, report DOE/CE/23810-51E, Air-Condi- adiabatic capillary tube, based on tube geometry, tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), refrigerant properties, and operating conditions. Arlington, VA, 28 February 1995 (282 pages, The goal was to provide a method applicable to available from JMC as RDB5261) any refrigerant, single component or blend, to replace existing charts, developed primarily for This document provides bibliographic citations for R-12 and R-22. The work included both a more than 2300 publications that may be useful in theoretical analysis and laboratory effort, to research, design, and application of validate the rating method developed. The air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. contractor was the Iowa State University of Sci- Synopses of the content, materials addressed, ence and Technology, led by M. B. Pate; it was and key conclusions are provided for approxi- sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.8, mately 40% of these documents. The database Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories. identifies sources of specific information on R-23, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R- Production, Sales and Atmospheric Release of 141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R-227ea, Fluorocarbons through 1993, Alternative Fluoro- R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), R- carbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), 600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), ethers, and Washington, DC, March 1995 (84 pages with 29 others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic blends tables, limited copies available from JMC as of these fluids. These blends include R-400, RDB5501) R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R- R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-142b, 407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-408A, R-409A, production and emission data R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, R-411B, R-412A, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R-507A, R- Refrigerant Database Page 47

508A, R-509A, and others for which information is ganization (WMO), Global Ozone Research and available, even though standard designations may Monitoring Project, Geneva, Switzerland; United not have been assigned yet. It also addresses Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Nairobi, mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol Kenya; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It istration (NOAA), Washington, DC, USA; and references documents on compatibility of National Aeronautics and Space Administration refrigerants and lubricants with desiccants, (NASA), Washington, DC, USA; February 1995 (582 elastomers, metals, plastics, motor insulation, and pages with 146 figures and 76 tables, available from other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The WMO, RDB5301) database is available in both a computerized version and as a listing in report form. The This definitive work, the seventh in a series, up- computerized version includes the same citations dates the assessment used in governmental and and abstracts as the report version plus 240 from international decision-making for protection of the a supplement on copper in air conditioning and stratospheric ozone layer. The volume addresses refrigeration, 266 for superseded and historical common questions about ozone depletion, documents, data summaries for 270 refrigerants observed changes in ozone and source gases, (single compound and blends), and 50 tabular atmospheric processes responsible for these compatibility summaries for plastics and changes, simulations of global ozone, elastomers - a total of 2625 entries. It is consequences of ozone change, and scientific accompanied by retrieval software to facilitate information for future decisions. It was prepared searches for specific information; the software by 13 international panels, consisting of 230 of the enables searches for user selected terms, or world's leading experts in the atmospheric combinations of terms. It offers several automated sciences, and subjected to an intensive peer features to simplify searches including optional review by 147 scientists. The product summarizes prompting by search category, an automated understanding of the stratospheric ozone layer "thesaurus" of synonyms and related terms, chain and its relation to humankind. The assessment searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, was initiated in November 1992 by the 4th and a "wildcard" capability to allow entry of word meeting of the parties to the Montreal Protocol in segments. The software also enables printing of Copenhagen. The results are scheduled for selected citations, abstracts, and data summaries consideration by the parties to the Protocol, for as well as preparation of a document order lists. potential revision of the Protocol in 1995 at the 5th Both versions of the database include instructions meeting in Vienna. The report provides to obtain cited documents or subscriptions for internationally recognized values for atmospheric updates to the database. lifetimes, response times, chlorine and bromine loading, ozone depletion potential (ODP), and M. Chwalowski, Climate Change Update, unpub- global warming potential (GWP) for natural and lished seminar presentation charts (Winter Meeting of anthropogenic chemicals impacting the global the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and environment. Air-Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE, Chicago, 28 January - 1 February 1995), Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC, 1995 (4 pages with 4 figures, January 1995 available from JMC as RDB5349) F. R. Biancardi (United Technologies Research This series of 20 presentation charts summarizes Center, UTRC), Investigation into the Fractiona- a discussion of basic trends, climate modeling, tion of Refrigerant Blends, report DOE/CE/- observed differences, and conclusions. It 23810-51C (also identified as UTRC R94-970566-3), presents extremes of suggested long-term cooling Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- trends and predictions of dire climate changes. It stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1995 (26 pages then critically reviews the basis for and with 14 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as projections of warming, and contrasts tem- RDB5602) perature records and predictions. The presentation concludes that disagreement exists among This report summarizes the progress of research scientists, measured and predicted data differ, to investigate composition changes in refrigerant less is known than not known about the blends. The project entails four technical tasks atmosphere, and the politics of climate change addressing lubricant solubility effects, fractionation have overtaken the science. effects from successive charges, fractionation within system components, and fractionation Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994, during leaks. The report outlines contractual chaired by D. L. Albritton, R. T. Watson, and P. J. compliance and work status. It describes a model Aucamp, report 37, World Meteorological Or- based on non ideal, Wohl solution theory to assess lubricant-solubil- Page 48 Refrigerant Database

ity effects. Figures illustrate model predictions of during start-up and at steady state, assuming 0 vapor pressure and R-32 mass fraction with liquid and 100% of maximum glide and for a system R-32/134a (25/75) as functions of the mass with half the initial refrigerant charge for 0% glide. fraction of oil in the sump and sump temperature. A summary chart indicates that different solubility Three others show the vapor pressure and vapor of blend components can affect fractionation, but mass fraction versus mass fraction of oil and R-32 modeling predicts trends accurately. Further, tank liquid mass fraction at representative charging effects can be modeled with verified temperatures. The report then summarizes accuracy, but verification of modeling for modeling of fractionation within components for a fractionation inside systems is more difficult. The typical heat pump; the model currently addresses summary also notes that the work performed has the evaporator, condenser, compressor, been limited to a single blend with moderate glide. expansion valve, and accumulator. A figure shows the extreme operating conditions of constant R. G. Doerr and T. D. Waite (The Trane Company), temperature and constant mass fraction Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with conditions. Four figures show the R-32 con- Motor Materials Under Retrofit Conditions, report centration by component and the refrigerant lo- DOE/CE/23810-51B, Air-Conditioning and cation with time, after starting, with 0 and 100% Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, temperature glide. Three schematics illustrate an VA, 12 January 1995 (86 pages with 66 tables, experimental facility and equipment that will be available from JMC as RDB5511) used to conduct verification tests. The heat pump and instrumentation are described. Planned tests This interim report summarizes a study of the are outlined and the specific sequence and compatibility of materials used in motors, for operating conditions are summarized in a table. hermetic compressors, with refrigerants and lu- Presentation charts on the objectives, bricants. These materials were tested by expo- deliverables, and schedule are appended. sures first to "original" refrigerant-oil mixtures and then to alternative refrigerant-lubricants mixtures. F. R. Biancardi (United Technologies Research The sequential, 500-hour exposures simulate the Center, UTRC), Investigation into the Fractiona- effects of retrofit. Some samples were exposed to tion of Refrigerant Blends, presentation (ARI the original refrigerant-oil mixture for a total of Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program, AREP, 1000 hours as a control. The report identifies the Meeting, Chicago, IL, 27 January 1995), report materials used, test procedures, and sample DOE/CE/23810-52B, Air-Conditioning and Refrig- evaluations and quantities. It summarizes the eration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, status of the work, recommendations for further January 1995 (24 pages with 14 figures, available tests, and significant results. Testing was from JMC as RDB5257) performed in accordance with UL Standard 2171. The original and retrofit combinations were This report comprises presentation charts on R-11/paraffinic mineral oil (MO, Penreco Sontex research to investigate composition changes in 300LT) and R-123/mineral oil (same), R-12/naphthenic MO (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS) and refrigerant blends. The charts outline the work (R) (R) scope, deliverables, and schedule. They identify R-134a/polyolester (POE, CPI Solest 68), R-502/MO (Suniso(R) 3GS) and R-404A/POE four technical tasks addressing lubricant solubility (R) effects, fractionation effects from successive branched acid (Castrol Icematic SW32), and R-22/MO (Suniso(R) 3GS) and R-407C/POE mixed charges, fractionation within system components, (TM) and fractionation during leaks. Charts show the acids (ICI Emkarate RL 32H). The magnet wire binary activity coefficients, predicted vapor insulations tested were a modified polyester base pressures, and experimental and measured vapor overcoated with polyamide imide (Phelps Dodge pressures for R-32/134a (25/75) with a Armored Poly-Thermaleze 2000), a polyester polyolester (POE) lubricant (Castrol Icematic® imide overcoated with polyamide-imide (Phelps SW68). Four figures summarize analyses of Dodge / Schenectady Chemical), and a modified fractionation based on both an isothermal, static polyester base overcoated with polyamide imide equilibrium model and a more rigorous, dynamic and epoxy saturated glass (Phelps Dodge simulation model. They include a sample mass Armored Poly-Thermaleze Daglass 2000). They loss and composition plot with the static model, a were tested for dielectric breakdown and burnout strength. The varnishes included a water-base schematic and corresponding thermal circuit (R) diagram for the transient model, plots of mass epoxy phenolic (Schenectady Isopoxy 800), a solvent epoxy phenolic (P. D. George 923), and a loss, and temperature, and composition plots for (R) discharges at constant temperature and with a solvent epoxy (Sterling U-475 EH). Coated temperature change. Five additional plots show helical coils tested for bond strength. The sheet predicted internal fractionation for these insulations tested were a standard polyester film components Refrigerant Database Page 49

(DuPont Mylar(R) 900 MO), a low oligomer poly- fied by gas chromatography (GC), flame ionization ester film (ICI Melinex(R) 228), a polyester com- detection (FID), and GC/mass spectrometry posite (Westinghouse Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R)), an (GC/MS). The approximate concentrations are aramid fiber mat (DuPont Nomex(R) 410 10 mil), qualitatively tabulated for 52 identified com- an aramid fiber mica mat (DuPont Nomex(R) Mica pounds. The report briefly outlines and sche- 418), and an aramid mat, polyester film composite matically shows the arc testing procedure. It notes (Westinghouse Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(R)). These that no difference was seen in the volatile insulation sheets were tested for tensile strength, compounds formed with or without lubricant elongation, and dielectric breakdown. The present. Those tested included a mineral oil spiral-wrapped sleeving materials tested were a (Calgon C4) and a polyolester (ICI Emkarate(TM) polyester film (Insulations Sales Mylar(R)) and an 32S). The report also identifies progress in aramid mat, polyester film composite (Insulations planning and acquiring components for elevated Sales Nomex-Mylar(R)). The lead wires tested pressure-temperature tests and motor burnout were a polyester composite (A. O. Smith tests. Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R)) and a polyester, fluoropolymer composite (A. O. Smith W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and Dacron-Teflon-Dacron(R)). The sleeving and lead Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of wires were tested for dielectric breakdown. Other HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-51A, materials tested were a polyester tie cord (Ludlow Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- Textiles); braided polyester, acrylic binder stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1995 (16 pages assembly tape; and polyester mat assembly tape. with 2 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as They were tested for tensile strength and RDB5512) elongation. Assembled motorettes with the three wire types were tested for their ability to withstand This interim report summarizes progress in applied voltages. In addition, all materials were measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven inspected visually. The tests performed to date binary and one ternary blends as potential generally found the materials exposed to be replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include compatible. Concerns are noted with R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R-125/- embrittlement of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, and sheet and sleeving insulation as well as R-290/134a. Measurements also are being made delamination and blistering of the Nomex sheet for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential replacements insulation in R-12, R-22, and R-502. Also, the for R-13. The work consists of simultaneous solvent epoxy varnish separated from the metal measurements of the coexisting liquid and vapor surface in R-123, possibly due to the condition of densities, compositions, and bubble point the metal surface. The causes of these problems pressures over a wide range of temperatures and are being investigated; an appendix in the report compositions. These data will be used to indicates that some of materials may have been determine the mixing parameters, including any inadequately dried in testing. temperature and/or composition dependence, for the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation R. Hawley-Fedder (Lawrence Livermore National of state and an extended corresponding states Laboratory, LLNL), Products of Motor Burnout (ECS) model. The R-41 measurements will report DOE/CE/23810-51D, Air-Conditioning and address vapor pressure; liquid density; liquid, Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, two-phase, and ideal gas heat capacities; vapor VA, 15 January 1995 (10 pages with 1 figure and 1 sound speed and virial coefficients; and the critical table, available from JMC as RDB5345) point parameters. The report describes preparation of samples and initial measurements. This interim report summarizes progress to It notes that both R-32/290 and R-290/134a identify and quantify the products of motor failures exhibited azeotropic behavior. The report in hermetic and semihermetic refrigeration discusses the influence of component polarity on compressors. The study also will assess their prediction of these azeotropes. It also notes that corrosive effects on power-supply terminals, differences in polarity can produce regions of evaluate the efficacy of current clean-up proce- liquid-liquid immiscibility as the temperature is dures, and assess whether hydrofluorocarbon reduced. Figures illustrate the immiscible region (HFC) refrigerants will increase or decrease the on a pressure-composition diagram and the liquid incidence of motor burn-outs. The report notes densities against bubble point pressures with continuation of a literature search on chlorofluo- immiscibility for a positive azeotrope. Two tables rocarbon (CFC) refrigerant degradation and present measured vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) breakdown by thermal and electrical mechanisms. compositions and pressures as well as coexisting It outlines electrical breakdown tests at densities for the R-32/134a and R-32/125 atmospheric pressure on R-22, R-134a, and R- mixtures. 507A. The decomposition products were identi- Page 50 Refrigerant Database

R. W. Yost, Impact of Alternative Refrigerants on ture Equilibrium Data with New HFC Refrigerants Equipment Design, unpublished seminar presen- and Relevant Lubricants and In Tube Evaporation tation (Winter Meeting of the American Society of of Ammonia in Smooth and Enhanced Tubes with Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Miscible and Immiscible Oils. Biological neers, ASHRAE, Chicago, 28 January - 1 February Degradation of CFCs is listed as one of two 1995), ICI Klea, New Castle, DE, January 1995 (22 projects in a new priority grouping designated as pages with 21 charts, available from JMC as RDB- high risk. Among nonpriority projects are 5341) Performance Comparison of Different Refrigerants in Flat-Plate, Microchannel Evaporators, Perform- These charts summarize a presentation on the ance Comparison of Different Refrigerants in equipment changes needed for alternative re- Flat-Plate, Microchannel Condensers, Thermo- frigerants and associated lubricants. The intro- physical Properties of R-23, A Uniform Equation of duction outlines the objectives of charge reduc- State for Alternatives to the CFC Refrigerants, tion, leak reduction, and efficiency improvement, Measurement of R-22 and Alternative Refrigerant to manage utility loads and address global Leakage Rates from Open-Shaft Compressors, warming concerns. Four charts identify the Double-Walled Heat Exchangers for Class 2 selection requirements for alternative refrigerants Refrigerants, and Heat and Mass Transfer and new lubricants. The presentation then Additives in Aqua Ammonia Systems. Further summarizes the implications of polyolesters and projects will examine Evaporation of Ammonia polyalkylene glycols on equipment design. A Outside Smooth and Enhanced Tubes with series of charts review the design changes Miscible and Immiscible Oils, Boiling and needed for reciprocating pistons compressors, Two-Phase Flow of Ammonia and Ammonia/Oil centrifugal, rotary rolling piston, scroll, and screw Mixtures in Corrugated Passages Simulating a compressors to address alternative refrigerants Plate Heat Exchanger, Investigation of a and lubricants. Further charts address Theoretical Method to Predict Solubility of considerations for driers, sight glasses, expansion Refrigerant/Oil Solutions at Several Temperatures devices, heat exchangers, and use of zeotropic and Pressures, Develop Solubility and Viscosity blends. The presentation concludes that the Data for Various Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures at High transition has given industry opportunities for Discharge Temperatures and Pressures, advancement, and that the transition has gone Separating Velocities for Ammonia in Horizontal "remarkably well." and Vertical Vessels, Laboratory Verification of Modeling Transients in Refrigerant Lines, and 1995-1996 Research Plan, American Society of Refrigerant Piping Pressure Drop Computer Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Programs. This plan summarizes anticipated neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1 January 1995 (28 funding and procedures for implementing the pages with 8 tables, RDB5134) research identified; it replaces versions published for preceding years [see RDB4679). This list of prospective research subjects identifies 328 proposed projects, 67 designated as priority Genetron(R) 407C Product Brochure, bulletin status. The projects are grouped into eight project G525-013, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, classifications, based on approved funding January 1995 (16 pages with 1 figure and 7 tables, guidelines. Projects relating to refrigerants fall in RDB5339) several of these categories, primarily including the third and sixth highest areas, Envi- This bulletin supplies information on R-407C, a ronmentally-Safe Materials and Refrigeration zeotropic blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a - R- Systems. The research areas were proposed by 32/125/134a (23/25/52). It was designed to ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, replace R-22 in existing and new equipment in- and other committees; they were prioritized by cluding unitary air-conditioners, chillers without ASHRAE's Research and Technical Committee. flooded evaporators, and commercial refrigera- The highest priority group (three stars) includes tion. The document outlines potential applications research of Thermophysical Properties of Alter- and provides physical property information. The native Refrigerants and to Develop Solubility and data include the chemical name and formula, Viscosity Data for Various Oil/Refrigerant Mixtures appearance, molecular weight, normal bubble and at High Discharge Temperatures and Pressures. dew point temperatures, corresponding heat of The next classification includes Flammability vaporization and vapor density, critical parameters Properties of Alternative Refrigerants, Comp- (temperature, pressure, specific volume, and rehensive Thermodynamic Property Data for density), and flammability. The data also include Refrigerant Blends, and Develop Corrosion Data the bubble and dew point pressure, liquid density, with Materials of Construction and New and the vapor and liquid heat capacity, thermal Refrigerant/Lubricants at Various Moisture Levels. conductivity, and vis- The one-star priority group includes Develop Refrigerant-Lubricant-Desiccant-Mois- Refrigerant Database Page 51

cosity at 25 °C (77 °F). The bulletin then presents views safety information, addressing general product specifications, provides a pres- toxicity, inhalation effects, skin and eye contact, sure-temperature table, and reviews servicing responses to leaks, flammability, combustibility, considerations. It describes tests and indicates and thermal stability. The bulletin offers guidance that R-407C is stable with metals (aluminum, for storage, handling, leak detection, retrofit, copper, and steel). The text refers inquiries on recycling, reclamation, and disposal. It also desiccants to drier manufacturers. It lists suit- provides tabular thermodynamic properties ability indications for 27 elastomers and plastics. (pressure, liquid density, vapor volume, liquid and The bulletin suggests use of polyolester lubri- vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat of cants, but indicates that compressor and lubricant vaporization) for -30 to 70 °C (-60 to 160 °F) manufacturers should be contacted for specific [tables cover dissimilar ranges for the two sets of recommendations. It then reviews safety units]. Formulae are presented to calculate information, addressing general toxicity, inhalation thermodynamic properties, including vapor effects, skin and eye contact, responses to leaks, pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat ca- flammability, combustibility, and thermal stability. pacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of state The bulletin offers guidance for storage, handling, also is presented. The data are provided in both leak detection, retrofit, recycling, reclamation, and inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units. disposal. It also provides tabular thermodynamic AlliedSignal's product name for R-410A is Gen- properties (bubble and dew point pressures, liquid etron(R) AZ-20. density, vapor volume, liquid and vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat of vaporization) for -30 to 70 °C (-60 to 160 °F). The data are 1995 (month not indicated) provided in both inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units. AIIiedSignal's product name for R-407C is (R) A. Abdul-Razzak, M. Shoukri, and J-S. Chang (Mc- Genetron 407C. [see RDB5A31 for revised Master University, Canada), Measurement of Two property data] Phase Refrigerant Liquid-Vapor Mass Flow Rate, (R) final report for 722-RP, American Society of Heating, Genetron AZ-20 Product Brochure, bulletin Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers G525-012, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1995 (RDB6367) NJ, January 1995 (16 pages with 2 figures and 7 tables, RDB5338) refrigerant mass-flow rate, instrumentation

This bulletin supplies information on R-410A, a M. A. Anisimov, E. E. Gorodetskii, V. D. Kulikov, A. A. patented blend of R-32 and R-125 - R-32/125 A. Povodyrev, and J. V. Sengers (University of (50/50) - that behaves like an azeotrope. It was Maryland), A General Isomorphism Approach to designed to replace R-22 in a variety of new Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Bi- equipment including unitary air-conditioners, nary Fluid Mixtures Near Critical Points, Physica chillers, and commercial refrigeration. The doc- A, 220:277-324, 1995, plus erratum, 223:272, 1996 ument outlines potential applications and provides (49 pages with 4 figures, RDB6407) physical property data including the chemical name and formula, appearance, molecular weight, equation of state (EOS), critical point normal boiling point, corresponding heat of vaporization and vapor density, critical R. Brinkmann (York International GmbH, Germany), parameters (temperature, pressure, specific Influence on the Transition of Chlorofluorocar- volume, and density), and flammability. It also bons to Alternative Refrigerants, Ki Luft- und indicates the liquid density, vapor pressure, and Kältetechnik, 31(10):472-474, 1995 (3 pages in Ger- the vapor and liquid heat capacity, thermal man, RDB6310) conductivity, and viscosity at 25 °C (77 °F). The bulletin then presents product specifications, technical, economic, and safety considerations; provides a pressure-temperature table, and refrigerant selection reviews servicing considerations. A table summarizes the stability of R-410A with polyolester lubricants and metals (aluminum, copper, Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards and steel). The text refers inquiries on desiccants of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, List of to drier manufacturers, but provides a solubility MAK and BAT Values 1995: Maximum Concen- plot for water in R-410A and lists suitability trations and Biological Tolerance Values at the indications for 27 elastomers and plastics. The Workplace, report 31, Deutsche Forschungsge- bulletin suggests use of polyolester lubricants, but meinschaft [German Research Association] (DFG), indicates that compressor and lubricant Bonn, Germany; VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, manufacturers should be contacted for specific Weinheim, Germany, 1995 (RDB6938) recommendations. It then re- English language version of the MAK- und BAT- Werte-Liste; maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration [maximum workplace concentration] and Page 52 Refrigerant Database

biologischer Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Wert [biological lumped parameter model to predict the dynamic tolerance value]; German occupational exposure behavior of heat pumps using zeotropic blends as limits for chemicals for approximately 600 refrigerants; presents the mathematical for- chemicals including R-11, R-12, R-12B2, R-13, mulation of the model based on mass, momen- R-21, R-22, R-114, R-123, R-142b, R-E170, R- tum, and energy balances; effects of flow regimes 290, R-600, R-600a, R-610, R-611, R-717, and dynamic phase changes; comparison of R-744, R-744, R-764, R-7146, and others; predicted and experimental power consumption, classification of carcinogenic, embryotoxicant, pressures, and temperatures for R-22/114 (80/20) and sensitizing substances and (60/40) and for R-22/152a (80/20)

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry S. M. Sami and Y. Zhou (University of Moncton, (IUPAC) Commission on Atomic Weights and Iso- Canada), Numerical Prediction of Heat Pumps' topic Abundances, Atomic Weights of the Ele- Dynamic Behavior Using Ternary Nonazeotropic ments 1993, Journal of Physical and Chemical Refrigerant Mixtures, International Journal of En- Reference Data, 24(4):1561-1575, 1995 (15 pages ergy Research (IJER), 1995 (rdb4C12) with 2 tables, RDB6303) zeotropic blends, performance definitive atomic weights used to calculate the molecular mass of refrigerants; superseded (see S. M. Sami and P. J. Tulej (University of Moncton, RDB7B48) Canada), Performance of Residential Refrigera- tors with Ternary Blends, International Journal of H. Kaiser, Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Energy Research (IJER), 19:631-637, 1995 (RDB- Prototypenverdichters für Kohlendioxid 6742) [Development and Test of a Prototype Compressor for Carbon Dioxide], Neu CO2-Anwendungen in der drop-in performance tests of R-22/152a/114 Kälte- und Klimatechnik [New Carbon Dioxide (53/19/28) identified as MP33, R-22/152a/124 Applications in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning] (47.4/15.7/36.9) identified as [a developmental (proceedings of FKW seminar XVII), formulation of] MP39, R-23/22/152a (5/65/30) Forschungszentrum für Kältetechnik und identified as NARM-12, R-23/22/124 (5/60/35), Wärmepumpen GmbH (FKW), Hannover, Germany, identified as NARM-12/124, R-23/22/134a (5/- 1995 (in German, RDB8351) 40/55) identified as NARM-12/134a in a domestic refrigerator using a mineral oil lubricant; provides modification of an open, two-cylinder, recipro- plots of and discusses operating parameters and cating-piston compressor (Bock FKX3*CO2) with performance; concludes that R-23/22/152a reed valves, derived from an R-134a design, for (5/65/30) "could be considered as a 'drop-in use with R-744 (carbon dioxide): major parts replacement' for CFC-12, in domestic other than the crankshaft were reinforced and the refrigerators" displacement was reduced by 75% - as reported in RDB8348 J. Süß and H. H. Kruse, Energetische Untersuch- ungen eines Verdichters für Kohlendioxid [Inves- S. M. Sami and P. J. Tulej (University of Moncton, tigation of the Efficiency of a Compressor for Carbon Canada), A New Design for an Air-Source Heat Dioxide], Die Kälte- und Klimatechnik, Germany, Pump Using a Ternary Mixture for Cold Climates, 48(7):494-504, 1995 (11 pages in German, rdb8350) Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 15(6):521-529, 1995 (9 pages with 17 figures, RDB6743) modifications and performance tests of an open, two-cylinder, reciprocating-piston compressor performance analysis of an air-to-air heat pump (Bock FKX3*CO2) with reed valves, derived from using R-23/22/152a (>20/50/<30), identified as an R-134a design, for use with R-744 (carbon NARM/UM, proposed for use in cold regions; dioxide): major parts other than the crankshaft paper presents experimental set up and reports were reinforced and the displacement was field tests of 6 units; plots show calculated coef- reduced by 75% - as reported in RDB8348 ficients of performance (COPs) and operating parameters; reports an average heating-mode W. Wei, Studies on General Vapor Pressure of COP of 1.57 Equation of Fluids and Experimental Measure- ment of PVTx Properties for HFC134a/HFC152a, S. M. Sami and M. A. Comeau (University of masters degree dissertation, Xi'an Jiaotong Univer- Moncton, Canada), Development of a Simulation sity, China, 1995 (rdb6815) Model for Predicting Dynamic Behaviour of Heat Pump with Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures, thermodynamic properties of R-134a/152a blends; International Journal of Energy Research (IJER), thermophysical data 16:431-444, 1995 (14 pages with 11 figures, RDB- 6716) Refrigerant Database Page 53

1995-1996 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical glide, ppm, permissible exposure level (PEL), Substances in the Work Environment, 1995-1996 short-term exposure limit (STEL), and Workplace Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Environmental Exposure Limit (WEEL). The Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, addenda clarify that concentrations identified as American Conference of Governmental Industrial "ppm" for safety classifications are "ppm by Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1-54 and notes, volume", expand the purpose, and provide 1995 (54 of 144 pages with 4 tables and 4 detailed instructions for designation and classi- appendices, available from ACGIH for $11.00, fication applications. They also modify the RDB5901) designation system for miscellaneous organic compounds as well as inorganic compounds, and This book provides data for use as guidelines or add a new reference. Composite tables remove recommendations in the control of potential the "provisional" notation previously appended to hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are tab- some safety classifications, correct a number of ulated for airborne concentrations of chemical chemical names for consistency with the substances to which workers may be exposed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry These chemicals include some commonly or (IUPAC) conventions, correct informational (not historically used as refrigerants, based on their part of the standard) data on refrigerants, and add chronic and/or acute toxicity. The TLV data refer safety classifications for R-23, R-32, R-116, to concentrations under which it is believed that R-124, R-125, R-143a, and R-218. The addenda nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed also add designations, tolerances, and safety without adverse health effects subject to identified classifications for R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, considerations. The TLVs are categorized as R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), R-408A, R-409A, R-410A, R-410B, R-411A, and ceiling (TLV-C). Notes are provided for R-411B, R-412A, R-507, R-508, and R-509. A interpretation, but the information is not intended foreword and table identify the changes by spe- for use without training in industrial hygiene. The cific addendum. document also lists intended changes and provides appendices addressing carcinogens, FRIGC(R) FR-12(TM) Specifications, InterCool Energy substances of variable composition, mixtures, and Corporation, Latham, NY, 1995 (2 pages with 1 figure sampling criteria for airborne particulate matter. and 2 tables, limited copies available from JMC as The refrigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, RDB5A41) R-13B1, R-20, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-160, R-160B1, R-170 (ethane), This product specification sheet provides data on R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), R-601 a ternary zeotropic blend of R-124, R-134a, and (pentane), R-610, R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 R-600 - R-134a/124/600 (59/39/2) - in inch-pound (ammonia), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur (IP) and metric (SI) units of measure. The blend is dioxide), R-1130, R-1150, R-1270, R-7146 (sulfur described as a replacement for R-12 in mobile hexafluoride), and others. air-conditioning (MAC) applications. The bulletin indicates that the blend operates in the same Addenda to Number Designation and Safety pressure range as R-12, even at high ambient Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE temperatures, and is compatible the mineral oil Standard 34a-o and 34q-s (Addenda to used in MAC compressors. A table summarizes ANSI/ASHRAE 34-1992), American Society of selected physical properties including the normal Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- bubble and dew points, corresponding vapor neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1995 (20 pages with 2 densities, latent heat of vaporization, and critical tables, RDB6101) parameters (temperature, pressure, and density). It also includes the vapor pressure, solubility in This cumulative addendum combines addenda a water, and the liquid and vapor thermal through o, addenda q through s, and errata sheet conductivities and heat capacities at 25 °C (77 number 1 to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992. °F). It concludes with the ozone depletion The errata correct a conversion error in the metric potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP), units for flammability classifications. The addenda and flammability limits (indicated as none). The provide a designation distinction for zeotropic product sheet then discusses service consider- blends having the same components in different ations including charging and recovery. It briefly proportions, expand the applicability of dual reviews compatibility findings with plastics, classifications (as formulated and worst case of elastomers, metals, desiccants, and lubricants as fractionation) to azeotropes, and add new well as leak detection. A table and plot compare definitions. The last address acute toxicity, the vapor pressure for the blend at its bubble and azeotropic temperature, cardiac sensitization, dew points to that for R-12 at -7 to ceiling (as in exposure limits), chronic toxicity, committee, maximum temperature Page 54 Refrigerant Database

93 °C (20-200 °F). InterCool Energy Corpora- (UL), Northbrook, IL, 2:1572-1574, 1995 (3 pages, tion's product name for this blend is FRIGC(R) RDB5931) FR-12(TM). These listings cover refrigerants intended for use Guide to Occupational Exposure Values - 1995, as components of air-conditioning and re- publication 0373, American Conference of Gov- frigerating equipment. The refrigerants have been ernmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, evaluated for flammability and toxicity as OH, 1995 (132 pages, rdb5902) specifically indicated for individual products; pressure hazards were not evaluated. The listings This reference document compares the most cover product versions of R-11, R-12, R-22, R-23, recent concentrations for widely cited toxicity R-113, R-114, R-115, R-123, R-125, R-134a, exposure limits. It includes Threshold Limit Values R-401A, R-401B, R-402A, R-402B, R-404A, (TLV) from the American Conference of R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-408A, R-409A, R- Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 410A, R-410B, R-500, R-502, R-503, R-507A, and Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) from the Oc- R-22/152a/124 (40/17/43). The listings indicate cupational Safety and Health Administration the UL flammability group (nonflammable, (OSHA), the Recommended Exposure Limits practically nonflammable, or flammable) at 100 °C (REL) from the National Institute for Occupational (212 °F) as well as the UL toxicity group (1-6) in Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the 1989 the absence of flames or hot objects, which may maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration [maximum result in decomposition. They also indicate the workplace concentration] (MAK) and biologischer chemical constituents, phase as shipped, and Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Wert [biological tolerance container markings. value] (BAT) from the Deutsche For- schungsgemeinschaft [German Research Asso- Status Report on the Development of HFC-245fa, ciation] (DFG) Commission for the Investigation of A Non-Flammable Liquid Blowing Agent, Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, 1995 (29 Workplace. It also identifies carcinogens found in charts, RDB5C94) the workplace that are identified by the above organizations, the International Agency for R-245fa, physical properties, environmental data, Research on Cancer (IARC), the U.S. National toxicity (4-hr LC50 >200,000 ppm, cardiac Toxicology Program (NTP), and the U.S. sensitization >20,000 ppm, no toxicity at 100,000 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The ppm), compatibility, foaming characteristics, trial refrigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, R- as a foam blowing agent, foam aging effects 12B2, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-114, R-115, R- 170 (ethane), R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 (ammonia), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), R-1130, 1994 R-7146 (sulfur hexafluoride), and others.

Refrigerants (SBQT2), Supplement to the 1995 Editions of the Recognized Component Directory and December 1994 Plastics Recognized Component Directory, Underwriters Laboratories Incorporated (UL), S. Baliunas (George C. Marshall Institute), Ozone Northbrook, IL, 222, 1995 (1 page, RDB5C10) and Global Warming: Are the Problems Real?, West-Coast Roundtable on Science and Public These supplemental listings cover refrigerants Policy, 13 December 1994 (22 pages with 6 figures, intended for use as components of air-condi- RDB7536) tioning and refrigerating equipment. The refrigerants have been evaluated for flammability and presentation transcript argues that scientific toxicity as specifically indicated for individual findings suggest that anthropogenic chemicals, products; pressure hazards were not evaluated. including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have not The supplemental listings cover product versions eroded the ozone layer, that there has not been of R-123, R-134a, and R-508B. The listings an increase in global temperature to correspond indicate the UL flammability group (non- to increased use of fossil fuels, and that federal flammable, practically nonflammable, or flam- regulations to address these issues is both eco- mable) at 100 °C (212 °F). They also indicate the nomically devastating and scientifically irre- chemical constituents, phase as shipped, and sponsible container markings. J. J. Byrne (Integral Sciences, Incorporated, ISI), Refrigerants (SBQT2), Recognized Component Investigation of Flushing and Clean-Out Methods Directory, Underwriters Laboratories Incorporated for Refrigeration Equipment to Ensure Sys- Refrigerant Database Page 55

tem Compatibility, report DOE/CE/23810-51F, Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 De- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- cember 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air-Condi- stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 15 December 1994 (16 tioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB- 168-173, December 1994 (6 pages, RDB5431) 5803) flammability, blends, fractionation, safety This report addresses a procedure to remove mineral oil from a refrigeration system for con- H. Hirano, H. Kawano, Y. Watanabe, H. Fukuoka, version to R-134a. It notes that R-134a is im- and A. Miyazaki (Matsushita Electric Industrial miscible with the oil, leading to impeded oil return Company, Limited, Japan), Evaluation of Lubri- and interference with refrigerant flow and heat cants for HFC Refrigerants, paper 6.4, Proceedings transfer. The method uses a low-side, oil of the International Symposium on R22 & R502 separator to prevent oil from contaminating the Alternative Refrigerants '94 - Performance Evalua- new polyolester (POE) lubricant. It is described as tions and Commercialization Issues for Air Condi- requiring less time and materials compared to the tioning and Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, prevailing "triple-flush" approach, without 8-9 December 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air- compromising the reliability of the result. The Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, report describes a 12 kW (3 ton) test system, Japan, 150-155, December 1994 (6 pages with 13 employing a bolted hermetic reciprocating-piston figures and 3 tables; in Japanese with abstract, fig- compressor. It also describes the system ures, and tables in English; RDB5428) preparation and oil measurement methods used. It then outlines both the triple-flush and advanced naphthenic mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyolester, methods. The report notes that the advanced ether, and carbonate lubricants, additives, method requires increased effort to install and lubricity, rotary rolling-piston compressor remove additional components, but eliminates two site visits. It notes a second drawback of transfer S. Komatsu and K. Yamamoto (Sanden Corporation, of most of the oil from high-side separators to the Japan), Performance of Chest Freezer with system, a problem circumvented with use of R125/143a/134a, paper 3.5, Proceedings of the 99.994% efficient separators. The report International Symposium on R22 & R502 Alternative describes and a table compares the materials and Refrigerants '94 - Performance Evaluations and labor for a "triple flush" and three variants of the Commercialization Issues for Air Conditioning and advanced method. A second table adds Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 De- comparisons of the waste generated and site cember 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air-Con- visits required. The low-side, oil separator method ditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, shows cost savings of 5-15%. The report 68-71, December 1994 (4 pages with 13 figures and identifies three planned field tests, two with R-12 2 tables; in Japanese with abstract, figures, and to R-134a and a one entailing an R-502 tables in English; RDB5414) conversion. performance test of R-404A [R-125/143a/134a W. Goetzler and H. Ozog (Arthur D. Little, Incorpo- (44/52/4)] without system optimization rated, ADL), Risk Assessments for Flammable Refrigerants, paper 7.3, Proceedings of the Inter- S. L. Kwon, J. Berge, and L. Naley (Thermo King national Symposium on R22 & R502 Alternative Re- Corporation), Evaluations of Alternatives for frigerants '94 - Performance Evaluations and Transport Refrigeration, paper 3.6, Proceedings of Commercialization Issues for Air Conditioning and the International Symposium on R22 & R502 Al- Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 De- ternative Refrigerants '94 - Performance Evaluations cember 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air-Condi- and Commercialization Issues for Air Conditioning tioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, and Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 181-186, December 1994 (6 pages with 2 figures, December 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air- RDB5433) Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, 72-77, December 1994 (6 pages with 1 figure R-32, R-152a, flammability, zeotropic blends, and 3 tables, RDB5415) fractionation, safety, refrigerator, air conditioning This paper reviews the requirements for R-22 and D. P. Grob (Underwriters Laboratories, Incorporated), R-502 alternatives for transport refrigeration, Current Status for UL 2182, Flammability Testing describes a test program to evaluate 12 of Refrigerant Blends for Flammability Rating, candidates, and presents a tabular summary of paper 7.2-1, Proceedings of the International the findings. Four lists, in outline format, describe Symposium on R22 & R502 Alternative Refrigerants the methods of refrigerating commodities during '94 - Performance Evaluations and transport, application requirements for general Commercialization Issues for Air Conditioning and purpose transport equipment, performance criteria for alternative refrigerants, and a Page 56 Refrigerant Database

process for screening refrigerants for transport Japanese with abstract, figures, and tables in En- refrigeration. Notes differentiate between trans- glish; RDB5418) port (e.g., highway, intermodal, marine, or straight truck) and stationary (e.g., storage or R-407C, R-32/125/134a, capacity modulation by supermarket) refrigeration. A table contrasts the composition management, composition change, differences between supermarket and transport simulation, zeotropic blend, multisplit (multicoil) factors. The paper then discusses refrigerant air conditioner selection criteria with attention to safety and thermodynamic requirements, discharge vapor K. Maruo (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), The temperature, discharge pressure, and compati- Development of CFC and HCFC Alternatives for bility - in terms of capacity, service, and reliability - Refrigerant, paper 1.1, Proceedings of the Interna- with existing equipment. The paper briefly tional Symposium on R22 & R502 Alternative Re- describes a test program and schematically frigerants '94 - Performance Evaluations and shows the system used for laboratory tests of Commercialization Issues for Air Conditioning and alternative refrigerants. The results are tabulated Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 De- for transitional and long-term replacements, cember 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air-Condi- namely those containing hydrochloroflu- tioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, orocarbons (HCFCs) and those based on hy- 1-6, December 1994 (6 pages with 5 figures and 6 drofluorocarbons (HFCs). The former include tables; in Japanese with abstract, figures, and tables R-402A, R-402B, R-290/22/218 (6/85/9) and in English; RDB5401) (6/74/20), R-290/22/218 (6/55/39), and R-408A. The tested long-term replacements include CFC, HCFC, HFC, alternatives, refrigerant, ODP, R-404A, R-407A, R-407B, R-125/143a (45/55), GWP, TEWI, PAFT, AFEAS R-507A, and R-32/125/143a (10/45/45). The tables identify the discharge pressure and A. Matsui (Kobe Steel, Limited, Japan), As to Drop- temperature, energy rate, and capacity nor- In Test of R-32/125/134a in Screw Chiller, paper malized to data for R-502 with an alkylbenzene 3.1, Proceedings of the International Symposium on lubricant. Data are presented for R-502 with a R22 & R502 Alternative Refrigerants '94 - Per- polyolester lubricant and for R-22 with liquid in- formance Evaluations and Commercialization Issues jection and an alkylbenzene lubricant for com- for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment parison. The ambient and box temperatures, (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 December 1994), Japan based on tests following ARI Standard 1110-92, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Industry Associ- are indicated. The conclusions note that some of ation (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, 47-51, December 1994 the alternatives that may be acceptable for (5 pages with 10 figures and 1 table; in Japanese supermarket use are unacceptable for transport with abstract, figures, and table in English; RDB5410) refrigeration, due to their higher discharge temperatures. With redesign, the higher discharge This paper summarizes a drop-in performance pressures may be accommodated and modifi- test of R-32/125/134a (32/10/60) (sic, probably cations can improve the efficiency in most sys- 30/10/60) in a water-cooled chiller, with and tems. The paper also concludes that R-404A is without an economizer. The zeotropic hydro- the leading alternative from the standpoint of fluorocarbon (HFC) blend yielded a 10% lower performance, as confirmed by extended field coefficient of performance (COP) than R-22, at- trials. [The blend identified as R-290/22/218 tributed to degraded heat exchanger performance. (6/74/20) also is identified as R-403A in the paper; Plots show the chiller configuration, flow R-403A is R-290/22/218 (5/75/20). The blend schematic, compressor volumetric and adiabatic identified as R-290/22/218 (6/55/39 also is efficiency as functions of the entering identified as R-403B in the paper; R-403B is R- temperature, and the overall heat transfer coef- 290/22/218 (5/56/39).] ficients, heat fluxes, and superheat for the condenser and evaporator. Additional plots compare K. Marumoto and N. Nakagawa (Matsushita Refrig- the R-22 and blend capacities, input powers, and eration Company, Japan), Composition Shift of COPs as functions of the chilled water R32/125/134a in Multiple Air-Conditioning Sys- temperature both with and without a single-stage tem, paper 4.3, Proceedings of the International economizer. Ratios are tabulated for these data at Symposium on R22 & R502 Alternative Refrigerants 7 °C (45 °F). The economizer appears to increase '94 - Performance Evaluations and Commercializa- capacity and performance by 5.7 and 3.4%, tion Issues for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration respectively, with the blend and 3.4 and 1.7% with Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 December 1994), R-22. Japan Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, 88-93, Decem- M. Nakayama, H. Iijima, and Y. Tanimura (Mitsubishi ber 1994 (6 pages with 14 figures and 3 tables; in Electric Corporation, Japan), R32/125/134a Cycle Composition Change and its Effect on the Refrigerant Database Page 57

System Performance, paper 4.1, Proceedings of the compare the capacity and coefficients of per- International Symposium on R22 & R502 Alternative formance (COPs) for the two refrigerants as Refrigerants '94 - Performance Evaluations and functions of evaporating temperatures. A table Commercialization Issues for Air Conditioning and outlines the challenges of reducing the refrigerant Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 charge, minimizing leakage, and achieving December 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air-Con- operational safety and high efficiency. Three ditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, tables give the characteristics of the PAG, com- 79-83, December 1994 (5 pages with 10 figures and pare its solubility and fluidity to a naphthenic 1 table; in Japanese with abstract, figures, and tables mineral oil, and similarly compare effects on heat in English; RDB5416) transfer. Schematics show the canned-motor drive integration with a reciprocating-piston compressor This paper examines the performance changes in as well as the system. Tables describe the key an inverter-driven heat pump using R-407C. The component specifications and summarize key nominal 23% mass fraction was found to increase parameters for use in cold storage, food to 27.8% as surplus refrigerant was retained in processing, marine refrigeration, and air the accumulator, resulting in a 6% increase in conditioning. The paper describes the resulting heating capacity. The test facility is shown system as safe, environmentally friendly, and schematically and test conditions are tabulated. efficient. Plots show the composition shifts of the components with refrigerant accumulation. K. Oguni, K. Urata, and H. Matsushima (Hitachi Further plots show the changes in suction and Limited, Japan), Characteristics of Refrigeration discharge pressure as well as the capacity at both System Utilizing Refrigerant Mixture R32/125/- low and high speed heating operation, 30 and 90 134a, paper 4.2, Proceedings of the International Hz respectively, with accumulation. Capacity and Symposium on R22 & R502 Alternative Refrigerants coefficient of performance (COP) ratios are '94 - Performance Evaluations and Commercializa- plotted for increasing surplus refrigerant ratios for tion Issues for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration both the heating and cooling modes. Two final Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 December 1994), plots compare measured and predicted heating Japan Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Industry capacity and COP with changes in the circulating Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, 84-87, December R-32 fraction. 1994 (4 pages with 7 figures and 3 tables; in Japanese with abstract, figures, and tables in En- H. Namiki (Mayekawa Manufacturing Company, glish; RDB5417) Limited, Japan), The Trends in Ammonia for In- dustrial Refrigeration Plants, paper 3.3, Proceed- This paper outlines a capacity modulation method ings of the International Symposium on R22 & R502 by composition control using R-32/125/134a - a Alternative Refrigerants '94 - Performance Evalua- zeotropic blend to replace R-22 - in an air-to-air tions and Commercialization Issues for Air Condi- heat pump. The concept is based on alternate tioning and Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, Japan, storing of excess liquid refrigerant in the low and 8-9 December 1994), Japan Refrigeration and Air- high pressure sides of the refrigeration circuit. By Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, holding refrigerant on the low side, in the Japan, 57-62, December 1994 (6 pages with 4 fig- accumulator, the circulating refrigerant becomes ures and 12 tables; in Japanese with abstract, fig- richer in R-32. When stored in a receiver on the ures, and tables in English; RDB5412) high side, the R-32 fraction is decreased. Schematics show the refrigerant mixture phase This paper describes the development of a new equilibria with composition change, the basic industrial refrigeration system using R-717 (am- cycle on a pressure-enthalpy chart, and the monia) as the refrigerant. The development experimental equipment tested. The equipment objectives are noted as a system that is entirely specifications and test conditions are tabulated. leak proof, uses a minimum amount of refrigerant, Plots show the component changes in circulating and can be operated automatically. Key features refrigerant with accumulation and changes in of the new system are use of a polyalkylene refrigerant phase quality. Predicted and measured glycol (PAG) lubricant, a direct-expansion fractions are tabulated and the capacity, evaporator, and a compressor with a "canned coefficient of performance (COP) and discharge motor." Environmental and performance pressure shifts are plotted. The results show a advantages as well as safety concerns are cited 10% increase in COP for both heating and cooling for ammonia. A table summarizes the common with composition management. refrigerants and alternatives used in selected, large-scale industrial refrigeration systems along R. S. Ohling, Ammonia: The New/Old Refrigerant, with the applicable temperature ranges and ASHRAE Journal, 32(12):36-42, December 1994 (7 cooling media. Two further tables list the merits pages, RDB4B65) and concerns for ammonia and compare its properties with those of R-22. Plots Page 58 Refrigerant Database

R-717 projects will measure the flammability of marginally flammable refrigerants and develop S. R. Szymurski (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration test methods for flammability in equipment ap- Technology Institute, ARTI), Materials Compatibil- plications. A series of projects will evaluate the ity and Lubricants Research (MCLR) Program, potential of promising new compounds and paper 4.4, Proceedings of the International Sympo- transform materials compatibility test methods into sium on R22 & R502 Alternative Refrigerants '94 - national or international standards. The paper Performance Evaluations and Commercialization concludes that much has been accomplished by Issues for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration the MCLR program, but more work still remains. Equipment (Kobe, Japan, 8-9 December 1994), The research is jointly supported by a grant from Japan Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Industry the Department of Energy and cost sharing by the Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, Japan, 94-99, Decem- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI). ber 1994; republished as report DOE/CE/23810-49, ARTI, Arlington, VA, December 1994 (8 pages with 1 T. E. Watson (McQuay International), ASHRAE table, available from JMC as RDB5210) Standards and Alternative Refrigerants, paper 7.4, Proceedings of the International Symposium on R22 This paper highlights accomplishments of the & R502 Alternative Refrigerants '94 - Performance Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research Evaluations and Commercialization Issues for Air (MCLR) Program and outlines individual projects Conditioning and Refrigeration Equipment (Kobe, including new ones to be conducted in the final Japan, 8-9 December 1994), Japan Refrigeration and phase. It briefly reviews the introduction of Air-Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), Tokyo, alternative refrigerants, to replace those that Japan, 187-192, December 1994 (6 pages with 1 deplete the ozone layer, and the consequent re- figure and 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB5103) search needs to evaluate and test the new fluids. The paper outlines early projects to obtain This paper presents an overview of the ASHRAE thermophysical properties and equations of state standards for refrigerant and refrigeration safety. It (EOS), theoretical evaluations R-22 and R-502 also discusses potential changes to address alternatives, chemical and thermal stability of alternative refrigerants. The paper describes the refrigerants and lubricants, miscibility of lubricants role of Standard 34, Number Designation and in refrigerants, and compatibility with motor Safety Classification of Refrigerants, in providing materials, elastomers, and engineering plastics. an unambiguous numbering system and safety Two tables identify the property and compatibility classifications for refrigerants. It outlines this studies performed by refrigerant. The paper also classification system, illustrates the six safety cites three projects to develop accelerated groups in a matrix of increasing toxicity and screening methods for chemical and thermal flammability, and explains the dual classifications - stability, evaluate lubricant performance, predict as formulated and worst case of fractionation - for the life of motor materials, and investigate zeotropic blends. The paper then describes electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhancement of pool Standard 15, noting that the latest revision has and in-tube boiling of alternative refrigerants. been written in code language to accelerate its On-going research projects are identified for the adoption in building regulations. It notes that the current third phase. They include compatibility of requirements are based on three classifications, manufacturing process fluids with hydro- namely occupancy, system leak probability into fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and ester occupied space(s), and refrigerant safety (from lubricants, effects of lubricant additives on HFC Standard 34). A table summarizes application refrigerant stability, compatibility problems requirements based on these three classifications. resulting from the products of motor burnouts, and A second table indicates the maximum allowed investigation into the fractionation of refrigerant quantities without location of equipment in a blends. They also include investigation of flushing specified machinery room. The paper then and clean-out methods after motor burnout, discusses future considerations, identifying methods development for measuring and increased attention to acute toxicity of refrigerants. classifying flammability and combustibility of It also notes a coordinated effort between refrigerants, and thermophysical properties Standards 15 and 34 to make the latter the measurements for R-41, R-245ca, and a number definitive source of safety and property data for of binary and ternary blends. The paper outlines refrigerants and the former the standard for projects planned for the final phase, including application requirements. It discusses data needs those to determine system contaminant levels, and issues being addressed, including measure how the solubility and viscosity of thermodynamic property data, the definition of lubricants affect oil return, and investigate "azeotropic," refinement of flammability criteria, lubricant foaming characteristics. Two studies will and pressure relief valve examine compatibility and potential of R-245ca as a low-pressure refrigerant and assess its flammability risk. Two related Refrigerant Database Page 59

calculations for blends. Two tables illustrate the R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R- data for R-407C and proposed "f factors" for relief 507, R-508, and others for which information is valve sizing for R-22, R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, available, even though standard designations may R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, R-404A, not have been assigned yet. It also addresses R-405A, R-407C, R-502, and R-507A. mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It references documents on compatibility of November 1994 refrigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Copper in Air used in refrigerant circuits. The database is Conditioning and Refrigeration - Supplement to available in both a computerized version and as a the ARTI Refrigerant Database, report JMC/- listing in report form. The computerized version ARTI/CDA-9411D, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration includes the same citations and abstracts as the Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, and the report version plus 203 from a supplement on Copper Development Association (CDA), New York, copper in air conditioning and refrigeration, 216 for NY, November 1994 (44 pages, available from JMC superseded and historical documents, data as RDB4B15) summaries for 244 refrigerants (single compound and blends), and 33 tabular compatibility summaries for plastics and elastomers - a total of This document provides bibliographic citations for 2351 entries. It is accompanied by retrieval more than 200 publications that may be useful in software to facilitate searches for specific research, design, and application of information; the software enables searches for air-conditioning and refrigeration (ACR) equip- user-selected terms, or combinations of terms. It ment. Synopses of the content, materials ad- offers several automated features to simplify dressed, and key conclusions are provided for searches including optional prompting by search more than a third of these documents. This category, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms supplement to the Refrigerant Database in- and related terms, chain searches to broaden or creases the information provided, by focusing on narrow prior searches, and a "wildcard" capability the suitability of and application data for copper to allow entry of word segments. The software and copper alloys with refrigerants. The key also enables printing of selected citations, ab- concentration areas are application data, stracts, and data summaries as well as prepara- compatibility, and heat transfer (including surface tion of a document order lists. Both versions of the enhancement). An introduction outlines the database include instructions to obtain cited reasons copper is the preferred fabrication documents or subscriptions for updates to the material in many ACR components. A concluding database. section provides descriptions of both the Refrigerant Database and the Copper Data Center (CDC) database. R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, IRI), Compatibility of Manufacturing Process Fluids with HFC Refrigerants and Ester Lu- Refrigerant J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), bricants, report DOE/CE/23810-43, Air-Conditioning Database, report DOE/CE/23810-48F, Air-Condi- and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute Arlington, VA, November 1994 (38 pages with 4 (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 30 November 1994 (268 missing figures and 13 tables, available from JMC as pages, available from JMC as RDB4B70) RDB5650)

This document provides bibliographic citations for This report introduces a project to compile a list of 1871 publications that may be useful in research, and evaluate the process fluids used in the design, and application of air-conditioning and manufacture of compressors and other compo- refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, nents for air-conditioning and refrigeration materials addressed, and key conclusions are equipment. The objective is to develop guidelines provided for approximately a third of these for selection of those that are compatible with documents. The database identifies sources of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, polyolester (POE) lubricants. The report presents R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, a partial list and discuses an analytical R-152a, R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), methodology in terms of observed immiscibility in R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 HFC/POE solutions. The list includes brazing (ammonia), ethers, and others as well as fluxes, cleaning agents, degreasers, detergents, azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. coolants, iron phosphatizers, processing and These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R- assembly lubricants, rust inhibitors, rust pre- 401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, ventatives, sealants, and other compounds. R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R-408A, R-409A, R-410A, R-411A, R-411B, R-500, Page 60 Refrigerant Database

The report also lists seven replacements for se- lighting their objectives and results. Those un- lected materials that are no longer sold. derway will measure thermophysical properties of one single-compound and nine blends as HCFC J. Kosko, Fact Sheet: Energy Performance of alternatives; measure the viscosity, density, and Ternary Refrigerant Mixtures, press release, Na- solubility for three azeotropic and zeotropic blends tional Bureau of Standards (NBS), Gaithersburg, to replace R-22 and R-502; and obtain MD, 29 November 1984 (2 pages, available from compatibility data on 16 desiccants with 13 JMC as RDB1209) refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Three others will examine the compatibility of 52 manufacturing This press release summarizes research of the process fluids with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) characteristics and performance of refrigerant refrigerants and two ester lubricants, motor mixtures in heat pumps. It indicates a general materials with alternative refrigerants and finding that blends can increase the heating effi- lubricants for retrofit, and products resulting from ciency of a conventional, residential heat pump by motor burnouts. The report also summarizes as much as 30%. The bulletin outlines the history projects to develop accelerated screening and test and sponsorship of this work. It also discusses methods to predict lubricant performance in property measurements and computer programs compressors, the life of motor materials exposed developed to assist manufacturers in blend to refrigerant-lubricant mixtures, and chemical and evaluations. It then reports on a specific thermal stability of refrigerant lubricant mixtures. evaluation, performed at the request of the U.S. Four others will develop alternative flushing and Department of Energy (DOE), of R-22/12/142b. clean-out methods, investigate the fractionation of This ternary zeotropic blend is commercially refrigerant blends, develop methods to measure identified as "R-176". The press release outlines and classify the flammability and combustibility of two laboratory tests to measure heating and refrigerants, and a new project to locate and cooling capacity and efficiency. It reports that the consolidate information on the toxicity of heating and cooling capacities, total of sensible alternative refrigerants. It outlines a continuing and latent for the latter, were 40-45% less for project to collect and facilitate dissemination of R-22/12/142b than with R-22. The efficiencies data, through development and administration of were found to be 10-24% and 5-13% lower for the ARTI Refrigerant Database. The progress heating and cooling, respectively. The bulletin report summarizes completed projects to measure concludes with discussion of the reasons thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, R-124, identified for these findings, attributed to the lower R-125, R-143a, and R-152a; model the perfor- heat of vaporization per unit volume of vapor for mance and key operating parameters of 12 po- "R-176." It notes that in certain systems, tential alternatives for R-22 and R-502; test the particularly those with undersized heat chemical and thermal stability of refrigerant-lu- exchangers, some increase in efficiency may be bricant mixtures with metals; measure the mis- observed. cibility of lubricants with refrigerants; measure the viscosity, density, and solubility for 38 re- S. R. Szymurski, M. Hawley, G. C. Hourahan, and D. frigerant-lubricant mixtures; provide information on S. Godwin, Materials Compatibility and Lubri- the compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with cants Research on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, motor materials, elastomers, and engineering report DOE/CE/23810-48, Air-Conditioning and plastics; and investigate electrohydrodynamic Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, (EHD) enhancement of pool and in tube boiling of VA, November 1994 (94 pages with 14 figures and alternative refrigerants. This program summary 25 tables, available from JMC as RDB5101) also identifies the research contractors and reports prepared for individual projects. Tables and figures This progress report summarizes the status and illustrate significant findings of selected projects, key findings of the Materials Compatibility and including test data on 16 molecular sieves, Lubricant Research (MCLR) Program. The pro- schematics and measurements for the stability test gram supports critical research to accelerate method, miscibility of lubricants with ten introduction of substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, and refrigerant-lubricant viscosity, (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) solubility, and density correlations; sample Daniel refrigerants. Primary elements include data charts are included. Two figures compare the collection and dissemination, materials modelled performance of alternative refrigerants to compatibility testing, and methods development. the capacities and efficiencies of R-22 and R-502. This work is jointly funded under a grant from the The equations of state developed for R-32, R-123, Office of Building Technology of the U.S. R-124, R-125, R-143a, and R-152a are Department of Energy and cost sharing by the summarized. A table indicates the relative swelling air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. The of 17 elastomer groups in refrigerants and program began in September 1991 and will run lubricants. through September 1996. The report provides descriptions for each of 24 projects, high- Refrigerant Database Page 61

Addendum to Number Designation and Safety cluding thermal decomposition, stability with Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE metals and refrigeration lubricants, stability with Standard 34a-34j (Addenda to ANSI/ASHRAE 34- foam chemicals, and concerns if mixed with R-12. 1992), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, It then addresses compatibility with plastics, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, elastomers, desiccants, and refrigeration lubri- GA, November 1994 (10 pages with 3 tables, RDB- cants. A table summarizes compatibility with 4B71) plastics including ABS polymer (Kralastic®), acetal (DuPont Delrin®), acrylic (Lucite®), cell- This cumulative addendum combines addenda a ulosic (Ethocel®), epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene through j to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992 (PTFE, DuPont Teflon®), ETFE (Tefzel®), PVDF, (see RDB2909). The addenda add safety classi- ionomer (Surlyn®), nylon 6/6 polyamide (DuPont fications of "A1 provisional" for R-124 and R-125, Zytel®), polyarylate (Arylon®), polycarbonate "A1" for R-218, "A2" for R-32, and remove the (Tuffak®), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT, GE "provisional" status of prior classifications for R- Valox®), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, DuPont 123 and R-134a. "Provisional" classifications will Rynite®), polyetherimide (GE Ultem®), be reviewed when toxicological testing is com- polyethylene-HD (Alathon®), polyphenylene oxide pleted. The addenda also add designations for (PPE, GE Noryl®), polyphenylene sulfide R-401A, R-401B, R-401C, R-402A, R-402B, R- (Ryton®), polypropylene, polystyrene (Styron®), 403A, R-403B, R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, polysulfone (Polysufone®), and polyvinyl chloride R-407A, and R-407B. Formulation tolerances and (PVC and CPVC). Tabular summaries also are safety classifications, both "as formulated" and for provided for R-134a compatibility with a urethane the "worst case of fractionation", are indicated for rubber (Uniroyal Adiprene® L), Buna N, Buna S, each of them. A new azeotrope, R-507A, con- butyl rubber, synthetic rubber (DuPont Hypalon® sisting of R-125/143a (50/50) is recognized and 48), natural rubber, neoprene W, hydrocarbon assigned a safety classification of A1. The ad- rubber (DuPont Nordel®), silicone rubber, dendum revises the chemical names listed for 13 polysulfide rubber (Thiokol® FA), and refrigerants to be consistent with the nomen- fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton® A). These clature convention of the International Union of summaries indicate changes in length, weight, Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and in- Shore A hardness, elasticity, and appearance cludes the text of an earlier errata notice on after exposures at 25 and 80 °C (77 and 176 °F). flammability classifications. The addenda change A table summarizes permeation through two subsections of the standard. The first elastomeric hoses made of nylon, Hypalon 48, provides for serial letter suffixes to differentiate and two nitriles with identified liners, among zeotropes with the same components (i.e., reinforcement, and covers. Solubility data are the same basic number). The second removes provided for R-134a in unidentified naphthenic the distinction between azeotropic and zeotropic and paraffinic mineral oils, dialkylbenzene, refrigerant blends as regards assignment of dual alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), and safety classifications for the "as formulated" and ester lubricants. Safety data are then presented "worst case of fractionation" conditions. This including a review of inhalation toxicity, cardiac second change provides for future assignment of sensitization, responses to spills or leaks, and skin safety classifications for the "worst case of and eye contact. Flammability data, exposure fractionation" for azeotropes. A foreword monitors, and leak detection are discussed as are summarizes the changes. storage, handling, and shipping. The bulletin concludes with discussion of recovery, DuPont HFC-134a: Properties, Uses, Storage and reclamation, recycling, and disposal. Handling, bulletin P134a (H-45945-2, 233264C), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, November 1994 October 1994 (32 pages with 10 figures and 20 tables, RDB6739) J. J. Beall (Calpine Corporation), M. C. Adams This document provides extensive application (University of Utah Research Institute), and P. N. information for R-134a. It reviews identifiers and Hirtz (Thermochem, Incorporated), R-13 Tracing of potential uses, shows an infrared spectrum for Injection in the Geysers, Transactions, Geothermal laboratory analyses, compares theoretical per- Resources Council, 18:151-159, October 1994 (9 formance to R-12, and summarizes physical pages with 9 figures and 1 table, RDB8B32) properties as well as flammability, environmental, and toxicity indices. Plots of solubility in water, field tests of R-13 to map flow paths in hydroge- pressure-temperature relationships, and vapor ological studies; differences in recovery rates thermal conductivity are included. Pres- between low- and high-pressure reservoirs and sure-enthalpy diagrams, in both inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units, are provided. The bulletin reviews chemical and thermal stability data, in- Page 62 Refrigerant Database

those with low and high liquid saturation; sug- to explain the model. The results are discussed gests that R-13 stays in solution until boiling oc- and illustrated with plots of temperature, tank size, curs; consequent detection of high R-13 con- and discharge rate effects. Mass loss, centrations identifies wells with potential to pro- temperature, and composition plots are included duce high injection-derived steam rates; notes for representative cases. A schematic illustrates that R-12 displayed significant decay in the the sampling approach used for verification. The geothermal field, but that R-13 showed little or report then summarizes modeling of fractionation none; also notes that the R-12 decay was re- within components for a typical heat pump; the duced for some conditions, possibly movement model currently addresses the evaporator, outside an oxidized zone surrounding the injec- condenser, compressor, and expansion valve. tion well or other geochemical conditions Eight plots show predicted internal fractionation for these components during start-up and at J. Berghmans (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Bel- steady state, assuming 0, 50, and 100% of gium), Working Fluid Safety, report HPP-AN20-1, maximum glide and for a system with half the International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump initial refrigerant charge for 0% glide. Preparations Centre (HPC), Sittard, The Netherlands, October for verification measurements are noted. 1994 (162 pages, rdb6B04) Presentation charts on the objectives, deliverables, and schedule are appended. flammability and other hazards from use of refrigerants R. G. Doerr and T. D. Waite (The Trane Company), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with F. R. Biancardi (United Technologies Research Motor Materials Under Retrofit Conditions, report Center, UTRC), Investigation into the Fractiona- DOE/CE/23810-48B, Air-Conditioning and tion of Refrigerant Blends, report DOE/CE/- Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, 23810-48D (also identified as UTRC R94-970566-2), VA, 19 October 1994 (16 pages with 2 tables, avail- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- able from JMC as RDB4C17) stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1994 (38 pages with 20 figures, available from JMC as RDB- This progress report introduces a study of the 5256) compatibility of materials used in motors, for hermetic compressors, with refrigerants and lu- This report summarizes the progress of research bricants under retrofit conditions. The assessment to investigate composition changes in refrigerant is distinguished from a related study (see blends. The project entails four technical tasks RDB3857, RDB3858, and RDB3859) by expo- addressing lubricant solubility effects, sures first to "old" refrigerant-oil mixtures and then fractionation effects from successive charges, to alternative refrigerant-lubricants mixtures. The fractionation within system components, and sequential, 500-hour exposures simulate the fractionation during leaks. The report describes a effects of retrofit. The report identifies the model based on nonideal, Wohl solution theory to materials used, test procedures, and sample assess lubricant-solubility effects. Published data evaluations and quantities. It summarizes the and measurements of R-32/134a (25/75) with a status of the work, recommendations for further polyolester (POE) lubricant (Castrol lcematic(R) tests, and significant results. Testing was per- SW68) at 40 and 90% refrigerant by weight at formed in accordance with UL Standard 2171. The 21-38 °C (70-100 °F) were used to validate the old and retrofit combinations were R-11/paraffinic model. The binary activity coefficients, predicted mineral oil (MO, Penreco Sontex 300LT) and vapor pressures, and experimental and measured R-123/mineral oil (same), R-12/naphthenic MO (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS) and R-134a/polyolester vapor pressures are plotted. The report notes that (R) (R) (R) the model is less accurate at low refrigerant con- (POE, CPI Solest 68), R-502/MO (Suniso centrations, and that extrapolation of the results 3GS) and R-404A/POE branched acid (Castrol Icematic(R) SW32), and R-22/MO (Suniso(R) 3GS) for other blends will require further work not in the (TM) present project. The report then outlines analyses and R-407C/POE mixed acids (ICI Emkarate of fractionation based on both an isothermal, RL 32H). The magnet wire insulations tested were static equilibrium model for a liquid leak and a a modified polyester base overcoated with more rigorous, dynamic simulation model. The polyamide imide (Phelps Dodge Armored former is described as similar to the effects of Poly-Thermaleze 2000), a polyester imide equipment charging from a storage tank in an overcoated with polyamide-imide (Phelps Dodge / assembly line. A sample mass loss and a Schenectady Chemical), and a modified polyester composition plot are shown. The transient model base overcoated with polyamide imide and epoxy addresses heat transfer, tank geometry, tank saturated glass (Phelps Dodge Armored materials, external cooling, and operating Poly-Thermaleze Daglass 2000). The varnishes temperature. A schematic and corresponding included thermal circuit diagram are provided Refrigerant Database Page 63

a water-base epoxy phenolic (Schenectady Iso- tail the crush strength results and the acid ion and poxy(R) 800), a solvent epoxy phenolic (P. D. gas chromatographic analyses. The 16 desiccants George 923), and a solvent epoxy (Sterling(R) U- include samples from two suppliers for each of 475 EH). The sheet insulations tested were a eight types, namely: 3Å and 4Å molecular sieves, (R) standard polyester film (DuPont Mylar 900 MO), alumina, silica gel, and four core types. They (R) a low oligomer polyester film (ICI Melinex 228), include 10-25% molecular sieve and alumina with a polyester composite (Westinghouse (R) carbon and 15-30% molecular sieve and alumina Dacron-Mylar-Dacron ), an aramid fiber mat without carbon, each with type 3Å and 4Å (DuPont Nomex(R) 410 10 mil), an aramid fiber (R) molecular sieves. The lubricants include a mica mat (DuPont Nomex Mica 418), and an naphthenic mineral oil (MO), alkylbenzene (AB), aramid mat, polyester film composite and two classes of polyolester (POE) lubricants - (Westinghouse Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(R)). The pentaerythritol ester branched acid (POE-BA) and spiral-wrapped sleevings tested were a polyester film (Insulations Sales Mylar(R)) and an aramid pentaerythritol ester mixed acid (POE-MA). mat, polyester film composite (Insulations Sales Compatibility data are being obtained for each of Nomex-Mylar(R)). The lead wires tested were a the desiccants with 13 refrigerant-lubricant polyester composite (A. O. Smith Da- combinations: R-11, R-12, R-22, and R-123 with cron-Mylar-Dacron(R)) and a polyester, fluoro- MO; R-32, R-125, and R-134a with both POE-BA polymer composite (A. O. Smith Dacron-Teflon- and POE-MA; R-124 with AB; R-143a with Dacron(R)). Other materials tested were a poly- POE-BA; and R-152a with AB (or with POE-MA). ester tie cord (Ludlow Textiles); braided polyester, The progress report provides detailed results for acrylic binder assembly tape; and polyester mat 11 of the 13 combinations; the R-11 and R-123 assembly tape. The tests performed to date tests with mineral oil are excluded. It also presents generally found the materials exposed to be a number of conclusions: Addition of 1000 ppm compatible. Concerns are noted with embrittle- moisture produces no significant difference. The ment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet desiccant solid phase contains most of the and sleeving insulation as well as delamination chloride and fluoride ions for molecular sieves, but and blistering of the Nomex sheet insulation in not always with alumina and silica gel desiccants. R-12, R-22, and R-502. Also, the solvent epoxy All of the desiccants tested contained chloride, varnish separated from the metal surface in R- fluoride, and - for most - sulfate and other ions 123, possibly due to the condition of the metal when received, and they do not perform as well in surface. retaining organic anions as they do for inorganic anions. The crush strength was reduced J. E. Field (Spauschus Associates, Incorporated), approximately 20% after aging. None of the Sealed Tube Comparisons of the Compatibility of desiccants tested are compatible with R-32, and Desiccants with Refrigerants and Lubricants, report DOE/CE/23810-48C, Air-Conditioning and steel corrosion seems to be prevalent with the Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, core-type desiccants. VA, October 1994 (98 pages with 67 tables, available from JMC as RDB5102) R. Hawley-Fedder (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL), Products of Motor Burnout, This progress report presents the interim findings report UCRL-ID-118670, LLNL, Livermore, CA, 21 of a study to determine the compatibility of October 1994; republished as report DOE/CE/- desiccants with refrigerant-lubricant combinations, 23810-48E, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration using sealed-tube tests with aluminum, copper, Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 21 Oc- and steel catalysts. The report generically tober 1994 (12 pages with 1 figure, available from identifies the test materials, outlines the JMC as RDB5211) preparation and analysis methods, and summarizes the desiccant specifications. The moisture This progress report introduces a new project to content and contaminants of the refrigerants identify and quantify the products of motor failures specimens and the moisture content, total acid in hermetic and semihermetic refrigeration number (TAN), and ion content of the lubricants compressors. The study also will assess their are tabulated. A table for each desiccant sum- corrosive effects on power-supply terminals, marizes findings before and after aging, with both evaluate the efficacy of current clean-up proce- 50 and 1000 ppm of added moisture. These dures, and assess whether hydrofluorocarbon results include liquid and desiccant colors, copper (HFC) refrigerants will increase or decrease the plating, solids formation, steel corrosion, crush incidence of motor burn-outs. The report outlines strength, fraction of reacted refrigerant based on initial steps to design a test cell, acquire materials, gas chromatography, TAN, fluoride and chloride process safety documentation, and perform a ion content in the liquid phase and retained in the literature search. Few articles were found on desiccant, and organic acid retained in the thermal stability of refrigerants; 18 ci- desiccant. Additional tables de- Page 64 Refrigerant Database

tations are listed of which most address pyrolysis, CFC-12 in Mobile Air Conditioning Systems, un- reactions in the upper atmosphere, or kinetics. published presentation (International CFC and Halon The report identifies the ARTI Refrigerant Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 24-26 Database as "the most useful source of informa- October 1994), Intermagnetics General Corporation, tion on thermal decomposition" of hydrochloro- Latham, NY, 1994 (6 pages with 5 figures and 4 fluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants. The references tables, RDB4C58) found in it are described, but not listed. The report also outlines a test stand designed for testing at R-134a/124/600, thermodynamic properties, elevated temperatures, up to 200 °C (392 °F). It environmental considerations, toxicology, flam- shows a schematic of the proposed test stand mability, compatibility, hose permeation, lubri- and identifies future work. cants, performance, commercialization plan

W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and T. Sato, H. Kiyoura, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of University, Japan), PVTX Properties of the Binary HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-48A, Difluoromethane Plus 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- System, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1994 (10 39(4):855-858, October 1994 (4 pages, rdb8C53) pages with 2 figures, available from JMC as RDB- 4B08) measurements of the pressure-volume-temperature-composition (PVTx) properties of R-32/134a This interim report summarizes progress in blends with a constant-volume apparatus and an measuring primary thermodynamic data for seven expansion procedure; presents 260 sets of PVTx binary and one ternary blends as potential data for 47-167 °C (116-332 °F), pressures of replacements for R-22 or R-502. They include 1.5-6.2 MPa (218-900 psia), and densities of 3 3 R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R- 61-183 kg/m (3.8-11.4 lb/ft ) 125/134a, R-125/143a, R-125/290, R-143a/134a, and R-290/134a. Measurements also are being N. D. Smith (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, made for R-41 and R-41/744 as potential EPA), A. S. Ng, M. W. Tufts, A. M. Drago, and K. replacements for R-13. The work consists of Ratanaphruks (Acurex Environmental Corporation), simultaneous measurements of the coexisting Evaluation of HFC-245fa as a Potential Alternative vapor and liquid compositions as well as the for R-11 in Low-Pressure Chillers, Stratospheric bubble point pressures over a wide range of Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the densities and compositions. These data will be International CFC and Halon Alternatives used to determine the mixing parameters, in- Conference, Washington, DC, 24-26 October 1994), cluding any temperature and/or composition Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, dependence, for the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis Arlington, VA, 894-901, October 1994 (8 pages with 4 (CSD) equation of state and an extended cor- figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as responding states (ECS) model. The R-41 mea- RDB5805) surements will address vapor pressure; liquid density; liquid, two-phase, and ideal gas heat R-245fa, R-245ca, R-11, R-123, thermophysical capacities; vapor sound speed and virial coeffi- properties, chiller performance modeling, flam- cients; and the critical point parameters. The mability, miscibility, stability, materials compati- report describes preparatory steps to obtain bility, atmospheric stability, global warming po- sample cylinders and valves, for a comprehensive tential (GWP) gas chromatographic (GC) calibration procedure, as well as high purity refrigerant samples. It Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United outlines prior measurements of vapor liquid States, 1987-1992, report DOE/EIA-0573, Energy equilibrium (VLE) data for R-32/134a and Information Administration, U.S. Department of En- R-32/125, and compares new VLE and coexisting ergy, Washington, DC, October 1994 (146 pages density apparatus to those previously used. with 10 figures and 57 tables, available from GPO as Schematics show the old and new apparatus. document 1994-386-802/00033, limited copies available from JMC as RDB4B69) W. L. Martz and A. M. Jacobi, Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures and Local Composition Modeling, report estimated emissions in the USA of carbon dioxide TR-68, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Center (R-744), methane (R-50), nitrous oxide (R-744A), (ACRC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, halocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride (R-7146), criteria Urbana, IL, October 1994 (rdb5B24) pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds, VOCs), refrigerant-lubricant properties and other greenhouse gases: the halocarbons addressed include R-10 (carbon tetrachloride), C. S. Munday, B. Yudin, and R. Stephenson, R-11, R-12, R-12B1 FRIGC™ FR-12 Refrigerant, A Replacement for Refrigerant Database Page 65

(halon 1211), R-13B1 (halon 1301), R-14, R-20 the efficiency and operating parameters of the (chloroform), R-22, R-23, R-30 (methylene chlo- blend with R-12, R-22, R-134a, and R-502. The ride), R-113, R-114, R-115, R-116, R-123, R-124, blend is recommended as an alternative for R-12, R-134a, R-140a (methyl chloroform), R-141b, R- R-22, and R-502. The authors identify it as 142b, and R-152a; the halocarbon data are pre- "R-507" [a designation assigned to R-125/143a sented individually and collectively for the bro- (50/50) by ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34]. [See mofluorocarbon (BFC, halon), chlorofluorocarbon discussion by P. E. Liley (Purdue University and (CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), hydro- by J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant) in Letters fluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC) to the Editor, International Journal of Re- groups; depending on the substance, data cover frigeration (IJR), 19(2):147, February 1996.] the period from 1987 through 1993; estimated emissions are from all uses - refrigerant Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, components are a small fraction of the total; Radiative Forcing of Climate Change 1994 - report identifies the data sources, conversion Report to IPCC from the Scientific Assessment methods, and limitations Working Group (WGI) - Summary for Policymakers, document IPCC-X/Doc3 Part I, edited September 1994 by J. T. Houghton and L. G. Meira Filho, IPCC Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, September 1994 (44 E. Bas, Miami Campus Cools with Ammonia pages with 15 figures and 5 tables, RDB4B13) District System, Engineered Systems, 11(9):65, 66, and 68, September 1994 (3 pages with 1 figure, consensus global warming potential (GWP) val- RDB5450) ues R-717, application E. B. Muir (Copeland Corporation), HFC Replace- ments for R-22, CFCs, the Day After (proceedings of A. Bensafi and G. G. Haselden (University of Leeds, the IIR meeting, Padova, Italy, 21-23 September UK), Wide-Boiling Refrigerant Mixtures for Ener- 1994), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), gy Savings, International Journal of Refrigeration Paris, France, 249-258, September 1994 (10 pages, (IJR), 17(7):469-474, September 1994; republished RDB6862) in Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration, London, UK, November 1994 (6 pages with 5 figures R-407C, R-410A, and others and 2 tables, RDB4A08)

R-22/142b (50/50), R-23/134a (18/82), R-23/- August 1994 125/134a (15/5/80) and (15/25/60), R-23/32/- 125/134a (10/15/15/60) and (20/10/10/60), R- J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant 32/134a (35/65) Database, report DOE/CE/23810-42E, Air-Condi- tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), G. K. Lavrenchenko, M. G. Khmelnuk, G. Ya. Ruvin- Arlington, VA, 31 August 1994 (236 pages, available skij, and S. V. Iljushenko (Institute of Energy Con- from JMC as RDB4894) version Systems, Ukraine), Thermodynamic Prop- erties of a New Refrigerant: A Binary Azeotrope This document provides bibliographic citations for Based on R152a and R218, International Journal of 1531 publications that may be useful in research, Refrigeration (IJR), 17(7):461-468, September 1994 design, and application of air-conditioning and (8 pages with 3 tables and 9 figures, RDB4A07) refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, materials addressed, and key conclusions are This article presents data on the phase equilib- provided for approximately a third of these rium and thermal properties of a binary azeotrope documents. The database identifies sources of of R-152a and R-218, R-218/152a, in the range of specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, -70 to 40 °C (-94 to 104 °F) up to 2000 kPa (290 R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, psia). Liquid-liquid coexistence curves and R-152a, R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), equilibrium isotherms, as functions of the R-218 R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 concentration, are plotted. An equation of state (ammonia), ethers, and others as well as (EOS), in polynomial form, and pressure-enthalpy azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. (Mollier) diagram are presented. Saturation These blends include R-400, R-401A, R-401B, R- properties (temperature, pressure, latent heat of 401C, R-402A, R-402B, R-403A, R-403B, vaporization, and liquid and vapor density, R-404A, R-405A, R-406A, R-407A, R-407B, enthalpy, and entropy) are tabulated for -50 to 70 R-407C, R-408A, R-409A, R-410A, R-411A, °C (-58 to 158 °F). The paper provides detailed R-411B, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, tabular comparisons of R-505, R-506, R-507, and others for which information is available, even though standard designations may Page 66 Refrigerant Database

not have been assigned yet. It also addresses gram and standards applied to assure the purity of mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol refrigerants and lubricants tested. Six sections (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other lubricants. It describe the purpose and use for each method; references documents on compatibility of re- the nature of the tests; test materials, procedures, frigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, conditions, apparatus, and analyses; measured or elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials observed parameters; and reporting. Each section used in refrigerant circuits. The database is concludes with pertinent references on the available in both a computerized version and as a experimental materials and methods. listing in report form. The computerized version includes the same citations and abstracts as the S. R. Szymurski, M. Hawley, G. C. Hourahan, and D. report version plus 156 from a supplement on S. Godwin, Materials Compatibility and Lubricants copper in air conditioning and refrigeration, 173 Research on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report for superseded and historical documents, data DOE/CE/23810-42, Air-Conditioning and Refrig- summaries for 210 individual refrigerants and eration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, blends, and 33 tabular compatibility summaries August 1994 (84 pages with 14 figures and 17 tables, for plastics and elastomers - a total of 2103 available from JMC as RDB4A21) entries. It is accompanied by retrieval software to facilitate searches for specific information; the This progress report summarizes the status and software enables searches for user selected key findings of the Materials Compatibility and terms, or combinations of terms. It offers several Lubricant Research (MCLR) Program. The pro- automated features to simplify searches including gram supports critical research to accelerate optional prompting by search category, an introduction of substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior refrigerants. Primary elements include data searches, and a "wildcard" capability to allow collection and dissemination, materials entry of word segments. The software also compatibility testing, and methods development. enables printing of selected citations, abstracts, This work is jointly funded under a grant from the and data summaries as well as preparation of a Office of Building Technology of the U.S. document order lists. Both versions of the Department of Energy and cost sharing by the database include instructions to obtain cited air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. The documents or subscriptions for updates to the program began in September 1991 and will run database. through September 1995; a decision to continue through September 1996 is pending. The report D. A. Fisher (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, provides descriptions for each of 23 projects, USA) and P. M. Midgley (M&D Consulting, highlighting their objectives and results. Those Germany), Uncertainties in the Calculation of underway will measure thermophysical properties Atmospheric Releases of Chlorofluorocarbons, of ten HCFC alternatives; measure the viscosity, Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), 99(D8):- density, and solubility for three azeotropic and 16,643-16,659, 20 August 1994 (7 pages with 5 fig- zeotropic blends to replace R-22 and R-502; and ures and 1 table, RDB5502) obtain compatibility data on 16 desiccants with 13 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Three others will R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, produc- examine the compatibility of manufacturing tion and emission data process fluids with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and ester lubricants, motor materials M. Hawley, Documentation of Newly Developed with the alternative refrigerants and lubricants for Methods to Assess Material Compatibility in retrofit, and products resulting from motor Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Applications, burnouts. The report also summarizes projects to report DOE/CE/23810-47, Air-Conditioning and develop accelerated screening and test methods Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, to predict lubricant performance in compressors, VA, August 1994 (50 pages with 6 figures and 6 ta- the life of motor materials exposed to bles, available from JMC as RDB6B02) refrigerant-lubricant mixtures, and chemical and thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. This document summarizes the experimental Three others will develop alternative flushing and methods used in tests performed for the ARTI clean out methods, investigate the fractionation of Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research refrigerant blends, and develop methods to mea- Program (MCLR). The methods addressed were sure and classify the flammability and com- used to investigate the miscibility of alternative bustibility of refrigerants. It outlines a continuing refrigerant candidates and associated lubricants; project to collect and facilitate dissemination of their stability in the presence of metals, and their data, through development and administration compatibility with desiccants, elastomers, plastics, and motor materials. The introduction briefly summarizes the MCLR Pro- Refrigerant Database Page 67

of the ARTI Refrigerant Database. The progress This article reviews requirements for record report summarizes completed projects to mea- keeping, system maintenance and monitoring, and sure thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, refrigerant safety and handling, including training R-124, R-125, R-143a, and R-152a; model the of personnel. The discussion of record keeping performance and key operating parameters of 12 centers on compliance with regulations potential alternatives for R-22 and R-502; test the promulgated in May 1993, pursuant to Section chemical and thermal stability of refrigerant 608 of the U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments. Six lubricant mixtures with metals; measure the top record types are listed, namely those covering miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants; measure service, maintenance, repair, or disposal; copies the viscosity, density, and solubility for 38 of service invoices; and indications of the refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; provide information quantities of appliances serviced, maintained, on the compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants repaired, or disposed. They also include records with motor materials, elastomers, and engineering of the amount of refrigerant used, recovered, or plastics; and investigate electrohydrodynamic recycled; the equipment used to recover or (EHD) enhancement of pool and in tube boiling of recycle refrigerants; and of other methods used to alternative refrigerants. This program summary prevent releases into the atmosphere. The article also identifies the research contractors and summarizes guidelines for maintenance and reports prepared for individual projects. Tables monitoring, dominantly focusing on the and figures illustrate significant findings of recommendations of ASHRAE Guideline 3-1990. selected projects, including test data on ten It identifies parameters to be checked and logged molecular sieves in refrigerants and lubricants, routinely. Turning to safety, the article outlines schematics and measurements for the stability training requirements and identifies test method, miscibility of lubricants with ten responsibilities for maintenance managers. The refrigerants, and refrigerant-lubricant viscosity, latter include providing a safe workplace, solubility, and density correlations. Two figures compliance with laws, and attention to the compare the modelled performance of alternative interests of facility owners. The article stresses the refrigerants to the capacities and efficiencies of importance of regulatory and code compliance as R-22 and R-502. The equations of state well as attention to safety in improving the developed for R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, environment. R-143a, and R-152a are summarized and the relative swelling of 17 elastomer groups in re- E. Baskin and R. B. Berry (U.S. Environmental frigerants and lubricants is tabulated. Protection Agency), The Performance of Hydro- carbons in a Household Refrigerator/Freezer, R. E. Tapscott, S. R. Skaggs (University of New Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration Mexico), and D. Dierdorf (Pacific Scientific), Per- Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. fluoroalkyl Iodides and Other New-Generation Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Halon Replacements, Halon Replacements, 237-244, July 1994 (8 pages with 2 figures and 7 Technology and Science (208th National Meeting, tables, RDB4829) Washington, DC, 21-25 August 1994), ACS Sympo- sium Series 611, American Chemical Society (ACS), R-290/600a, propane/isobutane Washington, DC, chapter 14, 151-160, 1995 (10 pages with 3 tables, RDB6208) F. R. Biancardi (United Technologies Research Center, UTRC), Investigation into the Fractiona- screening of potential halon replacements with tion of Refrigerant Blends, report DOE/CE/- emphasis on fluoroiodocarbons (FICs) R-13I1, 23810-42C (also identified as UTRC R94-970566-1), R-217bal1, and R-217cal1; carbonyl compounds, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- alcohols, alkenes, ethers, aromatics, amines, stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1994 (18 pages phosphonitriles, and silicon derivates; ozone with 6 figures, available from JMC as RDB5255) depletion and global warming potential; toxicity, cardiac sensitization; use as fire suppressants This progress report introduces a research project to investigate composition changes in refrigerant July 1994 blends. The work includes analysis and laboratory tests, developing approaches or techniques to M. M. Bagaman (Southland Industries Services predict fractionation or to overcome it, and Company, SISCO), After CFCs: What a Change- conveying the results to industry. The project over Means for Maintenance, Maintenance Solu- entails four technical tasks addressing lubricant tions, 10 and 12, July/August 1994 (2 pages, RDB- solubility effects, fractionation effects from 5126) successive charges, fractionation within system components, and fractionation during leaks. The report briefly summarizes a project review and appends presentation charts on the objectives, deliverables, and schedule. It Page 68 Refrigerant Database

then outlines progress on model development, database by showing how searches are per- citing examination based on both solution theory formed. It also describes the manual, or report, and an equation of state (NIST REFPROP). version. It then describes refrigerant summaries, Mixtures of R-32/134a (25/75) with two poly- approximately 100 [now more than 200] of which olester (POE) lubricants (Castrol Icematic® SW68 are incorporated into the database. Two tables and Mobil EAL Arctic® 32), are being used for the present refrigerant identifications, safety study. A calculated pressure-temperature plot is classifications, environmental data, and physical provided for R-134a with 0, 70, 80, and 90% property data from the database for 88 of the most POE; experimental data at 0 and 91% lubricant common refrigerants. The tabular data include the are shown for verification. Analysis of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34 designation, fractionation is outlined, based on both an chemical name and formula, flammability limits, isothermal, static equilibrium model for a liquid safety group, ozone depletion potential (ODP), leak and a more rigorous, dynamic simulation global warming potential (GWP), molecular mass, model that addresses heat transfer, tank geom- freezing point, normal boiling point, and critical etry, tank materials, external cooling, and oper- parameters (temperature, pressure, and density). ating temperature. Sample mass loss and The focus of the database and its sponsorship by composition plots are shown for both the static ARTI, under a grant from the U.S. Department of and transient model; temperature plots are in- Energy (DOE), are outlined. cluded for the latter. Examination of fractionation within components is outlined based on model R. Camporese, S. Bobbo (Consiglio Nazionale della development, by adapting the UTRC READER Ricerche, CNR, Italy), and F. Rozza (Necchi Com- model, and planned experimental verification pressori, Italy), Hydrocarbons as Substitutes for using a Carrier scroll compressor. Simplified heat Halogenated Refrigerants in Refrigerating Sys- exchanger models are being examined for tems, Proceedings of the 1994 International Re- simulation of leakage scenarios. frigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Information Lafayette, IN, 231-236, July 1994 (6 pages with 8 on Alternative Refrigerants: Status of the Re- figures and 2 tables, RDB4828) frigerant Database, Proceedings of the 1994 In- ternational Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, R-290/600a (50/50), propane/isobutane, R-600a edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue Uni- versity, West Lafayette, IN, 443-448, July 1994 (6 S. Corr, B. E. Gilbert, R. Low, F. T. Murphy (ICI pages with 1 table, RDB4860) Klea), and G. Davies (Cadbury Limited), Trials with Zeotropic Refrigerants as Replacements for R-22 This paper describes the ARTI Refrigerant in an Instrumented Glycol/Water Chiller, Pro- Database and provides a tabular summary for 86 ceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration common and candidate refrigerants. The key Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. elements identified include a collection of Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 13-18, documents, a computerized search system, a set July 1994 (6 pages with 6 figures, RDB4803) of refrigerant summaries, and an information dissemination operation. The document collection, R-32/134a (25/75), R-32/134a (30/70), R-32/- which includes both published and unpublished 125/134a (30/10/60), R-407C [R-32/125/134a works, grew from an informal sharing of (23/25/52)] information on thermophysical properties, materials compatibility, and lubricants for alternative G. Cortella (Università di Udine, Italy), G. Bigolaro, M. refrigerants. The current set also includes reports Scattolini (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR, from the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Italy), G. Basile, and E. Musso (Ausimont S.p.A., Technology Institute's (ARTI's) Materials Italy), Drop-In Substitutes for R502: The Role of Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) HCFC-22 and HC-290, Proceedings of the 1994 Program, the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, Institute's (ARI's) Alternative Refrigerants Evalu- edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue ation Program (AREP), contributed works, and University, West Lafayette, IN, 171-176, July 1994 (6 other sources. The search and retrieval system is pages with 9 figures and 1 table, RDB4823) based on a set of bibliographic citations and extended abstracts on refrigerant and lubricants, R-22, R-290 (propane), R-502 their properties, compatibility with other materials found in refrigeration systems, effects on heat C. Ellis, O. Hanson, and L. J. Van Essen (Lennox transfer, system capacity and efficiency, Industries, Incorporated), Drop-In Test of Refriger- computational and test methods to estimate or ant Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants determine the preceding data, research, appli- Evaluation Program (AREP) report 177, Air- cation data, and regulatory information. The article illustrates the computerized version of the Refrigerant Database Page 69

Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Ar- Flammability/Combustibility of Refrigerants: Task lington, VA, July 1994 (6 pages with 2 tables, avail- 1 - Annotated Bibliography and Summary, report able from JMC as RDB5677) DOE/CE/23810-42G also identified as NMERI OC 94/31, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology R-32/125 (60/40) compared to R-22 both with an Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1994 (128 pages unidentified ester lubricant in a 10.6 kW (3 ton), with 8 figures, available from JMC as RDB5258) split-system heat pump using a scroll compressor in both the cooling and heating modes This progress report describes literature search to identify references on the flammability of re- P. E. Hansen and V. Gustafsson (Danfoss Com- frigerants to support development of flammability pressors GmbH, Germany), I. Drabæk, A. Schmidt, test methods. It outlines the search approach and and P. B. Pedersen (dk-Teknik, Denmark), Total specific databases examined. A summary of the Environmental Impact of a Small Hermetic results reviews definitions of flammability, the Compressor, Proceedings of the 1994 International lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and UFL), Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. and modes of burning - pre-mixed or diffusion. It Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West distinguishes between combustibility and Lafayette, IN, 177-181, July 1994 (5 pages with 4 flammability, the latter indicating the ability to figures and 1 table, RDB4824) propagate a flame. The summary also identifies indications of flammability beyond visual and W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and presents the parameters that affect flammability. Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of They include the ignition source, temperature and HCFC Alternatives, report DOE/CE/23810-42A, pressure of the mixture, humidity of the air, size Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- and shape of the test vessel, turbulence, stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1994 (10 pages, concentration of the test gas, reactivity and mixing available from JMC as RDB4888) of the components, and altitude and resulting barometric pressure. The report then discusses This progress report introduces a new project to and identifies advantages and disadvantages for measure primary thermodynamic data for binary five types of apparatus. They include the NMERI and one ternary mixtures as potential replace- explosion sphere which is illustrated schemati- ments for R-22 or R-502. They include mixtures of cally, ASTM E681 test flask, bomb calorimeter, a R-32/125/134a, R-32/143a, R-32/290, R- light emission detector, and a flame tube or other 125/143a, R-143a/134a, R-125/290, and R- glass vessel. The report summarizes the findings 290/134a. Measurements also will be made for of eight published studies on refrigerant R-41 and R-41/744 as potential replacements R- flammability and then describes a database, 13. The work will consist of simultaneous mea- REFLIBRY, into which more than 90 document surements of the coexisting vapor and liquid citations have been entered. Appendices illustrate compositions as well as the bubble point pres- REFLIBRY, provide instructions for its use, and sures over a wide range of densities and com- list the contents in both short and long (with positions. These data will be used to determine summaries if available) formats. the mixing parameters, including any temperature and/or composition dependence, for the E. W. Heinonen and R. E. Tapscott (New Mexico Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation of Engineering Research Institute, NMERI), Methods state and an extended corresponding states Development for Measuring and Classifying (ECS) model. The R-41 measurements will ad- Flammability/Combustibility of Refrigerants: Task dress vapor pressure; liquid density; liquid, two- 2 - Test Plan, report DOE/CE/23810-42H also phase, and ideal gas heat capacities; vapor identified as NMERI OC 94/32, Air-Conditioning and sound speed and virial coefficients; and the Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, critical point parameters. The project plan VA, July 1994 (72 pages with 6 figures and 1 table, originally included R-245ca, now being separately limited copies available from JMC as RDB5259) addressed; the report proposes five substitutions. It also outlines the methods and ranges for the This progress report proposes a test plan to program. The report concludes with a proposed measure the flammability of refrigerants and to task to complete a two-year project to develop examine variables that may impact such mea- comprehensive thermodynamic property data for surements. A detailed introduction reviews R-32/125 and R-32/134a. definitions of flammability, the lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and UFL), and modes of E. W. Heinonen and R. E. Tapscott (New Mexico burning - pre-mixed or diffusion. It distinguishes Engineering Research Institute, NMERI), Methods between combustibility and flammability, the Development for Measuring and Classifying Page 70 Refrigerant Database

latter indicating the ability to propagate a flame. VA, July 1994 (56 pages with 5 figures and 7 tables, The introduction also identifies indications of available from JMC as RDB4A22) flammability beyond visual and presents the parameters that affect flammability. They include the This incremental report summarizes progress to ignition source, temperature and pressure of the evaluate analytical techniques for development mixture, humidity of the air, size and shape of the into an accelerated method for compatibility test vessel, turbulence, concentration of the test testing. It presents measured data to compare gas, reactivity and mixing of the components, and decomposition determination by in situ conduc- altitude and resulting barometric pressure. The tivity and conventional sealed-tube tests. report then discusses and schematically Schematics illustrate a modified, sealed glass tube illustrates test apparatus including the NMERI and a three-well, heated block - made of aluminum explosion sphere, ASTM E681 test flask, bomb or graphite - used for the conductivity calorimeter, a light emission detector, and a flame measurements. The report indicates a number of tube or other glass vessel. It presents a test potential advantages for the in situ approach matrix of the cited parameters and first four of the including increased safety, by eliminating direct apparatus types. The report also outlines data viewing and the need to open tubes for evaluation. analysis and safety plans for the study. Material It also cites the opportunity to shorten tests to less Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are appended for than a day when early decomposition is detected, candidate agents and fuels including nitrogen, obtain time-dependent information on the propane, R-32, R-125, and R-134a. decomposition, and detect low levels of decomposition that may not be found with H. M. Hughes (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Azeo- conventional methods. Tests were performed with trope of HFC-125 and HFC-143a as an Alternative and without valve steel coupons as catalysts for for R-502, Proceedings of the 1994 International R-12, R-22, R-134a, and R-32/134a (30/70), in Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. equal mixtures with 10 different lubricants, for Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West temperatures ramped from 175 to 205 °C (347 to Lafayette, IN, 377-382, July 1994 (6 pages with 5 401 °F). Isothermal tests also were performed with figures, RDB4849) R-12 and the lubricants, with and without steel catalysts, at 175 °C (347 °F). The conductivity- R-507A, AZ-50, R-125/143a (50/50) based rankings were compared to those by color measurements, gas chromatographic analyses, K. Inoue, M. Sunami, and A. Nakao (Nippon Oil and trace metal analyses; the measured data are Company, Limited, Japan), Mutual Solubility of tabulated. The report concludes that in situ Refrigerants and Polyol Esters, Proceedings of the conductivity measurements have good potential 1994 International Refrigeration Conference at for development into an accelerated screening Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Pur- method, and that trace metal measurement are due University, West Lafayette, IN, 147-152, July more sensitive than color measurements and gas 1994 (6 pages with 6 figures and 2 tables, RDB4819) chromatography. It raises questions on the roles of additives in observed instability of R-12 with poly- R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, tetraesters, penta- olester (POE) lubricants. An appendix shows the erythritol, polyolesters gas chromatograms for the pretest and aged refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. A second provides B. Jacobson (SKF Engineering & Research Centre plots of the in situ conductivity measurements for B.V, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands), Lubrication of the R-12-lubricant mixtures for up to a week of Screw Compressor Bearings Used in the Pres- aging. A final appendix identifies the lubricant samples including a naphthenic mineral oil (Witco ence of Refrigerants, Proceedings of the 1994 (R) International Compressor Engineering Conference at Suniso 3GS), two paraffinic mineral oils Purdue, edited by W. Soedel, Purdue University, (Penreco Sontex 160LT and 200LT), an alkylbenzene (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150), two West Lafayette, IN, I:115-120, July 1994 (6 pages (R) with 3 figures and 3 tables, RDB5A03) polyglycols (Dow P-425 and ICI Emkarox RL 118D), and four polyolesters (POEs). The POEs include two pentaerythritol ester mixed acids (ICI R-22 and naphthenic mineral oil; R-134a and (TM) (R) polyolester lubricant, EHL theory Emkarate RL 22H and Mobil EAL Arctic 22A) and two pentaerythritol ester branched acids (R) (R) R. E. Kauffman (University of Dayton Research In- (Henkel Emery 2928 and Castrol lcematic stitute), Accelerated Screening Methods for De- SW32). The refrigerant specimens were obtained termining Chemical and Thermal Stability of from PCR Incorporated. Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, Part II: Experi- mental Comparison and Verification of Methods, report DOE/CE/23810-38C, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, Refrigerant Database Page 71

G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation) Lafayette, IN, 533-538, July 1996 (6 pages, limited and R. V. Hendriks (U.S. Environmental Protection copies available from JMC as RDB4864) Agency, EPA), Performance Testing of a Semi- Hermetic Compressor with HFC-236ea and CFC- D. R. Riffe (Americold / White Consolidated Indus- 114 at Chiller Conditions, Proceedings of the 1994 tries, Incorporated), Is There a Relationship Be- International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, tween the Ideal Carnot Cycle and the Actual Va- edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue por-Compression Cycle?, Proceedings of the 1994 University, West Lafayette, IN, 407-411, July 1994 (5 International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, pages with 12 figures, RDB4854) edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 205-212, July 1994 (8 R-114, R-236ea pages with 12 figures and 1 table, RDB4826)

H. M. Lee Kang, S. C. Zoz and M. B. Pate (Iowa theoretical performance, refrigeration effect, State University of Science and Technology), Sol- isentropic compression efficiency, coefficient of ubility of HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a with performance, COP, R-12, R-22, R-115, R-124, R- Three Potential Lubricants, Proceedings of the 134, R-134a, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R- 1994 International Refrigeration Conference at C270, R-290, R-C318, R-600a Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Pur- due University, West Lafayette, IN, 437-442, July D. R. Riffe (Americold / White Consolidated Indus- 1994 (6 pages with 9 figures and 1 table, RDB4859) tries, Incorporated), Isobutane as a Refrigerator Freezer Refrigerant, Proceedings of the 1994 In- R-32, R-125, R-134a ternational Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue Uni- J. A. McGovern and B. Duignan (University of Dublin, versity, West Lafayette, IN, 245-254, July 1994 (10 Ireland), An Air Cycle Design Concept for pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, RDB4830) Domestic or Small Commercial Refrigerators, Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration R-12, R-134a, R-600a Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, M. Seki, A. Osajima, Y. Nakane, H. Sato, K. Watan- 261-266, July 1994 (6 pages with 6 figures, RDB- abe (Keio University, Japan), N. Kagawa (National 4832) Defense Academy, Japan), and T. Yajima (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Performance of Refrigeration R-729 Cycle with R-32/134a and R-32/125 Based on the Reliable Thermodynamic Property Data, J. Nimitz and L. Lankford (Ikon Corporation), Re- Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration frigerants Containing Fluoroiodocarbons (FICs), Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 67-72, Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. July 1994 (6 pages with 6 figures and 2 tables, Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, RDB4812) 255-260, July 1994 (6 pages with 2 figures and 2 tables, RDB4831) M. W. Spatz and J. Zheng (AlliedSignal Incorporat- ed), Experimental Evaluation of R-22 Alternative T. Ohuchi, M. Aizawa (Hitachi Limited, Japan), R. Refrigerants in Unitary Air Conditioning Equip- Kawakami (Osaka Gas Company, Limited, Japan), ment, Proceedings of the 1994 International Re- A. Nishiguchi, T. Hatada, and Y. Kunugi (Hitachi frigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Limited, Japan), A Study on a Hot-Water Driven Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Air-Cooled Absorption Refrigerating Machine, Lafayette, IN, 19-24, July 1994 (6 pages with 2 ta- Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration bles, RDB4804) Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, performance tests of R-134a, R-410A [R-32/125 275-280, July 1994 (6 pages with 13 figures and 5 (50/50), identified in the paper as by AlliedSignal's tables, RDB4833) trade name AZ-20], and R-407C (R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)] R. W. Pokelwaldt (York International Corporation), Challenges and Opportunities in the HVAC&R H. O. Spauschus (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- Business Today, keynote address to the Twelfth rated), Status of Transition to Alternative Refrig- International Compressor and Fifth International erants and Lubricants (1994), Recent Develop- Refrigeration Conferences (Purdue University, West ments, and Some Predictions, unpublished plenary Lafayette, IN), 19 July 1994; published as a late pa- presentation to the Twelfth International Compressor per in Proceedings of the 1996 International Re- and Fifth International Refrigeration Conferences frigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by J. E. (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN), 20 Braun and E. A. Groll, Purdue University, West Page 72 Refrigerant Database

July 1994 (27 pages with presentation charts, limited June 1994), American Society of Heating, Refriger- copies available from JMC as RDB4865) ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(2):566-572, 1994 (7 pages with 8 L. A. Weber and A. M. Silva (National Institute of figures and 3 tables, RDB4705) Standards and Technology, NIST), Report on the Design and Testing of a New High Pressure R-407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)], capacity, Ebulliometer for Studying the Thermodynamics efficiency, performance, discharge temperature of Refrigerant Mixtures, Proceedings of the 1994 and pressure, leakage International Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue Uni- C-B. Chiou (National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan), versity, West Lafayette, IN, 31-36, July 1994 (6 C-C. Wang, Y-J. Chang (Industrial Technology pages with 4 figures, rdb4806) Research Institute, ITRI, Taiwan), and D. C. Lu (National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan), Experi- J. Xinqiao, Z. Xinxi, and X. Dazhong (Shanghai Jiao mental Study of Heat Transfer and Flow Friction Tong University, China), Comparing of Several Characteristics of Automotive Evaporators, paper EOS for Evaluation of NARMs' Thermodynamic OR-94-2-1, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Orlando, Properties, Proceedings of the 1994 International FL, 25-29 June 1994), American Society of Heating, Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(2):575-581, 1994 (7 Lafayette, IN, 55-60, July 1994 (6 pages with 3 ta- pages with 9 figures and 2 tables, RDB4706) bles, RDB4810) A. Fujitaka (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company R-12, R-22, R-142b, R-22/12, R-22/142, zeo- Limited, Japan), Soft-Optimized System Test of tropes, thermodynamic properties; Martin-Hou Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (23/25/52), (MH), Redlich-Kwong-Soave (RKS), Starling- Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) Han-Benedict-Webb-Rubin (SHBWR), equation report 164, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- of state (EOS) stitute (ARI), Arlington, VA, June 1994 (12 pages with 4 figures and 5 tables, available from JMC as J. Xinqiao, X. Dazhong, and Z. Xinxi (Shanghai Jiao RDB5664) Tong University, China), Performance Evaluation of Air-Condition[ing] System Using NARM by R-407C compared to R-22 and to R-32/125/134a Equation of State, Proceedings of the 1994 Inter- (30/10/60) with an unidentified polyolester (POE) national Refrigeration Conference at Purdue, edited lubricant in an air-source, room heat pump with a by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, rotary, rolling-piston compressor in both the West Lafayette, IN, 287-292, July 1994 (6 pages with cooling and heating modes 4 figures, RDB4836) A. Fujitaka (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company R-22, R-142, R-22/142, zeotropes, thermody- Limited, Japan), Soft-Optimized System Test of namic properties; Martin-Hou (MH) equation of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (23/25/52), state (EOS), cycle analysis Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 165, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- C. Zhang (B-JAC International, Incorporated), A stitute (ARI), Arlington, VA, June 1994 (10 pages with Chemically-Assisted Mechanical Refrigeration 2 figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as System, Proceedings of the 1994 International Re- RDB5665) frigeration Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West R-407C compared to R-22 and to R-32/125/134a Lafayette, IN, 281-285, July 1994 (5 pages with 2 (30/10/60) with an unidentified polyolester (POE) figures and 1 table, RDB4834) lubricant in an air-source, room heat pump with a scroll compressor in both the cooling and heating ammonia/water, CAM, hybrid absorption-vapor- modes compression G. G. Haselden and J. Chen (University of Leeds, UK), A Computer Simulation Program for Mixed- June 1994 Refrigerant Air-Conditioning, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 17(5):343-350, June 1994 (8 D. B. Bivens, C. C. Allgood, J. J. Rizzo, M. B. Shif- pages with 11 figures, RDB5813) lett, D. M. Patron, T. E. C. Chisolm, G. S. Shealy, A. Yokozeki, W. D. Wells, and K. A. Geiger (DuPont zeotropic blends, performance Fluoroproducts), HCFC-22 Alternative for Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, paper OR-94-1-5, J. A. Khan and J. H. Morehouse (University of South Transactions (Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, 25-29 Carolina), A Metal Matrix for Heat Transfer Enhancement During Phase-Change Processes, Refrigerant Database Page 73

paper OR-94-7-1, Transactions (Annual Meeting lithium bromide water, enhanced surface tubes, Orlando, FL, 25-29 June 1994), American Society of heat transfer Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(2):707-714, 1994 B. Ouazia and W. K. Snelson (National Research (8 pages with 6 figures and 1 table, RDB4710) Council, Canada, NRCC), Predicting System Performance of Alternative Refrigerants Using a S. D. Labinov (Thermodynamic Center, Ukraine) and Water-Water Heat Pump, paper 3797, Transactions J. R. Sand (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL, (Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, 25-29 June 1994), USA), An Analytical Method of Predicting American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Lee-Kesler-Plöcker Interaction Coefficients - Part Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, I: For Non-Polar Hydrocarbon Mixtures, Preprints 100(2):140-147, 1994 (8 pages with 8 figures, of the 12th Symposium on Thermophysical RDB4708) Properties (Boulder, CO, 19-24 June 1994), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), R-134a New York, NY, 1994 (12 pages with 1 figure and 2 tables, preprint available from JMC as RDB4902) S. T. Ro, H. S. Jun, Y. S. Chang, and J. Y. Shin (Seoul National University, Korea), Condensation This paper presents a method to calculate binary Heat Transfer of a Heat Pump System Using the interaction coefficients for nonpolar hydrocarbon Refrigerant Mixture of R-32/R-134a, paper OR- mixtures for the Lee-Kesler (LK) equation of state. 94-7-2, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, The method is based on solving simultaneous 25-29 June 1994), American Society of Heating, equations, which are Plöcker's mixing rules for Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers pseudocritical parameters of a mixture, and the (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(2):715-720, 1994 (6 Lee-Kesler equation for the saturation line. This pages with 7 figures and 1 table, RDB4711) approach requires use of the critical parameters of the components and their normal boiling R-32/134a temperatures. The paper indicates that calculated and measured coefficients agree within ±0.4% for J. S. Seewald (The Trane Company), A Simple hydrocarbons with 2-9 carbon atoms. The paper Model for Calculating the Performance of a also discusses extension of the method to other Lithium Bromide / Water Coil Absorber, paper nonpolar substances. A table summarizes the in- 3814, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, teraction coefficients published in other studies for 25-29 June 1994), American Society of Heating, R-22/114, R-22/142b, and R-22/152a for the Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Lee-Kesler-Plöcker (LKP) equation of state. A (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(2):318-328, 1994 (11 second table compares experimental and cal- pages with 12 figures and 2 tables, RDB4723) culated coefficients for R-170 (ethane) mixed with R-290 (propane), R-600 (n-butane), n-pentane, K. Wakahara (Sharp Corporation, Japan), Drop-In n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, and n-nonane. A Test of Refrigerant Blends R-32/125/134a (30/- figure compares calculated and experimental 10/60) and R-32/125/134a (23/25/52), Alternative values of these coefficients. A second figure Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 174, compares the experimental and compressibility Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), factors plotted against the acentric factor for Arlington, VA, June 1994 (12 pages with 1 figure and methane through n-decane (alkanes with 1-10 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB5674) carbon atoms). A final figure compares reduced properties (normalized to critical parameters) for R-407C and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) with an boiling temperature for the pure substances and unidentified ester lubricant compared to R-22 with mixtures of ethane with nonane and ethane with mineral oil in a room heat pump using a rotary, propane. rolling-piston compressor in both the cooling and heating modes V. Patnaik (Phillips Engineering Company), W. A. Miller (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), and R. Yajima and O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, H. Perez-Blanco (Pennsylvania State University), An Japan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blends Empirical Methodology for the Design of Vertical R-23/32/134a (1.5/27/71.5), R-23/32/134a (1.5/20/- Tube Absorbers, paper 3801, Transactions (Annual 78.5), and R-23/32/134a (2/29.4/68.6), Alternative Meeting, Orlando, FL, 25-29 June 1994), American Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 168, Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, Arlington, VA, June 1994 (12 pages with 5 figures 100(2):185-196, 1994 (12 pages with 18 figures and and 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB5668) 1 table, RDB4714) R-23/32/134a (1.5/27/71.5), (1.5/20/78.5), and (2/29.4/68.6) with an unidentified polyolester

please see page 6 for ordering information Page 74 Refrigerant Database

(POE) lubricant compared to R-22 with a mineral ant reclaimers, manufacturers, contractors, en- oil and to R-32/134a with a POE in a room heat gineers, government, building owners and man- pump using a rotary, rolling-piston compressor agers, and consumers. It responds to a mandated sunset provision in regulation of reused X. Zhao, G. Zhao, and X. Song (Xi'an Jiaotong Uni- refrigerants. The underlying goal is indicated as versity, China), Calculation of Properties of PVT protection of end users, consumers, and ACR and Entropy for Real Gases by Using BH Pertur- products owned by consumers. bation Theory, Huagong Xuebao [Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering], China, 45(3):- Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Spray Evapora- 375-379, June 1994 (5 pages, rdb8927) tors with Application to Reducing Refrigerant In- ventory, research project 668-RP, American Society presents calculated pressures of normal gases, of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning hydrocarbons, fluorochemicals, R-717 (ammonia), Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April 1991 - June and R-718 (water) in the superheated vapor 1994 (ASH0668) region; also presents the entropies of normal gases, hydrocarbons, and fluorochemicals close This research addressed the heat transfer and to the saturated vapor line; these data were fluid flow for R-22, R-123, and R-134a in falling- calculated with perturbation theory; concludes film (spray) evaporators with horizontal tubes. The that the calculated results are in good agreement work included performance of a literature search, with published data and that the calculation experimental measurement of heat transfer on method holds practical value both single tubes and tube bundles. Both plain and enhanced tube surfaces were addressed Handling and Reuse of Refrigerants in the United under varied temperature and flow to determine States, Industry Recycling Guideline IRG-1, the optimum conditions. Correlations or charts Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), were developed for use in heat exchanger design. Arlington, VA, June 1994 (12 pages with 1 figure and A goal was to enable design of equipment for 1 table, available from JMC as RDB4780) comfort cooling using reduced inventories of refrigerants. An overall goal was to provide basic This manual provides procedures and guidelines information to permit potential users to evaluate to maintain the quality of refrigerants used in counterflow, brazed-plate heat exchangers as air-conditioning and refrigeration (ACR) refrigerant evaporators and condensers. The equipment. It identifies three options and guid- contractor for the project was Iowa State ance to determine which should be used. They University of Science and Technology led by M. B. include reuse of the refrigerant - without recycling Pate; it was sponsored by ASHRAE Technical - in the equipment from which it was removed, Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. recycling the refrigerant into the system same or another system from the same owner, or reclaim of the refrigerant. Five considerations are May 1994 discussed as a basis for selecting the appropriate action. They include the reason the system is J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant being serviced, condition of the refrigerant and Database, report DOE/CE/23810-38D, Air-Condi- system, equipment manufacturers' policies, tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), refrigerant cleaning capability of recycling Arlington, VA, 27 May 1994 (206 pages, available equipment, and feasibility and owner's from JMC as RDB4555) preference. A flow chart diagrams the decision process. The document indicates that used re- This document provides bibliographic citations for frigerants shall not be sold, or used in a different 1264 publications that may be useful in research, owner's equipment, unless the refrigerant has design, and application of air-conditioning and been analyzed and found to meet the require- refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, ments of ARI Standard 700, "Specifications for materials addressed, and key conclusions are Fluorocarbon and Other Refrigerants." The provided for approximately a third of these document also provides a table of maximum documents. The database identifies sources of contaminant levels for recycled refrigerants in the specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, same owner's equipment, and notes that the R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, owner's consent should be obtained for such R-152a, R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), reuse. It provides guidance for identification and R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 avoidance of mixed refrigerants (other than (ammonia), ethers, and others as well as manufactured blends) as well as handling of azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. It blends with compositions that were altered by addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene selective leakage. This guideline was developed glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other by a broad base of interests, including refriger- Refrigerant Database Page 75

lubricants. It also references documents on capacity for each test refrigerant when possible; compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with the resultant charge was considered the optimum. metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and Figures show the food storage temperature and other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The power consumption though five test cycles, the database is available in both a computerized relation of charge and power draw to charge, and version and as a listing in report form. The the relations between capacity and mass (charge) computerized version includes the same citations to their respective maximums. The concluding and abstracts as the report version plus 127 from figure in this series shows the relationship a supplement on copper in air conditioning and between optimum charge and molecular weight to refrigeration (see RDB4137), 159 for superseded be approximately linear. A plot shows power draw and historical documents, and data summaries for versus suction pressure. The test results are 210 individual refrigerants and blends - a total of tabulated including charge amount, suction and 1760 entries. It is accompanied by retrieval discharge pressure, projected energy use per day, software to facilitate searches for specific capacity, coefficient of performance (COP), and information; the software enables searches for molecular mass. user-selected terms, or combinations of terms. It offers several automated features to simplify R. G. Doerr and S. A. Kujak (The Trane Company), searches including optional prompting by search Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with category, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms Electrical Sheet Insulation, Proceedings of the 45th and related terms, chain searches to broaden or Annual International Appliance Technical Conference narrow prior searches, and a "wildcard" capability (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 9-11 May to allow entry of word segments. The software 1994), IATC, Batavia, IL, 493-504, May 1994 (12 also enables printing of selected citations, pages with 9 tables, RDB4A28) abstracts, and refrigerant summaries as well as preparation of a document order lists. Both This paper summarizes an investigation (see versions of the database include instructions to RDB3857) of the effects of 11 refrigerants and 17 obtain cited documents or subscriptions for refrigerant-lubricant combinations on sheet updates to the database. insulation materials for hermetic compressor motors. The introduction outlines the mechanisms R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, by which insulation properties are impacted, IRI), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants including absorption of refrigerants, subsequent with Engineering Plastics, Proceedings of the 45th desorption, and solvent extraction. It notes that Annual International Appliance Technical Conference absorption may change the dielectric strength or (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 9-11 May physical integrity. Absorption can cause excessive 1994), IATC, Batavia, IL, 349-360, May 1994 (12 swelling, softening, or decreased strength. Rapid pages with 1 table, RDB4566) desorption may cause blisters, crazing, surface craters, delamination, or bubbles within the G. de Souza Damasceno (Universidade Federal de insulating materials. Extraction of materials may Vicosa, Brazil), J. M. Dubrouillet (Catholic Univer- result in a range of effects from dissolving of sity), V. W. Goldschmidt (Purdue University), M. L. unpolymerized materials to complete dissolution. Robin (Great Lakes Chemical Corporation), and D. Extraction and dissolution, in turn, may cause R. Tree (Purdue University), Testing Refrigerant other components to stick or lead to clogging of Alternatives in a Household Refrigerator, Pro- passage such as capillary tubes. The paper ceedings of the 45th Annual International Appliance outlines the experimental procedures followed, Technical Conference (University of Wisconsin, which comprised immersions in liquid refrigerant Madison, WI, 9-11 May 1994), IATC, Batavia, IL, or refrigerant-lubricant pairs at 2068 kPa (300 505-516, May 1994 (12 pages with 6 figures and 2 psia). Properties were measured immediately after tables, RDB4A29) 500 hr exposures and again after baking at 150 °C (302 °F) in air, to remove absorbed refrigerant. This paper presents the results of drop-in per- The refrigerants tested included R-22, R-32, formance tests for R-12 alternatives in a house- R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-142b, hold refrigerator-freezer (Frigidaire model FP1- R-143a, R-152a, and R-245ca. The lubricants 17TF). The paper outlines the test procedure and included naphthenic mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) the evacuation methods used between tests of 3GS), alkylbenzene (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150), individual refrigerants. Those tested were R-12; polyolester (POE) mixed acid (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL R-22B1; R-114; R-134a; R-152a; R-227ea; R- 22H, formerly RL 244), POE branched acid 152a/22B1 (23/77); R-152a/227ea (20/80), (Henkel Emery(R) 2927), a polyalkylene glycol (50/50), and (80/20); R-290/227ea (10/90) and (PAG) butyl monoether (ICI Emkarox(R) VG32), (50/50); R-E170/227ea (30/70); and R-227ea/- PAG modified with a fluoroalkyl group 600a (75/25). The paper indicates that the charge (AlliedSignal BRL-150), and a PAG diol (Dow amount was varied to achieve maximum Chemical Page 76 Refrigerant Database

P425). The sheet insulations tested were West- organic acid and halide analyses for the two inghouse Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(R), Westinghouse desiccants. After discussing the results, the paper Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R), DuPont Mylar(R) 900 MO, concludes that none of the molecular sieves DuPont Nomex(R) 410, DuPont Nomex(R) Mica tested are compatible with R-32, but that the 418, and ICI Melinex(R) 228. Tabular results are halide acid anions are largely contained by the presented and discussed for weight changes for desiccant for R-12 and R-134a. The paper notes 17 refrigerant-lubricant pairs, tensile strength, that this retention of reactive species indicates that moisture changes as an indication of potential traditional analysis lubricant and refrigerant from hydrolysis and embrittlement, weight and flexibility operating systems may not reveal the true states changes, and effects on dielectric strength. The of systems. It suggests that the desiccants also paper concludes that the combinations of R-22 should be analyzed. with mineral and alkylbenzene lubricants have the greatest effects on motor materials. Whereas E. Günther (Foron Hausgeräte GmbH, Germany), these systems have an excellent history of Hydrocarbons as Refrigerants in Domestic Re- reliability with many of the materials tested, the frigerators, New Applications of Natural Working alternative refrigerants and lubricants tested are Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (pro- expected to be reliable with most materials. ceedings of the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International J. E. Field (Spauschus Associates, Incorporated), Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 37-48, Sealed Tube Comparisons of the Compatibility of 1994 (12 pages, rdb5331) Desiccants with Refrigerants and Lubricants, Proceedings of the 45th Annual International Appli- R-290/600a, R-600a/600 (50/50), R-600a ance Technical Conference (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 9-11 May 1994), IATC, Batavia, IL, H. Halozan and T. Ebner (Technische Universität 361-374, May 1994; republished as paper Graz, Graz, Austria), Propane - A Realistic Alter- DOE/CE/23810-40B, Air-Conditioning and Refrig- native, New Applications of Natural Working Fluids in eration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of May 1994 (14 pages with 6 figures and 5 tables, the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, available from JMC as RDB4514) Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 331-338, 1994 (8 This paper introduces an ongoing study to de- pages, rdb6751) termine the compatibility of 16 desiccants with 13 refrigerant-lubricant combinations. It reports R-290 results for two molecular sieves in R-12, R-32, and R-134a with associated lubricants. Two ta- U. Hesse and H. Arnemann (Universität Hannover, bles identify the desiccants and refrigerant-lu- Germany), Carbon Dioxide - Hydrocarbon Mix- bricant systems to be examined. The desiccants tures as Alternative Fluids in Refrigeration Sys- are tested by exposures in sealed glass tubes tems, New Applications of Natural Working Fluids in with aluminum, copper, and steel catalysts. The Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of resulting liquid and gas phases as well as the the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, desiccants are then examined for changes. The Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of paper outlines the preparation and analysis Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 711-719, 1994 (9 methods, including experimental procedures pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, RDB4A65) rejected based on preliminary testing. carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon blends, R-744/600a Representative chromatograms are presented for (carbon dioxide/isobutane), lubricant solubility, a 4Å molecular sieve aged in R-134a with a flammability, properties polyolester (POE) lubricant, a pentaerythritol ester mixed acid (POE-MA), and for the aged liquid N. J. Hewitt, J. T. McMullan, and B. Mongey (Uni- phase. Summary test results also are tabulated versity of Ulster, UK), Some Aspects of Using Hy- for both 3Å and 4Å molecular sieves in R-12 with drocarbons as Components in Refrigerant Mix- mineral oil (MO) and for R-32 and R-134a with tures, New Applications of Natural Working Fluids in POE-MA. The tables present liquid color, copper Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of plating, solids formation, crush strength, fraction the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, of reacted refrigerant based on gas Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of chromatography, fluoride and chloride ion content Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 143-152, 1994 (10 in the liquid phase and retained in the desiccant, pages with 10 figures and 2 tables, RDB4A64) total acid number, and organic acid retained in the desiccant. Data are provided for the original R-218, R-290 (propane), R-C270 (cyclopropane), specimens as well as after aging with both 50 and R-227ea, R-236ea, R-245cb, R-C318, R-600 1000 ppm of added moisture. Four figures (n-butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-32/290/134a illustrate the findings of (30/10/60), R-125/290/134a (10/30/60), Refrigerant Database Page 77

R-125/290/134a (44/52/4), hydrocarbon blends J. Pettersen and G. Skaugen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, Norway), Operation of Transcritical G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, CO2 Vapour-Compression Circuits in Vehicle Norway), The Use of Natural Refrigerants - A Air-Conditioning, New Applications of Natural Complete Solution to the CFC/HCFC Predica- Working Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ment, New Applications of Natural Working Fluids in (proceedings of the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of Hannover, Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of 495-505, 1994 (11 pages, rdb9708) Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 21-36, 1994; republished in the International Journal of Refriger- R-744, carbon dioxide, transcritical cycle ation (IJR), 18(3):190-197, March 1995 (7/8 pages with 8 figures and 1 table, RDB5328) A. Reinhart, Ammonia in Liquid Chillers and Heat Pumps, New Applications of Natural Working Fluids R-290, R-717, R-718, R-744 in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of Norway), Use of CO2 in Commercial Refrigeration; Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 65-70, 1994 (6 An Energy Efficient Solution, New Applications of pages with 4 figures and 3 tables, RDB5333) Natural Working Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of the meeting of IIR R-717, ammonia Commission B2, Hannover, Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), H. Schömann (SMS Schloemann Siemag AG, Ger- Paris, France, 703-709, 1994 (7 pages with 3 figures, many), A. Luke, and D. Gorenflo (Universität Pader- RDB4A62) born, Germany), Prediction of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer with Hydrocarbons - Influence of the R-744, carbon dioxide, transcritical cycle Surface Roughness of the Heated Wall, New Ap- plications of Natural Working Fluids in Refrigeration H. Lotz (Bosch-Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH, Ger- and Air Conditioning (proceedings of the meeting of many), Light Hydrocarbons as Refrigerants and IIR Commission B2, Hannover, Germany, 10-13 May Blowing Agents for Insulation in Household Ap- 1994), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), pliances, New Applications of Natural Working Paris, France, 131-142, 1994 (12 pages with 7 Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (pro- figures and 1 table, RDB5720) ceedings of the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International R-290 (propane), R-602 (n-hexane), steel tube, Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 49-64, heat transfer, surface enhancement 1994 (16 pages with 11 figures and 2 tables, RDB- 5332) W. K. Snelson, J. W. Linton, P. F. Hearty, and A. R. Triebe (National Research Council, Canada, NRCC), R-290/600a, R-600a Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R-23/32/125 (5/25/70), Alternative Refrigerants D. Mosemann (Kühlautomat Berlin GmbH KAB, Evaluation Program (AREP) report 161, Germany), Ammonia Chillers for Air Conditioning, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), New Applications of Natural Working Fluids in Arlington, VA, May 1994 (16 pages with 6 figures and Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB5661) the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of R-23/32/125 (5/25/70) [identified in the report as Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 71-96, 1994 (26 "R-32/125/23 (25/70/5)"] compared to R-502 in a pages with 20 figures and 1 table, RDB5334) test loop using a reciprocating-piston compressor with an unidentified polyolester (POE) lubricant R-717 S. R. Szymurski (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration J. Paul (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), Technology Institute, ARTI), Research Update: Water as Alternative Refrigerant, New Applications Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Research of Natural Working Fluids in Refrigeration and Air (MCLR) Program, Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conditioning (proceedings of the meeting of IIR International Appliance Technical Conference (Uni- Commission B2, Hannover, Germany, 10-13 May versity of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 9-11 May 1994), 1994), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), IATC, Batavia, IL, 387-396, May 1994; republished Paris, France, 97-108, 1994 (12 pages with 3 figures as paper DOE/CE/23810-40A, ARTI, Arlington, VA, and 2 tables, RDB5335) May 1994 (10 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB4513) R-718 Page 78 Refrigerant Database

This paper reviews the introduction of alternative 1994 (14 pages with 6 figures and 6 tables, RDB- refrigerants to replace those that deplete the 5B29) ozone layer, the consequent research needs to evaluate and test the new fluids, and the history of R-134a, R-C270; R-290; R-600; R-600a; R-601 the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Re- (n-C5 or pentane); R-601b (2,2-dimethylpropane); search (MCLR) Program. Cumulative funding for R-1250 (propadiene); R-1270 R-290/600; the first three phases, from September 1991 to R-290/600/601; R-290/600a (28/72), (40/60), the present, is $6.45 million. The research is (50/50), and (72/28); R-290/601 (R-290/n-C5); jointly supported by a grant from the Department butene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methylbutane, of Energy and cost sharing by the Air- 1,2-pentadiene, 1,4-pentadiene, pentene, R-E170 Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI). The paper outlines seven research projects in phase I, Combustion of Ammonia With and Without Oil addressing thermophysical properties, theoretical Vapor, research project 682-RP, American Society of evaluation of R-22 and R-502 alternatives, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- chemical and thermal stability of refrigerants and gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1991 - lubricants, miscibility of lubricants in refrigerants, May 1994 (ASH0682) and compatibility with motor materials, elastomers, and engineering plastics. A table The objective of this project was to establish the presents the coefficients of performance and combustibility of R-717 (ammonia), mixtures of volumetric capacities relative to those of R-22 and ammonia with oil and air, and mixtures of am- R-502 for the twelve refrigerants examined in the monia, natural gas, and air in concentrations of theoretical evaluation. The paper then reviews 100-250,000 ppm. Both mineral oil and synthetic five additional projects in phase II, three of which lubricants were examined. It also examined the involve accelerated screening methods to geometric configurations for release that facilitate determine chemical and thermal stability, predict combustion, in order to improve discharge designs the life of motor materials, and to predict lubricant for flaring. The contractor for this research was performance. The two others address Kansas State University (KSU), led by D. L. compatibility of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures with Fenton and K. S. Chapman; it was sponsored by desiccants and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) ASHRAE Technical Committee 10.1, Custom enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of Engineered Refrigeration Systems. alternative refrigerants. Seven top priority projects are identified for Phase III. They include Genetron(R) 134a Product Brochure, bulletin G- compatibility of manufacturing process fluids with 525-009, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and ester May 1994 (14 pages with 5 figures and 7 tables, lubricants, effects of lubricant additives on HFC RDB4940) refrigerant stability, compatibility problems resulting from the products of motor burnouts, and This bulletin supplies information on R-134a and investigation into the fractionation of refrigerant application data in metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) blends. They also include investigation of flushing units. R-134a is described as a replacement for and clean-out methods after motor burnout or R-12 in automobile air conditioning; residential refrigerant and lubricant conversion, methods and commercial refrigeration; residential, development for measuring and classifying commercial, and industrial air conditioning in- flammability/combustibility of refrigerants, and cluding centrifugal chillers; and as a blowing agent thermophysical properties measurements for and aerosol propellant. The bulletin describes R-41, R-245ca, and a number of binary and these applications and lists basic physical ternary blends. The paper notes that planning is properties including the chemical name and underway for phase IV and that, while much has formula, appearance, molecular weight, normal been accomplished in the first two years, much boiling and freezing points, and critical parameters more remains. The materials compatibility results (temperature, pressure, density, and specific so far have been favorable for the HFC volume). The property data also include the vapor refrigerants tested. density, latent heat of vaporization at the boiling point, flammability limits (none), autoignition T. Tiedemann and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannov- temperature, ozone depletion potential (ODP), er, Germany), Evaluation of Zeotropic Hydrocar- and halocarbon global warming potential (HGWP). bon Mixtures in a Lorenz-Meutzner Refrigerator- Representative data are provided for 25 °C (77 Freezer, New Applications of Natural Working Fluids °F) including the liquid density; vapor pressure; in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (proceedings of solubility in and of water; and vapor and liquid the meeting of IIR Commission B2, Hannover, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity. Germany, 10-13 May 1994), International Institute of The bulletin provides Mollier (pressure-enthalpy) Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 607-620, charts, prod- Refrigerant Database Page 79

uct purity specifications, a tabular comparison of limits (none), ozone depletion potential (ODP), performance with R-12, and tabular pressure- and halocarbon global warming potential (HGWP). temperature data for -45 to 70 °C (-60 to 160 °F). Representative data are provided for 25 °C (77 °F) It then discusses lubricant suitability with primary including the liquid density; vapor pressure; and focus on polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and vapor and liquid heat capacity, thermal polyolester (POE) synthetics. Characteristic conductivity, and viscosity. The bulletin provides miscibility plots are shown. The document dis- Mollier (pressure-enthalpy) charts, product purity cusses copper plating with PAG and POE lubri- specifications, a tabular comparison of perform- cants. It notes that plating levels are lower for ance with R-502, and tabular pressure-temp- R-134a with the cited lubricants than with R-12 erature data for -45 to 70 °C (-60 to 160 °F). It and mineral oil. While plating does not appear in then discusses lubricant suitability with primary laboratory tests with two POEs (Castrol Ice- focus on polyolester (POE) synthetics. A matic(R) SW32 and Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22), field characteristic miscibility plot is shown. The bulletin occurrence suggests that it may result in the tabulates stability data three POEs (Castrol (R) (R) presence of other materials. The bulletin tabulates lcematic SW32 and Mobil EAL Arctic 22 and stability data for the same POEs in the presence 32) in the presence of aluminum, copper, and of aluminum, copper, and steel. It discusses the steel. It discusses the effects of chlorinated effects of chlorinated solvents and residual solvents and residual refrigerants, noting that refrigerants, noting that R-134a is chemically R-507A is chemically compatible with chlorinated compatible with chlorinated materials, but that the materials, but that the associated POE lubricants associated PAG and POE lubricants may not be. may not be. It notes, however, that R-502 and It notes, however, that R-12 and R-134a form a R-507A should not be mixed; while each is an higher-pressure azeotrope. The bulletin then azeotrope, two of their components, R-115 and discusses materials compatibility and provides R-502 also form an azeotrope, resulting in a tabular, qualitative indications for elastomers and four-component mixture that is difficult to plastics. It discusses suitability with polyethylene separate. The bulletin then discusses materials terephthalate (PET) and desiccants, and also compatibility and provides tabular, qualitative provides a plot of solubility of water in R-134a. indications for elastomers and plastics with The bulletin then discusses safety, including both R-507A, with and without an unidentified POE. It toxicity and flammability. It describes the former discusses desiccant suitabilities, and also as intrinsically low. While it suggests that R-134a provides a plot of solubility of water in R-507A. is nonflammable, it notes that R-134a can The bulletin then discusses safety, including both become combustible at higher pressures when toxicity and flammability. It describes the former as mixed with more than 60% air. The bulletin intrinsically low. While it suggests that R-507A is discusses storage, handling, safety guidelines, nonflammable ("practically nonflammable" by and leak detection methods. It briefly outlines Underwriters' Laboratories, UL, classification), it environmental considerations, reclamation, retrofit notes that R507A can become combustible at procedures for R-12 equipment, and R-134a higher pressures when mixed with air. The bulletin packaging. AlliedSignal's product name for discusses thermal stability, storage, handling, R-134a is Genetron(R) 134a. safety guidelines, and leak detection methods. It briefly outlines environmental considerations, Genetron(R) AZ-50 Product Brochure, bulletin G- reclamation, retrofit procedures for R-502 equipment, and R-507A packaging. AlliedSignal's 525-030, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, (R) January 1994, reprinted March 1994, reprinted May product name for R-507A is Genetron AZ-50. 1994 (12 pages with 4 figures and 5 tables, RDB- 4941) April 1994

This bulletin supplies information on R-507A, a R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, blend of R-125 and R-143a - R-125/143a (50/50) IRI), Measurement of Viscosity, Density, and Gas - and application data in metric (SI) and Solubility of Refrigerant Blends in Selected inch-pound (IP) units. R-507A is described as a Synthetic Lubricants, report DOE/CE/23810-38B, long-term replacement for R-502 in commercial Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology refrigeration, for both new equipment and Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1994 (124 pages retrofits. The bulletin describes these applications with 103 figures and 12 tables, available from JMC as and lists basic physical properties including the RDB4537) chemical name and formula, appearance, molecular weight, normal boiling point, and critical This interim report summarizes progress to parameters (temperature, pressure, density, and measure the viscosity, density, and solubility of specific volume). The property data also include the vapor density, latent heat of vaporization at the boiling point, flammability Page 80 Refrigerant Database

three refrigerant blends with lubricants. These J. E. Field (Spauschus Associates, Incorporated), blends are candidates to replace R-22 and R-502. Sealed Tube Comparisons of the Compatibility of They include R-32/125/134a (23/25/52), Desiccants with Refrigerants and Lubricants, R-125/143a (50/50), and R-404A [R-125/143a/- report DOE/CE/23810-38A, Air-Conditioning and 134a (44/52/4)]. They were tested with uniden- Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, tified, 32 ISO VG polyolester (POE) lubricants, VA, April 1994 (24 pages with 12 tables, available including one branched acid (POE-BA) and one from JMC as RDB4602) mixed acid (POE-MA). Data on R-22 and R-502 with a naphthenic mineral oil (MO, Witco Suniso(R) This progress report presents the interim findings 3GS) also are included for comparison. Selection of a study to determine the compatibility of of the refrigerant blends was based on miscibility desiccants with refrigerant-lubricant combinations, evaluations and commercial reformulations of using sealed-tube tests with aluminum, copper, R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), and steel catalysts. The report generically R-32/125/290/134a (20/55/5/20), R-32/134a identifies the test materials, outlines the (30/70), R-125/143a (45/55), and R-125/143a/- preparation and analysis methods, and summa- 134a (44/54/2). Their miscibilities were rizes the desiccant specifications. The moisture determined for five lubricants, including two content and contaminants of the refrigerants POE-BA (Castrol Icematic(R) SW32 and Henkel (R) (TM) specimens and the moisture content, total acid Emery 2968a), two POE-MA (ICI Emkarate number, and ion content of the lubricants are RL 32S, formerly RL 184, and Mobil Arctic(R) EAL (R) tabulated. A table for each desiccant summarizes 224R), and an alkylbenzene (AB, Shrieve Zerol 150). The report presents the methods and findings before and after aging, with both 50 and apparatus used, and provides schematics for an 1000 ppm of added moisture. These results oscillating body viscometer and blend sampling include liquid color, copper plating, solids apparatus. The former is described as a unique formation, crush strength, fraction of reacted means to accurately determine viscosity, density, refrigerant based on gas chromatography, fluoride equilibrium refrigerant gas solubility, and pressure and chloride ion content in the liquid phase and over a broad range of temperatures. Plots relate retained in the desiccant, total acid number, and pressure to viscosity and temperature, show the organic acid retained in the desiccant. The 16 viscosity and pressure at constant concentrations desiccants include samples from two suppliers for in modified Daniel Charts, and relate pressure to each of eight types, namely: 3Å and 4Å molecular density. These plots are provided for R-134a, sieves, alumina, silica gel, and four core types. R-143a, R-125/143a (50/50), and R-404A for They include 10-25% molecular sieve and alumina POE-BA and POE-MA at 0 to 125 °C (32 to 257 with carbon and 15-30% molecular sieve and °F), except R-134a/POE-BA at -25 to 125 °C (-13 alumina without carbon, each with type 3Å and 4Å to 257 °F). These plots cover pressures of molecular sieves. The lubricants include a approximately 70-1700 kPa (10-250 psia) and naphthenic mineral oil (MO), alkylbenzene (AB), 0-60% refrigerant by weight. An appendix and two classes of polyolester (POE) lubricants - provides plots showing the miscibility, partial pentaerythritol ester branched acid (POE-BA) and miscibility, and immiscibility ranges by pentaerythritol ester mixed acid (POE-MA). temperature for -62 to 82 °C (-80 to 180 °F) for Compatibility data are being obtained for each of combinations of the six screening blends and five synthetic lubricants. A second appendix presents the desiccants with 13 refrigerant-lubricant plots and tabular raw data for the viscosity and combinations: R-11, R-12, R-22, and R-123 with solubility of R-22 with mineral oil at -20, 0, 20, 40, MO; R-32, R-125, and R-134a with both POE-BA 60, 80, 100, and 125 °C (-4, 32, 68, 104, 140, and POE-MA; R-124 with AB; R-143a with 176, 212, and 257 °F). A third similarly presents POE-BA; and R-152a with AB (or with POE-MA). viscosity, solubility, and vapor fractionation for The progress report provides detailed results for R-22 with mineral oil at -10, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, six of the bead type, molecular sieves as well as and 125 °C (14, 32, 68, 104, 140, 176, 212, and partial results, primarily at the 50 ppm moisture 257 °F). Eight concluding appendices gives plots level, for alumina and silica gel. It also presents a and tabular raw data for the viscosity, density, and number of conclusions: Addition of 1000 ppm gas solubility of R-134a, R-143a, R-125/143a moisture produces no significant difference. The (50/50) and R-404A, each with both POE-BA desiccant solid phase contains most of the POE-MA, at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 90, and 125 °C chloride and fluoride ions for molecular sieves, but (32, 68, 104, 140, 176 or 194, and 257 °F) and not always with alumina and silica gel desiccants. also at -30, -15, and 100 °C (-22, 5, 212 °F) for All of the desiccants tested contained chloride, the R-134a/POE-MA mixture. [A designation of fluoride, and other ions when received, and they R-507A has been recommended for R-125/143a do not perform as well in retaining organic anions (50/50).] as they do for inorganic anions. The crush strength was reduced approximately 20% after aging. None of the desiccants tested are compatible with R-32. Refrigerant Database Page 81

W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and mented on 30 September 1991 and, as currently Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties of funded, will run through 30 September 1995. It HFC-143a and HFC-152a, report DOE/CE/23810- supports critical research to accelerate intro- 38E, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology duction of substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1994 (86 pages and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants. with including 8 figures and 13 tables, available from The primary elements include materials JMC as RDB4515) compatibility testing, methods development, and data collection and dissemination. The report This progress report summarizes experimental provides a status update on research to measure measurements to provide highly accurate, thermophysical properties of R-143a and R-152a; thermophysical property data for R-143a and R- measure the viscosity, density, and solubility for 152a. The project also includes data fitting to three azeotropic and zeotropic blends to replace modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equa- R-22 and R-502; measure the viscosity, density, tions of state and detailed transport property and solubility for 38 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; models. The objective is to fill gaps in current data obtain compatibility data on desiccants with and resolve problems and uncertainties that exist refrigerants and lubricants; and obtain in and between such data. The report outlines compatibility of manufacturing process fluids with progress during the preceding quarter. It hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and ester describes use of a cylindrical acoustic resonator lubricants. The report also summarizes three to measure the speed of sound in R143a, and projects to develop accelerated screening and test analytical determination of a virial relation for ideal methods to predict lubricant performance in gas heat capacity using the data. The report compressors, the life of motor materials exposed reviews measurements of the refractive index and to refrigerant-lubricant mixtures, and chemical and capillary with an optical cell, from which the critical thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. It temperature and density were determined, 73.60 reviews the progress of a continuing project to °C (164.48 °F) and 432.7 kg/m3 (27.01 Ib/ft3), collect and facilitate dissemination of data, through respectively. New 32-term MBWR equations of development and administration of the ARTI state are presented for both R-143a and R-152a. Refrigerant Database. The progress report The report also describes use of transient, summarizes completed projects to measure hot-wire instruments to determine the thermal thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, R-124, conductivity of both refrigerants. Figures show the and R-125; model the performance and key deviations of the equations of state from ancillary operating parameters of 12 potential alternatives equations for the vapor pressure and saturated for R-22 and R-502; test the chemical and thermal liquid and vapor densities and from measured stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures with data. Plots of the thermal conductivity surfaces metals; measure the miscibility of lubricants with also are included. An appendix provides tables refrigerants; provide information on the with measured speeds of sound, ideal gas heat compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with capacities, and acoustic virial coefficients for motor materials, elastomers, and engineering R-143a. It also presents the equations of state plastics; and investigate electrohydrodynamic (EOS), critical parameters, ideal gas heat capacity (EHD) enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of equations, and derived thermodynamic properties alternative refrigerants. The scope of the program, for both R-143a and R-152a. Except for the objectives of the individual projects, and significant equations and critical parameters, all of the data interim findings are presented. This program are provided in both metric (SI) and inch-pound summary also identifies reports resulting from the (IP) units. individual projects. Tables and figures summarize significant findings of the individual projects S. R. Szymurski, M. Hawley, G. C. Hourahan, and D. including the miscibility of lubricants with 10 S. Godwin, Materials Compatibility and Lubricants refrigerants; equations of state developed for Research on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-143a, and R-152a; DOE/CE/23810-38, Air-Conditioning and refrigerant-lubricant viscosity, solubility, and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, density correlations; test data on molecular sieves VA, April 1994 (72 pages with 12 figures and 18 ta- in refrigerants and lubricants; and relative bles, available from JMC as RDB4601) elastomer swelling in refrigerants and lubricants. Two figures compare the modelled performance of This progress report summarizes the goals and alternative refrigerants to the capacities and status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant efficiencies of R-22 and R-502. Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under a grant from the Office of Building Technology of G. B. Wetzel (McQuay International), Soft-Optimized the U.S. Department of Energy and cost sharing System Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a by the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants The program was imple- Page 82 Refrigerant Database

Evaluation Program (AREP) report 175, Air-Condi- not-in-kind (NIK) refrigerant option, with more than tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, a 1% increase in energy use, would have a larger VA, June 1994 (14 pages with 7 tables, available total warming impact than HCFC and HFC from JMC as RDB5675) options. A review of the Breakdown Products of Alternatives outlines the mechanisms and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) with a polyolester consequences of HCFC and hydrofluorocarbon (POE) lubricant (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22 CC) (HFC) breakdown. It notes that they readily compared to R-22 in water-source heat pump decompose into simple inorganic species in the (McQuay model CCH-036) using a hermetic, re- lower atmosphere, that the ultimate breakdown ciprocating piston compressor (Copeland model products are acidic compounds that are washed CR32K6-TFD) in both the cooling and heating out in rain, that the acidic concentrations are so modes low as to have no appreciable effect, and that the alternatives do not contribute to photochemical Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- smog formation in urban areas. A further summary ceptability Study (AFEAS) Summaries, AFEAS, of the Environmental Fate of Trifluoroacetyl Washington, DC, June 1994 (24 pages with 6 figures Halides addresses the atmospheric breakdown of and 2 tables, available from JMC in English or R-123, R-124, and R-134a, producing trace Japanese as RDB4A67) quantities of trifluoroacetyl halides. These halides hydrolyze, in cloud water droplets or surface wa- This series of ten leaflets presents key AFEAS ters, to form trifluoroacetic (TFA) acid and hy- objectives and findings. A summary of the drofluoric or hydrochloric acid. The fate of TFA Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the ions is discussed. While not expected to have an Ozone Layer reviews the history of this in- impact on humans, plants, animals, or micro- ternational accord to phase out production of organisms, further study of the ultimate physio- chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluo- chemical and biological fate is underway. A sheet rocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants among other on UV-B Radiation Measurements discusses the chemicals. It also recaps the schedules under the importance of the ozone layer in shielding Protocol as well as the U.S. Clean Air Act and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation in sunlight as well as European regulations. A sheet on Production and efforts to monitor and observed trends of incoming Sales of Fluorocarbons reports annual production UV-B intensity. A Glossary of Terms defines of R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, and R-115 for terminology for discussion of the atmospheric 1970-1992 on a worldwide basis (participating effects of alternative fluorocarbons. The last sheet companies only for 1992). A summary on briefly outlines the history and activities of both Atmospheric Chlorine: CFCs and Alternative AFEAS and the companion Programme for Fluorocarbons reviews the mechanisms of Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). stratospheric ozone depletion and provides values for ozone-depletion potentials (ODPs). It Klea® 66, Replacement for HCFC 22, technical also illustrates how substitution of HCFCs for note 620250470, ICI Klea, Wilmington, DE, April chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) reduces chlorine in 1994 (12 pages with 2 figures and 3 tables, available the atmosphere. The illustration further shows from JMC as RDB4887) that use of HCFCs for a limited time will not delay return of atmospheric chlorine to pre-1970s This document describes and provides data on levels. This summary quotes an international R-407C, a ternary, zeotropic blend of R-32, R- assessment that notes a three-year advance on 125, and R-134a [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)], the phaseout requirements of the Montreal developed as a replacement for R-22 in new Protocol. A synopsis of the Relative Contributions equipment. The technical note summarizes the of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Climate Forcing phase out of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hy- discusses radiative forcing, a parameter used to drochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, the perturb the heat balance in modeling of the need for alternatives to R-22, and ICI's search for earth-atmosphere system. It outlines likely replacements. It then compares atmospheric understanding and uncertainties associated with lifetime, ozone depletion potentials (ODP) and GWP values, atmospheric persistence of halocarbon global warming potential (HGWP) data greenhouse gas emissions, and the quantitative for R-22, R-32, R-125, R-134a, and R-407C. It influence of integration time horizon (ITH) on also provides a comparison of physical properties, analyses of impacts. A table provides estimates at the normal boiling point, and theoretical for the atmospheric lifetimes and GWP values for performance comparison between R-22 and the 20, 100, and 500 yr ITH. A sheet on Total Global blend. Two plots compare the coefficient of Warming Impact compares the Total Equivalent performance (COP) and cool Warming Impacts (TEWls), considering both direct (emission related) and indirect (energy related) effects of alternative technologies and fluids. It notes that a Refrigerant Database Page 83

ing capacity, for evaporator temperatures of -20 giene practices are observed. R-225ca and R- to 10 °C (-4 to 50 °F) for R-22 and the blend. 225cb (candidate solvents to replace R-113) were They show the blend's performance to be equal found to have low acute, oral, dermal, and to, or slightly better than that of R-22. The doc- inhalation toxicity. Neither is mutagenic or ument then discusses the flammability and tox- deemed a genetic hazard. R-225ca concentra- icity of both the blend and its components, noting tions of 650-1000 ppm produced effects on the that the composition was designed to be liver in rodents, but minor effects in a primate; nonflammable despite its R-32 content. The 1000-5000 ppm R-225cb resulted in only marginal bulletin briefly reviews handling and leakage. It effects in either. A Glossary of Terms is provided. advises that the blend always should be liquid charged into systems, and that investigation has shown that degradation of performance will not be March 1994 significant with anticipated leakage. The document next discusses appropriate lubricants, (R) J. Berghmans (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Bel- with focus on the ICI Emkarate RL family of gium), Effects of Accidents with Flammable Re- synthetic, neopentyl polyolesters. Several frigerants and the European Attitude Towards documents are cited as available or under their Use, presentation 5.1, ARI Flammability preparation to provide thermophysical properties, Workshop - Summary and Proceedings (Chicago, 8-9 flammability specifics, blend design information, March 1994), Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration handling and storage advice, and retrofit Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1994 (12 pages with 10 guidance. ICI's product name for R-407C is (R) presentation charts, available from JMC as RDB- Klea 66. 4795)

Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity flammability Testing (PAFT) Toxicology Summaries, PAFT, Bristol, United Kingdom, April 1994 (16 pages, W. Goetzler (Arthur D. Little, Incorporated, ADL), available from JMC in English or Japanese as RDB- Development of a Risk Assessment for 4A66) Flammable Refrigerants, presentation 4.1, ARI Flammability Workshop - Summary and Proceedings Eight data sheets summarize the status and (Chicago, 8-9 March 1994), Air-Conditioning and findings of the Programme for Alternative Fluo- Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1994 (18 rocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). They outline pages with 28 presentation charts, available from studies of acute toxicity (short-term exposures to JMC as RDB4794) high concentrations, such as accidental leakage), genotoxicity (effects on genetic material, an early W. L. Grosshandler (National Institute of Standards screen for possible carcinogenic activity), and Technology, NIST), Lean Flammability Limit as sub-chronic toxicity (repeated exposure to a Fundamental Material Property, presentation 3.4, determine any overall toxicological effect), re- ARI Flammability Workshop - Summary and productive and developmental toxicity (teratology, Proceedings (Chicago, 8-9 March 1994), Air-Con- assessment of the effects on the reproductive ditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, system and of the potential for causing birth VA, 1994, (24 pages with 21 presentation charts, defects), chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (lifetime available from JMC as RDB4793) testing to assess late-in-life toxicity or increased evidence of cancer), and ecotoxicity (assessment P. S. Squair (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- of potential to affect living organisms in the stitute, ARI), ARI Code Activity on Refrigerants, environment). Toxicology summaries for R-123, presentation 1.2, ARI Flammability Workshop - R-124, R-125, R-134a, and R-141b indicate that Summary and Proceedings (Chicago, 8-9 March all have low or very low toxicity; test results show 1994), ARI, Arlington, VA, 1994 (12 pages with 10 them to be neither developmental toxicants nor presentation charts, available from JMC as RDB- genotoxic. Additionally, R-123 and R-141b were 4783) found to have low acute dermal and inhalation toxicity, but caused an increased incidence of benign - but not life threatening - tumors in R. E. Tapscott and E. W. Heinonen (New Mexico Methods animals following long-term exposures. R-134a Engineering Research Institute, NMERI), Development for Measuring and Classifying also caused an increased incidence of benign - Flammability/Combustibility of Refrigerants but not life threatening - tumors in animals , ARI Flammability Workshop - following long-term exposure to high presentation 2.4, Summary and Proceedings concentrations. R-124, R-125, and R-134a were (Chicago, 8-9 March found to have very low acute and subchronic 1994), Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute inhalation toxicity. No current findings preclude (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1994 (16 pages with 13 pre- use of R-32 in general industrial uses, provided sentation charts, available from JMC as RDB4787) that recommended normal hy- Page 84 Refrigerant Database

These charts outline a research project to develop The database is available in both a computerized procedures and equipment to measure refrigerant version and as a listing in report form. The flammability. A second objective is to characterize computerized version includes the same citations parameters affecting flammability. The charts and abstracts as the report version plus 109 for a outline three tasks, to gather and review available supplement on copper in air conditioning and data, establish a test plan, and perform laboratory refrigeration (see RDB4137), 114 for superseded testing. Each task is described. The first includes and historical documents, and data summaries for performance of a structured literature search, 209 individual refrigerants and blends - a total of development of an information storage system, 1519 entries. It is accompanied by retrieval and preparation of an annotated bibliography and software to facilitate searches for specific summary. Proposed search topics are listed. The information; the software enables searches for second task will use the information found, to user-selected terms, or combinations of terms. It identify data shortfalls and to design experiments offers several automated features to simplify and methods to address them. Parameters searches including optional prompting by search affecting flammability are noted, including category, an automated "thesaurus" of synonyms apparatus size and construction, composition of and related terms, chain searches to broaden or the refrigerant, humidity, pressure, temperature, narrow prior searches, and a "wildcard" capability and ignition type and strength. Data to be to allow entry of word segments. The software addressed in laboratory testing, analyses, and also enables printing of selected citations, consultations with others are identified. They abstracts, and refrigerant summaries as well as include autoignition temperatures, source ignition preparation of a document order lists. Both energy, pressure rise trace, temperature rise, versions of the database include instructions to lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and obtain cited documents or subscriptions for UFL), and visual indications of flammability. updates to the database. Potential modifications to the ASTM E681 apparatus, including an increase to the vessel Refrigerant Reclin(R) HX4, product bulletin AF2612e, volume, an additional ignition point, and use of Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, heating to raise the test temperature are noted. Germany, 22 February 1994 (8 pages with 3 figures The charts conclude with a description and and 3 tables, RDB4778) schematic of the NMERI explosion sphere, which is based on a Fenwal design. This bulletin provides data for a tetrary zeotropic blend of R-32, R-125, R-143a, and R-134a - R- 32/125/143a/134a (10/33/36/21) - in metric (SI) February 1994 units of measure. The blend is described as a substitute for R-22 and R-502. A table summarizes physical and thermodynamic property data J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant for R-22, R-502, and HX4, including the chemical Database, report DOE/CE/23810-33E, Air-Condi- formulation, molecular mass, normal freezing and tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute boiling points, and critical parameters (ARTI), Arlington, VA, February 1994 (186 pages, (temperature, pressure, and density). It also gives available from JMC as RDB4217) the heat of vaporization, liquid density, isentropic exponent, and flammability limits (none) at This document provides bibliographic citations for selected conditions. The bulletin indicates that the 1087 publications that may be useful in research, blend is nonflammable and that it would be design, and application of air-conditioning and unlikely to fractionate to a flammable mixture with refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, air in the event of leakage. It notes that toxicity materials addressed, and key conclusions are testing is not complete for the components, but provided for approximately half of these that no adverse toxicological properties are documents. The database identifies sources of indicated. Ozone depletion and halocarbon global specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, warming potentials (ODP and HGWP) of 0 and R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, 0.73, respectively, are indicated. The bulletin R-152a, R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), notes that only ester lubricants are suitable for R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 HX4. It then reviews the thermodynamic (ammonia), ethers, and others as well as similarities of the blend with those of R-22 and azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. It R-502. Two plots compare their pressure- addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene temperature and density-temperature relationships glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other for -50 to 60 °C (-58 to 140 °F). A table provides lubricants. It also references documents on thermodynamic property data including the bubble compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with and dew point pressures; liquid and vapor specific metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and volumes, densi- other materials used in refrigerant circuits. Refrigerant Database Page 85

ties, enthalpies, and entropies; and the heat of pane). The specific mixtures include R-32/125 vaporization. These data cover HX4 at saturated (60/40), R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), R-32/125/- (wet vapor) conditions from -50 to 70 °C (-76 to 290/134a (20/55/5/20), R-32/134a (30/70), R- 158 °F). The bulletin concludes with a 125/143a (45/55), and R-404A [R-125/143a/134a pressure-enthalpy (Mollier) diagram (44/54/2)]. Their miscibilities were determined in five lubricants, including two polyolester (POE) branched acids (POE-BA, Castrol Icematic(R) (R) January 1994 SW32 and Henkel Emery 2927a), two POE mixed acids (POE-MA, ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 32S, formerly RL 184, and Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 224R), J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Copper in Air (R) Conditioning and Refrigeration - Supplement to and an alkylbenzene (AB, Shrieve Zerol 150). The last of these is used to examine the aromatic the ARTI Refrigerant Database, report JMC/- properties of miscibility. R-22 and R-502 also were ARTI/CDA-9401D, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration (R) Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, and the examined with a mineral oil (MO, Witco Suniso 3GS) for comparison. The report presents the Copper Development Association (CDA), New York, NY, January 1994 (28 pages, available from JMC as methods and apparatus used, and provides RDB4137) schematics for an oscillating body viscometer and blend sampling apparatus. The former is This document provides bibliographic citations for described as a unique means to accurately 109 publications that may be useful in research, determine viscosity, density, equilibrium refrigerant gas solubility, and pressure over a design, and application of air-conditioning and refrigeration (ACR) equipment. Synopses of the broad range of temperatures. Plots relate viscosity content, materials addressed, and key to temperature for R-22/MO, R-134a/POE-MA, R-502/MO for -25 to 125 °C (-13 to 257 °F) and conclusions are provided for approximately half of these documents. This supplement to the R-134a/POE-BA, R-143a/POE-BA, and R-143a/- Refrigerant Database increases the information POE-MA for 0 to 125 °C (32 to 257 °F). These plots cover pressures of approximately 70-1700 provided, by focusing on the suitability of and application data for copper and copper alloys with kPa (10-250 psia) and 0-60% refrigerant by refrigerants. The key concentration areas include weight. Viscosities and pressures for these refrigerant-lubricant mixtures are presented as heat transfer, surface enhancement, and materials compatibility. An introduction outlines modified Daniel Charts. Densities also are plotted, the reasons copper is the preferred fabrication as a function of temperature at constant concentration. An appendix provides plots material in many ACR components. A concluding section provides descriptions of both the showing the miscibility, partial miscibility, and Refrigerant Database and the Copper Data immiscibility ranges by temperature for -62 to 82 °C (-80 to 180 °F) for combinations of the six Center (CDC) database. blends and five synthetic lubricants. A second appendix presents plots and tabular raw data for B. Carter (Copeland Corporation), Compressor viscosity and solubility for R-22 with mineral oil at Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 -20, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 125 °C (-4, 32, 68, (50/50), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program 104, 140, 176, 212, and 257 °F). A third similarly (AREP) report 157, Air-Conditioning and Re- presents viscosity, solubility, and vapor frigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January fractionation for R-502 with mineral oil at -10, 0, 1994 (16 pages with 3 figures and 4 tables, available 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 125 °C (14, 32, 68, 104, from JMC as RDB5657) 140, 176, 212, and 257 °F). Four concluding appendices gives plots and tabular raw data for R-410A with a polyolester lubricant (Mobil EAL (R) the viscosity, density, and gas solubility of Arctic 22 CC) in a hermetic, compliant scroll R-134a/POE-BA, R-134a/POE-MA, R-143a/- compressor (Copeland ZR18K1-PFV) POE-BA, and R-143a/POE-MA at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 125 °C (32, 68, 104, 140, 176, and 257 R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, °F) and also at -30, -15, and 100 °C (-22, 5, 212 IRI), Measurement of Viscosity, Density, and Gas °F) for the R-134a/POE-MA mixture. Solubility of Refrigerant Blends in Selected Synthetic Lubricants, report DOE/CE/23810-33C, C. Cusano (University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology paign), Accelerated Screening Methods for Pre- Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (86 dicting Lubricant Performance in Refrigerant pages with 67 figures and 8 tables, available from Compressors, report DOE/CE/23810-35, Air-Con- JMC as RDB4301) ditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (64 pages with This interim report summarizes progress to measure the viscosity, density, and solubility of refrigerant/lubricant mixtures using six blends of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-290 (pro- Page 86 Refrigerant Database

39 figures and 7 tables, available from JMC as This report comprises presentation charts RDB4538) summarizing a study to develop an accelerated screening method, to predict lubricant perfor- This interim report summarizes progress to mance in refrigerant compressors. The charts identify more effective bench testers, to screen outline the objective, namely to develop a more lubricants for air-conditioning and refrigeration effective bench tester to screen lubricants for compressors. The report reviews the general air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. The requirements for simulative, specimen testing. It approach obtained Falex and underlying wear also discusses problems encountered in scaling data from compressor manufacturers and then and test acceleration, the latter by increasing the compared these data to measurements with a load or speed to obtain measurable wear in a high pressure tribometer (HPT). Diagrams illus- short period of time. The report notes drawbacks trate the Falex test, contact geometry for unidi- in popular methods, such as Falex testing and rectional motion, and the HPT. A series of tables compressor bench tests. It then describes and then summarize Falex test loads and speeds from schematically illustrates a high pressure tri- three unidentified manufacturers, corresponding bometer (HPT). This apparatus is characterized HPT and environmental conditions, and the as representing the temperature and pressure refrigerant-lubricant pairs tested. They include environment found in specific contact points in R-12 and R-22 with mineral oils for reference and compressors. The report also explains the ex- R-134a and an unidentified blend with nine also perimental procedure for comparison of HPT data unidentified polyolesters. Six plots show with those taken with Falex testers, supplied by representative friction and wear data at low speed three compressor manufacturers. The purpose of and load, high speed and low load, and high the comparison is to determine if the controlled speed and load for the refrigerant-lubricant environment and lower loads used with the HPT combinations. The lubricants are then ranked by produce different rankings than the Falex tests. wear and the rankings compared to those from The specimen data, test parameters, and Falex tests. The plots and comparisons are refrigerant-lubricant combinations are tabulated. repeated for conditions and refrigerant-lubricant Tests were performed using grey cast iron (GCI) systems corresponding to each compressor with SAE 333 die cast aluminum, SAE 356 die manufacturers' tests. The tests were performed cast aluminum with hardened drill rod, SAE 380 using grey cast iron (GCI) with SAE 333 die cast die cast aluminum and grey cast iron with aluminum, SAE 356 die cast aluminum with carburized 1018 steel paired to the three hardened drill rod, SAE 380 die cast aluminum manufacturers' conditions. The last involved both and grey cast iron with carburized 1018 steel oscillatory and unidirectional tests. The friction paired to the three manufacturers' conditions. The and wear data are plotted, and resulting rankings last involved both oscillatory and unidirectional of lubricants are compared to those for three tests. The presentation charts cite five combinations of load and speed with the HPT. conclusions: 1) lubricant rankings based on wear The report concludes that lubricant rankings from HPT tests do not correlate either with each based on data obtained with the HPT generally other or with Falex data, 2) consistent lubricant differ under various speeds and loads and also rankings are obtained even with different lubricant with those obtained by Falex testing. Moreover, qualities, 3) lubricant rankings can be a function of no correlation exists between friction and wear; a the materials in contact, 4) material pairs that contact that experiences low friction still can produce high friction do not necessarily produce exhibit high wear and vice versa. And finally, the high wear, and vice versa, and 5) for the ranking of lubricants can be a function of the conditions examined, R-134a/POE and the contact material. Future work in this project will refrigerant blend/POE generally yielded higher identify representative contact geometries, wear than R-12 or R-22 with mineral oils. analyze the tribological effectiveness of selected refrigerant/lubricant mixtures, and compare the S. Devotta, S. Gopichand, and V. R. Pendyala (Na- HPT data those obtained in manufacturer tional Chemical Laboratory, India), Comparative component tests. Assessment of Some HCFCs, HFCs and HFEs as Alternatives to CFC-11, International Journal of C. Cusano (University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Refrigeration (IJR), 17(1):32-39, January 1994 (8 paign), Accelerated Screening Methods for Pre- pages, rdb8207) dicting Lubricant Performance in Refrigerant Compressors, seminar presentation (ASHRAE theoretical performance comparison based on Winter Meeting, New Orleans, LA, January 1994), pressure ratio, specific compressor displacement, report DOE/CE/23810-31, Air-Conditioning and and theoretical coefficient of performance (COP): Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, concludes that R-11 "is the best thermo- VA, 24 January 1994 (28 pages with 24 charts, dynamically efficient fluid" and that R-123 offers available from JMC as RDB4214) similar characteristics; also notes that R-245ca Refrigerant Database Page 87

offers reasonable COP and that R-E143 may be progress report provides results for six of the bead suitable for the lower range of R-11 cooling ca- type desiccants in R-12/MO. Detailed results are pacities appended for each of these desiccants, including ion chromatograms and tabular crush strength N. Downs and M. Lindsay (Hussmann Corporation), data. Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 (45/55), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation K. K. Fung (Tyler Refrigeration Company), Soft- Program (AREP) report 159, Air-Conditioning and Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R- Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 125/143a (45/55), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation 1994 (10 pages with 2 figures and 2 tables, available Program (AREP) report 154, Air-Conditioning and from JMC as RDB5659) Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (16 pages with 5 tables, available from JMC as R-410B compared to R-502 with a polyolester RDB4754) lubricant (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22) in a commercial refrigeration system R-125/143a (45/55) compared to R-502 with polyolester lubricant (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22 CC) J. E. Field (Spauschus Associates, Incorporated), in a commercial refrigeration system Sealed Tube Comparisons of the Compatibility of Desiccants with Refrigerants and Lubricants, E. A. Groll and R. K. Radermacher (University of report DOE/CE/23810-33B, Air-Conditioning and Maryland), Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cy- Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, cle with Solution Circuit and Desorber-Absorber VA, January 1994 (80 pages with 35 figures and 40 Heat Exchange, paper 3743, Transactions (Winter tables, available from JMC as RDB4429) Meeting, New Orleans, LA, January 1994), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- This progress report presents the interim findings ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, of a study to determine the compatibility of 100(1):73-83, 1994 (11 pages with 10 figures and 2 desiccants with refrigerant-lubricant combinations, tables, RDB4414) using sealed-tube tests with aluminum, copper, and steel catalysts. The report generically This paper discusses a modified vapor-com- identifies the test materials, outlines the pression cycle incorporating a solution circuit preparation and analysis methods, and summa- (VCCSC) and a further enhancement incorpo- rizes the desiccant specifications. The moisture rating a desorber/absorber heat exchanger content and contaminants of the refrigerants (DAHX). The modifications enable internal heat specimens and the moisture content, total acid exchange between the desorption and absorption processes, resulting in extremely low pressure number, and ion content of the lubricants are ratios compared to those of conventional cycles tabulated. A table for each desiccant summarizes with pure refrigerants. Figures show the findings before and after aging, with both 50 and modifications schematically and on a pressure- 1000 ppm of added moisture. These results temperature plot. A simulation program is outlined, include liquid color, copper plating, solids and calculated performance is presented for five formation, crush strength, fraction of reacted concentrations of an ammonia/water mixture. refrigerant based on gas chromatography, fluoride Parametric analyses of concentrations and and chloride ion content in the liquid phase and impacts on pressure ratio, capacity, and efficiency retained in the desiccant, total acid number, and are presented. A table compares the condensing organic acid retained in the desiccant. The 16 and evaporating temperatures, pressure ratios, desiccants include samples from two suppliers for and cooling coefficients of performance (COPs) each of eight types, namely: 3Å and 4Å molecular for ammonia/water DAHX and VCCSC cycles to sieves, alumina, silica gel, and four core types. those for ammonia and R-22 in a simple They include 10-25% molecular sieve and vapor-compression cycle. The paper concludes alumina with carbon and 15-30% molecular sieve that the DAHX COP is up to 10 or 26% higher and alumina without carbon, each with type 3Å than with ammonia or R-22, respectively, in and 4Å molecular sieves. The lubricants include a conventional cycles while the pressure ratio is up naphthenic mineral oil (MO), alkylbenzene (AB), to 70 and 62% lower, respectively. The result and two classes of polyolester (POE) lubricants - allows use of low cost, low lift compressors, but pentaerythritol ester branched acid (POE-BA) and requires significantly greater - 50-100% - heat exchange surface and introduction of a circulation pentaerythritol ester mixed acid (POE-MA). pump. Compatibility data are being obtained for each of the desiccants with 13 refrigerant-lubricant W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and combinations: R-11, R-12, R-22, and R-123 with Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties of MO; R-32, R-125, and R-134a with both POE-BA HFC-143a and HFC-152a, report DOE/CE/23810- and POE-MA; R-124 with AB; R-143a with 33A, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology POE-BA; and R-152a with AB (or with POE-MA). The Page 88 Refrigerant Database

Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (50 tives, their characteristics, and commercial ex- pages, including 11 figures and 14 tables, available amples. The article traces blend reformulations to from JMC as RDB4427) resolve identified concerns. It describes considerations for three application categories, This progress report summarizes experimental starting with packaged equipment for residential measurements to provide highly accurate, and commercial air conditioning and heat pump thermophysical property data for R-143a and R- systems. Testing is focusing on an azeotrope, 152a. The project also includes data fitting to R-32/125 (50/50), and three zeotropes, R-32/134a modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equa- (25/75) and (30/70), and R-32/125/134a tions of state and detailed transport property (30/10/60). The article outlines their advantages models. The objective is to fill gaps in current data and disadvantages, comments on test results, and and resolve problems and uncertainties that exist summarizes comparative findings by evaluations in and between such data. The report briefly in Japan. The article concludes that the zeotropes reviews progress during the preceding quarter. are close to R-22 in behavior and would require Efforts focused on analysis of vapor pressures only minor changes in design, but would not be and measurement of vapor phase easy to use in systems with multiple evaporators. pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behavior and R-32/125 shows the best promise to increase liquid phase isochoric heat capacities of R-143a. efficiency, and its lower volumetric flow rate may The report outlines measurements with a Burnett allow reductions in equipment size. However, its apparatus, revision for a small air impurity, and use would require substantial compressor and reduction to a Wagner-type equation. It also heat exchanger redesign. R-134a also is a describes use of an adiabatic calorimeter to candidate, but compressors would need measure the molar heat capacity. The report then approximately 50% larger volumetric summarizes work to develop an interim MBWR displacement. The replacements addressed for equation and measure sound speeds and thermal R-22 engineered systems - water chillers for conductivities for R-152a, using a cylindrical centralized plants - include R-32/125 (50/50), acoustic resonator and a hot-wire apparatus. R-32/134a (25/75) and (30/70), R-125/143a/134a Figures illustrate the pressures, temperatures, (44/52/4) [R-404A], R-134a, and R-717 and correlation deviations of the measurements. (ammonia). R-32/125 again offers potential Two plots show the isochoric and saturated heat performance advantages, but its high condensing capacities of R-143a in the liquid-phase. An pressure may limit its application unless appendix presents tabular summaries of compressors and heat exchangers are measured isochoric and isothermal vapor phase redesigned. R-134a already is used in centrifugal PVT and final vapor pressure data for R-143a in chillers, for which the higher flow volumes do not both metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units. substantially increase costs, but is limited for Measurements also are presented for its liquid positive displacement machines (with screw and and two-phase heat capacities. Speed of sound reciprocating piston compressors) by the larger measurements, ideal-gas heat capacity, and displacement requirement. Ammonia offers a acoustic virial coefficients are tabulated for viable technical alternative, but its consideration is R-152a. The interim, 32-term MBWR equation of primarily for industrial applications due to safety state and a table of derived thermodynamic issues and building code requirements. The article properties complete the report. addresses three alternatives to replace R-502 in commercial refrigeration systems, namely K. E. Hickman (York International Corporation), R-125/143a (50/50) [R-507A], R-125/143a/134a Redesigning Equipment for R-22 and R-502 Al- (44/52/4) [R-404A], R-32/125/134a (20/40/40), ternatives, ASHRAE Journal, 36(1):42-44 and 46- and R-32/125/143a (10/45/45). The author notes 47, January 1994 (5 pages with 1 table, RDB4215) greatest interest and testing for R-32/125/134a, despite earlier announcements of other This insightful article reviews candidates being replacements spurred by impending phase out of tested to replace R-22 and R-502, in the Alterna- R-115, a component of R-502. The article tive Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP). concludes that considerable testing remains to be The introduction explains that AREP was orga- done for product development to prove system nized by the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration reliability and durability. It also notes that better Institute (ARI), to identify the most promising re- property data are needed for manufacturers to placements. It notes participation by government predict and certify performance with the accuracy and university laboratories and support by the that is now standard. Most of the alternatives U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Electric Power either do not improve efficiencies or require Research Institute (EPRI), and the National substantial changes and testing. The author Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in suggests that the alternatives will offer neither addition to the primary testing by manufacturers. performance or cost advantages to customers for A table summarizes the alterna- systems now Refrigerant Database Page 89

designed for R-22. While manufacturers believe VA, January 1994 (8 pages with 3 figures and 3 ta- that the refrigerants under test will be viable, bles, available from JMC as RDB4748) testing is still at an early stage and a service infrastructure must be put in place. R-290 (propane) This report summarizes performance measure- also is listed as a candidate, but is not discussed. ments of R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) with an [This article is an edited version of RDB4524.] unidentified ester lubricant in a 2.75 kW (3/4 ton) split-system room air conditioner (RAC) / heat R. E. Kauffman (University of Dayton Research In- pump with a rotary rolling-piston compressor. The stitute), Accelerated Screening Methods for De- results are compared to corresponding data for termining Chemical and Thermal Stability of R-22 with alkylbenzene. Two schematics illustrate Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, Part II: Experi- the refrigerant circuit and modifications to the heat mental Comparison and Verification of Methods, exchangers for the zeotropic blend. The data for seminar presentation (ASHRAE Winter Meeting, the cooling and heating modes are summarized in New Orleans, LA, January 1994), report DOE/CE/- two tables. The charge and lubricant quantities 23810-30, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Tech- and the test conditions are indicated. Operating nology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 24 January temperatures and pressures are given for the 1994 (14 pages with 10 charts, available from JMC inlets and outlets of the compressor, condenser, as RDB4213) expansion device, and evaporator. The results show a 1% increase in capacity for both cooling This report comprises presentation charts and heating and decreases of 5 and 4% in summarizing a study to develop an accelerated efficiency for the cooling and heating modes, test method, to determine the chemical and respectively, compared to R-22. These findings thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. are plotted. The report notes that the discharge The charts identify evaluation criteria for candi- pressure with R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) is date tests. A diagram shows the modified sealed approximately 10% higher than with R-22, but the tube used, with two tungsten electrode rods discharge temperature is approximately 7% lower. sealed into the bottom. Figures then depict the findings of methods evaluated, including a plot of J. Pannock, R. K. Radermacher, Z. Liu, and K. Yu electrical conductivity during thermal aging for (University of Maryland), Evaluation of HFC-134a R-11, R-12, and R-22 with mineral oil. A similar and HFC-152a as Working Fluids in a Domestic chart shows the results for R-134a with 4 Refrigerator/Freezer, paper NO-94-20-2, Transac- polyolester lubricants. A table compares the tions (Winter Meeting, New Orleans, LA, January experimental results for standard and modified 1994), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, sealed tube tests of R-12 and R-22. A summary and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, chart indicates that in-situ conductivity mea- GA, 100(1):1344-1350, 1994 (7 pages with 6 figures surements monitor thermal and chemical stabil- and 4 tables, RDB4411) ities of refrigerant-oil mixtures, generally agree with tests based on ANSI/ASHRAE Standard R-134a, R-152a 97-1989 evaluations, and reduce safety risk and time requirements. An additional chart outlines J. Pettersen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, future work. [see RDB4211 for elaboration] Norway), A New and Efficient Vehicle Air-Condi- tioning System Based on CO2 Vapor Compres- S. Komatsu (Sanden Corporation, Japan), Com- sion, paper OR-94-5-3, Transactions (Annual Meet- pressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R- ing, Orlando, FL, 25-29 June 1994), American Soci- 125/143a, Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Pro- ety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning gram (AREP) report 146, Air-Conditioning and Re- Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(2):657-665, frigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (9 page with 7 figures and 1 table, RDB4709) 1994 (8 pages with 3 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB5646) use of R-744 (carbon dioxide) as a refrigerant in mobile air conditioner (MAC) systems This report summarizes performance measurements of R-125/143a (45/55) with an unidentified J. R. Sand and S. K. Fischer (Oak Ridge National ester lubricant in a rotary, rolling-piston Laboratory, ORNL), Modelled Performance of compressor. Nonchlorinated Substitutes for CFC-11 and CFC-12 in Centrifugal Chillers, International Journal T. Nitta (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Limited, of Refrigeration (IJR), 17(1):40-48, January 1994 (9 Japan), Soft-Optimized Test of Refrigerant R- pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, available from JMC 32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants as RDB2411) Evaluation Program (AREP) report 148, Air-Condi- tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, This article presents data on candidate refrigerants to replace R-11 and R-12 in chillers with Page 90 Refrigerant Database

centrifugal compressors. The partially fluorinated under a grant from the Office of Building Tech- alkanes and ethers examined were identified from nology of the U.S. Department of Energy and cost earlier studies. The article outlines the sources for sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration and methods used to estimate missing industry. The program was implemented on 30 thermophysical property data, to enable analyses. September 1991 and, as currently funded, will run It then discusses the benefits and limitations of through 30 September 1995. It supports critical various equation of state models considered, research to accelerate introduction of substitutes leading to selection and fitting of the data to the for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochloro- Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) and Lee- fluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants. The primary Kesler-Plöcker (LKP) equations of state. The elements include materials compatibility testing, article describes a simple chiller model, based on methods development, and data collection and a single-stage compressor, used to simulate dissemination. The report provides a status performance. The modelled results are tabulated update on research to measure thermophysical including ideal-cycle isentropic coefficients of properties of R-143a and R-152a; measure the performance (COPs), kW electricity input per viscosity, density, and solubility for three thermal kW of cooling, and calculated azeotropic and zeotropic blends to replace R-22 compression superheat for candidates with and R-502; measure the viscosity, density, and efficiencies equal to or exceeding that of R-134a. solubility for 38 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; and They include - in ascending order of normal obtain compatibility data on desiccants with boiling point - R-E254cb (CHF2-O-CF2CH3), refrigerants and lubricants. The report also R-E245cb (CF3-O-CF2CH3), R-152, R-E143, summarizes three projects to develop accelerated R-123, R-245ca, R-11, R-245fa, R-236ea, screening and test methods to predict lubricant R-E134, R-236ca, R-143, R-114, R-236fa, R- performance in compressors, the life of motor 236cb, R-134, R-152a, R-134a, and R-12. Indi- materials exposed to refrigerant-lubricant cations are given on the flammability (or antici- mixtures, and chemical and thermal stability of pated flammability) of these refrigerants. Modelled refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. It reviews the results also are tabulated for eight binary blends progress of a continuing project to collect and of flammable and nonflammable components facilitate dissemination of data, through expected to exhibit near-azeotropic performance. development and administration of the ARTI They include R-E143/245ca (21/79) and (45/55), Refrigerant Database. The progress report R-143/236ea (11/89) and (48/52), R-143/E134, summarizes completed projects to measure R-143/R-236ca (11/89) and (48/52), and thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, R-124, R-152a/134 (19/81). The paper concludes that and R-125; model the performance and key while there are potential alternatives for R-11 and operating parameters of 12 potential alternatives R-123, with efficiencies higher than with R-12 or for R-22 and R-502; test the chemical and thermal R-134a, several candidates with the best stability of refrigerant lubricant mixtures with performance are likely to be flammable. metals; measure the miscibility of lubricants with Near-azeotropic blends of flammable and refrigerants; provide information on the nonflammable components with similar vapor compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with pressures may afford solutions, but further studies motor materials, elastomers, and engineering are needed particularly for the fluorinated ethers plastics; and investigate electrohydrodynamic and flammability characterization. The article (EHD) enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of notes that cycle modifications, such as adding alternative refrigerants. The scope of the program, subcooling or suction-to-liquid heat exchangers, objectives of the individual projects, and significant will preferentially benefit the performance of interim findings are presented. This program refrigerants with more complex molecular summary also identifies reports resulting from the structures and larger molecular heat capacities. individual projects. Tables summarize significant Also, multistage designs with interstage flash findings of the individual projects including the cooling (economizer cycles) need verification. miscibility of lubricants with 10 refrigerants; equations of state developed for R-32, R-123, S. R. Szymurski, G. C. Hourahan, and D. S. Godwin, R-124, R-125, and R-152a; and relative elastomer Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research swelling in refrigerants and lubricants. Two figures on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report compare the modelled performance of alternative DOE/CE/23810-33, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- refrigerants to the capacities and efficiencies of ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, R-22 and R-502. January 1994 (54 pages with 8 figures and 9 tables, available from JMC as RDB4428) H. Wakabayashi and A. Aoki (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of This progress report summarizes the goals and Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubri- Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) cant Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded Refrigerant Database Page 91

report 138, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- increases of less than 1%, and efficiency de- stitute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (12 pages creases of 5 and 1.2%, were measured for the with 3 figures and 7 tables, available from JMC as drop-in and soft-optimized versions, respectively, RDB4738) in the heating mode.

K. Wakahara (Sharp Corporation, Japan), Drop-In X. Zeng, M. C. Chyu (Texas Tech University), and Z. Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Al- H. Ayub (Ayub and Associates, Incorporated), ternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) Characteristic Study of Sprayed Fluid Flow in a report 139, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- Tube Bundle, paper 3742 (725-RP), Transactions stitute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (8 pages (Winter Meeting, New Orleans, LA, January 1994), with 3 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- RDB4739) Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(1):63-72, 1994 (10 pages with 16 figures, RDB- J. M. Wallace (University of Washington) and S. 4A13) Vogel (science writer), Reports to the Nation on our Changing Planet: El Niño and Climate Pro- fluid flow in plain, low-finned, and grooved copper tection, report 3, University Corporation for Atmo- tubes in square and triangular pitch tube bundles spheric Research (UCAR) Office for Interdisciplinary subjected an overhead water spray: effects on Earth Studies (OIES), Boulder, CO, spring 1994 (28 performance of liquid distribution pages with 19 figures, RDB4A74) Q. Zhou, J. Pannock, and R. K. Radermacher (Uni- explains in simple terms the disruption in climate versity of Maryland), Development and Testing of a conditions and flows in the Pacific Ocean known High Efficiency Refrigerator, paper NO-94-20-3, as El Niño: describes the consequences in Transactions (Winter Meeting, New Orleans, LA, natural disasters and linkages to climate January 1994), American Society of Heating, Re- prediction; reviews historic occurrences, how the frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- phenomenon affects the ocean, and ties between RAE), Atlanta, GA, 100(1):1351-1358, 1994 (8 pages winds and the seas; outlines the ability to predict with 2 figures and 5 tables, RDB4421) El Niño occurrence and strength; provides estimates of the global costs of El Niño and the refrigerant mixture used not identified pending relation to global climate change patent application review

R. Yajima and O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, 1994-1995 Research Plan, American Society of Japan), Soft-Optimized System Test of Re- Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- frigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1 January 1994 (25 Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 151, pages with 7 tables, RDB4679) Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1994 (10 pages with 1 figure This list of prospective research subjects identifies and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB4751) 305 proposed projects, 64 designated as priority status. The projects are grouped into nine project This report summarizes performance tests of R- classifications, based on approved funding 32/134a (30/70) with an unidentified ester lubri- guidelines. Projects relating to refrigerants fall in cant. They were tested in a 2.4 kW (8300 Btu/hr) several of these categories, including the third and room air conditioner (RAC) / heat pump with a sixth highest priority topics, Environmentally-Safe 750 W (1 hp) rotary, rolling-piston compressor. Materials and Refrigeration Systems. The The tests included both an unmodified (drop-in) research areas were proposed by ASHRAE and optimized system, the latter with modified Technical Committees, Task Groups, and other circuiting of the indoor and outdoor heat committees; they were prioritized by ASHRAE's exchangers. These modifications are shown in a Research and Technical Committee. The highest schematic. The results are tabulated with priority group (three stars) includes research of corresponding data for R-22 with an unidentified "Thermophysical Properties of Alternative mineral oil. The charge and lubricant quantities Refrigerants" and to "Develop Solubility and and the test conditions are indicated. Operating Viscosity Data for Various Oil/Refrigerant Mixtures temperatures and pressures are given for the at High Discharge Temperatures and Pressures." inlets and outlets of the compressor and The next classification includes "Flammability evaporator as well as the outlets from the Properties of Alternative Refrigerants" and condenser and expansion device. The results "Develop Corrosion Data with Materials of show nearly identical capacity and efficiency in Construction and New Refrigerant/Lubricants at the cooling mode except for a 10.4% efficiency Various Moisture Levels." The one-star priority loss for the drop-in case. Capacity group includes "Comprehensive Thermodynamic Property Data for Refrigerant Blends," "Develop Refrigerant-Lubricant- Page 92 Refrigerant Database

Desiccant Moisture Equilibrium Data with New uct purity specifications, a tabular comparison of HFC Refrigerants and Relevant Lubricants," performance with R-12, and tabular pressure- "Double-Walled Heat Exchangers for Class 2 temperature data for -45 to 70 °C (-60 to 160 °F). Refrigerants," and "In-Tube Evaporation of Am- It then discusses lubricant suitability with primary monia in Smooth and Enhanced Tubes with focus on polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and Miscible and Immiscible Oils." Among nonpriority polyolester (POE) synthetics. Characteristic projects are "Thermophysical Properties of R-23," miscibility plots are shown. The document dis- "A Uniform Equation of State for Alternatives to cusses copper plating with PAG and POE lubri- the CFC Refrigerants," "Measurement of R-22 cants. It notes that plating levels are lower for and Alternative Refrigerant Leakage Rates from R-134a with the cited lubricants than with R-12 Open-Shaft Compressors," and "Heat and Mass and mineral oil. While plating does not appear in Transfer Additives in Aqua-Ammonia Systems." laboratory tests with two POEs (Castrol Icematic(R) Further projects will examine "Evaporation of SW32 and Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22), field Ammonia Outside Smooth and Enhanced Tubes occurrence suggests that it may result in the with Miscible and Immiscible Oils," "Boiling and presence of other materials. The bulletin tabulates Two-Phase Flow of Ammonia and Ammonia/Oil stability data for the same POEs in the presence Mixtures in Corrugated Passages Simulating a of aluminum, copper, and steel. It discusses the Plate Heat Exchanger," "Investigation of a effects of chlorinated solvents and residual Theoretical Method to Predict Solubility of refrigerants, noting that R-134a is chemically Refrigerant/Oil Solutions at Several Temperatures compatible with chlorinated materials, but that the and Pressures," "Develop Solubility and Viscosity associated PAG and POE lubricants may not be. Data for Various Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures at High It notes, however, that R-12 and R-134a form a Discharge Temperatures and Pressures," higher-pressure azeotrope. The bulletin then "Separating Velocities for Ammonia in Horizontal discusses materials compatibility and provides and Vertical Vessels," "Laboratory Verification of tabular, qualitative indications for elastomers and Modeling Transients in Refrigerant Lines," and plastics. It discusses suitability with polyethylene "Refrigerant Piping Pressure Drop Computer terephthalate (PET) and desiccants, and also Programs." This plan summarizes anticipated provides a plot of solubility of water in R-134a. funding and procedures for implementing the The bulletin then discusses safety, including both research identified; it replaces versions published toxicity and flammability. It describes the former for preceding years [see RDB3118]. as intrinsically low. While it suggests that R-134a is nonflammable, it notes that R-134a can become Genetron(R) 134a Product Brochure, bulletin B- combustible at higher pressures when mixed with 525-009, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, more than 60% air. The bulletin discusses January 1994 (16 pages with 6 figures and 6 tables, storage, handling, safety guidelines, and leak RDB4682) detection methods. It briefly outlines environmental considerations, reclamation, retrofit pro- This bulletin supplies information on R-134a and cedures for R-12 equipment, and R-134a packaging. AlliedSignal's product name for R-134a is application data in metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) (R) units. R-134a is described as a replacement for Genetron 134a.

R-12 in automobile air conditioning; residential (R) and commercial refrigeration; residential, Genetron AZ-50 Product Brochure, bulletin B- commercial, and industrial air conditioning in- 525-030, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, cluding centrifugal chillers; and as a blowing January 1994 (12 pages with 4 figures and 5 tables, agent and aerosol propellant. The bulletin de- RDB4683) scribes these applications and lists basic physical properties including the chemical name and This bulletin supplies information on R-507, a formula, appearance, molecular weight, normal blend of R-125 and R-143a - R-125/143a (50/50) - boiling and freezing points, and critical param- and application data in metric (SI) and inch-pound eters (temperature, pressure, density, and spe- (IP) units. R-507 is described as a long-term cific volume). The property data also include the replacement for R-502 in commercial refrigeration, vapor density, latent heat of vaporization at the for both new equipment and retrofits. The bulletin boiling point, flammability limits (none), au- describes these applications and lists basic toignition temperature, ozone depletion potential physical properties including the chemical name (ODP), and halocarbon global warming potential and formula, appearance, molecular weight, (HGWP). Representative data are provided for 25 normal boiling point, and critical parameters °C (77 °F) including the liquid density; vapor (temperature, pressure, density, and specific pressure; solubility in and of water; and vapor and volume). The property data also include the vapor liquid heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and density, latent heat of vaporization at the boiling viscosity. The bulletin provides Mollier point, flammability (pressure-enthalpy) charts, prod- Refrigerant Database Page 93

limits (none), ozone depletion potential (ODP), expansion. It also indicates the bubble point and halocarbon global warming potential pressure and latent heat of vaporization at 21 °C (HGWP). Representative data are provided for 25 (70 °F) and the saturated vapor density at 1 at- °C (77 °F) including the liquid density; vapor mosphere (14.7 psia). The bulletin then presents pressure; and vapor and liquid heat capacity, a Martin-Hou equation of state and formulae to thermal conductivity, and viscosity. The bulletin calculate the bubble, mid, and dew point provides Mollier (pressure-enthalpy) charts, temperatures for the saturation envelope. It also product purity specifications, a tabular comparison provides formulae for the latent heat of of performance with R-502, and tabular vaporization, ideal gas heat capacity, saturated pressure-temperature data for -45 to 70 °C (-60 to liquid enthalpy, speed of sound, and liquid and 160 °F). It then discusses lubricant suitability with vapor density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. primary focus on polyolester (POE) synthetics. A The document concludes with four tables giving characteristic miscibility plot is shown. The bulletin calculated values for these properties at tabulates stability data three POEs (Castrol representative pressures of 70-2760 kPa (10-400 (R) (R) psia) and temperatures of -51 to 49 °C (-60 to 120 Icematic SW32 and Mobil EAL Arctic 22 and (R) 32) in the presence of aluminum, copper, and °F). ICI's product name for R-407C is Klea 66. steel. It discusses the effects of chlorinated solvents and residual refrigerants, noting that Moisture Solubility in R-123 and R-134a, research R-507 is chemically compatible with chlorinated project 602-RP, American Society of Heating, materials, but that the associated POE lubricants Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers may not be. It notes, however, that R-502 and (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, March 1989 - January 1994 R-507 should not be mixed; while each is an (ASH0602) azeotrope, two of their components, R-115 and R-502 also form an azeotrope, resulting in a This project determined the moisture solubility of four-component mixture that is difficult to R-123 and R-134a. Measurements were made in separate. The bulletin then discusses materials the range of -23 to 66 °C (-10 to 150 °F) for the compatibility and provides tabular, qualitative liquid phase and at a single temperature in the indications for elastomers and plastics with R-507, vapor phase. The data were needed to determine with and without an unidentified POE. It discusses the corrosion characteristics of these refrigerants. desiccant suitabilities, and also provides a plot of The contractor was the University of Alabama, led solubility of water in R-507. The bulletin then by J. S. Thrasher; the project was sponsored by discusses safety, including both toxicity and ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.3, Contaminant flammability. It describes the former as Control in Refrigerating Systems.

intrinsically low. While it suggests that R-507 is (R) nonflammable (practically nonflammable by Thermodynamic Properties of Klea 66, Underwriters' Laboratories, UL, classification), it 32/125/134a (23/25/52 wt %), British Units, bulletin notes that R-507 can become combustible at 620250410, ICI Klea, Wilmington, DE, January 1994 higher pressures when mixed with air. The bulletin (28 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, RDB4135) discusses thermal stability, storage, handling, safety guidelines, and leak detection methods. It This bulletin provides detailed thermodynamic briefly outlines environmental considerations, properties for saturated and superheated condi- reclamation, retrofit procedures for R-502 tions for R-407C, a zeotropic blend containing equipment, and R-507 packaging. AlliedSignal's R-32, R-125, and R-134a - specifically R-32/- product name for R-507 is Genetron(R) AZ-50. 125/134a (23/25/52) - in inch-pound (IP) units of measure. It comprises three tables, accompanied Klea(R) 66 Data Sheet, bulletin 620250610, ICI Klea, by notes on system performance with zeotropic Wilmington, DE, January 1994 (8 pages with 1 table, blends and instructions to find the evaporator inlet RDB4134) and outlet temperatures based on expansion valve enthalpy and the evaporator pressure. The This bulletin provides summary property data and first presents saturation properties by pressure in equations to calculate thermophysical properties 7-69 kPa (1-10 psi) increments for 70-2960 kPa for R-407C, a zeotropic blend containing R-32, (10-430 psia). The tabular data include the dew R-125, and R-134a - specifically R-32/125/134a and bubble points as well as the liquid and vapor (23/25/52) - in inch-pound (IP) units of measure. density, enthalpy, and entropy. The second table This formulation was selected to replace R-22 in provides density, enthalpy, and entropy data for new low temperature refrigeration equipment and superheated vapor at constant pressure. The data also for retrofit in many existing systems. The span the range of 70-2960 kPa (10-430 psia) to bulletin tabulates physical properties including the temperatures as high as 216 °C (420 °F). The last atmospheric bubble and dew points, estimated table critical temperature, Trouton's constant, and coefficient of thermal

please see page 6 for ordering information Page 94 Refrigerant Database

presents evaporator inlet temperatures as func- thermophysical properties of the fluid, properties tions of pressure and enthalpy for 70-690 kPa of the heating surface, and surface geometry (10-100 psia). ICI's product name for R-407C is Klea(R) 66. D. Gorenflo (Universität Paderborn, Germany), Abschnitt Hab Belhaltersieden, VDI-Wärmeatlas [Thermal Atlas of the Association of German Engi- 1994 (month not indicated) neers] (seventh edition), Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) Verlag, Düsseldorf, Germany, 1994 (rdb8A06) M. S. Collins, An Experimental Study of the Per- formance of R-32/134a, R-32/125/134a, and R- heat transfer; pool boiling correlations by a re- 134a as Drop-In Replacements for R-22 in Air duced pressure method; heat transfer coefficients Conditioning Applications, MS thesis, Iowa State for R-22, R-123, R-134a, R-717 (ammonia), and University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, others 1994 (rdb6337) A. N. Gurova, C. A. Nieto de Castro, and U. V. Mar- drop-in performance tests dolcar (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), The Thermal Conductivity of Environmentally Ac- Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards ceptable Liquid Refrigerants, Thermal Conductivity of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, List of 22, Technomic Publishing Company, Tempe, AZ, MAK and BAT Values 1994: Maximum Concen- 189-199, 1994 (11 pages, rdb8458) trations and Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace, report 30, Deutsche Forschungsge- transport properties of R-123 and others; ther- meinschaft [German Research Association] (DFG), mophysical data Bonn, Germany; VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, Germany, 1994 (RDB5561) G. Hammarberg and H. Nyman, R407C Zeotrope as an Alternative to R22, MS thesis, Kungliga Tekniska English language version of the MAK- und BAT- Högskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, 1994 Werte-Liste; maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration (rdb6863) [maximum workplace concentration] and biologischer Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Wert [biological R-22, R-407C tolerance value]; German occupational exposure limits for chemicals for approximately 600 R. K. Hewstone, Environmental Health Aspects of chemicals including R-11, R-12, R-12B2, R-13, Lubricant Additives, paper 11.7, Ecological and R-21, R-22, R-114, R-123, R-142b, R-E170, R- Economical Aspects of Tribology (proceedings of the 290, R-600, R-600a, R-610, R-611, R-717, Ninth International Colloquium), Technische R-744, R-744, R-764, R-7146, and others; Academie Esslingen, Germany, 1994 (rdb6379) classification of carcinogenic, embryotoxicant, and sensitizing substances lubricants, environmental impacts

M. K. Dobson, Heat Transfer and Flow Regimes L. Kinne, Luft als Kältemittel [Air as a Refrigerant], During Condensation in a Horizontal Tube, PhD Ki Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, 30(5):220-222, thesis (Department of Mechanical Engineering), 1994 (3 pages in German, RDB4A63) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1994 (rdb6704) R-729

refrigerants S. Komatsuzaki and Y. Homma (Hitachi Limited, Japan), Lubricants for HFC Refrigerant Com- T. Ebner and H. Halozan (Technische Universität pressors, Sekiyu Gakkaishi, Japan, 37(3):226-235, Graz, Graz, Austria), Testing the Available Alter- 1994 (10 pages, rdb6371) natives - An Examination of R-134a, R-152a, and R-290, IEA Heat Pump Newsletter, International polyalkylene glycol (PAG) polyolester (POE) lu- Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Centre (HPC), bricants Sittard, The Netherlands, 12(1), 1994 (rdb5721) G. K. Lavrenchenko, M. G. Khmelnuk, and E. I. Golobic and B. Gaspersic (University of Ljubljana, Tikhonova (Institute of Energy Conversion Systems, Slovenia), Method of Predicting the Pool Boiling Ukraine), Thermodynamical Aspects of Using Critical Heat Flux Based on Thermodynamic Mixtures of Substances in Refrigerating Similarity, Proceedings of the Tenth International Machines, CFCs, the Day After (proceedings of the Heat Transfer Conference, Institution of Chemical IIR meeting, Padova, Italy, 21-23 September 1994), Engineers, Rugby, UK, 36-ff, 1994 (rdb7810) International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 9:65-70, September 1994 (6 pages with 2 nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients on tables, rdb5849) plain tubes, method based on heat flux, the Refrigerant Database Page 95

blends critical parameters (temperature, pressure, and specific volume), reduced dipole moment, Pitzer J. Millat, H. Hendl, and E. Bich, Quasi-Isochoric p- acentric factor, and volume of a hard-sphere ro-T Measurements and 2nd Virial Coefficient of model for 18 refrigerants. They include R-11, R- n-Heptane, International Journal of Thermophysics, 12, R-13, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-32, R-41, R-114, R- 15(5):903 ff, 1994 (rdb8C43) 115, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-141b, R- 142b, R-143a, and R-152a. The paper compares thermodynamic properties of R-602 (n-heptane); predicted and measured data, concluding that the thermophysical data model provides an accurate method of predicting densities. It outlines the development and S. M. Sami and P. J. Tulej (University of Moncton, presents equations and parameters for estimating Canada), Performance Analysis of a Drop-In Re- the properties of pure refrigerants, and their placement Blend for CFC-12, CFC-502, and mixtures, when thermodynamic data are not HCFC-22, International Journal of Energy Research available. (IJER), 18:49-56, 1994 (8 pages, rdb4C16) J. V. Widiatmo, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio R-12, R-22, and R-502 alternatives; zeotropic University, Japan), Measurement of the Liquid blends Densities of the Binary HFC-32 + HFC-134a System, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 99:199-207, 1994 (9 J. V. Sengers (University of Maryland), Effects of pages with 7 figures and 2 tables, rdb4871) Critical Fluctuations on the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Supercritical Fluids, Su- thermodynamic properties of R-32/134a blends; percritical Fluids, edited by E. Kiran and J. M. H. thermophysical data Levelt Sengers, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dor- drecht, The Netherlands, and Norwell, MA, USA, 1994-1995 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical 231-271, 1994 (41 pages with 17 figures, RDB6406) Substances in the Work Environment, 1994-1995 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and long-range density fluctuations in the critical Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, phase transition, thermodynamic and transport American Conference of Government Industrial properties around the critical point Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1-50 and notes, 1994 (50 of 132 pages with 2 tables and 4 Y. M. Suleiman, S. A. M. Said, and B. Ismail (King appendices, available from ACGIH for $11.00, Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi RDB5208) Arabia), HCFC 22 as a Replacement for CFC 12, Applied Energy, 49(1)1-8, 1994 (8 pages, rdb8928) This book provides data for use as guidelines or recommendations in the control of potential discusses the theoretical differences in perfor- hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are tab- mance between R-12 and R-22 based on ther- ulated for airborne concentrations of chemical modynamic properties; assesses the potential for substances to which workers may be exposed. use of R-22 to replace R-12 in air-conditioner with These chemicals include some commonly or a reciprocating-piston compressor historically used as refrigerants, based on their chronic and/or acute toxicity. The TLV data refer L. A. Weber and D. R. Defibaugh (National Institute to concentrations under which it is believed that of Standards and Technology, NIST), The Virial nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed Coefficients of Five Binary Mixtures of Fluori- without adverse health effects subject to identified nated Methanes and Ethanes, International Journal considerations. The TLVs are categorized as of Thermophysics, 15(5):863 ff, 1994 (28 page time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), preprint with 6 figures and 2 tables available from short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), JMC as Rdb4B68). and ceiling (TLV-C). Notes are provided for interpretation, but the information is not intended thermodynamic properties of R-32/125, R-32/- for use without training in industrial hygiene. The 134a, R-125/134a, R-125/143a, and R-134a/- document also lists intended changes and 152a: thermophysical data provides appendices addressing carcinogens, substances of variable composition, mixtures, and sampling criteria for airborne particulate matter. L. A. Weber (National Institute of Standards and The refrigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, Estimating the Virial Coeffi- Technology, NIST), R-12B2, R-21, R-22, R-30, R40, R-114, R-115, cients of Small Polar Molecules International , R-170 (ethane), R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), Journal of Thermophysics , 15(3):461-482, May 1994 R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 (ammonia), R-744 (22 pages with 10 figures and 1 table, available from (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), R-1130, JMC as RDB4912) R-7146 (sulfur hexafluoride), and others. This paper presents a physically based, semiempirical scheme for estimating the second and third virial coefficients of halogenated methanes and ethanes. The paper tabulates the Page 96 Refrigerant Database

Fouling in Enhanced Tubes, proposed research land, 1994 (40 pages with 9 figures, available from project 795-URP, American Society of Heating, Re- WMO, also available from JMC as RDB5302) frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- RAE), Atlanta, GA, 1993-1994 (ASH0795) This report summarizes the definitive assessment used in governmental and international This project was disapproved based on the rec- decision-making for protection of the stratospheric ommendation of ASHRAE Technical Committee ozone layer. The volume addresses the major 8.5, Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers. scientific findings and observations, supporting evidence, related issues, and implications. The R-406A Technical Data Bulletin, information second portion responds to common questions packet, Indianapolis Refrigeration Products, Indi- about ozone depletion. It discusses how anapolis, IN, 1994 (12 pages containing 1 figure and chlorofluorocarbons get to the stratosphere, 2 tables, RDB4886) evidence of stratospheric ozone destruction by chlorine and bromine, and that the majority of the This information packet contains a summary data chlorine in the stratosphere comes from sheet on R-406A, a table of thermodynamic human-made (anthropogenic) sources. It also properties, and an instruction and information examines whether changes in the sun's output manual. R-406A is identified as a zeotropic blend could be responsible, the first appearance of the of R-22, R-600a (isobutane), and R-142b - Antarctic ozone hole, and why it occurred there R-22/600a/142b (55/4/41). It was formulated as a rather than over the northern hemisphere. The service fluid to replace R-12. The data sheet summary concludes with discussion of the provides identifiers, specifications, safety increase in ground-level ultraviolet radiation, the classifications, ozone depletion potential (ODP), severity of the ozone depletion, and whether it will halocarbon global warming potential (HGWP), get worse. The executive summary and underlying and physical property data. The thermodynamic report summarize understanding of the property sheet tabulates saturated liquid and stratospheric ozone layer and is relation to vapor data in inch-pound (IP) units of measure for humankind. -71 to 107 °C (-95 to 225 °F). It includes liquid (bubble point) and vapor (dew point) pressures; The Changing Pattern of Use of Fluorocarbons in vapor specific volume; liquid density; and vapor the European Community 1976-1993, European and liquid entropy, enthalpy, and thermal Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC), Brussels, conductivity. The manual describes R-406A as a Belgium, 1994 (rdb6942) "drop-in" replacement for R-12, although differences are documented between these two production data and trends refrigerants. It provides information on the history, flammability, warranties, and safety precautions. It then provides further information in the form of frequent questions and replies. The manual 1993 discusses applications and charging procedures, summarizes specifications, and discusses recovery and shipping. It also explains terminology including azeotropes, zeotropes, December 1993 fractionation, glide, bubble point, and dew point. A plot compares the pressures of R-406A and R-12 S. Chen and T. Kennedy (The Trane Company), for -40 to 60 °C (-40 to 140 °F). The manual Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend concludes with a tabular comparison of pressures R-32/125/143a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants for R-12, R-22, R-134a, R-406A, and R-502 for Evaluation Program (AREP) report 127, Air- the same range. Indianapolis Refrigeration Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Ar- markets R-406A under the product name GHG lington, VA, December 1993 (22 pages with 3 figures Refrigerant 12 Substitute. and 8 tables, available from JMC as RDB3D27)

Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994 - This report summarizes a performance test of R-32/125/143a (30/10/60), with a polyolester Executive Summary, chaired by D. L. Albritton (R) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, lubricant (Mobil EAL Arctic 22), in a 7 kW (2 ton) NOAH, USA), R. T. Watson (National Aeronautics unitary, split-system heat pump. The system and Space Administration, NASA, USA), and P. J. consisted of an outdoor unit (Trane TWR- Aucamp (Department of National Health, South 024C100A), with a reciprocating-piston com- Africa), report 37 Executive Summary, World Mete- pressor (Trane Climatuf CP223-BC1-GA), orological Organization (WMO), Global Ozone Re- matched to an indoor air handler (Trane TWV- search and Monitoring Project, Geneva, Switzer- 036B140A). Performance was measured in an unmodified system, with the indoor heat exchanger recircuited for cross-counter flow in the Refrigerant Database Page 97

cooling mode, with addition of a liquid-suction tion Program (AREP) report 129, Air-Conditioning coaxial heat exchanger (LSHX), and with both and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, De- recircuiting and an LSHX. The modifications are cember 1993 (16 pages with 2 figures and 6 tables, shown schematically in three figures. Eight tables available from JMC as RDB3D29) summarize the test conditions, charge and lubricant quantities, operating parameters, ca- K. K. Fung (Tyler Refrigeration Company), Soft- pacity, input power, and efficiency in both metric Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R- (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units of measure. The 125/143a (45/55), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation data also are expressed as ratios to corre- Program (AREP) report 124, Air-Conditioning and sponding measurements with R-22 in the same Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, December system with the same lubricant. The report in- 1993 (24 pages with 3 figures and 8 tables, available dicates that the capacity increased by 1% while from JMC as RDB3D24) the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) dropped 5% in the cooling mode. The capacity R-125/143a (45/55) compared to R-502 with was nearly the same, but the heating season polyolester lubricant (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22 CC) performance factor (HSPF) decreased by 6%. in a commercial refrigeration system With recircuiting, the SEER and HSPF decreased by 2% and 14%, respectively, with corresponding K. K. Fung (Tyler Refrigeration Company), changes in capacity of +1 and -19%. With Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend recircuiting combined with the LSHX, the HSPF R125/143a (45/55), Alternative Refrigerants Evalua- decreased by 6% while the capacity increased by tion Program (AREP) report 125, Air-Conditioning 4%. With the LSHX alone, the SEER was and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, De- restored and the cooling capacity decreased by cember 1993 (20 pages with 3 figures and 5 tables, 5%. Detailed test data are provided. available from JMC as RDB3D25)

S. Chen and T. Kennedy (The Trane Company), This report summarizes a performance test of Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R-125/143a (45/55), with a polyolester lubricant R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evalua- (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22 CC), in a commercial re- tion Program (AREP) report 128, Air-Conditioning frigeration system with compressor speed and and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, De- control optimization. The system consisted of a cember 1993 (10 pages with 4 tables, available from display case (Tyler D5FG 12'), a reciprocating- JMC as RDB3D28) piston compressor (Copeland 2DB3-0600-TFC) with an adjustable-speed drive (Magnetek L710 This report summarizes a performance test of type GPD 502 frequency inverter), and a water- R-32/125 (60/40), with a polyolester lubricant (R) cooled condenser (Standard Refrigeration T7- (Mobil EAL Arctic 22), in a 10.6 kW (3 ton) 500D). Performance was measured at com- unitary, split-system heat pump. The system pressor speeds of 1070, 1217, 1379, 1584, and consisted of an outdoor unit (Trane TWX036- 1789 with a varied heater load, to maintain uni- C100A), with a reciprocating-piston compressor form evaporating temperature. The report outlines (Trane Climatuf CP223-BC1-GA for the blend and the test procedures and presents tabular results in GP343-FG1-GA for R-22), matched to an indoor both metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units of air handler (Trane TWE042C140A). Performance measure. Five tables summarize test conditions, was measured with adjusted expansion devices charge and lubricant quantities, measured and a substituted compressor. Four tables capacity, input power, and efficiency at each summarize the test conditions, charge and speed. The data also are expressed as ratios to lubricant quantities, operating parameters, corresponding measurements with R-502 in the capacity, input power, and efficiency in both same system with the same lubricant. Three plots metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units of measure. show the capacities, input power, and coefficients The data also are expressed as ratios to of performance (COP) at the five tested speeds corresponding measurements with R-22 with the normalized to those for R-502 at 1760 RPM. The same lubricant. The report indicates that the capacity ratios ranged from 0.92 to 1.40 and the capacity increased by 0-2% depending on the efficiency ratios from 1.038 to 1.089. outdoor temperature while the energy efficiency ratio (EER) dropped 0-2% in the cooling mode. K. K. Fung (Tyler Refrigeration Company), Soft- The heating capacity increased by 3%, but the Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R- coefficient of performance (COP) decreased by 125/143a (45/55), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation 1-2%. Detailed test data are provided. Program (AREP) report 126, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, December S. Chen and T. Kennedy (The Trane Company), 1993 (6 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend RDB3D26) R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evalua- Page 98 Refrigerant Database

This report summarizes a performance test of have the best potential for development of the R-125/143a (45/55), with a polyolester lubricant screening method. It then outlines refrigerant and (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22 CC), in a commercial re- oil analyses and present tabular purity, water frigeration system with heat exchanger and content, and acid number data and requirements control optimization. The system consisted of a for 10 lubricants to be evaluated in further display case (Tyler D5FG 12'), a reciprocating- development of the screening method. The report piston compressor (Copeland 2DB3-0600-TFC), discusses and illustrates a proposed heating-block and a water-cooled condenser (Standard Re- design to be used and summarizes planned work. frigeration T7-500D). Performance was measured An appendix identifies the lubricant samples with a regenerator-type heat exchanger, with including a naphthenic mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) twice the normal length, for the evaporator. The 3GS), two paraffinic mineral oils (Penreco Sontex report outlines the test procedures and presents 160LT and 200LT), an alkylbenzene (Shrieve tabular results in both metric (SI) and inch-pound Zerol(R) 150), two polyglycols (Dow P-425 and ICI (IP) units of measure. A table summarizes test Emkarox(R) RL 118D), and four polyolesters conditions, charge and lubricant quantities, (POEs). The POEs include two pentaerythritol measured capacity, input power, and efficiency. ester mixed acids (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 22H and The data also are expressed as ratios to Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22A) and two pentaerythritol corresponding measurements with R-502 with a ester branched acids (Henkel Emery(R) 2928 and standard evaporator and the same lubricant. The Castrol Icematic(R) SW32). The refrigerant capacity increased by 4.8%, but the efficiency laboratory specimens for R-11 and R-134a were dropped by 0.25%. Compared to another test of obtained from PCR Incorporated. Two further R-125/143a (45/55) with a standard evaporator, appendices tabulate the conductivity the coefficient of performance (COP) was 4.2% measurements and provide representative lower. infrared spectra and gas chromatographic results for aged R-134a with a POE branched acid. R. E. Kauffman (University of Dayton Research In- stitute), Accelerated Screening Methods for De- T. Sato, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio University, termining Chemical and Thermal Stability of Japan), Thermodynamic Property Evaluation for a Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, Part II: Experi- Binary HFC-32 + HFC-134a Refrigerant Based on mental Comparison and Verification of Methods, Experimental PVTx Data, paper 93-WA/HT-25 report DOE/CE/23810-22D, Air-Conditioning and (Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 28 Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, November - 3 December 1993), American Society of VA, December 1993 (32 pages with 5 figures and 2 Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, 1993 tables, available from JMC as RDB4211) (rdb4874)

This incremental report summarizes progress to measurements of pressure-volume-temperature- evaluate analytical techniques for development composition (PVTx) properties for R-32/134a by into accelerated compatibility tests. It presents an means of a constant-mass method coupled with initial study to assess in situ color measurements an expansion procedure: documents a total of 178 as a screening test. The approach, based on PVTx relationships were measured for R-32/134a decreasing light transmission through a sealed (20/80), (40/60), (60/40), and (80/20) at 47-167 °C tube undergoing thermal aging, is described. A (116-332 °F), 1.5-6.2 MPa (218-899 psia), and plot shows the measured results for an 61-183 kg/m3 (3.8-11.4 lb/ft3) by a constant-mass R-11/naphthenic mineral oil mixture. The method method; presents derived second and third virial was deemed not suitable due to insensitivity to coefficients along with enthalpy and entropy initial degradation. Subsequent attempts using values in the gaseous phase selective color filters are cited, but the report concludes that transmission was more dependent C. N. Shores (York International Corporation), on temperature than refrigerant/oil color changes. Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a, It then describes measurements using in situ Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) conductivity measurements, in a modified, sealed report 134, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Insti- glass tube, to monitor degradation of tute (ARI), Arlington, VA, December 1993 (6 pages R-134a/ester lubricant mixtures heated to 175 °C with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB5645) (347 °F) for two days. A diagram shows two tungsten electrode rods sealed into the bottom of R-32/134a (30/70), R-22 for reference, mineral a tube. Results are presented to show a oil, water-cooled reciprocating piston chiller correlation between the conductivity measurements and degradation. These results Retrofit Guidelines for Suva(R) MP39 and Suva(R) and verification analyses are described and MP66, document ART-5 (H-42446-2), DuPont tabular data are presented for mixtures with three Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, December 1993 polyolesters. The report concludes that in situ conductivity measurements Refrigerant Database Page 99

(14 pages with 4 tables, available from JMC as frigerants. The current set also includes reports RDB4505) from the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute's (ARTI's) Materials Com- This bulletin provides application information for patibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) Pro- R-401A and R-401B for retrofit use. These alter- gram, the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- native refrigerants are identified as service re- stitute's (ARI's) Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation placements for R-12 and, for the latter, also R-500 Program (AREP), contributed works, and other in direct expansion systems using positive sources. The search and retrieval system is based displacement (reciprocating piston, rolling rotary on a set of bibliographic citations and extended piston, scroll, and screw) compressors. The abstracts on refrigerant and lubricants, their bulletin reviews and tabulates representative properties, compatibility with other materials found physical and environmental properties as well as in refrigeration systems, effects on heat transfer, comparative performance for R-12, R-500, system capacity and efficiency, computational and R-401A, and R-401B. The data suggest 8 and test methods to estimate or determine the 16% higher capacity and slightly higher efficiency, preceding data, research, application data, and compared to R-12, and comparable efficiency and regulatory information. The article illustrates the capacity to R-500. The bulletin then discusses computerized version of the database by showing lubricant selection, and recommends use of how searches are performed. It also describes the alkylbenzene lubricants to overcome miscibility manual, or report, version. It then describes concerns with mineral oils. It then discusses filter refrigerant summaries, approximately 100 [now driers, suggests that they be changed during more than 200] of which are incorporated into the retrofits, and provides selection guidance for solid database. Two tables present refrigerant core, loose filled, and compacted bead driers. It identifications, safety classifications, environ- outlines necessary system modifications with mental data, and physical property data from the attention to hoses and gasket materials, and database for 38 of the most common refrigerants. cautions against mixing R-401A and R-401B with The tabular data include the ANSI/ASHRAE other refrigerants, including R-12 and R-500, and Standard 34 designation, chemical name and additives. The bulletin summarizes the equipment, formula, flammability limits, safety group, ozone supplies, and procedures needed for retrofit with depletion potential (ODP), global warming specific attention to lubricant changes, leak potential (GWP), molecular mass, freezing point, checking, charging, adjustments, and labeling. It normal boiling point, and critical parameters also discusses the effects of temperature glide (temperature, pressure, and density). The focus of and provides pressure-temperature charts in both the database and its sponsorship by ARTI, under inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units. The bulletin a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy concludes with discussion of superheat and (DOE), are outlined. subcooling, a retrofit checklist, and a system data sheet to record component data and operating J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant parameters. DuPont's product names for R-401A Database, report DOE/CE/23810-22E, Air-Condi- and R-401B are Suva(R) MP39 and MP66, tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), respectively. Arlington, VA, November 1993 (166 pages, available from JMC as RDB3B21)

November 1993 This document provides bibliographic citations for 954 publications that may be useful in research, J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Status and design, and application of air-conditioning and Use of the Refrigerant Database, ASHRAE Jour- refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, nal, 35(11):50-55, November 1993 (6 pages with 2 materials addressed, and key conclusions are figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB- provided for approximately half of these 3B97) documents. The database identifies sources of specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, This article reviews the objectives, contents, and R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, use of the Refrigerant Database. The key ele- R-152a, R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), ments identified include a collection of docu- R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 ments, a computerized search system, a set of (ammonia), ethers, and others as well as refrigerant summaries, and an information dis- azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. It semination operation. The document collection, addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene which includes both published and unpublished glycol (PAG), polyolester (POE), and other works, grew from an informal sharing of infor- lubricants. It also references documents on mation on thermophysical properties, materials compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with compatibility, and lubricants for alternative re- metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, Page 100 Refrigerant Database

and other materials used in refrigerant circuits. clopropane), R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-600 The database is available in both a computerized (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), version and as a listing in report form. The R-744 (carbon dioxide), n-pentane, and computerized version includes the same citations isopentane. Fourteen thermodynamic properties and abstracts as the report version plus 8 others can be calculated, in user-selected units of for a supplement in preparation, 71 for measurement, including temperature, pressure, superseded and historical documents, and data density, specific volume, speed of sound, specific summaries for 175 individual refrigerants and heats at constant volume and pressure, viscosity, blends. It is accompanied by retrieval software to and thermal conductivity. REFPROP also facilitate searches for specific information; the provides information on pure fluids, including the software enables searches for user-selected ASHRAE Standard 34 designation (R number), terms, or combinations of terms. It offers several chemical formula and name, Chemical Abstract automated features to simplify searches including Service registry number, molecular mass, optional prompting by search category, an triple-point temperature if applicable, normal automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related boiling point temperature, critical temperature and terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior pressure, polarizability and dipole moment if searches, and a "wildcard" capability to allow measured, and estimated surface tension values entry of word segments. The software also at representative temperatures. This update enables printing of selected citations, abstracts, replaces version 3.0 (see RDB2430). and refrigerant summaries as well as preparation of a document order lists. Both versions of the H. M. Hunter and A. J. Pitt (APV Baker Limited, UK), database include instructions to obtain cited The Use of Ammonia and Secondary Refrigerants documents or subscriptions for updates to the in Commercial Refrigeration, Refrigerants Beyond database. the Crisis: Practical Solutions (London, UK, 4 November 1993), The Institute of Refrigeration, J. Ferguson-Smith, HFC 32 - Hygiene Standard Surrey, UK; republished in Engineered Systems, Documentation, document HSP/93/01, ICI 11(3):41-42 and 44, March 1994 (3 pages with 5 Chemicals and Polymers Limited, Cheshire, United figures, RDB4439) Kingdom, 23 November 1993 (4 pages, RDB5A76) This paper explores the potential for use of R-717 R-32, toxicity, literature review, rationale for rec- (ammonia) for supermarket refrigeration. It ommended hygiene standard (occupational ex- characterizes ammonia refrigeration, indirect posure limit, OEL) of 1,000 ppm, 8-hr TWA, pro- (secondary coolant) systems and even the visional; 10-min CNS EC50 rat = 370,000 ppm v/v combination as established. It suggests, however, that adoption of such systems in retail marketing J. S. Gallagher, M. O. McLinden, G. Morrison, and would be both new and dramatic. The paper M. L. Huber, NIST Thermodynamic Properties of indicates that environmental concerns with Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures Database chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, (REFPROP), Standard Reference Database (SRD) and hydrofluorocarbons coupled with the 23 version 4.0, National Institute of Standards and efficiency of ammonia would make it the Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, November refrigerant of choice, were it not for its toxicity and 1993 (software and 82 page documentation available flammability. The paper suggests that these risks from NIST for $465.00 or $100.00 to upgrade from can be reduced by use of a secondary coolant, previous versions, RDB4101) enabling containment of the ammonia in a restricted access, machinery room. It describes Version 4.00 of REFPROP calculates properties primary and secondary systems, connected by for 38 pure refrigerants as well mixtures of up to plate-and-shell heat exchangers. This type is five of them. Measured interaction parameters are described as providing the benefits of plate heat provided 65 mixture pairs along with a method to exchangers with the high integrity of estimate interaction parameters for others from a shell-and-tube designs. Schematics illustrate the correlation. Highly accurate, multiparameter machinery room components and secondary equations of state are available for 12 of the pure distribution circuits for both two- and four-pipe fluids; others are calculated using a modified systems. A plot compares projected maintenance Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation of costs of the ammonia-based secondary system to state. The refrigerants include R-11, R-12, R-13, an R-22, direct expansion system. The paper R-13B1, R-14, R-21, R-22, R-23, R-32, R-113, concludes that the ammonia-based secondary R-114, R-115, R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, system offers environmental and cost benefits, R-134, R-134a, R-E134, R-141b, R-142b, R-143, reduced refrigerant charge, lower costs of R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R-227ea, R-236ea, ownership, R-245cb, R-E245 (incorrectly indicated as R-E224 in the documentation), R-C270 (cy- Refrigerant Database Page 101

and flexibility in store layout. It notes that de- stitute of Refrigeration and the Society of Environ- velopment work is still required. mental Engineers, London, UK, 1993 (rdb5330)

G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, A. Singh, A. Kumar, S. Dessiatoun, M. A. Faani, M. Norway), Revival of Carbon Dioxide as a Refrig- M. Ohadi, and A. I. Ansari (University of Maryland), erant, Refrigeration Beyond the Crisis (London, UK, Compound EHD-Enhanced Pool Boiling of R-123 4 November 1993), The Institute of Refrigeration and in a Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchanger, paper The Society of Environmental Engineers, London, 93-WA/HT-40 (Winter Annual Meeting, New Orleans, UK, 1993; republished in H&V Engineer, LA, 28 November - 3 December 1993), American 66(721):9-14, 1994; republished in International Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 17(3):292-301, 1994 (6 NY, 1993 (rdb6443) pages, rdb5330) electrohydrodynamic enhancement, evaporation, R-744, carbon dioxide, transcritical cycle heat transfer

M. O. McLinden, M. L. Huber, and S. Outcalt (Na- H. Sumimoto (Kobe Steel, Limited, Japan), Drop-In tional Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST), Test of Refrigerant R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Thermophysical Properties of Alternative Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) Refrigerants, paper presented at the Winter Annual report 135, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Insti- Meeting (New Orleans, LA, 28 November - 3 De- tute (ARI), Arlington, VA, November 1993 (4 pages cember 1993), American Society of Mechanical with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3D35) Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, 1993 (16 pages with 7 figures and 11 tables, available from JMC as This report summarizes a performance test of R- RDB4878) 32/125/134a (30/10/60) in a 40 hp, 207 kW (59 ton), water-cooled chiller with a twin-screw This paper summarizes a survey of available compressor and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. thermophysical property data for seven hy- The results are tabulated for R-32/125/134a drofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants: R-23, R-32, (30/10/60) along with corresponding data for R-22. R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a. The Both refrigerants were tested with an unidentified paper discusses and tabulates the temperature at polyolester lubricant. The charge and lubricant the triple point, temperature and liquid density at quantities and the test conditions are indicated. the NBP, and temperature, pressure, and density Operating temperatures and pressures are given at the critical point. It then provides coefficients for for the inlets and outlets of the compressor, vapor pressure data fits to Wagner or expanded condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Wagner equations. Coefficients also are provided The results show changes of -1.4 and +4.8% in for saturated-liquid density and ideal gas heat capacity and decreases of 8.5 and 7.2% in capacity fits to common equations. The paper efficiency, with and without an economizer, tabulates and graphically shows the ranges of compared to R-22. single-phase, pressure-volume-temperature (pVT) data available, for each of the refrigerants, to fit Addendum to Number Designation and Safety an equation of state. The tables and plots also Classification of Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE identify the researchers that provided the data. Standard 34a-1993 (Addendum to ANSI/ASHRAE The availability of data at the triple and critical 34-1992), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, points as well as ranges of data for saturated and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, liquid and vapor densities, ideal gas heat GA, November 1993 (10 pages with 3 tables, capacity, speed of sound, surface tension, RDB3B01) dielectric constant, dipole moment, thermal conductivity, and viscosity are tabulated. The This addendum adds safety classifications of A1 paper notes that while extensive property provisional for R-124 and R-125, A1 for R-218, research has been conducted in the last three and removes the provisional status of prior years, considerable differences remain between classifications for R-123 and R-134a. Provisional refrigerants in the quantity and quality of classifications will be reviewed when toxicological information. The paper includes an extensive list testing is completed. The addendum also adds of references on published property data. designations for R-401 (R-22/152a/124) and R-402 (R-125/290/22) and both formulation S. Nowotny (United Nations Industrial Development tolerances and safety classifications for five Organization, UNIDO, Austria) and M. D. Mayer, Al- specific compositions of them: R-401 (53/13/34) ternative Refrigerants for Use in Domestic Re- [R-401A], (61/11/28) [R-401B], and (33/15/52) frigeration - A Case Study, Refrigeration Beyond [R-401C] as well as R-402 (60/2/38) [R-402A] and the Crisis (London, UK, 4 November 1993), The In- (38/2/60) [R-402B]. The suffixed designations shown in brackets, to simplify identification of the specific formulations, were Page 102 Refrigerant Database

subsequently recommended and are being re- J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Global viewed for publication. The safety classifications Warming Impacts of Chillers, IEA Heat Pump for all five blends are A1/A1, reflecting the as Center Newsletter - Heat Pumps and the Environ- formulated and worst case of fractionation ment, International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump classifications, but all are flagged as provisional. Center (HPC), Sittard, The Netherlands, 11(3):19-21, Finally, the addendum revises the chemical October 1993 (3 pages with 3 figures, available from names listed for 13 refrigerants to be consistent JMC as RDB3A14) with the nomenclature convention of the Inter- national Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry This article presents key findings of a study (see (IUPAC) and includes the text of an earlier errata RDB4440) of comparative impacts of chillers on notice on flammability classifications. global warming, including both direct (chemical) and indirect (energy-related) effects. It summa- October 1993 rizes prior analyses of chiller warming impacts, and introduces a recent study performed for EPRI. The article outlines regional variations in fuels D. Arnaud, J. C. Tanguy, P. Weiss (Elf Atochem used to generate electricity, and presents S.A., France), G. D. Rolotti (Elf Atochem North calculated warming findings on both a national America), and M. Vauthier (Association pour la and regional bases. It notes that the regional data Formation Professionnelle des Adultes, AFPA, can be extrapolated to impacts for other locations France), An Example of R-502 Retrofit with (R) or countries with similar generation mixes. The Forane FX 10 in Commercial Refrigeration , paper concludes that once high GWP CFCs are Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's eliminated, global warming will be more readily (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon influenced through efficiency improvement and Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance emission reduction than by refrigerant for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 177-186, substitutions. It reaffirms the findings of prior October 1993 (10 pages with 6 figures and 3 tables, studies that indirect effect dominates over direct, RDB3A40) including the combined impacts leakage, service, and ultimate disposal losses. It also notes that FX10, R-143a/22 direct effect is equivalent to less than a 0.1 to 1.1% change in efficiency, depending on the W. Atkinson (Sun Test Engineering), Mobile Air refrigerant used, once service and disposal losses Conditioning Overview, Stratospheric Ozone Pro- are reduced and CFCs eliminated. Three figures tection for the 90's (proceedings of the International show comparative warming on a national and CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, regional basis for chillers using R-11, R-12, R-22, Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC R-123, and R-134a as well as direct-fired, Policy, Arlington, VA, 269-274, October 1993 (6 absorption chillers (double-effect, water/lithium- pages, RDB3A47) bromide). A final plot shows the progressive reduction in total equivalent warming impact H. Ax (Sanden International, Incorporated, USA), N. (TEWI) for R-11 and R-123 for 1985-1995 based Jingu, and S. Komatu (Sanden Corporation, Japan), on emission reductions and efficiency The Development of a Retrofitting Procedure for improvements CFC-12 Automotive A/C Systems to HFC-134a and P.A.G. Lubricant, paper 932906 (SAE J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Information on Worldwide Passenger Car Conference and Alternative Refrigerants and Lubricants - The Exposition, Dearborn, MI, 25-27 October 1993), ARTI Refrigerant Database, Stratospheric Ozone Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the Interna- PA, 1993 (12 pages with 8 figures and 18 tables, tional CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, RDB5135) Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 187-189, October 1993 (3 R-134a, mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems, pages, RDB3A41) retrofit conversion This presentation summary briefly outlines the S. C. Bhaduri (Indian Institute of Technology, India), history, purpose, and contents of the Refrigerant Performance of HCFC-22 Based Refriger- Database. It cites initial efforts by the Air-Condi- ant-Absorbent Mixtures, Stratospheric Ozone tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) and Na- Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the Interna- tional Institute of Standards and Technology tional CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, (NIST) to share information to accelerate intro- Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC duction of alternative refrigerants. It summarizes Policy, Arlington, VA, 129-140, October 1993 (12 the current form as comprising a collection of pages with 11 figures and 3 tables, RDB3A35) documents (many of them unpublished), a computerized search system, a set of refrigerant summaries, and an information dissemination Refrigerant Database Page 103

operation. The focus of the database and its °C (-80 to 180 °F) for combinations of the six sponsorship by the Air-Conditioning and Refrig- blends and five synthetic lubricants. A second eration Technology Institute (ARTI), under a grant appendix presents plots and tabular raw data for from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and viscosity and solubility for R-22 with mineral oil at the Copper Development Association (CDA) are -20, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 125 °C (-4, 32, 68, outlined. 104, 140, 176, 212, and 257 °F). A third similarly presents viscosity, solubility, and vapor R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, fractionation for R-502 with mineral oil at -10, 0, IRI), Measurement of Viscosity, Density, and Gas 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 125 °C (14, 32, 68, 104, Solubility of Refrigerant Blends in Selected 140, 176, 212, and 257 °F). A final appendix gives Synthetic Lubricants, report DOE/CE/23810-22C, plots and tabular raw data for the viscosity, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology density, and gas solubility of R-134a with a mixed Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (68 acid POE at -30, -15, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and pages with 41 figures and 11 tables, available from 125 °C (-22, 5, 32, 68, 104, 140, 176, 212, and JMC as RDB3B20) 257 °F).

This interim report summarizes progress to J. L. Cox and Q. Wang (Rheem Manufacturing measure the viscosity, density, and solubility of Company), Soft-Optimized System Test of Re- refrigerant/lubricant mixtures using six blends of frigerant Blends R-32/125 (60/40) and R-32/125 R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and R-290 (pro- (50/50), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program pane). The specific mixtures include R-32/125 (AREP) report 93, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration (60/40), R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), R-32/125/- Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (20 290/134a (20/55/5/20), R-32/134a (30/70), R- pages with 9 tables, available from JMC as 125/143a (45/55), and R-125/143a/134a (44/- RDB3C93) 54/2). Their miscibilities were determined in five lubricants, including two polyolester (POE) T. W. Dekleva, S. H. Colmery (ICI Americas, Incor- branched acids (Castrol lcematic(R) SW32 and porated), and J. Bresnahan (ICI Australia Operations Henkel Emery(R) 2927a), two POE mixed acids Pty Limited), Fleet Trials with Vehicles Retrofitted (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 32S, formerly RL 184, and to Klea(R) 134a Refrigerant and Emkarate RL(TM) Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 224R), and an alkylbenzene Lubricants - A Perspective After Two Years on the (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150). The last of these is used to Road, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's examine the aromatic properties of miscibility. (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon R-22 and R-502 also were examined with a Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS) for comparison. for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 294-303, The report presents the methods and apparatus October 1993 (10 pages with 1 table, RDB3A50) used, and provides schematics for an oscillating body viscometer and blend sampling apparatus. R-134a The former is described as a unique means to accurately determine viscosity, density, T. W. Dekleva and R. W. Yost (ICI Americas Incor- equilibrium refrigerant gas solubility, and pressure porated), Responding to the CFC Challenge, over a broad range of temperatures. Plots relate Proceedings: Electrical Electronics Insulation viscosity to temperature for R-22 and R-502 with Conference and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil mineral oil for -20 to 125 °C (-4 to 257 °F), at Winding Conference (EEIC/ICWA), Rosemont, IL, pressures of 69-1720 kPa (10-250 psia) and 495-500, October 1993 (6 pages with 3 figures and 5 0-60% refrigerant by weight. Viscosity and tables, RDB4138) pressure for these refrigerant-lubricant mixtures are presented as a modified Daniel Chart. Density This paper briefly reviews the environmental basis also is plotted, as a function of temperature at for phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and constant concentration. The report compares the describes responding regulatory changes. It notes new findings to published data and addresses a program of research started in 1972 by the conflicting measurements by Iowa State Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), the University and Spauschus Associates. The report Fluorocarbon Program Panel, to support scientific responds to specific questions raised by ARTI studies of the environmental fate of CFCs. It also regarding concentration determinations, purity of cites the published hypothesis by Rowland and the lubricant, viscosity comparisons for neat Molina, in 1974, connecting CFCs and ozone lubricant using the oscillating body and Cannon depletion. The paper traces early regulatory Fenske viscometers, and potential weight responses, including a ban on CFC uses as measurements stemming from small sample sizes aerosol propellants in the United States and a cap or related oil hang up in the capillary tubes. An on CFC production and uses by the European appendix provides plots showing the miscibility, Community in 1978. It outlines subsequent partial miscibility, and immiscibility ranges by Montreal Protocol, U.S., temperature for -62 to 82 Page 104 Refrigerant Database

and European regulatory responses. It then conversion will be available for only one option, outlines chemical industry research, beginning in the report notes that further evaluation of hy- the mid-1970s, to find alternatives. It explains the drocarbon options should be undertaken with need to identify suitable lubricants for hy- other funding so both the R-134a and hydrocar- drofluorocarbons (HFCs). It also cites cooperative bon options can be kept open. industry research efforts, including the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study R. G. Doerr and S. A. Kujak (The Trane Company), (AFEAS), Programme for Alternative Fluoro- Compatibility of Alternative Refrigerants with carbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT) as well as Varnished Magnet Wire, Proceedings: Electrical programs by industry associations. The paper Electronics Insulation Conference and Electrical outlines challenges and materials compatibility Manufacturing and Coil Winding Conference concerns in specific. The paper concludes that (EEIC/ICWA), Rosemont, IL, 513-517, October 1993; scientific information about ozone depletion is republished as paper DOE/CE/23810-23, increasing and that new findings may lead to Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- further regulatory changes, sometimes rapidly. It stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (5 pages suggests that phaseout dates may move forward, with 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB3A22) but that industry has cooperated to speed the transition to alternatives. Figures and tables This paper summarizes an investigation (see summarize the controlled chemicals, atmospheric RDB3857) of the effects of 11 refrigerants and 17 chlorine loading, and phase out schedules. refrigerant-lubricant combinations on varnished Further tables summarize basic properties for magnet wires for hermetic compressor motors. alternative refrigerants and lubricants and outline The introduction discusses refrigerant representative materials compatibility tests for compatibility with polymeric insulation material, motor materials and sheet insulation. citing absorption and extraction as the primary modes of interaction. It notes that absorption may S. Devotta (National Chemical Laboratory, India), An change the dielectric strength or physical integrity. Assessment of Hydrocarbon Based Green Absorption can cause excessive swelling, Refrigerators for India, Swiss Development Cor- softening, or decreased strength. Rapid poration, New Delhi, India, October 1993 (22 pages desorption may cause blisters, crazing, surface with 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB4906) craters, delamination, or bubbles within the insulating materials. Extraction of materials may This report examines use of hydrocarbons as result in a range of effects from embrittlement to refrigerants and insulation blowing agents for complete dissolution. Extraction and dissolution, in refrigerators in developing countries and, turn, may cause other components to stick or lead specifically, in India. It recaps the motivations for to clogging of passage such as capillary tubes. A phaseout of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and table gives the change in weight of varnish disks hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants. It following 500 hour exposures in the refrigerants then compares the paths and considerations to (and nitrogen as a control) and a subsequent air identify alternatives in developed and undevel- bake. Three additional tables summarize change oped countries. It contrasts countries such as in bond, burnout, and dielectric strength following China and India that are self reliant, with sub- similar exposures of varnish-coated magnet wire. stantial domestic markets, to those that are de- The paper notes that absorption of R-123 by most pendent of developed countries either by imports motor materials was higher than for other refrig- or production for export. The report describes the erants. However, absorption of R-22, R-32, R-134, Indian market for refrigerators, noting that and R-152a followed by desorption, at higher approximately ten million are in use and that the temperatures, resulted in greater damage. These inventory is expected to reach 130 million by results suggest that high internal pressures and 2010. Desired characteristics of refrigerants are the desorption rate are as important as the outlined. The report discusses the suitability of amount of refrigerant absorbed. These changes R-134a, R-152a, R-290 (propane), R-290/600a decreased bond strength by as much as 95%, (propane/isobutane), R-600a (isobutane), R-600 dielectric strength by as much as 70%, and (n-butane) and R-600a blends, and R-E134. The decreased the physical integrity of the materials. discussion addresses performance, compatibility, Polyester-glass served magnet wire showed the flammability and other safety issues, and highest burnout resistance and was influenced environmental acceptability. It also covers less by the refrigerants. Of the refrigerants tested, insulation alternatives, including foams blown with R-22 produced the greatest effects on the motor pentane or cyclopentane and vacuum panels. The materials. Because R-22 has an excellent report concludes that Indian industries usually reliability history with many of them, the article follow the leads of industrialized counties, which concludes that the alternative refrigerants tested are dominantly switching to R-134a. Whereas are expected to be compati- financial support for Refrigerant Database Page 105

ble with most materials. Exposures were at 90 °C R-123, R-124, R-125, and R-134a with mineral oil (194 °F) for R-22, R-123, R-124, R-134, R-134a, (MO) alkylbenzene (AB), polyalkylene glycol R-142b, and R-152a; R-32, R-125, R-143a were (PAG), and two classes of polyolester (POE) lu- tested at 60 °C (140 °F) and R-245ca at 121 °C bricants - pentaerythritol ester branched acid (250 °F). The varnishes included two solvent (POE-BA) and pentaerythritol ester mixed acid epoxies (P. D. George Sterling(R) U-475 EH and (POE-MA). Data are provided for the following 23 923), a solvent epoxy phenolic (Sterling(R) Y-390 combinations: R-12 with ISO 32 and 100 MO; PG), 93% solids epoxy (Sterling(R) ER-610), and R-22 with ISO 32 MO; R-32 with ISO 22 and 68 100% solids VPI epoxy (Sterling(R) Y-833), and POE-MA; R-123 with ISO 32 and 100 MO and water-borne epoxy (Schenectady Isopoxy(R) 800). with 150 and 300 SUS AB; R-124 with 150 and The magnet wires included a modified polyester 300 SUS AB; R-125 with ISO 22 and 68 POE-MA base overcoated with polyamide imide (Phelps and with ISO 32 POE-BA; R-142b with 150 SUS Dodge Armored Poly-Thermaleze 2000), a AB; and R-134a with ISO 68 PAG, ISO 68 POE- modified polyester base overcoated with BA, and ISO 22, 32, 68, and 100 POE-MA. The polyamide imide and epoxy saturated glass, and measurements generally cover 0-100 °C (32-212 polyester imide overcoated with polyamide-imide, °F) and 0-3450 kPa (0-500 psia). Equations and though the paper presents data only for the first. regression coefficients are tabulated for solubility, viscosity (dynamic and kinematic), and density for W. M. Haynes (National Institute of Standards and each mixture. These results also are shown as Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties of plots of density versus temperature and as Daniel HFC-143a and HFC-152a, report DOE/CE/23810- Charts, showing kinematic viscosity and solubility 22A, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology (expressed as vapor pressure) versus Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (242 temperature. An appendix explains the theoretical pages, including 23 figures and 75 tables, available basis for corrections made for vapor space volume from JMC as RDB3C07) in the test apparatus. A second appendix provides details on the experimental approach used and This progress report summarizes experimental explanations to resolve differences in measured measurements to provide highly accurate, data among the subject and two related projects. thermophysical property data for R-143a and R- A third appendix summarizes the lubricant purities, 152a as well as data fits to modified Benedict- including moisture content, total acid number Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equations of state and (TAN), and iron and copper contents. A final detailed transport property models. The objective appendix identifies the specific lubricants tested, (R) is to fill gaps in existing data and resolve including AB (Shrieve Chemical Zerol 150 and (R) problems and uncertainties that exist in and 300), naphthenic MO (Witco Suniso 3GS and (R) between such data. The report briefly reviews the 5GS), PAG (ICI Emkarox DGLP 103), POE-BA (R) methods and apparatus used to measure (Henkel Emery 2942A and 2968A), and (R) liquid-phase densities, vapor pressure, liquid POE-MA (Mobil EAL Arctic 22 and 32 and (R) isochoric heat capacity, and vapor phase pres- Castrol Icematic SW32, SW68, and SW100). sure-volume-temperature (PVT) behavior of R- The report lists 12 additional refrigerant-lubricant 143a. It also summarizes work to measure the pairs to be studied. isochoric heat capacity of R-152a. An appendix presents tabular summaries of measured liquid D. R. Henderson (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- phase PVT and vapor pressure data for R-143a in rated), Solubility, Viscosity, and Density of Re- both metric (SI) and inch-pound (IP) units. frigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, report DOE/CE/- Measurements also are presented for liquid and 23810-20B, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration two-phase heat capacity for R-152a. Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (50 pages with 25 figures and 27 tables, avail- D. R. Henderson (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- able from JMC as RDB4426) rated), Solubility, Viscosity, and Density of Re- frigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, report DOE/CE/- This interim report presents the findings of a study 23810-22B, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration of the solubility, viscosity, and density of 35 Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October refrigerant-lubricant mixtures for low- and 1993 (68 pages with 47 figures and 37 tables, avail- high-refrigerant concentrations. It summarizes able from JMC as RDB4102; page 53 is missing) results for low refrigerant concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30% refrigerant by weight) for R-12, R-22, This interim report presents the findings of a R-123, and R-134a with mineral oil (MO), al- study of the solubility, viscosity, and density of 35 kylbenzene (AB), and a polyolester (POE) lubri- refrigerant-lubricant mixtures for low- and cants - pentaerythritol ester mixed acid (POE- high-refrigerant concentrations. It summarizes MA). Data are provided for the following 13 results for low concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30% combinations: R-12 with ISO 32 and 100 MO; refrigerant by weight) for R-12, R-22, R-32, Page 106 Refrigerant Database

R-22 with ISO 32 MO; R-123 with ISO 32 and 100 J. laconis (U.S. General Services Administration), MO and with 150 and 300 SUS AB; and R-134a U.S. General Services Administration Public with ISO 22, 32 (two types), 68, and 100 Building Services, Stratospheric Ozone Protection POE-MA. The measurements generally cover 0- for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC 100 °C (32-212 °F) and 0-3450 kPa (0-500 psia). and Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, Equations and regression coefficients are tabu- DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, lated for solubility, viscosity (dynamic and kine- VA, 259-268, October 1993 (10 pages, RDB3A46) matic), and density for each mixture. These results also are shown as plots of density versus O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), temperature and as Daniel Charts, showing Soft-Optimized Compressor Test of Refrigerant kinematic viscosity and solubility (expressed as Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants vapor pressure) versus temperature. An appendix Evaluation Program (AREP) report 103, Air-Condi- explains the theoretical basis for corrections tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, made for vapor space volume in the test VA, October 1993 (8 pages with 3 figures and 2 ta- apparatus. A second appendix provides details on bles, available from JMC as RDB3D03) the experimental approach used and explanations to resolve differences in measured data among T. Kato (Sanden Corporation, Japan), Drop-In Test the subject and two related projects. A third of Refrigerant Blends R-125/143a (45/55) and R- appendix summarizes the lubricant purities, 32/125/134a (10/45/45), Alternative Refrigerants including moisture content, total acid number Evaluation Program (AREP) report 112, Air-Condi- (TAN), and iron and copper contents. A final tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, appendix identifies the specific lubricants tested, VA, October 1993 (6 pages with 2 tables, available (R) including AB (Shrieve Chemical Zerol 150 and from JMC as RDB3D12) 300), naphthenic MO (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS and (R) 5GS), and POE-MA (Mobil EAL Arctic 22 and This report summarizes performance tests of two (R) 32 and Castrol Icematic SW32, SW68, and refrigerant blends, R-125/143a (45/55) and SW100). The report lists 22 additional R-32/125/134a (10/45/45), in a 175 W (600 Btu/hr) refrigerant-lubricant pairs to be studied. chest freezer with a rotary, rolling-piston compressor. The results are tabulated along with M. Jacobs, J. Kaschemekat, V. Simmons, and J. corresponding data for a mixture of R-502 and Wijmans (Membrane Technology and Research, propane, R-290/22/115 (6.0/45.9/48.1) identified Incorporated), Membrane Systems for Improved as "R-502P". The blends were tested with an Recovery of Refrigerant Vapor, Stratospheric unidentified ester lubricant and R-502 with an Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the unidentified mineral oil. Tests were performed at International CFC and Halon Alternatives Confer- an ambient temperature of 34.7 °C (94.5 °F). ence, Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible Operating temperatures and pressures are given CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 232-242, October 1993 for the inlets and outlets of the compressor, (11 pages with 7 figures and 2 tables, RDB3A45) condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. The results show decreases of 8.4 and 6.3% in O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), efficiency for the binary and ternary blends, Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend respectively, compared to "R-502P". The report R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation notes that the discharge pressure with the two Program (AREP) report 104, Air-Conditioning and alternatives was slightly higher than with Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October "R-502P", but the discharge temperature was 1993 (6 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, available slightly lower. It also suggests that the charge from JMC as RDB3D04) quantity can be reduced with the alternatives.

G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation) G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation) and C. L. Gage (U.S. Environmental Protection and R. V. Hendriks (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA), Thermodynamic Evaluation and Agency, EPA), Calorimeter Tests of HFC-236ea as Compressor Characteristics of HFC-236ea and a CFC-114 Alternative and HFC-245ca as a HFC-245ca as CFC-114 and CFC-11 Replace- CFC-11 Alternative, Stratospheric Ozone Protection ments in Chillers, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, and Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 158-166, October 1993 (9 pages with 7 tables, VA, 167-176, October 1993 (10 pages with 4 figures RDB3A38) and 3 tables, available from JMC as RDB3A39) H. Kitayama (Matsushita Refrigeration Company, R-236ea, R-245ca Japan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R- Refrigerant Database Page 107

32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants performance test for R-407 series blend in a ro- Evaluation Program (AREP) report 111, Air-Condi- tary rolling-piston compressor tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (16 pages with 16 figures and 4 H. Kitayama (Matsushita Refrigeration Company, tables, available from JMC as RDB3D11) Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrig- erant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative R. E. Kauffman (University of Dayton Research Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 120, Institute), Accelerated Screening Methods for De- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), termining Chemical and Thermal Stability of Arlington, VA, October 1993 (12 pages with 11 Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, Part II: Experi- figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3D20) mental Comparison and Verification of Methods, report DOE/CE/23810-20D, Air-Conditioning and performance test for R-407 series blend in a scroll Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, compressor VA, October 1993 (22 pages with 4 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3B02) D. Kolar (Navesink Environmental Testing), Dura- bility of Refrigerant Recovery Equipment, Strato- This report summarizes progress to evaluate spheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of analytical techniques for development into ac- the International CFC and Halon Alternatives celerated compatibility tests. Three methods are Conference, Washington, DC, 20-22 October 1993), discussed, namely differential thermalysis Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Ar- analysis (DTA), ferric fluoride additions, and lington, VA, 222-231, October 1993 (10 pages with 1 conductivity measurements. Tests of the DTA figure, RDB6319) approach are described, and a diagram of a modified sealed glass tube used is shown. Only recovery, reclaim small temperature differences were measured for an R-12/mineral oil mixture. Whereas this S. Komatsu (Sanden Corporation, Japan), Com- combination is expected to be more reactive than pressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R- those involving hydrochlorofluorocarbons 125/143a (45/55), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), DTA Program (AREP) report 121, Air-Conditioning and was deemed unsuitable. A test of accelerated Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October degradation, by addition of ferric fluoride as a 1993 (6 pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as catalyst in conventional sealed-tube tests, is de- RDB3D21) scribed. Gas chromatographic analyses detected only minor refrigerant degradation, as contrasted This report summarizes performance measure- to observed color changes and acid formation. ments of R-125/143a (45/55) with an unidentified The technique is suggested to have potential for ester lubricant in a rotary, rolling-piston screening lubricant stability. Conductivity compressor. The test rig is shown schematically. measurements, again using the modified sealed A table presents the evaporating and condensing tube, are described. The tests explored use of temperatures and pressures as well as the direct current (DC), polarity reversal, and superheat. It also gives the capacity, input power, alternating current (AC). Plots show the and coefficient of performance (COP) normalized degradation of R-11, R-12, and R-22 with mineral to those with R-502 at corresponding conditions. oil for thermal aging at 175 °C (347 °F). Tabular Measurements were made for -30, -25, -20, and data indicate that the types of degradation -15 °C (-22, -13, -4, and 5 °F) evaporating and 45 products are the same as without applied AC °C (113 °F) condensing. The capacities and COPs voltage, suggesting that the degradation increased by 1-12% and 13-22%, respectively, mechanisms are accelerated without mechanism with R-125/143a (45/55). The report notes that the changes. The effects of metal catalysts and need discharge temperature seemed to be lower than for further study are noted. The report concludes with R-502. that in situ conductivity measurements have the best potential for development of the screening L. Lankford (J. J. Research Labs) and J. Nimitz method. The naphthenic mineral oil tested was (R) (Environmental Technology and Education Center), A Witco Suniso 3GS. New Class of High-Performance, Environmentally Sound Refrigerants, Stratospheric Ozone Protection H. Kitayama (Matsushita Refrigeration Company, for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrig- and Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, erant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 119, VA, 141-149, October 1993 (9 pages with 3 figures Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), and 4 tables, RDB3A36) Arlington, VA, October 1993 (12 pages with 13 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB- 3D19) Page 108 Refrigerant Database

fluoroiodocarbons, FICs; CF3I, R-13l1; CF3CF2I, [CH3OCF2CF2CF3]; physical properties, synthesis, R-115l1; CF3CF2CF2I, R-217l1, R-217cal1 stability with lubricants and metals (aluminum, copper, and steel), flash point, toxicity, S. Macaudiere, J. C. Tanguy (Elf Atochem SA, atmospheric lifetime, GWP, HGWP France), and P. F. Radice (Elf Atochem North America), Properties and Performance Evaluation H. Namiki (Mayekawa Manufacturing Company, of HCFC-22 Alternatives in Air Conditioning, Limited, Japan), Soft-Optimized System Test of Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (pro- Refrigerant R-134a, Alternative Refrigerants Evalu- ceedings of the International CFC and Halon Alter- ation Program (AREP) report 108, Air-Conditioning natives Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance for and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 72-80, Oc- October 1993 (4 pages with 2 tables, available from tober 1993 (9 pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, JMC as RDB3D08) RDB3A28) This report summarizes a performance test of R- K. W. Manz (Robinair Division of SPX Corporation), 134a in a 40 hp, 174 kW (49 ton), water-cooled Removing Restrictions on the Sale of Recycled chiller with a twin-screw compressor. The results Refrigerants, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the are tabulated for R-134a along with corresponding 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon data for R-22. Both refrigerants were tested with Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 20-22 an unidentified synthetic lubricant and R-134a October 1993), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric also was tested with an unidentified polyalkylene Policy, Arlington, VA, 218-221, October 1993 (4 glycol (PAG). The charge and lubricant quantities pages, RDB6318) and the test conditions are indicated. Operating temperatures and pressures are given for the recovery, reclaim inlets and outlets of the compressor and evaporator as well as the outlets from the K. Matsuo (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), Compressor condenser and expansion device. The results Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant R-32/125 (60/40), show decreases of 37 and 39% in capacity and 6 Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) and 2% in efficiency for the synthetic and PAG report 114, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration lubricants, respectively, compared to R-22. Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (6 pages with 2 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as J. Nimitz (Environmental Technology and Education RDB3D14) Center) and L. Lankford (J. J. Research Labs), Fluoroiodocarbons as Halon Replacements, K. Matsuo (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (pro- Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), ceedings of the International CFC and Halon Alter- Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) natives Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance for report 110, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 810-819, stitute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (8 pages October 1993 (10 pages with 4 tables, RDB3A52) with 1 figure and 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB3D10) fluoroiodocarbon (FIC) properties; CF3I, R-13l1; CF3CF2I, R-115l1; CF3CF2CF2I, R-217l1, R- K. Matsuo (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), Soft-Optimized 217cal1 System Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation W. A. Phillips, Implementation of a Refrigerant Program (AREP) report 97, Air-Conditioning and Management Program by the Service Industry, Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October unpublished paper presented at the International 1993 (10 pages with 2 figures and 3 tables, available CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Washing- from JMC as RDB3C97) ton, DC), York International Corporation, York, PA, October 1993 (8 pages, available from JMC as S. Misaki (Research Institute of Innovative Technol- RDB3A69) ogy for the Earth, RITE, Japan) and A. Sekiya (Na- tional Institute of Materials and Chemical Research, D. Ripple and O. Matar, Viscosity of the Saturated NIMC, Japan), Development of a New Refrigerant, Liquid Phase of Six Halogenated Compounds and Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's Three Mixtures, Journal of Chemical and En- (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon gineering Data, 38(4):560-564, October 1993 (5 Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, 24-26 pages, rdb8237) October 1994), Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy, Arlington, VA, 114-120, October 1994 (7 reports liquid viscosity data for R-32, R-124, R- pages, RDB8315) 125, and others along with equimolar blends of R-32/134a, R-32/124, and R-125/134a for -23 to

R-E245cb1 [CH3OCF2CF3] R-E347mmy1 [CH3- 57 °C (-10 to 134 °F): tests employed a coiled OCF(CF3)2 or CF3CF(OCH3)CF3], R-E347mcc3 Refrigerant Database Page 109

capillary viscometer constructed of stainless steel N. D. Smith (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and sapphire; measurements are accurate to EPA), K. Ratanaphruks, M. W. Tufts, and A. S. Ng 3-5% of the kinematic viscosity; a free volume (Acurex Environmental Corporation), HFC-236ea: A model of viscosity was used to correlate the data Potential Alternative for CFC-114, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the K. Sakuma (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), International CFC and Halon Alternatives Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance for R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 150-157, Evaluation Program (AREP) report 102, October 1993 (8 pages with 4 tables, RDB3A37) Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (10 pages with 6 figures examination of R-236ea as a candidate to replace and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB3D02; R-114 available copy is difficult to read) S. R. Szymurski, Research Update: ARTI Materials T. Sano (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Soft-Opti- Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) mized Compressor Test of Refrigerant Blend R- Program, presented at the International CFC and 32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Halon Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), Program (AREP) report 98, Air-Conditioning and paper DOE/CE/23810-24, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, 1993 (12 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, available VA, October 1993 (10 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3C98) from JMC as RDB3A67)

T. Sano (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Soft-Opti- This paper reviews the introduction of alternative mized Compressor Test of Refrigerant Blend R- refrigerants to replace those that deplete the 32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants ozone layer, the consequent research needs to Evaluation Program (AREP) report 99, Air-Condi- evaluate and test the new fluids, and the history of tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Re- VA, October 1993 (8 pages with 2 figures and 4 ta- search (MCLR) Program. Cumulative funding for bles, available from JMC as RDB3C99) the first three phases, from September 1991 to the present, will reach $6.45 million, jointly funded N. Sawada (Sanyo Electric Company, Limited, under a grant from the Department of Energy and Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrig- cost sharing by the Air-Conditioning and erant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigeration Institute (ARI). The paper outlines Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 116, seven research projects in phase I, addressing Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), thermophysical properties, theoretical evaluation Arlington, VA, October 1993 (10 pages with 4 figures of R-22 and R-502 alternatives, chemical and and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3D16) thermal stability of refrigerants and lubricants, miscibility of lubricants in refrigerants, and N. Sawada (Sanyo Electric Company, Limited, compatibility with motor materials, elastomers, Japan), Soft-Optimized System Test of Refriger- and engineering plastics. It also reviews five ant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative additional projects in phase II, namely Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 100, compatibility with desiccants, electrohydrodynamic Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), (EHD) enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of Arlington, VA, October 1993 (10 pages with 2 figures alternative refrigerants, accelerated screening and 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB3D00) methods for determining chemical and thermal stability, accelerated test methods for predicting the life of motor materials, and accelerated S. R. Skaggs, D. S. Dierdorf, and R. E. Tapscott screening methods for predicting lubricant (New Mexico Engineering Research Institute, performance. Nine top priority projects, in NMERI), Update on Iodides as Fire Extinguishing planning, are identified for Phase Ill. They are Agents, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's compatibility of manufacturing process fluids with (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and ester Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance lubricants, long-term compatibility of polyolester for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 800-809, lubricants with HFC refrigerants, compatibility October 1993 (10 pages with 2 tables, RDB3A51) problems resulting from the products of motor burnouts, investigation into the fractionation of fluoroiodocarbon (FIC) properties, toxicity; CF3I, refrigerant blends, investigation of flushing and R-13l1; CF3CF2I, R-115l1; CF3CF2CF2I, R- clean-out methods to ensure system compatibility, 217cal1 methods development for measuring and classifying flammability-combustibility of refrigerants, thermophysical properties, chemical and thermal stability of phase III Page 110 Refrigerant Database

refrigerants and lubricants, and miscibility of sure thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, phase III refrigerants and lubricants. The paper R-124, and R-125; model the performance and notes that planning is underway for phase IV and key operating parameters of 12 potential alter- that, while much has been accomplished in the natives for R-22 and R-502; test the chemical and first two years, much more remains. The thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures materials compatibility results so far have been with metals; measure the miscibility of lubricants favorable for the HFC refrigerants tested. [see with refrigerants; provide information on the RDB3A68 for presentation charts] compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with motor materials, elastomers, and engineering S. R. Szymurskl, Research Update: ARTI Materials plastics; and investigate electrohydrodynamic Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) (EHD) enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of Program, presentation charts (International CFC and alternative refrigerants. The scope of the program, Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC, objectives of the individual projects, and RDB3A67), Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration significant interim findings are presented. This Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October program summary also identifies reports resulting 1993 (3 pages with 17 charts, available from JMC as from the individual projects. Tables summarize RDB3A68) significant findings of the individual projects including the miscibility of lubricants with 10 This set of charts outlines the presentation refrigerants; equations of state developed for summarized in RDB3A67. R-32, R-123, R-124, and R-125; and relative elastomer swelling in refrigerants and lubricants. S. R. Szymurski, G. C. Hourahan, and D. S. Godwin, Two figures compare the modeled performance of Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research alternative refrigerants to the capacities and on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report efficiencies of R-22 and R-502. DOE/CE/23810-22, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, F. A. Vogelsberg, Jr. (DuPont Chemicals), Update: October 1993 (50 pages with 9 figures and 6 tables, Alternative Fluorocarbon Environmental Ac- available from JMC as RDB3C06) ceptability Study, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC This progress report summarizes the goals and and Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under VA, 905-711, October 1993 (7 pages with 3 figures a grant from the Office of Building Technology of and 3 tables, RDB3A54) the U.S. Department of Energy and cost sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry. AFEAS, environmental impacts The program was implemented on 30 September 1991 and, as currently funded, will run through 30 C. von Eynatten (Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, September 1995. It supports critical research to Germany), R. Döring (Fachhochschule Münster, accelerate introduction of substitutes for Germany), and H. Buchwald (Solvay Fluor and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluoro- Derivate GmbH, Germany), HFC-134a/HFC-23: A carbon (HCFC) refrigerants. The primary Very Promising Alternative to HCFC-22, Strato- elements include materials compatibility testing, spheric Ozone Protection for the 90's (proceedings of methods development, and data collection and the International CFC and Halon Alternatives dissemination. The report provides a status Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance for Re- update on research to measure thermophysical sponsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 119-128, Oc- properties of R-143a and R-152a; measure the tober 1993 (11 pages with 10 figures, RDB3A34) viscosity, density, and solubility for three azeotropic and zeotropic blends to replace R-22 R-23/134a and R-502; and measure the viscosity, density, and solubility for 38 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial The report also summarizes three projects to Company, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorim- develop accelerated screening and test methods eter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a to predict lubricant performance in compressors, (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation the life of motor materials exposed to Program (AREP) report 117, Air-Conditioning and refrigerant-lubricant mixtures, and chemical and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. It 1993 (8 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, available reviews the progress of a continuing project to from JMC as RDB3D17) collect and facilitate dissemination of data, through development and administration of the rotary, rolling-piston compressor ARTI Refrigerant Database. The progress report summarizes eight completed projects to mea- Refrigerant Database Page 111

H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial 1993, November 1993, and February 1994 (4 pages Company, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorim- with 3 tables, RDB3A59) eter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation This bulletin describes a patented azeotropic Program (AREP) report 118, Air-Conditioning and blend of R-32 and R-125, specifically R-32/125 Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October (50/50) [R-410A], designed to replace R-22 in 1993 (8 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, available residential air-conditioners and heat pumps. It from JMC as RDB3D18) provides physical property data, in inch-pound (IP) units, including the chemical formula, molecular scroll compressor weight, atmospheric boiling point, corresponding heat of vaporization, critical parameters H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial (temperature, pressure, and density), and Company, Limited, Japan), Soft-Optimized Com- flammability. It also indicates the liquid density pressor Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 (60/- and specific heats of the liquid and vapor at 26.7 40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program °C (80 °F). It then presents a performance (AREP) report 105, Air-Conditioning and Refrigera- comparison with R-22, R-32, R-125, and R-502. tion Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October 1993 (10 The report provides tabular thermodynamic pages with 2 figures and 4 tables, available from properties (pressure, liquid density, vapor volume, JMC as RDB3D05) liquid and vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat of vaporization) for -29 to 71 °C (-20 to 160 H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial °F). Formulae are provided to calculate Company, Limited, Japan), Soft-Optimized System thermodynamic properties including vapor Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation capacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of state also is presented. AlliedSignal's product Program (AREP) report 106, Air-Conditioning and (R) Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October name for R-32/125 (50/50) is Genetron AZ-20.

1993 (10 pages with 4 figures and 6 tables, available (R) from JMC as RDB3D06) Klea 66, Replacement for HCFC 22, technical note 620250470, ICI Americas Incorporated, Wilm- H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial ington, DE, October 1993 (12 pages with 2 figures Company, Limited, Japan), Soft-Optimized System and 3 tables, available from JMC as RDB3A63) Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation This document describes a ternary, zeotropic Program (AREP) report 107, Air-Conditioning and blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a [R-32/125/134a Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, October (30/10/60)], developed as a replacement for R-22 1993 (10 pages with 2 figures and 6 tables, available in new equipment. The technical note summarizes from JMC as RDB3D07) the phase out of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, the M-S. Zhu, L-Z. Han, X-Y. Zhao (Tsinghua University, need for alternatives to R-22, and ICI's search for China) and B. Lu (Beijing Snow Flake Electrical Ap- likely replacements. It then compares the pliance Group Corporation, China), Dismantling atmospheric lifetimes, ozone depletion potentials Inspection and Retrofit of Domestic Refrigerator (ODPs) and halocarbon global warming potential with HFC-134a, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for (HGWPs) of R-22, R-32, R-125, R-134a, and the the 90's (proceedings of the International CFC and R-32/125/134a blend. It also provides a Halon Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC), comparison of physical properties, at the normal Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, boiling point, and theoretical performance 81-85, October 1993 (5 pages with 5 tables, RDB- comparison between R-22 and the blend. Two 3A29) plots compare the coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling capacity, for evaporator M-S. Zhu and J. Li (Tsinghua University, China), temperatures of -20 to 10 °C (-4 to 50 °F) for R-22 Several Prospective R-22 and R-502 Alternatives and the blend. They show the blend's for Air-Conditioners and Refrigeration Equip- performance to be equal to, or slightly better than ment, Stratospheric Ozone Protection for the 90's that of R-22. The document then discusses the (proceedings of the International CFC and Halon flammability and toxicity of both the blend and its Alternatives Conference, Washington, DC), Alliance components, noting that the composition was for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 61-71, designed to be nonflammable despite its R-32 October 1993 (11 pages with 6 figures and 5 tables, content. The bulletin briefly reviews handling and RDB3A27) leakage, noting that the blend always should be liquid charged into systems and that investigation (R) has shown that Genetron AZ-20, technical bulletin B-525-652, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, October Page 112 Refrigerant Database

degradation of performance will not be significant 1993 (28 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, available with anticipated leakage. The document next from JMC as RDB4133) discusses appropriate lubricants, with focus on the ICI Emkarate(R) family of synthetic, neopentyl This bulletin provides detailed thermodynamic polyolesters. Several documents are cited as properties for saturated and superheated R407B - available or under preparation to provide a zeotropic blend containing R-32, R-125, and thermophysical properties, flammability specifics, R-134a, specifically R-32/125/134a (10/70/20) - in blend design information, handing and storage inch-pound (IP) units of measure. It comprises advice, and retrofit guidance. ICI's product name three tables, accompanied by notes on system for the R-32/125/134a blend discussed is Klea(R) performance with zeotropic blends and 66 [subsequently reformulated]. instructions to find the evaporator inlet and outlet temperatures based on expansion valve enthalpy Measurement of Two-Phase Refrigerant Liquid- and the evaporator pressure. The first presents Vapor Mass Flow Rate, research project 722-RP, saturation properties by pressure in 7-69 kPa American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- (1-10 psi) increments for 70-2960 kPa (10-430 Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, psia). The tabular data include the dew and April 1992 - October 1993 (ASH0722) bubble points as well as the liquid and vapor density, enthalpy, and entropy. The second table This project sought to develop a meter to mea- provides density, enthalpy, and entropy data for sure instantaneous mass flow of two-phase re- superheated vapor at constant pressure. The data frigerants for use in laboratories, rating proce- span the range of 100-3000 kPa (15-435 psia) to dures, and field monitoring. The contractor was temperatures as high as 207 °C (405 °F). The last McMaster University (Canada) led by M. Shoukri table presents evaporator inlet temperatures as and J. S. Chang; it was sponsored by ASHRAE functions of pressure and enthalpy for 70-690 kPa (10-100 psia). ICI's product name for R-407B is Technical Committee 1.2, Instruments and (R) Measurements. Klea 61.

(R) Thermodynamic Properties of Klea(R) 60, Thermodynamic Properties of Klea 66, 32/125/134a (20/40/40 wt %), British Units, bulletin 32/125/134a (30/10/60 wt %), British Units, bulletin 620250370, ICI Klea, Wilmington, DE, October 1993 620250410, ICI Klea, Wilmington, DE, October 1993 (28 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, available from (28 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, RDB3A83) JMC as RDB4131) This bulletin provides detailed thermodynamic This bulletin provides detailed thermodynamic properties for saturated and superheated condi- properties for saturated and superheated R407A - tions for a zeotropic blend containing R-32, R-125, a zeotropic blend containing R-32, R-125, and and R-134a - specifically R-32/125/134a R-134a, specifically R-32/125/134a (20/40/40) - in (30/10/60) - in inch-pound (IP) units of measure. It inch-pound (IP) units of measure. It comprises comprises three tables, accompanied by notes on three tables, accompanied by notes on system system performance with zeotropic blends and performance with zeotropic blends and instructions to find the evaporator inlet and outlet instructions to find the evaporator inlet and outlet temperatures based on expansion valve enthalpy temperatures based on expansion valve enthalpy and the evaporator pressure. The first presents and the evaporator pressure. The first presents saturation properties by pressure in 7-69 kPa saturation properties by pressure in 6.9-69 kPa (1-10 psi) increments for 70-2960 kPa (10-430 (1-10 psi) increments for 70-3000 kPa (10-430 psia). The tabular data include the dew and psia). The tabular data include the dew and bubble points as well as the liquid and vapor bubble points as well as the liquid and vapor density, enthalpy, and entropy. The second table density, enthalpy, and entropy. The second table provides density, enthalpy, and entropy data for provides density, enthalpy, and entropy data for superheated vapor at constant pressure. The data superheated vapor at constant pressure. The span the range of 70-2960 kPa (10-430 psia) to data span the range of 70-2960 kPa (10-430 psia) temperatures as high as 216 °C (420 °F). The last to temperatures as high as 213 °C (415 °F). The table presents evaporator inlet temperatures as last table presents evaporator inlet temperatures functions of pressure and enthalpy for 70-690 kPa (10-100 psia). ICI's product name for as functions of pressure and enthalpy for 70-690 (R) kPa (10-100 psia). ICI's product name for R-407A R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) is Klea 66 is Klea(R) 60. [subsequently reformulated].

Thermodynamic Properties of Klea(R) 61, 32/125/134a (10/70/20 wt %), British Units, bulletin 620250390, ICI Klea, Wilmington, DE, October Refrigerant Database Page 113

September 1993 the Scientific Assessment under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone M. Katayama (Fujitsu General Limited, Japan), Layer. Further research, in a three-year, $6 million Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 (60/- program, seeks to identify and help resolve 40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program uncertainties regarding potential environmental (AREP) report 113, Air-Conditioning and Refrigera- effects of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and tion Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, September 1993 hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). A second objective is (10 pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, available from to stimulate prompt dissemination of scientific JMC as RDB3D13) information to the research community, government decision makers, affected industries, H. W. Sibley (Carrier Corporation), Soft-Optimized and the public. A table lists potential alternatives Compressor Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 to CFCs, including HCFCs R-22, R-123, R-124, (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program R-141b, R-142b, R-225ca, and R-225cb, as (AREP) report 91, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration transitional substances, and HFCs R-32, R-125, Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, September 1993 (14 R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a. The summary notes pages with 6 figures and 9 tables, available from that scientific studies show that use of HCFCs and JMC as RDB3C91) HFCs to replace CFCs will reduce the amount of atmospheric chlorine, and thus decrease the risk This report summarizes performance tests of R- of ozone depletion. Unlike CFCs, these 32/125 (60/40) in a three-phase, hermetic scroll alternatives will break down readily in the lower compressor (Carrier SR40) with a nominal ca- atmosphere, forming products with negligible pacity of 11.7 kW (3.3 ton). Tests were performed contribution to either acid deposition or ozone using a polyolester lubricant (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) pollution. Some of the HCFCs and HFCs can be 32). The operating conditions and measured expected to form trifluoroacetyl halides that will results of the calorimeter tests are tabulated. The dissolve in water to form trifluoroacetic acid. While capacity, coefficient of performance (COP), mass the concentrations are so low that adverse effects flow rate, input power, and current draw are are unlikely, this issue is being investigated plotted as functions of saturated suction and further. A figure contrasts the minor direct condensing temperatures for suction (chemical emission related) and larger indirect temperatures of -32 to 13 °C (-25 to 55 °F). A plot (energy related) contributions to total equivalent summarizes the relative capacities and COPs are warming impact (TEWI) for a representative plotted for three further comparative tests in scroll refrigerator. A cited AFEAS study of global compressors: R-22 with an alkylbenzene lubricant warming, co-funded with the U.S. Department of (Chevron Zerol(R) 150) in a Carrier SRD600AA, Energy, indicates that HCFCs and HFCs provide R-32/125 (60/40) in a "drop-in" test with a substantial improvements in energy efficiency over Copeland ZR61K2 compressor, and the same CFCs in many applications. blend in an optimized Carrier SR40 compressor. The compressor operating conditions and R-22 Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- measurements are tabulated. The comparisons ceptability Study (AFEAS) Summaries, AFEAS, show 50% higher capacity and approximately Washington, DC, September 1993 (24 pages with 6 10% lower efficiency for the "drop-in" compressor figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB- and slightly higher capacity and lower efficiency 3B12) for the optimized compressor using the blend. This series of ten leaflets presents key AFEAS Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- objectives and findings. A summary of the ceptability Study, program description, AFEAS, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Washington, DC, September 1993 (4 pages with 1 Ozone Layer reviews the history of this in- figure and 1 table, available from JMC in English or ternational accord to phase out production of Japanese as RDB3B11) chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants among other chemicals. It also recaps the schedules under the This leaflet introduces the Alternative Fluorocar- Protocol as well as the U.S. Clean Air Act and bons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), European regulations. A sheet on Production and initiated in December 1988. The program was Sales of Fluorocarbons reports annual production formed to assess the potential impacts of of R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, and R-115 for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant alternatives 1970-1992 on a worldwide basis (participating on the environment. AFEAS is a cooperative companies only for 1992). A summary on research effort sponsored by 12 leading chemical Atmospheric Chlorine: CFCs and Alternative producers. Results were presented at the United Fluorocarbons reviews the mechanisms of Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) stratospheric ozone depletion and pro- meeting in Nairobi in August 1989, and were incorporated as an appendix to Page 114 Refrigerant Database

vides values for ozone-depletion potentials with 64 tables, available from GPO as document (ODPs). It also illustrates how substitution of 1993-300-813:80008, limited copies available from HCFCs for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) reduces JMC as RDB4140) chlorine in the atmosphere. The illustration further shows that use of HCFCs for a limited time will not Forane(R) for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, delay return of atmospheric chlorine to pre-1970s bulletin DIREP-1921E, Elf Atochem S.A., Paris - La levels. This summary quotes an international Défense, France, September 1993 (20 pages with 11 assessment that notes a three-year advance on tables, RDB4136) the phaseout requirements of the Montreal Protocol. A sheet on UV-B Radiation This bulletin outlines the replacement offerings of Measurements discusses the importance of the Elf Atochem for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) re- ozone layer in shielding ultraviolet-B (UV-B) ra- frigerants. It reviews the schedule for CFC diation in sunlight as well as efforts to monitor and phaseout and provides a table showing the ap- observed trends of incoming UV-B intensity. A plications of R-11, R-12, R-22, R-123, R-134a, R- synopsis of the Relative Contributions of 142b, R-404A, R-409A, R-500, and R-502 as well Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Climate Forcing as R-22/124/142b (65/25/10), R-32/125/143a discusses radiative forcing, a parameter used to (10/45/45), R-143a/22 (55/45), and FX-220 perturb the heat balance in modeling of the (composition not identified). It briefly discusses earth-atmosphere system. It outlines under- lubricants, including the Elf Atochem polyolesters standing and uncertainties associated with GWP (Planetelf(R)), and filter driers, including CECA's - values, atmospheric persistence of greenhouse an Elf Atochem subsidiary - molecular sieves gas emissions, and the quantitative influence of (Siliporite(R)) for alternative refrigerants. The integration time horizon (ITH) on analyses of bulletin comments on leak detection methods and impacts. A table provides estimates for the at- then discusses conversion of existing systems, mospheric lifetimes and GWP values for 20, 100, with specific attention to R-123 for R-11; R-134a, and 500 yr ITH. A sheet on Total Global Warming R-409A, and R-22/124/142b (65/25/10) for R-12; Impact compares the Total Equivalent Warming R-404A, R-32/125/143a (10/45/45), and Impacts (TEWIs), considering both direct R-143a/22 (55/45) for R-502; and FX-220 for (emission related) and indirect (energy related) R-22. Tabular swell data are provided for the cited effects of alterative technologies and fluids. It refrigerants with plastics and elastomers, including notes that a not-in-kind (NIK) refrigerant option, polychloroprene (Neoprene), butadiene acrylo- with more than a 1% increase in energy use, nitrile (BNR, Buna N), butadiene styrene (Buna S), would have a larger total warming impact than hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride (Viton) HCFC and HFC options. A review of the butyl rubber (IIR), chlorosulfonated polyethylene Breakdown Products of Alternatives outlines the (Hypalon), polyamide 11 (Rilsan), polystyrene mechanisms and consequences of HCFC and (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Summary hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) breakdown. It notes that property data (chemical formula, chemical name, they readily decompose into simple inorganic molecular mass, bubble temperature, temperature species in the lower atmosphere, that the ultimate drop (glide), critical temperature, critical pressure, breakdown products are acidic compounds that pressure and density at representative conditions, are washed out in rain, that the acidic ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming concentrations are so low as to have no potential (GWP), and flammability limits) and appreciable effect, and that the alternatives do not safety data (toxicity, recommended exposure contribute to photochemical smog formation in limits, and flammability limits) also are tabulated. urban areas. A further summary of the The bulletin concludes with brief discussion of Environmental Fate of Trifluoroacetyl Halides handling, storage, recovery, recycling, and the addresses the atmospheric breakdown of R-123, company's quality program. Elf Atochem's product R-124, and R-134a, ultimately forming tri- names for R-404A and R-409A are Forane(R) fluoroacetate ion (TFA) in surface waters. While FX-70 and FX-56, respectively. Its names for no impact is anticipated, further study is under- R-22/124/142b (65/25/10), R-32/125/143a way. A Glossary of Terms defines terminology for (10/45/45), and R-143a/22 (55/45) are Forane(R) discussion of the atmospheric effects of al- FX-57, FX-40, and FX-10 [subsequently ternative fluorocarbons. The last sheet briefly reformulated], respectively. outlines the history and activities of both AFEAS and the companion Programme for Alternative Genetron(R) AZ-50, technical bulletin #651 (B-525- Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). 651), AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, September 1993 (4 pages with 3 tables, RDB3A60) Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States, 1985-1990, report DOE/EIA-0573, Energy This bulletin describes R-507, an azeotropic blend Information Administration, U.S. Department of En- of R-125 and R-143a - specifically R-125/- ergy, Washington, DC, September 1993 (126 pages Refrigerant Database Page 115

143a (50/50) - designed to replace R-502 in low- Eight data sheets summarize the status and temperature commercial refrigeration applica- findings of the Programme for Alternative Fluo- tions, such as supermarket display cases and ice rocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). They outline machines. It provides physical property data, in studies of acute toxicity (short-term exposures to inch-pound (IP) units, including the chemical high concentrations, such as accidental leakages), formula, molecular weight, atmospheric boiling genotoxicity (effects on genetic material, an early point, corresponding heat of vaporization, critical screen for possible carcinogenic activity), parameters (temperature, pressure, and density), sub-chronic toxicity (repeated exposure to and flammability. It also indicates the liquid determine any overall toxicological effect), re- density and specific heats of the liquid and vapor productive and developmental toxicity (teratology, at 26.7 °C (80 °F). It then presents a performance assessment of the effects on the reproductive comparison with R-22 and R-502. The report system and of the potential for causing birth provides tabular thermodynamic properties defects), chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (lifetime (pressure, density, vapor volume, liquid and vapor testing to assess late-in-life toxicity or increased enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat of evidence of cancer), and ecotoxicity (assessment vaporization) for -40 to 70 °C (-40 to 158 °F). of potential to affect living organisms in the Formulae are provided to calculate environment). Toxicology summaries for R-123, thermodynamic properties including vapor R-124, R-125, R-134a, and R-141b indicate that pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat all have low or very low toxicity; test results show capacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of them to be neither developmental toxicants nor state also is presented. AlliedSignal's product genotoxic. Additionally, R-123 and R-141b were name for R-507 is Genetron(R) AZ-50. found to have low acute dermal and inhalation toxicity, but caused an increased incidence of Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity benign - but not life threatening - tumors in Testing, program description, PAFT, Bristol, United animals following long-term exposures. R-134a Kingdom, September 1993 (4 pages with 1 table, also caused an increased incidence of benign - available from JMC in English or Japanese as but not life threatening - tumors in animals RDB3B13) following long-term exposure to high concentrations. R-124, R-125, and R-134a were This leaflet introduces the Programme for Alter- found to have very low acute and subchronic native Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT), inhalation toxicity. No current findings preclude initiated in December 1987. The program is de- use of R-32 in general industrial uses, provided signed to expedite the development of toxicology that recommended normal hygiene practices are data for possible substitute fluorocarbons to observed. Further studies are being planned and replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), or more conducted to address findings for R-225ca and broadly halogenated fluoroalkanes, that may be R-225cb, though the acute toxicity was found to catalyzing a decrease in stratospheric ozone be low for both isomers and neither has shown levels. PAFT is a cooperative research effort evidence of genotoxic response. A Glossary of sponsored by 15 of the leading CFC producers Terms is provided. from nine countries. Five PAFT program sectors are identified including PAFT I to address R-123 Thermodynamic Property Data for Klea 60, SI and R-134a, PAFT II for R-141b, PAFT III for Units, bulletin CP/33524/1Ed/33/993, ICI Klea, R-124 and R-125, PAFT IV for R-225ca and R- Runcorn, Cheshire, UK, 1 September 1993 (32 225cb, and PAFT V for R-32. The leaflet sum- pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, available from JMC marizes program objectives and schedules. It as RDB4762) notes that there are more than 100 individual toxicology tests in the program, at a cost of $3-5 This bulletin provides detailed thermodynamic million per compound. It also indicates that more properties for saturated and superheated R-407A than a dozen testing laboratories in Europe, - a zeotropic blend containing R-32, R-125, and Japan, and the United States are performing R-134a, specifically R-32/125/134a (20/40/40) - in tests, the results of which will be published in metric (SI) units of measure. It comprises three peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific tables, accompanied by notes on system conferences. The program comprehensively performance with zeotropic blends and addresses acute, sub-chronic, developmental and instructions to find the evaporator inlet and outlet chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies, geno- temperatures based on expansion valve enthalpy toxicity, and environmental toxicology studies. and the evaporator pressure. The first presents saturation properties by pressure in 0.1 bar (10 Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity kPa, 1.5 psi increments) for 70-3000 kPa (10-435 Testing (PAFT) Toxicology Summaries, PAFT, psia). The tabular data include the dew and Bristol, United Kingdom, September 1993 (16 pages, bubble points as well as the liquid and vapor available from JMC as RDB3B14) density, enthalpy, and entropy. The second Page 116 Refrigerant Database

table provides density, enthalpy, and entropy data pares the safety groups for common refrigerants for superheated vapor at constant pressure. The under the previous and new classification data span the range of 100-3000 kPa (15-430 schemes. The article then reviews the occupancy psia) to temperatures as high as 168 °C (334 °F). (institutional, public assembly, residential, The last table presents evaporator inlet commercial, industrial, and mixed) and refriger- temperatures as functions of pressure and en- ating system (high and low probability, referring to thalpy for 100-560 kPa (15-80 psia). ICI's product risk of occupant exposure in the event of a leak) name for R-407A is Klea(R) 60. groupings. These classifications along with that of the refrigerant are used to determine applicable Thermodynamic Property Data for Klea 61, SI requirements and permissible refrigerant Units, bulletin CP/33525/1Ed/33/993, ICI Klea, quantities. The article outlines key requirements Runcorn, Cheshire, UK, September 1993 (32 pages including those for machinery rooms, ventilation, with 1 figure and 3 tables, available from JMC as and sensors. It also discusses efforts to gain RDB4763) recognition of Standards 15 and 34 in model building and fire codes and to further revise and This bulletin provides detailed thermodynamic update the two standards. The author concludes properties for saturated and superheated R-407B that understanding and implementation of the new - a zeotropic blend containing R-32, R-125, and requirements are essential to promote safe R-134a, specifically R-32/125/134a (10/70/20) - in application and use of refrigeration systems. He metric (SI) units of measure. It comprises three also notes that all refrigerants present some tables, accompanied by notes on system degree of risk, necessitating care and respect in performance with zeotropic blends and their use. instructions to find the evaporator inlet and outlet temperatures based on expansion valve enthalpy J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant and the evaporator pressure. The first presents Database, report DOE/CE/23810-20E, Air-Condi- saturation properties by pressure in 0.1-0.5 bar tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), (10-50 kPa, 1.5-7 psi) increments for 100-3000 Arlington, VA, August 1993 (144 pages, available kPa (10-435 psia). The tabular data include the from JMC as RDB3865) dew and bubble points as well as the liquid and vapor density, enthalpy, and entropy. The second This document provides bibliographic citations for table provides density, enthalpy, and entropy data 809 publications that may be useful in research, for superheated vapor at constant pressure. The design, and application of air-conditioning and data span the range of 100-3000 kPa (15-435 refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, psia) to temperatures as high as 164 °C (327 °F). materials addressed, and key conclusions are The last table presents evaporator inlet provided for approximately half of these temperatures as functions of pressure and documents. The database identifies sources of enthalpy for 100-560 kPa (15-80 psia). ICI's specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, product name for R-407B is Klea(R) 61. R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-227ea, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), August 1993 R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic blends of these fluids. It L. W. Burgett (The Trane Company), Revised addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene Standards for Mechanical Refrigeration, ASHRAE glycol (PAG), polyolester, and other lubricants. It Journal, 35(8):31-35, August 1993 (5 pages with 3 also references documents on compatibility of figures and 1 table, RDB4303) refrigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials This article reviews the provisions of used in refrigerant circuits. The database is ANSI/ASHRAE Standards 34-1992, "Number available in both a computerized version and as a Designation and Safety Classification of Refrig- listing in report form. The computerized version erants," and 15-1992 "Safety Code for Mechani- includes the same citations and abstracts as the cal Refrigeration." These revised standards in- report version plus 42 additional citations, for clude new alternative refrigerants, a new safety superseded and historical documents, and data classification matrix for refrigerants, and revised summaries for 90 individual refrigerants and guidance for their application in mechanical re- blends. It is accompanied by retrieval software to frigeration systems. The article focuses on key facilitate searches for specific information; the provisions and new application requirements. It software enables searches for user-selected describes the safety classification matrix, which terms, or combinations of terms. It offers several comprises six groups combining two toxicity and automated features to simplify searches including three flammability classes. A table com- optional prompting by search category, an au- Refrigerant Database Page 117

tomated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related The lubricants included naphthenic mineral oil terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS), alkylbenzene (Shrieve searches, and a "wildcard" capability to allow Zerol(R) 150), polyolester (POE) mixed acid (ICI entry of word segments. The software also Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, formerly RL 244), POE enables printing of selected citations, abstracts, branched acid (Henkel Emery(R) 2927), a poly- and refrigerant summaries as well as preparation alkylene glycol (PAG) butyl monoether (ICI Em- of a document order lists. Both versions of the karox(R) VG32), PAG modified with a fluoroalkyl database include instructions to obtain cited group (AlliedSignal BRL-150), and a PAG diol documents or subscriptions for updates to the (Dow Chemical P425). The varnishes included database. two solvent epoxies (P. D. George Sterling(R) U475 EH and 923), a solvent epoxy phenolic (Sterling(R) Y-390 PG), 93% solids epoxy (Sterling(R) ER-610), R. G. Doerr and S. A. Kujak (The Trane Company), (R) Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with and 100% solids VPI epoxy (Sterling Y-833), (R) Motor Materials, ASHRAE Journal, 35(8):42-47, and water-borne epoxy (Schenectady Isopoxy August 1993 (6 pages with 3 tables, RDB3A04) 800). The magnet wires included a modified polyester base overcoated with polyamide imide This article summarizes a detailed investigation (Phelps Dodge Armored Poly-Thermaleze 2000), (see RDB3857) of the effects of 11 refrigerants a modified polyester base overcoated with and 17 refrigerant-lubricant combinations on 24 polyamide imide and epoxy saturated glass insulating materials for hermetic compressor (Phelps Dodge Armored Poly-Thermaleze motors. The introduction identifies absorption, Daglass 2000), and polyester imide overcoated extraction, and/or chemical dissolution as the with polyamide-imide (Phelps Dodge/Schenectady primary deterioration mechanisms. It notes that Chemical). The sheet insulations tested were Westinghouse Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(R), Westing- absorption may change the dielectric strength or (R) (R) physical integrity or cause excessive swelling, house Dacron-Mylar-Dacron , DuPont Mylar 900 MO, DuPont Nomex(R) 410, DuPont Nomex(R) softening, or decreased strength. Rapid (R) desorption may cause blisters, crazing, surface Mica 418, and ICI Melinex 228. The craters, delamination, or bubbles within the spiral-wrapped sheet insulations tested were Insulations Sales Nomex(R), Mylar(R), and insulating materials. Extraction of materials may (R) result in a range of effects from embrittlement to Nomex-Mylar . The lead wires tested were A. O. Smith Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R) and Dacron-Teflon- complete dissolution. Extraction and dissolution, (R) in turn, may cause other components to stick or Dacron . Other materials tested were woven lead to clogging of passage such as capillary glass tape (Carolina Narrow Heat Cleaned tubes. Three tables classify motor materials as Fiberglass), heat shrinkable braided polyester compatible, indicating a concern, or incompatible tape (Electrolock), and glass-acrylic tape (Essex with pure refrigerants or refrigerant/lubricant Permacel P247), and polyester tie cord (Ludlow mixtures. The effects of the pure refrigerants Textiles). generally were greater than in combination with lubricants. The article notes that absorption of R. Dowlati (AECL Research, Canada), A. M. C. Chan R-123 was higher than for other refrigerants by (Ontario Hydro, Canada), and M. Kawaji (University most motor materials. However, absorption of of Toronto, Canada), Measurement of Void R-22, R-32, R-134, and R-152a followed by Fraction and Pressure Drop in Flow Boiling of R- desorption, at higher temperatures, resulted in 113 Across Horizontal Tube Bundles, 29th Na- greater damage. These results suggest that high tional Heat Transfer Conference (Atlanta, GA, 8-11 internal pressures and the desorption rate are as August 1993), American Society of Mechanical En- important as the amount of refrigerant absorbed. gineers (ASME), New York, NY, 1993 (rdb3B66) These changes decreased bond strength by as much as 95%, dielectric strength by as much as heat and mass transfer 70%, and decreased the physical integrity of the materials. Magnet wire with polyester-glass S. Goktun and S. Ozkaynak (Turkish Naval serving showed the highest burnout resistance Academy, Turkey), Selection of Ozone-Safe Re- and was influenced less by the refrigerants. Of the frigerants for Heat Pumps, Energy, 18(8):867-870, refrigerants tested, R-22 produced the greatest August 1993 (4 pages, rdb8939) effects on the motor materials. Because R-22 has an excellent reliability history with many of them, outlines criteria for selection of ozone-safe, high the article concludes that the alternative performance refrigerants for low- and high-tem- refrigerants tested are expected to be compatible perature heat pumps; concludes that R-134, R- with most materials. The refrigerants tested 134a, R-E115, and possibly R-152a are promising included R-22, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, alternatives to R-12 for low-temperature ap- R-134, R-134a, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, and plications; identifies R-160 (ethyl chloride), R- R-245ca. 160B1 (ethyl bromide), R-143, R-E134, "5FP", Page 118 Refrigerant Database

and propyl chloride as candidates to replace R- engineered for HFCs because of the limited swell 114 in high-temperature applications found with them.

G. R. Hamed and R. H. Seiple (University of Akron), K. E. Hickman (York International Corporation), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Redesign for R-22 and R-502 Alternatives - Where Elastomers, ASHRAE Journal, 35(8):173-176, Are We Now?, R-22 and R-502 Alternatives August 1993 (4 pages with 4 tables, RDB3A05) (Proceedings of the ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 19-20 August 1993), This article summarizes swell measurements for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and elastomer compounds comprising various base Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, polymers, filler contents, and cure systems (see 97-101, 1994 (5 pages with 1 table, RDB4524) RDB3202). The introduction distinguishes between highly-filled gaskets, which require sig- This insightful paper reviews candidates being nificant compressive forces to be effective, and tested to replace R-22 and R-502, in the Alterna- more elastic polymers, which depend on internal tive Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP). The restoring forces to seal mating components. The introduction explains that AREP was organized by article outlines swell measurements on nearly 100 the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute elastomers after submersion in refrigerants and (ARI), to identify the most promising re- lubricants for 14 days at 60 °C (140 °F). It placements. It notes participation by government identifies a second phase of the research, to and university laboratories and support by the determine strength retention following extended U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Electric Power exposures, for materials found to best resist Research Institute (EPRI), and the National swelling. The article reviews the theoretical Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in background for solvent uptake and interaction, addition to the primary testing by manufacturers. A based on the degree of crosslinking and filling in table summarizes the alternatives, their the material structure. Swell behavior is characteristics, and commercial examples. The qualitatively (good or poor) tabulated for common paper traces blend reformulations to resolve elastomer classes, including polyisoprene, identified concerns. It describes considerations for silicone, polychloroprene, thermoplastic elastomer three application categories, starting with (ME), butyl rubber, polysulfide rubber, styrene packaged equipment for residential and butadiene rubber (SBR), polyurethane, nitrile, commercial air conditioning and heat pump chlorosulfonated and chlorinated polyethylene systems. Testing is focusing on an azeotrope, (PE), fluorinated rubber, epichlorohydrin, ethylene R-32/125 (50/50), and three zeotropes, R-32/134a propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene propylene diene (25/75) and (30/70), and R-32/125/134a monomer (EPDM), and ethylene acrylic. A (30/10/60). The paper outlines their advantages number of gasket materials supplied by industry and disadvantages, comments on test results, and also were examined. The refrigerants included summarizes comparative findings by evaluations both hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs R-22, in Japan. The paper concludes that the zeotropes R-123, R-124, and R-142b) and hydrofluoro- are close to R-22 in behavior and would require carbons (HFCs R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, only minor changes in design, but would not be R-143a, and R-152a). The lubricants included a easy to use in systems with multiple evaporators. naphthenic mineral oil, alkylbenzene, and three R-32/125 shows the best promise to increase polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), namely a efficiency, and its lower volumetric flow rate may polypropylene glycol butyl monoether, a allow reductions in equipment size. However, its polypropylene glycol diol, and a modified use would require substantial compressor and polyglycol. Two polyolester (POE) lubricants also heat exchanger redesign. R-134a also is a are included, namely a pentaerythritol ester candidate, but compressors would need branched acid and a pentaerythritol ester mixed approximately 50% larger volumetric acid. The article notes that R-123 generally gave displacement. The replacements addressed for the greatest swelling and HFCs, as a group, the R-22 engineered systems - water chillers for least. Some industrial gasket samples resisted centralized plants - include R-32/125 (50/50), swelling in all refrigerants. The lubricants that R-32/134a (25/75) and (30/70), R-125/143a/134a showed the most swell for the greatest number of (44/52/4) [R-404A], R-134a, and R-717 elastomers were mineral oil and alkylbenzene. (ammonia). R-32/125 again offers potential Outgassing of high pressure refrigerants (e.g., performance advantages, but its high condensing R-22, R-32, and R-125) following exposures may pressure may limit is application unless produce surface cracking, surface bubbling, and compressors and heat exchangers are internal flaws. The article notes that gaskets using redesigned. R-134a already is used in centrifugal a wider, less-expensive range of polymers may be chillers, for which the higher flow volumes do not substantially increase costs, but is limited for positive displacement machines (with screw Refrigerant Database Page 119

and reciprocating piston compressors) by the sibilities, and seal refinement. Research needs larger displacement requirement. Ammonia offers are cited for materials compatibility and lubricants, a viable technical alternative, but is consideration composition management for zeotropic blends, is primarily for industrial applications due to safety and leak sensor requirements. The paper then issues and building code requirements. The paper discusses opportunities for not-in-kind addresses three alternatives to replace R-502 in technologies including absorption, adsorption (or commercial refrigeration systems, namely desiccant), Stirling, and other cycles. It also R-125/143a (50/50) [R-507], R-125/143a/134a mentions needs relating to distribution systems, (44/52/4) [R-404A], R-32/125/134a (20/40/40), training of service personnel, and conversions to and R-32/125/143a (10/45/45). The author notes alternative fluids. The paper mentions ongoing greatest interest and testing for R-32/125/134a, research by the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration despite earlier announcements of other Technology Institute (ARTI) and provides a replacements spurred by impending phase out of tabular summary of agencies funding research of R-115, a component of R-502. The paper air conditioning and refrigeration. They include the concludes that considerable testing remains to be ARTI, American Society of Heating Refrigerating done for product development to prove system and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), reliability and durability. It also notes that better Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Gas property data are needed for manufacturers to Research Institute (GRI), U.S. Department of predict and certify performance with the accuracy Energy (DOE), and U.S. Environmental Protection that is now standard. Most of the alternatives Agency (EPA). either do not improve efficiencies or require substantial changes and testing. The author H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), suggests that the alternatives will offer neither European Research and Development performance or cost advantages to customers for Concerning CFC and HCFC Substitution, R-22 systems now designed for R-22. While and R-502 Alternatives (proceedings of the manufacturers believe that the refrigerants under ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, test will be viable, testing is still at an early stage Gaithersburg, MD, 19-20 August 1993), American and a service infrastructure must be put in place. Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and R-290 (propane) also is listed as a candidate, but Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, is not discussed. 41-57, 1994 (17 pages with 13 figures and 7 tables, RDB4519) G. C. Hourahan and M. S. Menzer (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, ARI), Research Needs in G. A. Lamont and H. Kumar (APV Baker Therm Di- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration, Heat Transfer vision), Advances in Elastomer Materials for Use with Alternate Refrigerants (proceedings of the 29th in Plate Heat Exchangers, 29th National Heat National Heat Transfer Conference, Atlanta, GA, Transfer Conference (Atlanta, GA, 8-11 August 8-11 August 1993), edited by H. J. Sauer, Jr., and T. 1993), American Society of Mechanical Engineers H. Kuehn, American Society of Mechanical (ASME), New York, NY, 1993 (rdb3B68) Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, HTD-243:1-8, 1993 (8 pages with 5 figures and 1 table, available compatibility from JMC as RDB3421) J. W. Linton, W. K. Snelson, P. F. Hearty, and A. R. This paper outlines research needs stemming Triebe (National Research Council, Canada, NRCC), from introduction of alternative refrigerants and Near Azeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures HP80 the concurrent desire to maintain or increase (R-402A) and HP81 (R-402B) as Potential Drop-in equipment efficiency. Its purpose is to seed in- Substitutes for R-502, Heat Pumps in Cold Climates terest in and identify sponsorship opportunities for (proceedings of the Second International Technical necessary research. The paper briefly reviews Conference, Moncton, NB, Canada, 16-17 August potential impacts of refrigerants on ozone 1993), Caneta Research, Incorporated, Mississauga, depletion and global warming. It then discusses ON, Canada, 59-70, January 1994 (12 pages, vapor-compression and absorption cycles and RDB4884) equipment. Starting with their components, it identifies research needs to utilize alternative M. O. McLinden, J. G. Gallagher, M. L. Huber, and G. refrigerants. Research of heat exchanger en- Morrison (National Institute of Standards and hancement, fundamental boiling heat transfer, Technology, NIST), REFPROP Refrigerant Prop- considerations for glide utilization for zeotropes, erties Database: Capabilities, Limitations, and and influences of lubricants are among the topics Future Directions, R-22 and R-502 Alternatives addressed. Design issues for compressors, both (proceedings of the ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants positive displacement and centrifugal, are Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 19-20 August 1993), surveyed with emphasis on discharge valve re- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and quirements, impeller improvement, oil-free pos- Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, Page 120 Refrigerant Database

GA, 59-71, 1994 (13 pages with 20 figures and 1 evaporating and condensing temperatures, use of table, RDB4520) glide, and fractionation. It then presents the findings of experimental evaluations of R-32/134a C. K. Rice, L. S. Wright (Oak Ridge National Labo- (30/70) and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) [a developmental formulation, since modified, of both ratory, ORNL), and P. K. Bansal (University of (R) (R) Auckland, New Zealand), Thermodynamic Cycle DuPont Suva AC9000 and ICI Klea 66]. Four Evaluation Model for R-22 Alternatives in Heat figures show the energy efficiency ratios (EERs) Pumps - Initial Results and Comparisons, Heat and capacity ratios for the two zeotropic blends Pumps in Cold Climates (proceedings of the Second compared to R-22 at evaporator temperatures International Technical Conference, Moncton, NB, from -18 to 15 °C (0-60 °F) and condensing Canada, 16-17 August 1993), Caneta Research, temperatures of 38-60 °C (100-140 °F). The paper Incorporated, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 81-96, discusses chemical reactivity and other January 1994 (17 pages with 7 figures and 5 tables, compatibility issues, including miscibility with RDB4869) lubricants as well as effects on motor insulation and desiccants, for the pure compounds. It also "Bicycle" model, R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a discusses resultant flammability test conditions (30/70), R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), R-32/227ea and limits when blended with R-125. The authors (35/65) conclude that refrigerant mixtures with capacities matching that of R-22 also suffer disadvantages. O. K. Riegger and K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh They note that the R-32/125/134a blend is a more Products Company), Mixtures as Candidate Re- desirable match for R-22, but that a spot check in placements for R-22 - Is There a Choice?, R-22 an air conditioner showed significant deterioration and R-502 Alternatives (Proceedings of the ASH- in performance associated with pressure drops RAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, Gaithersburg, and heat transfer coefficients. MD, 19-20 August 1993), American Society of Heat- ing, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers O. K. Riegger and K. S. Sanvordenker, Mixtures as (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 23-29, 1994 (7 pages with 5 Candidate Replacements for R-22 - A Hobson's figures and 3 tables, RDB4517) Choice, paper preprint, ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference (Gaithersburg, MD, 19-20 August 1993), This paper reviews the requirements for alterna- Tecumseh Products Company, Ann Arbor, MI, tives to replace R-22 and discusses evaluations August 1993 (24 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, of candidates, both pure components and blends. available from JMC as RDB3864) The paper divides the requirements into three categories: "must absolutely have," "need to This paper reviews the requirements for alterna- have," and "like to have." It discusses the ozone tives to replace R-22 and discusses evaluations of depletion potential (ODP), global warming candidates, both pure components and blends. potential (GWP) and related total equivalent Noting the history of the Montreal Protocol, the warming potential (TEWI), toxicity, flammability, paper suggests that the phaseout of R-22 may be functionality, compressor operating parameters accelerated, and presents replacement (pressures, volumetric capacities, and discharge candidates from a compressor manufacturer's temperatures), and system parameters for point of view. It divides the requirements into three candidates. It then discusses six hydrofluo- categories: "must absolutely have," "need to rocarbons (HFCs) including R-23, R-32, R-125, have," and "like to have." It discusses the ozone R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a. The paper lists depletion potential (ODP), global warming concerns with each, concluding that all fall short potential (GWP) and related total equivalent in one or more requirements. A table presents warming potential (TEWI), toxicity, flammability, their boiling and critical point temperatures, at- functionality, compressor operating parameters mospheric lifetimes, GWP, flammability, relative (pressures, volumetric capacities, and discharge capacity and efficiency, and pressure at 7 °C (45 temperatures), and system parameters for °F). The paper briefly discusses other candidates candidates. It then discusses six hydrofluoro- including fluoroethers, R-290 (propane), and carbons (HFCs) including R-23, R-32, R-125, R-717 (ammonia). It concludes that none of the R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a. The paper lists pure compounds could replace R-22 in air concerns with each, concluding that all fall short in conditioners and heat pumps, necessitating one or more requirements. A table presents their consideration of blends. Based on boiling points, boiling and critical point temperatures, flammability, and environmental aspects, the atmospheric lifetimes, GWP, flammability, relative paper suggests combinations that can be capacity and efficiency, and pressure at 7 °C (45 eliminated from consideration or relegated to low °F). The paper briefly discusses other candidates priority. It discusses the first choice, R-32/134a including fluoroethers, R-290 (propane), and and discusses compositions and considerations R-717 (ammo- for capacity matching, heat transfer, Refrigerant Database Page 121

nia). It concludes that none of the pure com- heat fluxes of 2-10 kW/m2 (630-3200 Btu/(h·sf)). It pounds could replace R-22 in air conditioners and also provides local correlations for mixtures of heat pumps. This finding forces the Hobson's R-22/123 (65/35) and R-22/141b (80/20) for the choice to evaluate blends. Based on boiling mass flux ranges of 25-85 and 27-42 kg/m2·s (5- points, flammability, and environmental aspects, 17 and 6-9 Ib/sf·s) and heat fluxes of 1.2-2.8 and the paper suggests combinations that can be 1.0-4.2 kW/m2 (380-890 and 320-1300 Btu/(h·sf), eliminated from consideration or relegated to low respectively. These low mass and heat conditions priority. It discusses the first choice, R-32/134a are characterized as predominantly wavy/stratified and discusses compositions and considerations flow and typical of those found in refrigerator for capacity matching, heat transfer, evaporating evaporators. A plot contrasts the present work to and condensing temperatures, use of glide, and the flow regimes examined by other researchers, fractionation. It then presents the findings of which generally are for higher fluxes. The paper experimental evaluations of R-32/134a (30/70) describes a horizontal-tube test stand used to and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) [a developmental measure heat transfer for neat refrigerants and formulation, since modified, of both DuPont energy balances performed for a full evaporator Suva(R) AC9000 and ICI Klea(R) 66]. Four figures for the refrigerant mixtures. Heat transfer show the energy efficiency ratios (EERs) and coefficients for the latter were found to be capacity ratios for the two zeotropic blends approximately 50% lower than predicted compared to R-22 at evaporator temperatures coefficients for R-12, for corresponding ranges of from -18 to 15 °C (0-60 °F) and condensing mass and heat flux. temperatures of 38-60 °C (100-140 °F). The paper discusses chemical reactivity and other Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Sub- compatibility issues, including miscibility with stances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (third edi- lubricants as well as effects on motor insulation tion), United Nations Environment Programme and desiccants, for the pure compounds. It also (UNEP), Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, August discusses resultant flammability test conditions 1993 (176 pages, RDB3C05) and limits when blended with R-125. The authors conclude that refrigerant mixtures with capacities This document contains the complete text of the matching that of R-22 also suffer disadvantages. Montreal Protocol, originally adopted in 1987 as They note that the R-32/125/134a blend is a more adjusted and amended in June 1990, June 1991, desirable match for R-22, but that a spot check in and November 1992. The decisions of the Parties an air conditioner showed significant deterioration to the Montreal Protocol, that relate to its in performance associated with pressure drops interpretation, at meetings in Helsinki in (May and heat transfer coefficients. [see RDB4517 for 1989), London (June 1990), Nairobi (June 1991), edited version] Geneva (July 1992), and Copenhagen (November 1992) appear as footnotes to the Articles to which S. T. Ro, J. Y. Shin, and Y. S. Chang (Seoul National they pertain. The handbook also includes the University, Korea), Cycle Performance of the following appendices: the Helsinki Declaration on Refrigeration System Using Alternatives to R-12 Protection of the Ozone Layer (2 May 1989); and R-22, Heat Pumps in Cold Climates (pro- declarations by Australia, Austria, Belgium, ceedings of the Second International Technical Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Conference, Moncton, NB, Canada, 16-17 August Liechtenstein, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nor- 1993), Caneta Research, Incorporated, Mississauga, way, Sweden, and Switzerland on phase out of ON, Canada, 71-80, January 1994 (10 pages, CFCs not later than 1997 (June 1990); resolution rdb4885) by represented parties on more stringent measures (June 1990); statements by Austria, M. K. Smith, J. P. Wattelet, and T. A. Newell (Uni- Denmark, Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), A Study of and Switzerland on more stringent measures Evaporation Heat Transfer Coefficient Correla- (June 1991); status of ratification (July 1993, now tions at Low Heat and Mass Fluxes for Pure Re- superseded); list of relevant publications; frigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures, Heat Transfer Non-compliance Procedure pursuant to Article 8 with Alternate Refrigerants (proceedings of the 29th of the Protocol; Indicative List of Measures that National Heat Transfer Conference, Atlanta, GA, Might Be Taken by a Meeting of the Parties in 8-11 August 1993), edited by H. J. Sauer, Jr., and T. Respect of Non-compliance with the Protocol; H. Kuehn, American Society of Mechanical nonconfidential production and consumption data Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, HTD-243:19-26, regarding controlled substances; Terms of 1993 (8 pages with 8 figures, rdb3B18) Reference for the Multilateral Fund; Terms of Reference of the Executive Committee; Indicative This paper presents an average heat transfer List of Categories of Incremental Costs; Criteria correlation for R-12 evaporation for the mass flux for Projects under the Multilateral Fund; range of 25-100 kg/m2·s (5-20 lb/sf·s) and Guidelines for Presentation of Pro- Page 122 Refrigerant Database

jects and Criteria for Project Approval; names and presented as a modified Daniel Chart. Density address of assessment panel chairmen; also is plotted, as a function of temperature at annotated Vienna Convention for the Protection of constant concentration. An appendix provides the Ozone Layer; Research and Development plots showing the miscibility, partial miscibility, Observations; status of ratification of the Vienna and immiscibility ranges by temperature for -62 to Convention (31 July 1993); and the Rules of 82 °C (-80 to 180 °F) for combinations of the six Procedure. The Vienna Convention was adopted blends and five synthetic lubricants. A second in Vienna on 22 March 1985 and entered into appendix presents plots and tabular data for the force on 22 September 1988. The Montreal viscosity and solubility of R-22 in mineral oil Protocol was adopted in Montreal on 16 selected for -20 to 125 °C (-4 to 257 °F). A third September 1987 and entered into force on 1 similarly presents data for viscosity, solubility, and January 1989; the London Amendment was fractionation of R-502 in mineral oil for -10 to 125 adopted on 29 June 1990 and entered into force °C (14 to 257 °F). The report also addresses on 10 August 1992; the Copenhagen adjustments conflicting findings in measurements by Iowa adopted on 23 November 1992 entered into force State University and Spauschus Associates. The on 22 September 1993 and the Copenhagen report responds to specific questions raised by Amendment will enter into force on 1 January ARTI regarding concentration determinations, 1994, if at least twenty ratifications are deposited purity of the lubricant, viscosity comparisons for before that date. neat lubricant using the oscillating body and Cannon Fenske viscometers, and potential weight measurements stemming from small sample sizes July 1993 or related oil hang up in the capillary tubes.

R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, D. S. Godwin, G. C. Hourahan, and S. R. Szymurski, IRI), Measurement of Viscosity, Density, and Gas Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research Solubility of Refrigerant Blends, report on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report DOE/CE/23810-20C, Air-Conditioning and Refrig- DOE/CE/23810-20, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- eration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July July 1993 (48 pages with 8 figures and 8 tables, 1993 (44 pages with 6 tables, available from JMC as available from JMC as RDB3861) RDB3863)

This interim report summarizes progress to This progress report summarizes the goals and measure the viscosity, density, and gas solubility status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant for blends of R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, and Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under a R-290 (propane) in lubricants. The specific grant from the Department of Energy and cost mixtures include R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/125/134a sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration (30/10/60), R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/54/2)], industry. The 36-month program supports critical R-32/134a (30/70), R-32/125/290/134a (20/55/- research to accelerate introduction of substitutes 5/20) misidentified in the report as (30/55/5/20), for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. The and R-125/143a (45/55). Their miscibilities were report introduces a new project to measure determined in five lubricants, including two thermophysical properties of R-143a and R-152a. polyolester (POE) branched acids (Castrol It also provides a status update on research to (R) (R) Icematic SW32 and Henkel Emery 2927a), measure the miscibility of lubricants with (TM) two POE mixed acids (ICI Emkarate RL 32S, refrigerants; measure the viscosity, density, and (R) formerly RL 184, and Mobil EAL Arctic 224R), solubility for four azeotropic refrigerant blends to (R) and an alkylbenzene (Shrieve Zerol 150). The replace R-22 and R-502; and measure the last of these is used to examine the aromatic viscosity, density, and solubility for 38 properties of miscibility. R-22 and R-502 also refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. The report also (R) were examined with a mineral oil (Witco Suniso summarizes three projects to develop accelerated 3GS) for comparison. The viscosities of the first screening and test methods to predict lubricant three refrigerant blends will be measured in two of performance in compressors, the life of motor the lubricants as the project continues. The report materials exposed to refrigerant-lubricant presents the methods and apparatus used, and mixtures, and chemical and thermal stability of provides schematics for an oscillating body refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. It reviews the viscometer and blend sampling apparatus. Plots progress of a continuing project to collect and relate viscosity to temperature for R-22 and R-502 facilitate dissemination of data, through with mineral oil for -20 to 125 °C (-4 to 257 °F), at development and administration of the ARTI pressures of 69-1720 kPa (10-250 psia) and 0- Refrigerant Database. The progress report 60% refrigerant by weight. Viscosity and pressure summarizes seven completed projects to measure for these refrigerant-lubricant mixtures are thermophysical properties of R-32, R-123, Refrigerant Database Page 123

R-124, and R-125; model the performance and Klea(R) 32 Preliminary Data Sheet, bulletin key operating parameters of 12 potential alter- 620250201, ICI Klea, Wilmington, DE, July 1993 (8 natives for R-22 and R-502; test the chemical and pages with 1 table, RDB4106) thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures with metals; provide information on the This bulletin provides summary property data and compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with equations to calculate thermophysical properties motor materials, elastomers, and engineering for R-32, difluoromethane, in inch-pound (IP) plastics; and investigate electrohydrodynamic units. The information presented is preliminary; it (EHD) enhancement of pool and in tube boiling of is based on a combination of measurements and alternative refrigerants. The scope of the estimation. The bulletin tabulates physical program, objectives of the individual projects, and properties including the molecular weight, normal significant interim findings are presented. This boiling and melting points, corresponding heat of program summary also identifies reports resulting vaporization and density, critical parameters from the individual projects. Tables summarize (temperature, pressure, and density), acentric significant findings of the individual projects factor, Trouton's constant, and surface tension. It including the miscibility of lubricants with 10 also indicates the latent heat of vaporization, liquid refrigerants; equations of state developed for density, and liquid and vapor specific heats, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125; and relative thermal conductivity, and viscosity at 21.1 °C (70 elastomer swelling in refrigerants and lubricants. °F). It then presents a Martin-Hou equation of state and extended Antoine equation. The bulletin R. F. Kayser (National Institute of Standards and also provides formulae to calculate the latent heat Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties of of vaporization, ideal gas specific heat capacity, HFC-143a and HFC-152a, report DOE/CE/23810- saturated liquid enthalpy, and liquid and vapor 20A, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. ICI's (R) Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1993 (22 pages, product name for R-32 is Klea 32. including 3 tables, available from JMC as RDB4425) This progress report summarizes experimental June 1993 measurements to provide highly accurate, thermophysical property data for R-143a and R- R. R. Angers (Dunham-Bush, Incorporated), 152a as well as data fits to modified Benedict- Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equations of state and Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants detailed transport property models. The objective Evaluation Program (AREP) report 90, is to fill gaps in existing data and resolve Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), problems and uncertainties that exist in and Arlington, VA, June 1993 (10 pages with 8 figures between such data. The report briefly notes ac- and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3C90) quisition and characterization of a high-purity sample of R-143a and confirmation of existing performance test for R-410 series blend data on R-152a. It then summarizes measurements of the liquid density of R-152a at -115 to M. Beatty (National Refrigerants, Incorporated, NRI), 127 °C (-175 to 260 °F) in an isochoric PVT ap- Implementing a Successful Refrigerant paratus. The resulting temperatures, pressures, Management Program, paper DE-93-11-1, Trans- and densities are tabulated in both metric (SI) and actions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June 1993), inch-pound (IP) units of measure. Precise vapor American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- pressure measurements of R-152a for -53 to 0 °C Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, (-63 to 0 °F) in an ebulliometer are described. The 99(2):821-824, 1993 (4 pages, RDB3628) resulting data and fits to an Antoine vapor pressure equation are presented. The report E. Bodio, M. Chorowski, and M. Wilczek (Technical mentions continuing work to measure the liquid University of Wroclaw, Poland), Working Parame- isochoric heat capacity of R-152a. ters of Domestic Refrigerators Filled with Pro- pane-Butane Mixture, International Journal of Re- T. K. Sheiretov and C. Cusano, Tribological Eval- frigeration (IJR), 16(5):353-356, June 1993 (4 pages, uation of Compressor Contacts - Retrofitting and rdb7812) Materials Studies, report TR-46, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Center (ACRC), University of R-290/600 Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, July 1993 (149 pages, rdb4C41) R. G. Doerr, D. Lambert, R. Schafer, and D. Steinke (The Trane Company), Stability Studies of E-245 lubricants, test methods Fluoroether, CF3-CH2-O-CHF2, paper DE-93-20-3, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Page 124 Refrigerant Database

and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, M. Kurachi (Matsushita Refrigeration Company, Ja- GA, 99(2):1137-1140, 1993 (4 pages with 1 figure pan), Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant and 3 tables, RDB3626) Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Re- frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 83, R-E245fa1 compatibility Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, June 1993 (6 pages with 1 figure and 3 M. Döhlinger (Greenpeace Germany, e.V., Ger- tables, available from JMC as RDB3C83) many), The Success of Hydrocarbons in Domes- tic Refrigeration: Energy Efficient and Environ- R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) with an unidentified mentally Friendly, Refrigeration and Air-Condi- polyolester lubricant compared to R-22 with tioning Technology Workshop (proceedings of the mineral oil in a room heat pump, with an ad- 1993 Non-Fluorocarbon Refrigeration and Air-Con- justable-speed scroll compressor, in both the ditioning Technology Workshop, Breckenridge, CO, cooling and heating modes 23-25 June 1993), edited by P. J. Lewis and D. M. Counce, report ORNL/6797, Oak Ridge National J. W. Linton, W. K. Snelson, P. F. Hearty, and A. R. Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, C1-C20, 1994 (20 pages Triebe (National Research Council, Canada, NRCC), with 9 figures and 9 tables, available from JMC as System Performance of Near Azeotropic Mixtures RDB3633) of R-134a and R-152a, paper DE-93-9-1 (3732), Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June R-290, R-600, R-600a, R-290/600a 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, S. K. Fischer and J. R. Sand (Oak Ridge National GA, 99(2):400-405, 1993 (6 pages with 9 figures, Laboratory, ORNL), Screening Analysis for Chlo- RDB3620) rine-Free Alternative Refrigerants to Replace R- 22 in Air-Conditioning Applications, paper DE- summarizes laboratory tests of R-134a and two 93-6-1, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, blends of R-134a/152a under controlled condi- June 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrig- tions in a water-to-water heat pump using an erating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), open-drive, reciprocating-piston compressor and Atlanta, GA, 99(2):627-635, 1993 (9 pages with 5 counterflow heat exchangers: compares figures and 2 tables, RDB3627) performance characteristics including evaporator capacity, cooling coefficient of performance U. J. Jonsson and E. B. Höglund (Luleå University, (COP), refrigerant mass flow, compressor shaft Sweden), Determination of Viscosities of Oil-Re- power, compressor efficiency, and overall heat frigerant Mixtures at Equilibrium by Means of transfer coefficient (HTC) within the evaporator; Film Thickness Measurements, paper DE-93-20-2, the tests covered an evaporating temperature Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June range of -15.5 to 9.0 °C (4.1-48.2 °F) with a con- 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, stant condensing temperature of 51.5 °C (124.7 and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, °F); test results are compared with 12.0 °C (21.6 GA, 99(2):1129-1136, 1993 (8 pages with 11 figures °F) subcooling and 7.4 °C (13.3 °F) superheat; and 1 table, RDB3625) briefly describes the test facility and the measurement techniques O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant N. Murata (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Limited, Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Japan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R- Evaluation Program (AREP) report 67, Air-Condi- 32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Evaluation Program (AREP) report 65, Air-Condi- VA, June 1993 (6 pages with 2 tables, available from tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, JMC as RDB3C67) VA, June 1993 (12 pages with 7 figures and 3 tables, available from JMC as RDB3C65) performance test for R-410 series blend performance of R-407 series blend O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant G. J. O'Neill, Development of a New Alternative: Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Re- E-134, unpublished presentation (The Global Busi- frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 68, ness Outlook for CFC Alternatives, Boston, MA, 15- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), 16 June 1993), Hampshire Chemicals Corporation, Arlington, VA, June 1993 (8 pages with 3 figures and Nashua, NH, June 1993 (32 pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB3C68) 7 tables, RDB5550)

performance test for R-407 series blend This paper summarizes available data and potential uses for R-E134. It outlines consideration of this chemical and related fluoroethers (including R-E116, R-E125, R-E143, and R-E245) as Refrigerant Database Page 125

candidate anesthetics, aerosol propellants, and - (6 pages with 3 tables, available from JMC as RDB- with new environmental issues - refrigerants. Two 3C70) tables summarize key physical properties and compare those of R-E134 and R-114, for which performance of R-407 series blend the ether is a potential replacement. The data suggest that R-E134 may offer 40% higher M. Ozu (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Drop-In Test capacity and 5% greater efficiency. A third table of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative compares the characteristics of R-11, R-12, R-22, Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 71, R-123, R-124, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-E125, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), R-E134, and R-E143. The paper then reviews Arlington, VA, June 1993 (6 pages with 4 tables, toxicity test data for R-E134, with limited available from JMC as RDB3C71) comparisons to R-11, R-12, R-21, and R-22. The information includes acute and subchronic in- performance of R-410 series blend halation tests as well as Ames assay results for mutagenicity. Limited data are presented for R- M. Ozu (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Soft-Opti- E125. The paper then addresses the stability of mized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 R-E134, noting that some of the findings reported (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program by others may have been influenced by impurities (AREP) report 82, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration or conduct of the tests in glass tubes. It points out Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, June 1993 (8 pages several fluoroethers that are known to be unstable with 2 figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as with glass at elevated temperatures. They include RDB3C82) R-E143, an R-E152 isomer [probably R-E152a], R-E161a, and R-E245 [probably R-E245fa1]. The C. K. Rice (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Influ- findings of stability tests in steel and Pyrex® glass ence of HX Size and Augmentation on Perfor- are tabulated. Four figures show the miscibility mance of Mixtures in Air-to-Air Heat Pumps, pa- limits of R-E134 with polyolester lubricants (CPI per DE-93-6-4, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Den- Engineering Services developmental lubricants) ver, CO, June 1993), American Society of Heating, and a mixture with 5% naphthenic mineral oil. A Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers table summarizes stability tests by York (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 99(2):665-679, 1993 (15 International Corporation of R-E134 and metal pages with 9 figures and 2 tables, rdb3619) catalysts (aluminum, copper, and steel wires) with a mineral oil (unidentified), alkylbenzene (Shrieve K. Sakaino (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), Zerol® 300), a polyalkylene glycol (PAG, Union Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant R- Carbide UCON LB-525), and mixtures of them. 134a and Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a The tests showed no changes for exposures at (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation 135 °C (275 °F) for 48 hours and at 149 °C (300 Program (AREP) report 77, Air-Conditioning and °F). Discoloration, some copper plating, sludge Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, June formation, and in two cases tube shattering oc- 1993 (10 pages with 4 figures and 2 tables, available curred at 182 °C (360 °F) for 24 or 74 hours. The from JMC as RDB3C77) paper then addresses preparation of R-E134 and outlines the potential markets for it. It also recaps K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), development work by W. R. Grace and Company Experimental Evaluation of an R-32/134a Blend as and its transfer to the Hampshire Chemical a Near Drop-in Substitute for R-22, paper Corporation. DE-93-9-3, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June 1993), American Society of Heating, M. Ozu (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Compressor Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/- (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 99(2):773-778, 1993 (5 125/134a (30/10/60) and R-32/125 (60/40), Al- pages with 5 figures and 1 table, RDB3622) ternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 69, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute This paper summarizes evaluation of R-32/134a (ARI), Arlington, VA, June 1993 (16 pages with 6 (30/70) as a substitute for R-22 for use in unitary figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB- hermetic compressors. It reviews a cooperative 3C69) industry effort to test new refrigerants, the Alter- native Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP), M. Ozu (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Drop-In Test and the author's rationale for selecting the R- of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), 32/134a blend for testing (see RDB3802). The Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) paper then summarizes calorimeter tests for a report 70, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute nominal 8.8 kW (30,000 Btu/hr), hermetic recip- (ARI), Arlington, VA, June 1993 rocating piston compressor. Plots present efficiency and capacity ratios, to compare performance for R-32/134a (30.1/69.9) and R-22, as functions of evaporator and condensing tem- Page 126 Refrigerant Database

peratures. The ranges covered are -26 to 13 °C Drop-In Tests of Refrigerant Blends R-32/125/- (-15 to 55 °F) and 32-66 °C (90-150 °F), respec- 134a (30/10/60), R-32/134a (25/75), R-125/143a tively. The tests were performed using a fully- (45/55), and R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrig- formulated, polyolester lubricant. The paper notes erants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 22, Air- that above -12 °C (10 °F) evaporator temperature, Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Ar- the efficiencies of the blend slightly exceed those lington, VA, June 1993 (34 pages with 6 figures and with R-22. Below this temperature, the blend 19 tables, available from JMC as RDB3822) suffers compared to R-22. The capacity is shown to be slightly lower with the blend at almost all W. K. Snelson, J. W. Linton, P. F. Hearty, and A. R. conditions plotted, though the same trend in Triebe (National Research Council, Canada, NRCC), worse comparative performance is evident at low Near-Azeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures as Potential suction temperatures. The paper then discusses Drop-in Substitutes for R-502, paper 3695, materials compatibility considerations. It presents Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June miscibility diagrams for R-32, R-134a, and the 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, R-32/134a blend in polyolester and a solubility and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, plot to compare R-22 in alkylbenzene against R- GA, 99(2):60-68, 1993 (9 pages with 17 figures, 32/134a in polyolester. Turning to compatibility, RDB3636) the paper notes that R-134a is relatively benign, but that R-32 behaves more like R-22 in softening describes a series of laboratory tests to compare and blistering magnet wire. A table compares the the performance of two near-azeotropic blends, effects of R-22, R-32, and R-134a on and their R-290/22/218 (6/55/39) and (6/74/20) [develop- absorption by wire enamel. The discussion mental formulations, since modified, for R-403B concludes that the R-32/134a blend is expected to and R-403A, respectively], to R-502 for have less or comparable effect than R-22 alone. low-temperature refrigeration: tests were carried The paper notes concern with desiccants, since in a water-to-water heat pump test facility using an activated alumina will become fully loaded by open-drive, reciprocating-piston compressor and absorbing polyolester and commercially-available counterflow heat exchangers: measurements molecular sieves will adsorb R-32. The paper then were conducted at condensing temperatures of address flammability considerations. It notes 43.3 and 54.4 °C (110 and 130 °F); the evap- disagreement on classification of the blend, since orating temperature was varied over a range of it could become flammable at low, -20 °C (-4 °F) -30 to -15 °C (-22 to -5 °F); superheat was ambient conditions or if tested above 80 °C (176 maintained at approximately 5 °C (9 °F), and the °F). The author indicates an urgent need for inlet temperature to the compressor was consensus on acceptable criteria for flammability. maintained 18.3 °C (65 °F); subcooling was held The paper concludes that R-32/134a (30/70) is as constant at 12 °C (21.6 °F); compressor perform- close as can be expected to a drop-in ance characteristics including shaft power, replacement for R-22, but that its use could be volumetric efficiency, pressure ratio, and impeded by the definition of, and therefore compressor discharge temperature were com- potential labeling of the blend as, flammable. pared; system performance characteristics were also measured, including evaporator capacity, M. B. Shiflett, A. Yokozeki, P. R. Reed, and J. P. refrigerant mass flow, and cooling coefficient of Gilleard (DuPont Chemicals), Property and Per- performance (COP) formance Evaluation of Suva HP Refrigerants as R-502 Alternatives, Australian Refrigeration, Air M. W. Spatz and J. Zheng (AlliedSignal Incorpo- Conditioning and Heating, 47(6):27-30, June 1993 rated), R-22 Alternative Refrigerants: Perfor- (14 pages, rdb8937) mance in Unitary Equipment, paper DE-93-9-4, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June introduces R-402A and R-402B, which offer sig- 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, nificant reductions in ozone depletion and global and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, warming potentials with essentially the same GA, 99(2):779-785, 1993 (7 pages with 1 figure and cooling performance as R-502: describes the 3 tables, RDB3623) them as near-azeotropic blends of R-22, R-125, R-290 (propane) - R-125/290/22; DuPont's N. Takahasi (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), Soft-Opti- product names for the blends are Suva(R) HP80 mized System Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 and HP81 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 86, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration H. W. Sibley (Carrier Corporation), Compressor Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, June 1993 (8 pages Calorimeter Tests of Refrigerant Blends R-32/- with 2 figures and 3 tables, available from JMC as 125/134a (30/10/60), R-32/134a (25/75), R-125/143a RDB3C86) (45/55), and R-32/125 (60/40); and Refrigerant Database Page 127

S. Won (University of Ulsan, Korea) and R. K Rader- the nomination process and resultant candidate macher (University of Maryland), R-142b/R-22/R-12 refrigerants. They include R-32/125 (60/40), R- in a Domestic Refrigerator/Freezer, paper 3701, 32/134a (30/70), R-407B [R-32/125/134a (10/- Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June 70/20)], R-290 (propane), R-134a, R-717 (am- 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, monia), R-32/125/290/134a (20/55/5/20), R- and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, 32/125/134a (30/10/60), R-32/134a (25/75), GA, 99(2):104-108, 1993 (5 pages with 2 figures and R-32/227ea (35/65), R-125/143a (45/55), R-404A 2 tables, RDB4412) [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)], and R-32/125/143a (10/45/45). The last three are of primary interest R-22/12/142b, "R-176" as potential replacements for R-502, an azeotrope of R-22 and R-115. Procedures and conditions for A Research Needs Assessment: Energy Efficient compressor calorimeter and heat transfer, system Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons, report simulations, and soft-optimized tests are specified DOE/ER/30115-H1, U.S. Department of Energy for participants. Related research on toxicity and (DOE), Washington, DC, June 1993 (288 pages with environmental assessments of the candidate 22 figures and 56 table, available from NTIS, fluids and components will be coordinated and RDB3A71) shared. Appendices to this program handbook identify committee members, participating Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop During Con- companies, combinations of refrigerants and heat densation and Evaporation of R-134a/Oil Mixtures exchanger types to be investigated and equipment in Smooth and Micro-Fin Tubes, research project categories targeted for soft-optimized testing. This 630-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, handbook prescribes common terminology, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, definitions, and report formats and contents to be GA, April 1990 - June 1993 (ASH0630) used. Results of the work will be disseminated via the ARTI Refrigerant Database; an order form is This project investigated heat transfer and pres- included.

sure drop for in-tube evaporation and con- (R) densation for R-134a for smooth and enhanced Thermodynamic Properties of Suva HP62 Re- tubes. The effects of lubricants also were ex- frigerant, technical information report T-HP62-ENG amined. Existing correlations were evaluated and (H-49744), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, June modified. The contractor for the project was Iowa 1993 (24 pages with 1 figure and 2 tables, RDB3732) State University of Science and Technology led by M. B. Pate; it was sponsored by ASHRAE This report provides thermodynamic property data Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid for R-404A, a zeotropic blend of R-125, R-143a, Flow. and R-134a - R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4) - in inch-pound (IP) units of measure. It provides Participants' Handbook: R-22 Alternative Re- physical properties including the chemical formula, frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP), Air-Con- molecular weight, atmospheric boiling point, and ditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, critical parameters (temperature, pressure, VA, 7 June 1993 (54 pages with 1 figure and 5 ta- density, and specific volume). It then presents a bles, available from JMC as RDB3613) Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera (PRSV) equation of state and an ideal gas heat capacity equation at This document outlines an ARI program to identify constant pressure. It also supplies equations to and evaluate promising alternatives for R-22 for calculate vapor pressure and density of the unitary air conditioners, heat pumps, chillers and saturated liquid. The report provides tabular refrigeration equipment. This cooperative program saturation properties (liquid and vapor pressure, seeks to accelerate introduction of alternatives by specific volume, density, enthalpy, and entropy as focusing research efforts and avoiding duplicative well as latent heat of vaporization) for -101 to 66 work. The document outlines the AREP °C (-150 to 150 °F). A set of tables presents organization, including its Task Force (chaired by specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy data for C. J. Tambornino), Technical Committee (chaired superheated vapor at constant pressure for by E. B. Muir), and Heat Transfer Project 7-3450 kPa (1-500 psia). The report concludes with a pressure-enthalpy diagram. DuPont's Subcommittee. It identifies cooperating (R) organizations, including the European Committee product name for R-404A is Suva HP62. [see of Manufacturers of Refrigeration Equipment RDB3C04 for update] (CECOMAF), Japan Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Industry Association (JRAIA), National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). EPRI is funding, coordinating, and managing the heat transfer segment, an integral part of the program. The document identifies Page 128 Refrigerant Database

May 1993 differences in venting requirements for chlorine- free refrigerants. It briefly outlines safety classi- A. G. bin-Ujang, N. C. Srivastava, M. S. Ismail, and fications and requirements, and discusses im- M. H. bin Saleh (MARA Institute of Technology, plications for use of zeotropic blends. The article Malaysia), Global Warming Impact Due to CFCs in then reviews retrofit procedures and consid- Refrigerators in Malaysia, Energy Efficiency and erations to convert R-12 and R-500 chillers to R- Global Warming Impact (proceedings of the 134a, noting that costs generally will be less ex- meetings of Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, Bel- pensive than conversion of R-11 equipment to gium 12-14 May 1993), International Institute of Re- R-123. frigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 301-306, 1993 (6 pages with 1 figure and 2 tables, RDB5264) S. Devotta and S. Gopichand (National Chemical Laboratory, India), Derived Thermodynamic Design global warming, TEWI Data for Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems Operating on HCFC-123, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, M. Buschmeier, G. Herres, and D. Gorenflo (Univer- 13(3):213-218, May 1993 (6 pages, sität Paderborn, Germany), Prediction of P,V,T,X rdb8945) Data for Mixtures of New Refrigerants by Cubic Equations of State, Energy Efficiency and Global examines use of R-123 as an alternative to R-11 Warming Impact (proceedings of the meetings of in air-conditioning, refrigeration and heat pump Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May systems: discusses the theoretical coefficient of 1993), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), performance (COP) in Rankine cycles and the Paris, France, 251-262, 1993 (12 pages with 11 pressure ratios (PR) for heat pumps using R-123; figures, RDB5321) plots the pressure ratio and theoretical as functions of the appropriate temperature for refrigeration and heat pumps systems thermodynamic properties of R-22/142b and R- 227ea/123 (identified in the paper as R-227/123): equation of state (EOS); thermophysical data Y. Hara (Sanyo Electric Company, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation F. de Rossi, R. Mastrullo, and M. Sasso (Università Program (AREP) report 74, Air-Conditioning and R502 Substitution: A di Napoli "Frederico ll", Italy), Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, May 1993 Global Evaluation of the Environmental Impact , (14 pages with 9 figures and 3 tables, available from Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (pro- JMC as RDB3C74) ceedings of the meetings of Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International performance test of R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 335- 341, 1993 (7 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, RDB5325) U. Hesse and H. H. Kruse (Forschungszentrum für Kältetechnik und Wärmepumpen GmbH, FKW, Ger- many), Alternatives for CFCs and HCFC-22 Based R-22, R-32, R-125, R-32/125 (60/40), R-403A, on CO2, Energy Efficiency and Global Warming global warming, TEWI Impact (proceedings of the meetings of Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), W. E. Dietrich (McQuay International, then Snyder- International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, General Corporation), A Positive Outlook for the France, 317-325, 1993 (9 pages with 7 figures and 3 Future, ASHRAE Journal, 35(5):64-65, May 1993 (2 tables, RDB4333) pages, RDB3605) R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-744/acetone, R- This article discusses the benefits of R-134a as a 23/DEGDME long-term refrigerant, noting that R-22, R-123, and R-134a are no longer alternatives, but the norm in chillers offered today. It notes that hy- M. Kurachi (Matsushita Refrigeration Company, Ja- Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a drochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, in- pan), (25/75) cluding R-22 and R-123, will be phased out under , Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act. It (AREP) report 75, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration then discusses other advantages of R-134a by Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, May 1993 (16 pages operation at positive pressure, such as avoidance with 11 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as of purge requirements, backups to rupture disks, RDB3C75) and vacuum prevention systems. The article notes testing that found R-134a to be "essentially performance test of R-32/134a (25/75) nontoxic" and that selection of R-134a by the automotive and appliance industries assures a M. Kurachi (Matsushita Refrigeration Company, Ja- large market for it, with ample supplies and pan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/- competitive pricing. The article reviews 125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 76, Air-Condi- Refrigerant Database Page 129

tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, solete "in just a few years." The article argues for VA, May 1993 (16 pages with 11 figures and 1 table, recommended system changes such as inclusion available from JMC as RDB3C76) of a pump-down receiver, built-in refrigerant recovery system, and a pressure relief valve and G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, rupture-disk assembly. The article discusses other Norway), Application of 'Natural' Refrigerants, considerations noting similarities for R-134a and Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (pro- R-22 in assembly, testing, and installation. It ceedings of the meetings of Commissions B1 and cautions that retrofit of R-22 systems should not B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International be attempted without qualified assistance, and Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 55-64, that the conversion may require replacement of 1993 (10 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, RDB5305) compressors, controls, and other components.

R-290 (propane), R-717 (ammonia), R-744 H. Madsbøll and G. Mindsen (Dansk Teknologisk (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), trans- Institut, DTI, Denmark), Energy Saving in Process critical cycle Cooling by Use of Water as Refrigerant, Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (proceedings G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, of the meetings of Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, Norway), Large Heat Pumps Using CO2 Refriger- Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International Institute of ant, Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 75-85, 1993 (11 (proceedings of the meetings of Commissions B1 pages with 7 figures and 1 table, RDB5307) and B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), Interna- tional Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, R-718 (water) 191-197, 1993 (7 pages with 6 figures, rdb5316) S. Massien and R. Demke (Dunham-Bush, Incorpo- R-744 (carbon dioxide), transcritical cycle rated), Current and Future Refrigerants for Chil- lers, ASHRAE Journal, 35(5):62-63, May 1993 (2 L. Lucas (International Institute of Refrigeration, IIR, pages, RDB3604) France), A New Challenge: From the Ozone Layer to the Greenhouse Effect, Energy Efficiency and This article outlines a rationale for use of R-22 in Global Warming Impact (proceedings of the meetings chillers, noting its low ozone depletion potential of Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 (ODP), expected availability for the life of May 1993), International Institute of Refrigeration equipment being installed today, and energy ef- (IIR), Paris, France, 31-43, 1993 (13 pages with 7 ficiency. The article cites studies that show the figures, RDB5303) total global warming of chillers using R-22, R-123, and R-134a to be similar. It discusses both the ozone depletion, global warming, refrigerants importance of indirect (energy-related) warming and the fallacy of theoretical efficiencies without C. Madan (Continental Products Incorporated), R- regard to other variables. The article notes the 134a: The Best Alternative for Chillers, ASHRAE long history of R-22 use and reliability of the Journal, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, materials compatibility and safety record garnered. and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, The article then addresses future solutions, GA, 35(5):58-60, May 1993 (2 pages with 1 figure, including candidate replacements such as R-32, RDB3603) R-125, R-134a, and R-152a among the pure fluids. It also refers to azeotropic blends, noting This article briefly reviews efforts by manufac- R-32/125 in particular. It mentions zeotrope turers to adopt or develop new equipment to use consideration. The importance of refrigerant alternative refrigerants. It focuses on use of management, including reclaim, is reviewed and R-134a, particularly in scroll, screw, and recip- the article concludes by noting that the future rocating-piston compressors. Advantages of the holds many possibilities, for both refrigerants and R-134a choice are cited, including its being the equipment that uses them. chlorine free, assured availability because of selection by the automobile industry, reasonable J. Nyvad and F. Elefsen (Dansk Teknologisk Institut, pricing resulting from increased production, and DTI, Denmark), Energy Efficient Cooling by Use of worldwide acceptance. The article discusses Cycloid Water Vapor Compressor, Energy advantages and disadvantages of R-134a, noting Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (proceedings the suitability of existing chiller components but of the meetings of Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, higher prices than for R-22 due to the larger Belgium, 12-14 May 1993), International Institute of compressor required. The article describes the Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 67-74, 1993 (8 cost increment as the right choice, to avoid pages with 5 figures and 1 table, RDB5306) replacement when hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants become ob- Page 130 Refrigerant Database

R-718 (water), cycloidal compressor principles pheric conditions as the refrigerant, identified as and construction "vacuum ice." The paper briefly reviews the German federal Umweltbundesamt (UBA, Au- H. Ohnishi (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), thority for the Environment) categorization of Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blends R-32/134a refrigerants based on "safe" and "unsafe" envi- (25/75), R-32/134a (30/70), R-32/134a (40/60), and ronmental properties. Those deemed safe include (R-717) ammonia, R-718 (water), R-729 (air), R-32/125/134a (30/10/60 ), Alternative Refrigerants R-764 (carbon dioxide), and hydrocarbons. A Evaluation Program (AREP) report 66, figure shows the conceptual options to provide Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), cooling by combining direct and indirect methods, Arlington, VA, May 1993 (12 pages with 9 tables, with and without secondary coolants. The unique available from JMC as RDB3C66) properties of the ice slurry are described as combining the advantages of direct expansion P. J. Ostman (York International Corporation), En- (DX) cooling and the simplicity of a brine, vironmental Solutions for Today's Refrigerant secondary coolant system. Moreover, the slurry Challenges, ASHRAE Journal, 35(5):70-72, May offers high energetic density due to the latent heat 1993 (3 pages with 1 figure, RDB3607) of the ice crystals, but still flows like water. The slurry is described as a Bingham rather than a J. R. Parsnow (Carrier Corporation), The Long- Newtonian fluid, and the flow as plug flow not Term Alternative: R-134a in Positive Pressure exhibiting laminar and turbulent behavior. The Chillers, ASHRAE Journal, 35(5):54-56, May 1993 means to generate the slurry are described and (2 pages with 1 figure, RDB3602) shown schematically. For the process using water as the refrigerant, ice is formed at the triple point This article outlines advantages of positive-pres- using flash evaporation in an empty shell, used as sure chillers, with emphasis on near- and long- the evaporator. The paper describes concepts that term use of R-22 and R-134a, respectively. It reuse both direct and indirect condensation, the views purge and pressure relief implications for former again using an empty shell for the heat other alternatives, opportunities for integral exchanger along with a vacuum pump to remove storage tanks, requirements for code compliance noncondensable gases. The paper compares and for pressure vessels, and equipment size tabulates the pipe and storage sizes with the ice considerations. The article discusses containment slurry, for different ice fractions, against chilled procedures for existing chillers and discusses the water. It then describes and tabulates key transitional nature of hydrochlorofluorocarbons performance parameters for installations for mine (HCFCs), including both R-22 and R-123. It then cooling, air conditioning, and beverage outlines considerations for conversion and refrigeration. Integral Technologie GmbH's trade replacement decisions. The article suggests name for the ice slurry system is Binary Ice; typical retrofit costs from R-12 or R-500 to R-134a Solmecs Flo-Ice Systems offers a similar product of 26% of replacement costs. The conversion that may use different eutectics under the name typically results in 8-10% loss in capacity and Flo-Ice. 1-2% in efficiency for R-12 and minimal capacity and 0.5% efficiency losses for R-500. Modification M. V. Rane and R. K. Radermacher (University of to impellers and gear sets are mentioned to avoid Maryland), Feasibility Study of a Two-Stage Va- these losses at an additional 17% or replacement por-Compression Heat Pump with Ammo- cost. The article concludes that owners and nia/Water Solution Circuits: Experimental Re- engineers should plan for the refrigerant transition sults, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), today. 16(4):258-264, May 1993 (7 pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, RDB4415) J. Paul (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), Binary Ice - An Alternative Cooling Method, En- R-717, R-717/718 ergy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (proceedings of the meetings of Commissions B1 and M. L. Robin (Great Lakes Chemical Corporation), D. B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International Young, and J. Casler (Fike Corporation), FM-200: Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 87-96, Recent Findings, presentation charts, 1993 Halon 1993 (10 pages with 4 figures and 7 tables, RDB- Alternatives Technical Working Conference (Albu- 5308) querque, NM), Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette, IN, May 1993 (14 pages with 3 fig- This paper summarizes a cooling method that use ures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3727) an ice slurry, composed of small ice crystals suspended in water, as a coolant in place of thermodynamic properties and uses of R-227ea chilled water. The slurry may be generated using an indirect process with conventional refrigeration K. Sawai (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company methods. It also may be generated with a direct Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of process, using water under subatmos- Refrigerant Database Page 131

Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative shown to be the lowest, its system efficiency is the Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 72, highest. The article discusses the difference, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), attributing the improvement to better heat transfer, Arlington, VA, May 1993 (10 pages with 4 figures and lower pressure drop, and smaller change in 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB3C72) saturation temperature for a given pressure drop, all contributing to a lower temperature lift. The K. Sawai (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company article then discusses issues that must be Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend resolved to use the alternatives, including R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants considerations for composition management and Evaluation Program (AREP) report 73, potential exploitation of temperature glides with Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), zeotropes. The article concludes that the Arlington, VA, May 1993 (8 pages with 1 figure and 4 R-32/125 azeotrope may be the best candidate, table, available from JMC as RDB3C73) offering an 8-10% increase in efficiency without the benefit of system optimization. performance test of R-407 series blend R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr (Universität Han- E. L. Smithart and J. G. Crawford (The Trane Com- nover, Germany), An Improved Equation of State pany), R-123: A Balanced Selection for Low- for HFC 134a, Energy Efficiency and Global Pressure Systems, ASHRAE Journal, 35(5):66-69, Warming Impact (proceedings of the meetings of May 1993 (3 pages with 1 figure, RDB3606) Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), advantages of R-123 as a refrigerant for chillers Paris, France, 157-165, 1993 (9 pages with 6 figures with centrifugal (turbo) compressors and 1 table, RDB5312)

M. W. Spatz (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Alternative thermodynamic properties of R-134a: equation of Refrigerants for R-22 Chillers, ASHRAE Journal, state (EOS); thermophysical data American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, F. P. L. M. Vissers (Technical University Delft, The 35(5):50-52, May 1993 (3 pages with 1 figure, Netherlands), An Expression for the Excess Gibbs RDB3601) Function of the Liquid R-22/DTG Mixture, Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (proceedings This article focuses on predicted performance of of the meetings of Commissions B1 and B2, Ghent, replacements for R-22 in chillers with recipro- Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International Institute of cating-piston compressors. It quotes statistics Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 263-271, 1993 (9 indicating that such chillers account for one third pages with 1 figure and 1 table, RDB5322) of the installed capacity of chillers and two thirds of annual shipments. The article reviews potential dimethylether tetraethyleneglycol (DTG), R- alternatives, noting that the primary replacement 22/DTG refrigerant/absorbent, absorption systems candidates are R-134a, R-32/125 (40/60) (marketed as Genetron(R) AZ-20), and K. Watanabe and H. Sato (Keio University, Japan), R-32/125/134a (30/10/60). Cycle analyses, using Recent Progress on Thermodynamic Property the Genesys(TM) program, are described, leading Studies of Alternatives to Replace HCFC-22, En- to a finding that R-134a would offer the best ergy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (pro- coefficient of performance (COP) based on ceedings of the meetings of Commissions B1 and thermodynamic characteristics alone. A sample B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International comparison between R-12 and R-22 is outlined, Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 215- to show that the former appears favorable based 225, 1993 (11 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, on thermodynamic COP, but the latter is preferred RDB5319) due to superior transport properties and suitability for more compact designs. The article notes that This paper summarizes research performed at instrument testing of fully optimized systems is Keio University to measure the thermodynamic required to accurately determine performance for properties of alternative refrigerants. The paper a given refrigerant. One requirement is to adjust briefly reviews the phaseout of ozone-depleting the compressor displacement. The article substances and the resultant need to select the indicates that such tests have not yet been best hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant, to re- performed with alternative refrigerants in place R-22. It identifies the binary blends of R- reciprocating chillers. A figure compares the 32/125 and R-32/134a as well as ternary blends thermodynamic and system performance of the of R-32/125/134a as candidates. The paper three alternatives to those of R-22 in unitary air outlines systematic series of measurements and conditioners, based on measured and modelled data. Although the thermodynamic efficiency of R-32/125 (40/60) is Page 132 Refrigerant Database

analytical studies, including modeling associated April 1993 with formulations and correlations of different thermodynamic properties. It discusses ca- J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant pabilities including a Burnett apparatus, magnetic Database, report DOE/CE/23810-11D, Air-Condi- densimeter incorporated into a variable volume tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), cell, separate apparatus for isobaric heat capacity Arlington, VA, April 1993 (126 pages, available from measurements in the vapor and liquid phases, a JMC as RDB3459) constant-volume apparatus coupled with a sample expansion procedure for PVTx This document provides bibliographic citations for measurements, and a spherical resonator to 692 publications that may be useful in research, measure sound velocity. The paper then dis- design, and application of air-conditioning and cusses property measurements for R-32. Plots refrigeration equipment. Synopses of the content, illustrate the range of measured PVT data and materials addressed, and key conclusions are compare the second viral coefficient determined provided for approximately half of these by the authors with those from under studies. A documents. The database identifies sources of table compares the critical parameters specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, (temperature, pressure, and density) from the R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, subject research with those reported by others. R-152a, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R-600 The paper then discuses property measurements (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), for R-125 and R-143a, and compares the former ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and to a published correlation. It briefly cites zeotropic blends of these fluids. It addresses investigations of R-32/134a and R-32/125 mea- mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol surements. The paper lists 51 data references, (PAG), polyolester, and other lubricants. It also most from studies by the authors and their stu- references documents on compatibility of re- dents. frigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials Genetron(R) AZ-50, technical bulletin #651 (B-525- used in refrigerant circuits. The database is 651), AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, May available in both a computerized version and as a 1993 (4 pages with 3 tables, RDB3512) listing in report form. The computerized version includes the same citations and abstracts as the This bulletin describes an azeotropic blend of R- report version plus 22 additional citations, for 125 and R-143a, specifically R-125/143a (45/55), superseded and historical documents, and data designed to replace R-502 in low-temperature summaries for 90 individual refrigerants and commercial refrigeration applications. It provides blends. It is accompanied by retrieval software to physical property data, in inch-pound (IP) units, facilitate searches for specific information; the including the chemical formula, molecular weight, software enables searches for user-selected atmospheric boiling point, corresponding heat of terms, or combinations of terms. It offers several vaporization, critical parameters (temperature, automated features to simplify searches including pressure, and density), flammability, and ozone optional prompting by search category, an depletion potential. It also indicates the liquid automated "thesaurus" of synonyms and related density and specific heats of the liquid and vapor terms, chain searches to broaden or narrow prior at 26.7 °C (80 °F). It then presents a tabular searches, and a "wildcard" capability to allow entry comparison of performance with R-22 and R-502. of word segments. The software also enables The report provides tabular thermodynamic printing of selected citations, abstracts, and properties (pressure, density, vapor volume, liquid refrigerant summaries as well as preparation of a and vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat document order lists. Both versions of the of vaporization) for -40 to 71 °C (-40 to 160 °F). database include instructions to obtain cited Formulae are provided to calculate thermo- documents or subscriptions for updates to the dynamic properties including vapor pressure, database. Whereas prior releases of the database liquid density, and ideal gas heat capacity have focused primarily on the information needs of correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of state also manufacturers and researchers, attention is being is presented. AlliedSignal's product name for increased to the requirements of refrigerant users, R-125/143a is Genetron(R) AZ-50 [the composition beginning with this release. was subsequently reformulated from that described in this document.] R. C. Cavestri and J. Munk (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, IRI), Measurement of Viscosity, Density, and Gas Solubility of Refrigerant Blends, report DOE/CE/23810-11B, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1993 (32 pages with 17 Refrigerant Database Page 133

figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3418) electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhancement of pool and in-tube boiling of alternative refrigerants. The This progress report summarizes a project to report summarizes three projects to develop measure the viscosity, density, and solubility of accelerated screening and test methods to predict four refrigerant blends as well as their compo- lubricant performance in compressors, the life of nents using a single polyolester lubricant. The motor materials exposed to refrigerant-lubricant refrigerants include R-32/125 (60/40), R- mixtures, and chemical and thermal stability of 32/125/134a (10/70/20), R-32/134a (30/70), and refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. It reviews the R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)]. The report progress of a continuing project to collect and describes examination of four different facilitate dissemination of data, through pentaerythritol polyolesters including two development and administration of a refrigerant branched acids (Castrol lcematic(R) SW32 and database. It also summarizes two completed Henkel Emery(R) 2927a) and two mixed acids (ICI projects, to model the performance and key Emkarate(TM) RL 32S, formerly RL 184, and Mobil operating parameters of 12 potential alternatives EAL Arctic(R) 224R). The second of the four was for R-22 and R-502 and to test the chemical and chosen for the study based on liquid-liquid thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures miscibility and low influence on refrigerant blend with metals. The scope of the program, objectives fractionation. An alkylbenzene (Shrieve Zerol(R) of the individual projects, and significant interim 150) was introduced to examine aromatic findings are presented. This program summary properties toward miscibility. R-22 and R-502 also identifies reports resulting from the individual also were examined with a mineral oil (Witco projects. Tables give the equations of state Suniso(R) 3GS) for comparison. Miscibility plots developed for R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125; are provided for the four blends with each of the miscibility results for 10 refrigerants; compatibility ester and alkylbenzene lubricants for concerns with motor materials; and relative compositions of 5, 25 and 60% lubricant. A plot elastomer swelling. A series of tables summarize relates viscosity to temperature for R-22 and solubility, viscosity, and density equation mineral oil for -20 to 125 °C (-4 to 257 °F), at coefficients for 12 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; pressures of 69-1720 kPa (10-250 psia) and 0- two figures illustrate plots created with these 60% refrigerant by weight. The viscosity and equations. solubility of R-22 with mineral oil are plotted against pressure for the isotherms in the same D. R. Henderson (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- ranges and for R-502 at 40 and 70 °C (104 and rated), Solubility, Viscosity, and Density of Re- 158 °F). frigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, report DOE/CE/- 23810-11A, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration D. S. Godwin, G. C. Hourahan, and S. R. Szymurski, Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1993 Materials Compatibility and Lubricants Research (38 pages with 32 figures and 18 tables, available on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes, report from JMC as RDB3611) DOE/CE/23810-11, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April This interim report presents the findings of a study 1993 (48 pages with 2 figures and 21 tables, of solubility, viscosity, and density of re- available from JMC as RDB3612) frigerant-lubricant mixtures, generally over 0-100 °C (32-212 °F). It summarizes results for low re- This progress report summarizes the goals and frigerant concentrations (70, 80, 90, and 100% status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant lubricant by weight) for the following 12 mixtures: Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under R-12 with ISO 32 and 100 mineral oils (MO); R-22 a grant from the Department of Energy and cost with ISO 32 MO; R-123 with ISO 32 and 100 sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration MOs; R-123 with ISO 32 and 100 alkylbenzenes industry. The 36-month program supports critical (AB); and R-134a with five polyolester research to accelerate introduction of substitutes (pentaerythritol ester mixed acid) lubricants for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. The (POE-MA), ISO 22, two ISO 32s, ISO 68, and ISO report reviews current projects to measure 100. Equations and regression coefficients are thermophysical properties, measure the miscibility tabulated for solubility, viscosity (dynamic and of lubricants with refrigerants, and provide kinematic), and density for each mixture. These information on the compatibility of refrigerants and results also are shown as plots of density versus lubricants with motor materials, elastomers, and temperature and as Daniel Charts, showing engineering plastics. It also outlines projects to kinematic viscosity and solubility (expressed as measure the viscosity, density, and solubility for vapor pressure) versus temperature. An appendix four refrigerant blends to replace R-22 and R-502; summarizes the lubricant purities, including to measure the viscosity, density, and solubility moisture content, total acid number (TAN), and for 38 refrigerant-lubricant mixtures; and to iron and copper contents. A investigate

please see page 6 for ordering information Page 134 Refrigerant Database

second appendix identifies the lubricants, in- H. Kanno (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Limited, cluding naphthenic MOs (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrig- and 5GS), POE-MA (Mobil EAL Arctic(R) 22 and erant Blend R-125/143a (45/55), Alternative Re- 32; Castrol lcematic(R) SW32, SW68, and frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 56, SW100), and AB (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150 and 300). Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), The report lists 23 additional refrigerant-lubricant Arlington, VA, April 1993 (10 pages with 2 figures and pairs to be studied. 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3856)

G. C. Hourahan (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Y. Kiyokawa (Sanyo Electric Company, Limited, Ja- Institute, ARI), Planning for the Use of Alternative pan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Refrigerants in Air Conditioning and Refrigera- Blends R-32/125 (60/40) and R-32/134a (30/70), tion, presented at the Seventh Annual Conference Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) (Washington, DC), Defense Fire Protection Associ- report 35, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute ation, Alexandria, VA, 29 April 1993 (6 pages with 7 (ARI), Arlington, VA, April 1993 (14 pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB- figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as 3502) RDB3835)

This paper illustrates options for equipment O. Nesje (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, Nor- planners to alleviate confusion for use of alter- way), Ammonia in Small and Medium Sized Heat native refrigerants in air conditioning and refrig- Pumps, Heat Pumps for Energy Efficiency and En- eration. It briefly outlines the phase out of chlo- vironmental Progress (proceedings of the Fourth rofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluoro- International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Con- carbon (HCFC) refrigerants as well as the ference, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 26-29 April tradeoffs between ozone depletion and global 1993), Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, warming among alternatives. It summarizes a The Netherlands, 1993 (rdb4536) study by the Congressional Research Service, which predicts a state of chaos and shortages in R-717 late 1995 and subsequent several years. A figure indicates the number of CFC chillers that M. Ohta (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Limited, manufacturers expect to convert or replace before Japan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R- 1993 and in 1993-1995. It addresses new 32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation alternatives, concluding that there are "no magic Program (AREP) report 5, Air-Conditioning and compounds around the corner" and new candi- Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, April 1993 dates will require 8-12 years to enter full-scale (5 pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as production. Two figures summarize criteria for RDB3805) selection of alternative refrigerants and chiller options by type and refrigerant. Refrigerant Two tables summarize tests to compare perfor- containment, equipment conversion, and mance of R-22 and R-32/134a (30/70) through equipment replacement options are outlined. drop-in tests in a 12.6 kW cooling (3.6 ton) Recommendations are noted, including desig- packaged, air-to-air heat pump using a scroll nation of a refrigerant manager and development compressor. R-22 was tested with an alkylben- of a management plan. Two tables summarize zene lubricant (ISO viscosity grade 32); the blend estimated refrigerant inventories and service was tested with an ester lubricant. The refrigerant needs by equipment category and alternative charge amounts, lubricant quantities and refrigerants by applications. circulated fractions, and test conditions are indicated. Temperature and pressure data are T. Itami (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Drop-In Test tabulated at the compressor shell inlet and outlet, of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative condenser inlet, saturated condensing vapor and Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 12, liquid conditions, condenser exit, liquid line inlet Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), and exit, inlets to the expansion device and Arlington, VA, April 1993 (5 pages with 2 tables, evaporator, saturated evaporating condition, and available from JMC as RDB3812) the evaporator outlet. Data are presented for both the heating and cooling modes. The results show H. Kanno (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Limited, 4 and 1% decreases for the blend in heating Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrig- capacity and efficiency and 7 and 6% reductions erant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Re- in cooling capacity and efficiency; the latter were frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 41, lowered to 4 and 2%, respectively, with optimized Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), charge and capillary-tube selection. Arlington, VA, April 1993 (12 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3841) M. Ozu (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R- Refrigerant Database Page 135

32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation title indicates that the equipment was soft-opti- Program (AREP) report 37, Air-Conditioning and mized for use of R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, April 1993 though the specific changes are not identified. The (12 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, available from report consists of two tables, for the cooling and JMC as RDB3837) heating modes, that compare performance with this blend and R-22 at identified, standard rating M. Ozu (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Drop-In Test conditions. All tests were performed using an of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (60/40), Alternative unidentified ester lubricant. The refrigerant charge Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 46, amount, total and sensible (cooling mode only) Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), capacities, input power, resultant efficiency, Arlington, VA, April 1993 (10 pages with 4 tables, cycling degradation factor, and calculated available from JMC as RDB3846) seasonal performance are presented. Refrigerant temperatures and pressures also are tabulated for S. F. Pearson (Star Refrigeration Limited, UK), De- compressor suction and discharge; condenser velopment of Improved Secondary Refrigerants, inlet, midpoint, and leaving; expansion device The Institute of Refrigeration, London, UK, 3 April inlet; and evaporator inlet, midpoint, outlet, and 1993 (rdb5726) leaving conditions. The refrigerant subcooling, superheat, and flow rates also are given. The heat transfer fluids (coolants) for indirect cooling-mode results indicate 1 and 1% losses in (secondary-loop) systems capacity at 35 and 28 °C (95 and 82 °F) "outdoor" ambient temperatures, respectively, with 7 and

J. W. Reed, Environmental Overview: CFC and 1% losses in efficiency; the calculated seasonal HCFC Regulatory Update, Proceedings of the efficiency was 3.1% lower with the blend. The Fourth International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump heating-mode measurements show a 4% increase Conference (Maastricht, The Netherlands, 26-29 and slight decrease in capacities at +8 and -8 °C April 1993), Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., (47 and 17 °F) with 4 and 6% losses in efficiency; Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 11-19, April 1993 (9 the calculated seasonal efficiency was 7.6% lower pages, RDB5B23) with the blend. The compressor discharge pressure was higher in both modes. regulations on use DuPont Suva(R) HP Refrigerant Blends: Proper- ties, Uses, Storage, and Handling S. M. Sami, J. Schnotale (University of Moncton, , bulletin P-HP Canada), and J. G. Smale (DuPont Canada Incor- (H-47122-1), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, porated, Canada), A Comparative Performance April 1993 (24 pages with 2 figures and 7 tables, Study of CFC502, HCFC22 and HFC125, Interna- RDB3C02) tional Journal of Energy Research (IJER), 17(3):- 143-151, April 1993 (9 pages with 12 figures, RDB- This document provides extensive application 6741) information for R-402A and R-402B, both blends of R-125, R-290, and R-22 - R-125/290/22 drop in performance test of R-125 with compar- (60/2/38) and R-125/290/22 (38/2/60) respec- ative measurements for R-22 and R-502 tively. It also addresses R-404A, a blend of R-125, [HCFC/CFC-502] under a range of operating R-143a, and R-134a - R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4). conditions; plots compare the operating param- It reviews identifiers, the blend compositions, and eters of the three refrigerants with both recipro- potential uses. The bulletin then summarizes cating piston and scroll compressors; concludes physical properties as well as flammability, that R-125 degrades performance compared to environmental, and toxicity indices. The bulletin R-22 as candidate R-502 replacements reviews chemical and thermal stability data, including thermal decomposition. A table provides representative data on stability with metals D. W. Treadwell (Lennox International, Incorporated), (copper, iron, and aluminum) based on Soft-Optimized System Test of Refrigerant Blend sealed-tube tests of mixtures of R-402B with R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) (R) , Alternative Refrigerants mineral oil (Witco Suniso 3GS), alkylbenzene Evaluation Program (AREP) report 62, (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150 TD), and a branched acids Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), polyolester (Castrol Icematic(R) SW32) lubricants. Arlington, VA, April 1993 (4 pages with 2 tables, Results also are provided for R-404A with the available from JMC as RDB3C62; available copy is same lubricants and a mixed acids ester (Mobil difficult to read) EAL Arctic(R) 22). The report reviews compatibility of the refrigerant blends with R-502, noting The report presents the test conditions and re- chemical compatibility but separation difficulty sults for laboratory tests of a 10.5 kW (3 ton), leading to a need for disposal by split-system, air-to-air heat pump using a hermetic scroll compressor (Copeland ZR34K1PFV) and thermostatic expansion valves. The Page 136 Refrigerant Database

incineration. It then addresses compatibility with information, handing and storage advice, and elastomers; a tabular summary is provided for five retrofit guidance. ICI's product name for the R- polymers with combinations of the cited lubricants 32/125/134a blend discussed is Klea(R) Blend 60. and R-502, R-402B, and R-404A. The compounds tested were polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, DuPont Teflon(R) in commercial grade March 1993 sheet from Tex-O-Lon Manufacturing), Buna N nitrile butadiene (NBR, Parker Seal), hydro- R. S. Agarwal and A. F. Waleed (Indian Institute of genated NBR (HNBR, Parker Seal N1195), Technology, India), Transport Properties of R22- chloroprene (CR, Precision Rubber neoprene W), DMF Mixtures, Energy Conversion and Manage- and EPDM (Kirkhill Rubber). Compatibility data ment, 34(3):223-229, March 1993 (7 pages, rdb8963) also are discussed for polyethylene terephthalate (R) (PET, DuPont Mylar film), polyesterimide motor presents estimates for the transport properties of wire with amide-imide overcoating, and (R) mixtures of R-22 with dimethyl formamide (DMF), Dacron/Mylar/Dacron lead wire (Belden) as well R-22/DMF, over a wide range of temperatures as for molecular sieve desiccants (UOP 4A-XH-5 and compositions; predicts density, viscosity, and XH-9). Miscibility is summarized for R-502 thermal conductivity, specific heat, surface and the three zeotropes with mineral oil, tension, and thermal diffusivity using estimation alkylbenzene, and polyolester lubricants. Safety methods; describes the correlations, developed to data are then presented including a review of express each of these properties as a function of inhalation toxicity, cardiac sensitization, temperature and composition, to facilitate design responses to spills or leaks, skin and eye contact, of vapor-absorption systems and flammability. Monitors and leak detection are discussed as are storage, handling, and shipping. M. H. Blatt (Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI), The bulletin concludes with discussion of Electric Chillers: Cost-Effective Choice for the recovery, reclamation, recycling, and disposal. Future, Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engineering DuPont's product names for R-402A, R-402B, (R) (R) (HPAC), 65(3):75-82, March 1993 (6 pages with 4 and R-404A are Suva HP80, Suva HP81, and (R) figures and 2 tables, RDB3412) Suva HP62 respectively. [see RDB4503 for update] discusses impacts of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) phaseout; Klea Blend 60, Replacement for R502, technical examines the comparative environmental impacts note CP/30364/34051/2Ed/13/493, ICI Chemicals of electric vapor-compression and gas-fired and Polymers Limited, Runcorn, Cheshire, UK, April absorption cycle chillers 1993 (6 pages with 2 tables, RDB3729)

This document describes a ternary, zeotropic B. Carter, P. Dexter, E. B. Muir, and S. G. Sundare- blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a (R- san (Copeland Corporation), Compressor Calo- 32/125/134a), developed as a replacement for rimeter Test of Refrigerant Blends R-32/125 R-502. The technical note summarizes the phase (60/40), R-32/134a (25/75), R-32/134a (30/70), out of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, the R-32/125/134a (10/70/20), and R-32/125/134a need for alternatives to R-502, and ICI's search (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation for likely replacements. It then compares the Program (AREP) report 29, Air-Conditioning and boiling points, atmospheric lifetimes, ozone Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, March depletion potentials (ODPs) and global warming 1993 (50 pages with 13 figures and 24 tables, avail- potential (GWPs) of R-22, R-32, R-125, R-134a, able from JMC as RDB3829) R-502, and the R-32/125/134a blend. It also provides a theoretical performance comparison R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a (25/75), R-32/134a between R-502 and the blend. The document (30/70), R-407B, and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) then discusses the flammability and toxicity of both the blend and its components, noting that B. Carter, P. Dexter, E. B. Muir, and S. G. Sundare- the composition was designed to be san (Copeland Corporation), Compressor Calori- nonflammable despite the R-32 content. The meter Test of Refrigerant R-134a and Refrigerant bulletin also discusses handling and leakage and Blends R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a (25/75), R- states that composition changes are anticipated 32/134a (30/70), R-32/125/134a (10/70/20) [R-407B], to be less serious than had been expected. It and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative discusses appropriate lubricants, with focus on Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 30, the ICI Emkarate(R) family of synthetic, neopentyl Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), polyolesters. Several documents are cited as Arlington, VA, March 1993 (62 pages with 17 available or under preparation to provide thermophysical properties, flammability specifics, blend design Refrigerant Database Page 137

figures and 31 tables, available from JMC as RDB- 134a/152a (85/15) as alternatives for R-12 as well 3830) as R-402A and R-402B (both R-125/290/22 blends), R-403A and R-403B (both R-290/22/218 R-134a, R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a (25/75), blends), and R-22 as alternatives for R-502. It R-32/134a (30/70), R-407B, and R-32/125/134a then discusses longer-range options, specifically (30/10/60) those under investigation in the Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP). They B. Carter, S. Kulkarni, E. B. Muir, and S. G. Sunda- include R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a (25/75) and resan (Copeland Corporation), Compressor Calo- (30/70), R-407B [(10/70/20)] and R-32/125/134a rimeter Test of Refrigerant Blends R-125/143a/- (30/10/60), R-32/125/290/134a (20/55/5/20), 134a (44/52/4), R-125/143a (45/55), and R-32/- R-32/227ea (35/65), R-134a, R-290 (propane), 125/143a (10/45/55), Alternative Refrigerants and R-717 (ammonia) as R-22 replacements and Evaluation Program (AREP) report 53, Air-Condi- R-125/143a (45/55), R-404A [R-125/143a/134a tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, (44/52/4)], and R-32/125/143a (10/45/45) as VA, March 1993 (36 pages with 9 figures and 15 ta- replacements for R-502. Two tables summarize bles, available from JMC as RDB3853) near term and longer range alternatives and identify their compositions, characteristics, and for R-404A, R-125/143a (45/55), and R-32/125/143a some potential applications. The paper outlines (10/45/55) ongoing research of these fluids, including determination of properties and investigation of C. Cusano (University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- materials compatibility. It suggests potential paign), Accelerated Screening Methods for Pre- changes in equipment design, particularly for dicting Lubricant Performance in Refrigerant zeotropes, for the new fluids. They include Compressors, report DOE/CE/23810-11C, Air- considerations for temperature glides, influences Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute of composition change on heat transfer, (ARTI), Arlington, VA, March 1993 (16 pages with 1 counterflow heat exchangers, composition table, available from JMC as RDB4732) maintenance in charging and servicing, and requirements for testing and field diagnosis. Two This interim report introduces a research project figures illustrate the temperature glide for to recommend a bench tester for screening lu- zeotropes. The paper then surveys requirements bricants for air-conditioning and refrigeration and complexities for service including prohibitions compressors. The report outlines a proposed against venting, labeling needs, and composition program of specimen testing to serve as a basis maintenance for blends. It briefly mentions for the recommendation. It progresses from a considerations for retrofit conversions. The paper literature search and manufacturer consultations concludes that new refrigerants are likely to be to testing of selected contact geometries for more expensive than those they replace, design representative materials. The report then sum- emphasis is required for charge reduction and marizes the literature search performed and lists leak avoidance, and that work is needed to identified references in an appendix. It also examine changes to improve performance with summarizes manufacturer visits and general ob- refrigerant blends. It also notes that propane and servations derived from them. It focuses on the ammonia are likely to receive fresh consideration tribological components used, critical contact in the turmoil created by changes. pairs, general lubrication requirements, and test methods. The report then outlines a test program A. T. Lim (Inter-City Products Corporation), Drop-In for evaluation of a high pressure tribometer Test of Refrigerant Blends R-32/125/134a (10/- (HPT). Approximate operating and environmental 70/20), R-32/125/290/134a (20/55/5/20), and conditions are tabulated for these tests. R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 24, Air- K. E. Hickman (York International Corporation), Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Ar- Refrigerants After CFCs - What Are the Choices, lington, VA, March 1993 (8 pages with 5 tables, Technical Papers of the 15th Annual Meeting available from JMC as RDB3824) (Vancouver, BC, Canada, 21-24 March 1993), International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration performance tests of R-407B, R-32/125/290/134a (IIAR), Washington, DC, March 1993 (30 pages with (20/55/5/20), and R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) 2 figures and 2 tables, RDB3409) without system optimization

This paper reviews refrigerants to replace R-12, K. Mumpower (Bristol Compressors, Incorporated), R-22, and R-502. It summarizes the phase out Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant schedule of the Montreal Protocol and identifies Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants alternative refrigerants that are available. The Evaluation Program (AREP) report 54, Air-Condi- paper addresses R-134a, R-401 (R-22/152a/124) blends, R-152a/227ea (80/20), and R- Page 138 Refrigerant Database

tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Highly Fluorinated Refrigerants, Technical Papers VA, March 1993 (28 pages with 4 figures and 12 ta- of the 15th Annual Meeting (21-24 March 1993, bles, available from JMC as RDB3854) Vancouver, BC, Canada), International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR), Washington, DC, J. Pettersen and G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska 139-169 as misnumbered, March 1993 (31 pages Högskole, NTH, Norway), A New Efficient and En- with 4 figures and 6 tables, RDB3410) vironmentally Benign Systems for Automobile Air Conditioning, paper 931129 (Vehicle Thermal This paper provides an update on lubricants for Management Systems Conference, Columbus, OH, use with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants and March 1993), Society of Automotive Engineers HFC blends. It also summarizes evaluations of (SAE), Warrendale, PA, 1993 (rdb5652) several synthetic lubricants and the tests necessary to insure that a lubricant will provide R-744, carbon dioxide expected durability and performance with refrigerants. The paper identifies near-term K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), alternatives for common chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant refrigerants, and provides tabular summaries of Blends R-32/134a (30/70), R-32/134a (25/75), and both candidate refrigerants and recommended R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants lubricant types for use with R-22, R-23, R-123, Evaluation Program (AREP) report 32, and R-134a. The paper describes the derivation, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), applications, characteristics, and experience with Arlington, VA, March 1993 (14 pages with 7 tables, several lubricants. They include polyolester available from JMC as RDB3832) (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), modified PAGs, diesters, PAG esters, carbonates, This report summarizes calorimeter test results fluoroethers, fluorosilicones, and alkylbenzenes. for a nominal 8.8 kW (30,000 Btu/hr), hermetic Tables provide recommended viscosity ranges for reciprocating piston compressor (Tecumseh different compressor types, refrigerant-lubricant model AW5530F). Tabular data are provided to miscibility data for R-22 and replacement compare the capacity and efficiency for R-22, R- candidates, lubricity findings (based on Falex pin 32/134a (30/70), R-32/134a (25/75) and R- and v-block tests) for ester lubricants and mineral 32/125/134a (30/10/60) as functions of evaporator oil with steel on steel, and the effects of additives and condensing temperatures. The ranges on lubricant stability. The paper discusses covered are -15 to 13 °C (5 to 55 °F) and 32-66 miscibility, viscosity dilution, lubricity tests, °C (90-150 °F), respectively. The last two blends chemical and thermal stability, and compatibility of were tested to supplement earlier data (see refrigerant-lubricant combinations with other RDB3802), based on indications that R-32/134a materials. Four figures illustrate the (30/70) might be flammable. The tests were viscosity-temperature-pressure relations for R-22 performed with the same compressor and lubri- with a 32 ISO alkylbenzene, R-134a with a 68 ISO cant, a fully-formulated, polyolester (Mobil EAL PAG, R-134a with a 68 ISO POE, and R-134a and Arctic(R) 322 R, ISO viscosity grade 22). Four R-12 with a 46 ISO POE. The paper briefly cites tables compare the measured capacity and effi- findings with retrofits and field experience of PAGs ciency of each blend to that with R-22 and to and POEs, and notes that neither are suitable for compare the two R-32/134a blends to each other. use with R-717 (ammonia). The paper concludes These tables show the blend capacities to be that POEs appear to be the choice for HFCs and slightly lower and efficiencies slightly higher, dialkylbenzenes with HCFC-123 and HFC/HCFC compared to R-22, for common application blends. It notes that POEs are preferred over conditions of air-conditioners and heat pumps. PAGs for retrofit due to their miscibility and their The composition shift from R-32/134a (30/70) to compatibility with residual chlorine. (25/75) yields consistent further drops in capacity. The author deems the 25/75 blend as not even a A. M. Smith, M. C. Beggs, and B. D. Greig (Castrol near drop in substitute, since it would require Limited), Experience of Retrofitting Automotive redesign of the compressor. The ternary blend Air-Conditioning from CFC-12 to HFC-134a, paper shows a persistent improvement in both capacity 930292 (SAE International Congress and Exposition, and efficiency compared to R-22, and is Detroit, MI, 1-5 March 1993), Society of Automotive described as deserving more attention as a Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, PA, March 1993 (8 substitute for R-22. An addendum tabulates pages with 1 figure and 4 tables, RDB3504) refrigerant conditions for the condenser, evaporator, subcooled liquid, and compressor This paper describes the development of and inlet, calculated for each blend with NIST presents a procedure for retrofit of mobile air REFPROP 3.04a. conditioners. The conversion addressed is from

G. D. Short and T. E. Rajewski (CPI Engineering Services, Incorporated), Lubricants for Use With Refrigerant Database Page 139

R-12 and mineral oil to use of R-134a and a (40.1/59.9)] in metric (SI) units of measure. The polyolester (POE) based lubricant, Castrol Ice- introduction describes R-23 as an alternative for matic(R) SW100. The paper reviews requirements R-13 and R-503 for low-temperature refrigeration. for retrofit lubricants for R-134a, covering It outlines the environmental impetus to phase out miscibility, thermal and hydrolytic stability, lubri- R-13 and R-503 and typical uses for these cating properties, and compatibility with elas- refrigerants. They include applications with tomers. Miscibility is discussed in terms of evaporating temperatures of -110 to -60 °C (-166 matching that for conventional mineral oil systems, to -76 °F) such as laboratory cryostats, test including the influences of residual mineral oil. facilities, and equipment for gas separation and Sealed-tube tests with copper, steel, and process technologies. Such applications use aluminum coupons in refrigerant-lubricant systems cascaded equipment with R-22 or R-134a for the were performed; no reactions or copper plating high stage. The bulletin reviews thermodynamic were observed. The tests were repeated with selection criteria. Four plots compare the added moisture, to provide an indication of compression ratios, compressor discharge hydrolytic stability. Copper plating was observed temperatures, volumetric refrigerating effect, and with both high moisture levels and an additive-free coefficient of performance for R-13, R-23, and lubricant, but not with the fully-formulated POE R-503 for -110 to -60 °C (-110 to -76 °F). These and 300 ppm moisture. A Turbine Oxidation data also are tabulated. The bulletin then Stability Test (TOST, based on DIN 51587) to discusses lubricants, noting that only fully syn- demonstrate the effectiveness of the hydrolytic thetic lubricants are suitable, since mineral oils stabilizer is summarized. Falex pin and v-block and semisynthetic oils do not have adequate tests with refrigerant gas bubbled through the miscibility with R-13, R-23, and R-503 in their lubricant are described. Whereas mineral oil alone usual application temperature range. It suggests is indicated to be a poor lubricant, its performance that polyalkylbenzene with solubizers, silicates (R) improves with R-12; the reverse is noted for the (Bayer Fluisil S 55 K), polysiloxanes (Bayer (R) POE, which is a good lubricant alone and is Baysilone ), or low viscosity esters (DEA compromised by inclusion of R-134a. The lower Mineralöl Triton SEZ 22) may be suitable. A performance is attributed to a combination of miscibility diagram is provided for R-23 with an factors, including reduction in viscosity and ester from Deutsche Shell AG. Oil-free labyrinth increased cooling. The brief description of piston compressors also offer solutions. The compatibility testing notes significant variation bulletin provides elastomer swell data for R-13 and (R) within generic elastomer groups, and points to the R-23 with chloroprene (CR, Neoprene GN), (R) need to test elastomers from specific suppliers. nitrile (NBR, Perbunan N), styrene-butadiene (R) (R) The paper outlines field trial experience, from (SBR, Buna S), polysulfide (Thiokol ), natural January 1990, initially using three different (NR), butyl (IIR), chlorosulfonated polyethylene (R) compressor types (Sanden SD 508, Diesel Kiki (CSM, Hypalon 40), and fluorinated (FPM, (R) DKS - York, and Seiko Seiki SS170). Initial results DuPont Viton A) rubbers. A table provides based on use of polyalkylene glycol (PAG) physical property information including the lubricants are briefly outlined, including discussion chemical formula and name, molecular mass, of one failed o-ring attributed to incompatibility be- normal boiling and freezing points, critical tween the fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton(R)) and parameters (temperature, pressure, and density), R-134a. One of the test systems was lost in an and latent heat of vaporization. It also gives the unrelated incident; the other two were refit with the surface tension, vapor dielectric constant, and POE and the tests continued. Early retrofit liquid viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, procedures, and their limitations, are discussed. and density at selected temperatures. The bulletin Mention is made of a test of more than 50 vehicles discusses differences in evaporator sizing for using a procedure that removes less than 75% of R-13, R-23, and R-503. Three tables then provide the mineral oil. No failures have occurred, though saturated property data for these refrigerants. The poor performance under idling conditions is noted thermodynamic data include pressure; liquid and and attributed to the higher latent heat of R-134a vapor specific volumes, densities, enthalpies, and compared to R-12. An attachment details and a entropies; and the heat of vaporization. These figure shows the sequence of a recommended data cover the ranges of -130 °C (266 °F) to the retrofit procedure. critical points. The bulletin concludes with a pressure-enthalpy (Mollier) diagram for R-23 Refrigerant Reclin(R) 23, product bulletin based on a Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) equation of state. Hoechst Chemical's product name for AFK2043E/035, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frank- (R) furt am Main, Germany, March 1993 (12 pages with R-23 is Reclin 23. 6 figures and 7 tables, RDB4774)

This bulletin provides data for R-23 along with comparative data for R-13 and R-503 [R-23/13 Page 140 Refrigerant Database

February 1993 This document provides bibliographic citations for 572 publications that may be useful in research, J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Global design, and application of air-conditioning and Warming Impacts of Chillers, Heating/Piping/Air refrigeration equipment. Abstracts that emphasize Conditioning (HPAC), 65(2):28-39, February 1993 (9 the content, materials addressed, and key pages with 9 figures and 1 table, available from JMC conclusions are provided for approximately half of as RDB3304) these documents. The database identifies sources of specific information on R-32, R-123, R-124, This paper summarizes a study of comparative R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, impacts of chillers on global warming, including R-152a, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R-600 both direct (chemical) and indirect (energy-re- (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-717 (ammonia), lated) effects. It summarizes refrigerant options ethers, and others as well as azeotropic and for chillers and uses of alternative refrigerants to zeotropic blends of these fluids. It addresses replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It then re- mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol views the greenhouse gas impacts of refrigerant (PAG), polyolester, and other lubricants. It also emissions, and compares them to other warming references documents addressing compatibility of sources. It discusses both global warming refrigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, potential (GWP) values and their variation with elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials the integration time horizon (ITH) selected for used in refrigerant circuits. The database is analysis. GWPs are plotted for CFC and alter- available in a computerized version and as a native refrigerants and as a function of ITH. The listing in report form. The computerized version of paper then summarizes prior analyses of chiller the database includes the same citations and warming impacts, and introduces a recent study abstracts as the report version plus summaries for performed for EPRI. It summarizes information 53 individual refrigerants and blends. It is used to calculate historical and projected carbon accompanied by retrieval software to facilitate dioxide factor (CDF) values, ratios of carbon searches for specific information; the software dioxide amount produced per unit of energy used. enables searches for user-selected terms, or The paper outlines regional variations in fuels combinations of terms. It offers several automated used to generate electricity as well as generation features to simplify searches including optional and load profiles. It presents calculated warming prompting by search category, an automated findings on both a national and regional bases, "thesaurus" of synonyms and related terms, chain noting that the regional data can be extrapolated searches to broaden or narrow prior searches, to impacts for other locations or countries with and a "wildcard" capability to allow entry of word similar generation mixes. The paper concludes segments. The software also enables printing of that once high-GWP CFCs are eliminated, global selected citations and abstracts as well as warming will be more readily influenced through preparation of a document order lists. Both efficiency improvement and emission reduction versions of the database include instructions to than by refrigerant substitutions. It reaffirms the obtain cited documents or subscriptions for findings of prior studies that indirect effect updates to the database. dominates over direct, including the combined impacts leakage, service, and ultimate disposal R. E. Cawley (The Trane Company), Compressor losses. It also notes that direct effect is equivalent Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 to less than a 0.1 to 1.1% change in efficiency, (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program depending on the refrigerant used, once service (AREP) report 17, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration and disposal losses are reduced and CFCs Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, February 1993 (12 eliminated. Three figures show comparative pages with 7 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC warming on a national and regional basis for as RDB3817) chillers using R-11, R-12, R-22, R-123, and R-134a as well as direct-fired, absorption chillers performance test for R-410 series blend (double-effect, water/lithium-bromide). A final plot shows the progressive reduction in total S. Devotta, S. Gopichand, and V. R. Pendyala (Na- equivalent warming impact (TEWI) for R-11 and tional Chemical Laboratory, India), Assessment of R-123 for 1985-1995 based on emission HFCs, Fluorinated Ethers and Amines as Alter- reductions and efficiency improvements. natives to CFC-12, International Journal of Refrig- eration (IJR), 16(2):84-90, February 1993 (7 pages, J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant RDB4126) Database, report DOE/CE/23810-8G, Air-Condi- tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute H. T. Gilkey (Energy Consultant), Refrigerant Man- (ARTI), Arlington, VA, February 1993 (106 pages, agement, Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning Engi- available from JMC as RDB3205) neering (HPAC), 66(1);78-82 and 85-87, February 1993 (8 pages with 2 figures and 1 table, RDB4304) Refrigerant Database Page 141

This article outlines strategies to prolong equip- R-123 ment life through refrigerant conservation and reclamation and through conversion to alternative M. Masuda (Sharp Corporation, Japan), Drop-In Test refrigerants. It cites the phaseout schedules for of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants and Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 59, consequent need to develop a refrigerant man- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), agement program. The article outlines options to Arlington, VA, February 1993 (6 pages with 4 figures retain, convert, or replace systems and cites and 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB3C59) considerations in selecting among them. It also cites statistics on the inventory of existing R-22 with mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) 4GDID), equipment and then reviews steps to develop a R-32/134a (30/70) with an unidentified ester lu- management plan. The three key actions are bricant; room air conditioner/heat pump, rotary identified as designating a corporate and/or fa- rolling-piston compressor cility refrigerant manager, conducting an inventory of equipment and refrigerants, and developing a A. Meyer (DKK Scharfenstein GmbH, Germany), The plan for refrigerant conservation and utilization. Success of Hydrocarbons in Domestic Re- The article explains these steps and refrigerant frigeration, International Journal of Refrigeration recovery options, including simple recovery, (IJR), 16(2):343-363, February 1993; republished in recycling, and reclaim. It also explains the Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Impact (pro- terminology and designations being introduced for ceedings of the meetings of Commissions B1 and B2, new refrigerants. The author concludes that the Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), International opportunity to implement effective refrigerant Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 281- management is just about gone based on the 291, 1993 (20/11 pages with 4 figures and 1 table, phaseout schedule for CFCs. preprint available from JMC as RDB3226)

H. Jürgensen (AEG Hausgeräte AG, Germany), R-290, R-600a, R-290/600a (50/50), refrigerators, Messungen an Haushaltskühlgeräten mit brenn- refrigerator/freezers baren Kältemitteln [Measurements of Residential Refrigerators with Flammable Refrigerants], DKV G. Mozzon and P. Sansalvadore (Aspera-Whirlpool Jahrestagung [Proceedings of the DKV Annual SpA, Italy), Reliability of Hermetic Compressors Meeting] (Bremen, Germany, 17 November 1992), for R-134a Appliances, paper 4.4, Proceedings of Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, the International Seminar on New Technology of German Association of Refrigeration and Air- Alternative Refrigerants - Lubricants and Materials Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 19(II/2):177-192, Compatibility (Tokyo, February 1993), Nippon Reito 1992; republished in Die Kälte- und Klimatechnik, Kyokai [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Germany, 46(2):84-94, February 1993 (16 pages with Tokyo, Japan, 77-82, February 1993 (6 pages with 2 5 figures and 5 tables, in German, RDB3108) figures and 6 tables, RDB3316)

R-290, propane, R-600, butane, R-601, isobu- Y. Natsume (Nippondenso Company, Limited), tane, hydrocarbon blends Refrigerating Machine Lubricants for New Re- frigerants, paper 2.1, Proceedings of the Interna- D. L. Klug (DuPont Chemicals), Near- and Long- tional Seminar on New Technology of Alternative Term Alternatives for Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants - Lubricants and Materials Compatibility 22 (HCFC-22), paper 1.2, Proceedings of the In- (Tokyo, February 1993), Nippon Reito Kyokai ternational Seminar on New Technology of Alterna- [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, tive Refrigerants - Lubricants and Materials Com- Japan, 21-26, February 1993 (6 pages with 11 patibility (Tokyo, February 1993), Nippon Reito figures and 1 table, RDB3309) Kyokai [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, Japan, 9-14, February 1993 (6 pages with 3 K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), figures and 1 table, RDB3307) Materials Compatibility Concerns for Re- frigerator-Freezers - A Historic Perspective and a K. Koike (Ebara Corporation, Japan), HCFC-123 Look to the Future, paper 3.2, Proceedings of the Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine, paper 4.3, International Seminar on New Technology of Alter- Proceedings of the International Seminar on New native Refrigerants - Lubricants and Materials Technology of Alternative Refrigerants - Lubricants Compatibility (Tokyo, February 1993), Nippon Reito and Materials Compatibility (Tokyo, February 1993), Kyokai [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Nippon Reito Kyokai [Japanese Association of Tokyo, Japan, 39-44, February 1993 (8 pages with 2 Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, Japan, 67-76, February tables, preprint available from JMC as RDB3116) 1993 (10 pages with 7 figures and 3 tables, RDB3315) The paper traces compatibility concerns for refrigerator-freezers, from historic use of R-764 Page 142 Refrigerant Database

(sulfur dioxide) and R-40 (methyl chloride) to This article summarizes tests and modeling of present use of R-12. Sludge deposition with oils R-245ca, a candidate refrigerant to eventually led to an oil-free, belt-driven model, using R-764, replace R-11 and R-123. Thermophysical prop- as early as 1913. R-764 achieved 90% penetra- erties measurements are described. The results tion around 1925, but was limited to open-drive and findings of performance modeling are compressors. The driving force for hermetic compared to data for R-11 and R-123; the effi- systems was the problem of leaks, particularly ciency of R-245ca is indicated to be 3-4% lower with sulfur dioxide. Identification of an appropriate than for R-11. Flammability measurements based lubricant led to introduction of hermetic on the ASTM E681-85 procedure are described. compressors. The initial solution was a highly The flammability was found to be sensitive both to refined mineral oil, referred to as white oil. The the presence of moisture and the ignition source. paper reviews introduction of R-40 in the 1930s, Lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and UFL) in both open and hermetic compressors, reaching of 7.0-14.4% are reported at 30 °C (84 °F) for a peak of 20% penetration. It avoided 43.5% relative humidity; the fluid was subatmospheric operation, thereby eliminating nonflammable in dry air. Tests of miscibility with introduction of air and moisture. The required two unidentified polyolester (POE) lubricants are compressor displacement was smaller, discharge discussed, indicating complete miscibility, temperatures much lower, and compatibility with insensitive to moisture content, for -30 to 125 °C mineral oils higher; but it was flammable and (-22 to 257 °F) for concentrations of 10, 20, and toxic. Incompatibility with aluminum, particularly in 30% lubricant by weight. Sealed tube tests to dry systems, led to demise of R-40 use. R-12 gauge compatibility with aluminum, copper, valve came in as the successor fluid in the late 1930s, steel, fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton(R)), nitrile though the paper also cites early use of R-21 and butyl rubber (Buna(TM) N), neoprene, DuPont R-114. R-12 became dominant because of its Nomex(R), and DuPont Mylar(R) are described. thermodynamic properties, positive pressure Observations, results of gas chromatography and operation, full miscibility with mineral oils, and infrared spectrometry, acidity, weight change, and compatibility with metals and other materials of swell are summarized. The paper indicates that construction. Compatibility problems resulted R-245ca with a POE lubricant is compatible with later, in seeking smaller compressors and the metals tested, Mylar, Viton; possibly associated increases in discharge temperatures. compatible with Buna N and Nomex; and The paper briefly outlines the resolution of these incompatible with neoprene. As a chlorine- and problems. It then turns to recent environmental bromine-free compound, R-245ca is expected to concerns with chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero. and introduction of R-134a. Compatibility issues Its atmospheric lifetime was estimated as 6.4 are discussed, with emphasis on lubricant years by measuring its reaction rate with interactions. Tables are included to summarize atmospheric hydroxyl radicals; its global warming the effects of temperature and metals (steel, potential (GWP) was estimated to be one-third copper, and aluminum) on decomposition for both that of R-134a. Very preliminary testing of acute polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and polyolester (POE) inhalation toxicity tests are outlined; no signs of lubricants. The role of metal passivation is concern were identified at a concentration level of outlined, particularly for POEs with steel. 993 ppm. The paper concludes that R-245ca has Chemical reactivity, miscibility, solubility, lubricity, been shown to be a good candidate for re- suitability with motor materials, and contaminant placement of R-11 or R-123 in the far-term. issues are reviewed. The paper cites consideration of R-152a, particularly in developing N. D. Smith, Thermophysical Properties of HFE- countries, and future refrigerant candidates. 125, Environmental Research Brief EPA-600/S-93- Compatibility is indicated as manageable with 001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), R-152a, partly based on experience with R-500 of Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1993 (4 which it is a component; flammability is cited as a pages with 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB- concern. The paper concludes by noting the role 3404) of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) Program. This synopsis summarizes properties of R-E125 (pentafluorodimethyl ether), a potential alternative N. D. Smith (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, refrigerant for low-temperature applications. EPA), K. Ratanaphruks, M. W. Tufts, and A. S. Ng Tables, in both inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) (Acurex Environmental Corporation), R-245ca: A units provide the freezing and boiling points, Potential Far-Term Alternative for R-11, ASHRAE critical properties, heat of vaporization, and liquid Journal, 35(2):19-23, February 1993 (5 pages with 3 specific heat capacity. Measured liquid densities tables, RDB3301) are given at eight temperatures from 10-61 °C (50-142 °F) and vapor pressures for -104 to 81 °C (-156 to 177 °F). Calculated liquid Refrigerant Database Page 143

and vapor density as well as heat of vaporization ant. This "third generation" fluid would be ozone are tabulated for -55 to 81 °C (-66 to 177 °F) and safe, have low global warming effect, and have a the equations used are provided. The methods new molecular structure consisting of oxygen and used and estimated accuracy are indicated. other elements in addition to carbon, fluorine, and hydrogen. While this paper does not address any S. G. Sundaresan (Copeland Corporation), Com- of these subjects in depth, it provides a sweeping mercial Refrigeration: The Challenge and the Is- overview of efforts to introduce alternative sues Regarding the Retrofit and New Equipment, refrigerants. paper 4.2, Proceedings of the International Seminar on New Technology of Alternative Refrigerants - N. Tanaka (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), Lubricants and Materials Compatibility (Tokyo, Trends of Alternative Refrigerants, paper 4.1, February 1993), Nippon Reito Kyokai [Japanese Proceedings of the International Seminar on New Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, Japan, Technology of Alternative Refrigerants - Lubricants 57-66, February 1993 (6 pages with 1 figure and 6 and Materials Compatibility (Tokyo, February 1993), tables, available from JMC as RDB3314) Nippon Reito Kyokai [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, Japan, 51-56, February service history, control and system components, 1993 (6 pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, RDB3313) cleanout procedures, refrigerant selection, lubricant selection, moisture control, composition S. Uemura (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), Basic control, comparison of R-12 and R-502 Requirements and Future Solutions of Air- alternatives Conditioning Units with Alternative Refrigerants - 1, paper 5.2, Proceedings of the International T. Takaichi (Showa Denko K.K., Japan), Current Seminar on New Technology of Alternative Refrig- Status of R&D for CFC Alternatives, paper 1.1, erants - Lubricants and Materials Compatibility Proceedings of the International Seminar on New (Tokyo, February 1993), Nippon Reito Kyokai Technology of Alternative Refrigerants - Lubricants [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, and Materials Compatibility (Tokyo, February 1993), Japan, 89-94, February 1993 (6 pages with 9 figures Nippon Reito Kyokai [Japanese Association of and 6 tables, RDB3317) Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, Japan, 3-8, February 1993 (6 pages with 5 figures and 4 tables, RDB3306) H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Limited, Japan), Basic Requirements The paper briefly surveys research and devel- and Future Solutions of Air-Conditioning Units opment efforts to identify alternatives for chloro- with Alternative Refrigerants - 2, paper 5.3, Pro- fluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. It recaps the ceedings of the International Seminar on New introduction of CFCs, discovery of their ozone Technology of Alternative Refrigerants - Lubricants depletion role, and both measured concentrations and Materials Compatibility (Tokyo, February 1993), in the atmosphere and ozone decline. It then Nippon Reito Kyokai [Japanese Association of reviews the 1992 revisions to the Montreal Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, Japan, 95-100, February Protocol, international production of CFCs and 1993 (6 pages with 6 figures and 4 tables, RDB3318) R-22, and 1991 CFC consumption by application in Japan. The paper discusses interest in Genetron(R) 134a, technical bulletin B-525-645, Al- hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydro- IiedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, February fluorocarbon (HFC) alternatives and provides a 1993, May 1993, and September 1993 (4 pages with tabular summary of candidate fluids. A figure 3 tables, RDB3453) indicates the chemical paths to produce the primary alternative fluorocarbons. It then reviews This bulletin supplies information on R-134a, de- the Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon scribed as a replacement for R-12 in automobile Toxicity Testing (PAFT) and outlines the five air conditioning; residential, commercial and in- programs underway. It also summarizes efforts dustrial refrigeration; and in certain centrifugal under the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environ- chiller applications. It provides physical property mental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) to assess data, in inch-pound (IP) units, including the candidate HCFCs and HFCs. It mentions a five- chemical formula, molecular weight, atmospheric year cooperative program by the Japanese Re- boiling point, corresponding heat of vaporization, search Institute of Innovative Technology for the critical parameters (temperature, pressure, and Earth (RITE), Ministry of International Trade and density), flammability, and ozone depletion Industry (MITI), New Energy Development Or- potential. It also indicates the liquid density and ganization (NEDO), National Chemistry Labo- specific heats of the liquid and vapor at 30 °C (86 ratory for Industry (NCLI), and ten chemical °F). It then presents a tabular comparison of producers to develop a new generation refriger- performance for R-12, R-22, and Page 144 Refrigerant Database

R-134a. The report provides tabular thermody- Technical Committees 3.2 (Refrigerant System namic properties (pressure, density, vapor vol- Chemistry), 3.3 (Contaminant Control in Refrig- ume, liquid and vapor enthalpy and entropy, and erating Systems), and 3.4 (Lubrication). The latent heat of vaporization) for -29 to 71 °C (-20 to presentations included were by D. F. Huttenlocher 160 °F). Formulae are provided to calculate (Spauschus Associates, Incorporated) on thermodynamic properties including vapor "Chemical and Thermal Stability of Refrigerant- pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat Lubricant Mixtures with Metals," S. C. Zoz (Iowa capacity correlations. Coefficients are presented State University of Science and Technology) on for a Martin-Hou equation of state. AIliedSignal's "Miscibility of Lubricants with Refrigerants," G. R. product name for R-134a is Genetron(R) 134a. Harried (The University of Akron) on "Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Elastomers," Klea Blend 66, Replacement for HCFC 22, techni- R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, cal note CP/30356/31112/2Ed/33/353, ICI Chemicals Incorporated, IRI) on "Compatibility of Refriger- and Polymers Limited, Runcorn, Cheshire, UK, ants and Lubricants with Plastics," and R. G. February 1993 (6 pages with 2 tables, RDB3730) Doerr (The Trane Company) on "Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Motor Materials." This document describes a ternary, zeotropic The research projects covered are funded by blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a (R- ARTI under a grant from the U.S. Department of 32/125/134a), developed as a replacement for Energy. (Presentation slides are not reviewed by R-22. The technical note summarizes the phase ASHRAE except for commercialism; no en- out of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and eventually dorsement should be inferred.) also of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants, the need for alternatives to R-22, and Report of the ARI Delegation to Japan on Alter- ICI's search for likely replacements. It then native Refrigerants, report DOE/CE/23810-12, compares the boiling points, atmospheric life- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), times, ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) and Arlington, VA, February 1993 (20 pages including 2 global warming potential (GWPs) of R-22, R-32, appendices, available from JMC as RDB3401) and the R-32/125/134a blend. It also provides a theoretical performance comparison between This document reports on a trip, by an ARI dele- R-22 and the blend. The document then dis- gation, to exchange information on alternative cusses the flammability and toxicity of both the refrigerants and to review methods to screen blend and its components, noting that the com- alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and position was designed to be nonflammable de- hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Five rep- spite the R-32 content. The bulletin also dis- resentatives traveled to Japan to participate in the cusses handling and leakage and states that International Seminar on New Technology of composition changes are anticipated to be less Alternative Refrigerants - Lubricants and Materials serious than had been expected. It discusses Compatibility. They subsequently visited seven appropriate lubricants, with focus on the ICI manufacturers and the Ministry of International Emkarate(R) family of synthetic, neopentyl Trade and Industry (MITI). Techniques for polyolesters. Several documents are cited as materials compatibility screening, lubricant testing, available or under preparation to provide and flammability studies were of specific interest. thermophysical properties, flammability specifics, This report provides an overview of Japanese blend design information, handling and storage phase-out strategies, identifies research into advice, and retrofit guidance. ICI's product name alternative refrigerants and lubricants for them, for the R-32/125/134a blend discussed is Klea(R) and reviews the screening methods used. It Blend 66 [subsequently reformulated]. discusses the status of retrofits and system design. The conference agenda and lists of both Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Research the ARI delegates and companies visited are Presentation Slides, report DOE/CE/23810-9, Air- provided in appendices. The report notes that the Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute leading replacement refrigerant is R-134a. Efforts (ARTI), Arlington, VA, February 1993 (98 pages, with hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) alternatives available from JMC as RDB3206) are limited since companies expect to move away from such fluids by the year 2000. R-32/134a This report contains prints of the charts used by (30/70) is considered a candidate to replace R-22, five researchers for a seminar on Materials though the Japanese view this zeotrope as not Compatibility and Lubricant Research as part of flammable, unlike in the U.S., based on testing the 1993 American Society of Heating, Refriger- under different conditions. More than 50 ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) compounds have been synthesized and are under Winter Meeting, held in Chicago in January 1993. investigation as alternatives for R-502. Polyolester This session was sponsored by ASHRAE (POE) lubricants are the prime focus Refrigerant Database Page 145

for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), except in auto- modified polyphenylene oxide (PPE, GE Noryl(R) motive air conditioning where polyalkylene glycols 731), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS, GE Supec(TM) (PAGs) are used. The report discusses specific G401), polyphthalamide (Amoco Amodel(R) fluids, lubricants, test procedures, and regulatory AD-1000 HS), polypropylene (Himont Profax(TM) actions and expectations for several application 6331 NW), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, DuPont areas. Observations regarding use of absorption Teflon(R)), and polyvinylidene fluoride (Atochem chillers as alternatives, government incentives, Kynar(R) 720). Seven tables summarize the CFC taxes, safety standards, and a CFC changes for immersions in lubricants, including destruction technology also are mentioned. mineral oil (BVA R015), alkylbenzene (Shrieve Zerol(R)150), polypropylene glycol butyl monoether (ICI Emkarox(R) VG32), polypropylene glycol diol January 1993 (Dow P-425), and a modified polyglycol (AlliedSignal BRL-150), pentaerythritol ester mixed (TM) J. C. Bare (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, acid (ICI Emkarate RL 22H, formerly RL 244), and pentaerythritol ester branched acid (Henkel EPA), Simulation of Performance of Chlorine Free (R) Fluorinated Ethers and Fluorinated Hydro- Emery 2927-A). Seven tables summarize carbons to Replace CFC-11 and CFC-114 in changes in the plastics following immersions in the Chillers, paper 3661, Transactions (Winter Meeting, lubricants, each at 60 and 100 °C (140 and 212 Chicago, IL, January 1993), American Society of °F). Observations of particulates, cracking, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- crazing, softening, and color change are pre- gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 99(1):397-407, sented. Quantitative data are provided for di- 1993 (11 pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, RDB- mensional (length, width, and thickness) and 3407) weight changes. Ten tables summarize corresponding changes following exposures to R-22, R-11 and R-114 alternatives R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R- 142b, R-143a, and R-152a. The refrigerant immersions were at room temperature and 60 °C R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, (140 °F) for 14 days. Three tables summarize the Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants IRI), creep modulus of the plastics at 10-300 hours for with Plastics , report DOE/CE/23810-8E, immersions in R-22, R-134a, and R-152a with Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- branched acid polyolester. 36 tables summarize stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (76 pages physical changes and tensile-property changes with 1 figure and 58 tables, available from JMC as following exposures to refrigerant lubricant RDB3203; type on page A-2 is small and may be mixtures. All of the plastics were affected by the difficult to read) lubricants; mineral oil and alkylbenzene caused the greatest effects. The refrigerants generally This interim report summarizes progress to pro- resulted in softening or weight change; vide compatibility information on engineering hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) had the least impact. plastics with alternative refrigerants and suitable The report documents several combinations that lubricants. A narrative summary outlines the work failed at ambient conditions or are likely to fail at methods used, including modifications to standard elevated temperatures. or planned test procedures, and notes significant findings. A table provides the manufacturer specifications and actual conditions for molding R. G. Doerr, S. A. Kujak, and T. D. Waite (The Trane Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lu- 23 plastic materials. They include acetal (DuPont Company), (R) bricants with Motor Materials Delrin II 11500), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene , report DOE/CE/- terpolymer (ABS, GE Cycolac(R) GPM4700), liquid 23810-8C, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Tech- crystal polymer (LCP, Amoco Xydar(R) MG450), nology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 phenolic (Hooker Durez(R) 153), poly(arylether- (62 pages with 42 tables, available from JMC as etherketone) (PEEK, ICI Victrex(TM) PEEK 450G), RDB3614) polyamide nylon 6/6 (DuPont Zytel(R) 101), polyamideimide (Amoco Torlon(R) 4203L and This interim report summarizes progress to pro- 4301), polyaryletherketone (PAEK, BASF vide compatibility information for 24 motor ma- Ultrapek(R)), polyarylsulfone (Amoco Radel(R) terials, commonly used in hermetic compressors, A-200), poybutylene terephthalate (PBT, GE with refrigerants and refrigerant-lubricant Valox(R) 325PBT), polycarbonate (GE Lexan(R) combinations. The report briefly outlines findings 161), polyetherimide (GE Ultem(R) 1000), modified previously reported and then presents new polyetherimide (GE Ultem(R) CRS5001), results. The findings are tabulated for exposures polyethylene terephthalate (PET, DuPont Rynite(R) at 127 °C (260 °F) to 17 refrigerant-lubricant (R) combinations. R-22 was tested with mineral oil 530), polyimide thermoset (DuPont Vespel DF (R) and DF-ISO), (Witco Suniso 3GS). R-124, R-142b, Page 146 Refrigerant Database

and R-152a were tested with alkylbenzene The primary issues noted as of concern were (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150). R-134a was tested with a delamination of the sheet insulation by the PAG polyolester (POE) mixed acid (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL diol lubricant and decreased strength of the tapes. 22H, formerly RL 244); and R-32, R-125, R-134, Precipitation of extracted solid polyester materials R-134a, R-143a, and R-245ca with a POE was observed with the mineral oil. No evidence of branched acid (Henkel Emery(R) 2927 ISO 32). polyester precipitate was observed with the R-32, R-125, and R-134a were tested with a synthetic lubricants, suggesting that sticking polyalkylene glycol (PAG) butyl monoether (ICI valves and clogged capillaries may be less of a Emkarox(R) VG32); R-125 and R-134a with a problem with the new lubricants. The results modified PAG (AlliedSignal BRL-150); and R- suggest that the new synthetic lubricants will 134a with a PAG diol (Dow Chemical P425). Data present few compatibility problems with motor are provided both after 500 hour exposures and materials. This indication is based on comparison after a subsequent air bake for 24 hours at 150 °C of observed effects to those for R22 with mineral (302 °F), to remove absorbed refrigerant. The oil, which generally showed greater impact, and effects of heat alone were gauged by similar consideration of the documented history of their exposure to nitrogen (R-728). Weight change is reliability. reported for exposed disks of six varnishes including two solvent epoxies (P. D. George P. A. Domanski and D. A. Didion (National Institute of Sterling(R) U-475 EH and 923), a solvent epoxy Standards and Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic phenolic (Sterling(R) Y-390 PG), 93% solids epoxy Evaluation of R-22 Alternative Refrigerants and (Sterling(R) ER-610), and 100% solids VPI epoxy Refrigerant Mixtures, paper DE-93-6-2, (Sterling(R) Y-833), and waterborne epoxy Transactions (Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, June (Schenectady Isopoxy(R) 800). Bond strength is 1993), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, compared to unexposed values for dipped coats and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, of each varnish on three magnet wires. The GA, 99(2):636-648, 1993 (13 pages with 18 figures magnet wire specimens included a modified and 3 tables, RDB3617) polyester base overcoated with polyamide imide (Phelps Dodge Armored Poly-Thermaleze 2000), This paper evaluates performance of candidate a modified polyester base overcoated with refrigerants to replace R-22, including R-32/125 polyamide-imide and epoxy saturated glass (60/40), R-407B [R-32/125/134a (10/70/20)], (Phelps Dodge Armored Poly-Thermaleze R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), R-32/125/290/134a Daglass 2000), and polyesterimide overcoated (20/55/5/20), R-32/134a (25/75), R-32/134a with polyamide-imide (Phelps Dodge/Schenectady (30/70), R-32/227ea (35/65), R-134a, and R-290 Chemical). Burnout resistance and dielectric (propane). The analyses are based on a strength are compared to unexposed values for semi-theoretical model, CYCLE-11, with cross- each varnish on each of the magnet wires and flow heat transfer in the evaporator and con- also to unvarnished specimens. Weight, tensile denser. Thermodynamic properties were cal- strength, elongation, and dielectric strength are culated using the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis compared to unexposed values for six sheet (CSD) equation of state. The conditions examined insulations (Westinghouse Nomex-Mylar-No- approximate outdoor rating conditions for mex(R), Westinghouse Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R), residential heat pumps, namely 27.8 and 35 °C DuPont Mylar(R) MO, DuPont Nomex(R) 410, (82 and 95 °F) for cooling and -8.3 and 8.3 °C (17 DuPont Nomex(R) Mica 418, and ICI Melinex(R) and 47 °F). Calculated volumetric capacities, 228). Weight change is tabulated for Insulations coefficients of performance (COPs), pressure lift, Sales Nomex(R), Mylar(R), and Nomex-Mylar(R) and compressor discharge temperatures and spiral wrapped sleeving insulation. Changes in pressures are plotted. The analyses are presented weight and dielectric strength are presented for A. for "drop-in" conditions (constant heat O. Smith Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R) and Dacron-Tef- exchangers), constant heat exchanger loading, lon-Dacron(R) lead wire insulations. Weight and and with addition of a liquid-suction heat breaking load changes are supplied for woven exchanger. Summary fluid properties and results glass tape (Carolina Narrow), heat shrinkable for the constant exchanger loading cases are braided polyester tape (Electrolock), glass-acrylic tabulated. They indicate efficiency losses of tape (Essex Permacel P247), and polyester tie 1-16% for the R-22 alternatives. Corresponding cord (Ludlow Textiles). The report concludes that changes in volumetric capacity range from 31% the refrigerant-lubricant combinations tested lower to 55% higher. The paper notes, however, appeared to have less effect than pure that these findings would change with refrigerants on motor materials, with the exception consideration of differences in transport of the tapes. No evidence of insulation properties. The paper abstractly discusses the degradation due to desorption of refrigerant were influence of critical temperature on performance observed in the presence of lubricants. and unavoidable trade off between COP and volumetric capacity. It also reviews the impacts of heat capacity, liquid thermal Refrigerant Database Page 147

conductivity, and liquid viscosity; neither these 20, 40, and 4085), EPM (Vistalon 404 and 707), transport properties nor toxicity and flammability ethylene acrylics (Vamac G and B-124), chlori- were otherwise addressed. An appendix de- nated polyethylenes (Dow CM0136 and 4211P), scribes the CYCLE-11 model. [See RDB3305 for and ethylene propylene diene (EPDM rubbers a more complete summary, from which this paper Royalene 552, 525, and 359). Another appendix was extracted.] identifies ten gasket materials supplied by ARTI including filled chloroprene (Precision Rubber G. J. Epstein and S. P. Manwell (Xenergy Incorpo- 2167), acrylonitrile (Precision Rubber 7507), rated), Environmental Tradeoffs Between CFCs neoprene (Garlock 2930), non-asbestos and Alternative Refrigerants, ASHRAE Journal, (Armstrong N-8092, Specialty Paperboard NI- 35(1):38-44, January 1993 (7 pages with 1 figure and 2085G, Victopac 69, and Klinger C-4401), nitrile- 5 tables, RDB3225) aramid (Specialty Paperboard 2099), fluorocarbon (Parker V747-75), and neoprene (Greene Tweed G. R. Hamed and R. H. Seiple (University of Akron), 956). The physical properties of the samples were Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with tabulated prior to exposures. 17 figures Elastomers, report DOE/CE/23810-8D, Air- summarize the diameter change for exposures in Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute the individual refrigerants and lubricants. 95 tables (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (310 pages with present data on swell after immersions of 1, 3, and 32 figures and 100 tables, available from JMC as 14 days, weight change after 14 days, diameter RDB3202) and weight after removal, and shore hardness after 1 day of drying. The test methodology and This interim report summarizes swell measure- apparatus also are described. R-123 generally ments for 95 elastomeric gasket and seal mate- resulted in the greatest swelling, but rials in refrigerants and lubricants. Swell behavior EPDM/PP/TPE, butyl rubber/PP TPE, and several was determined using weight and in-situ diameter vendor-supplied compositions swelled little in this measurements for the refrigerants and diameter refrigerant. R-134 and R-134a caused much less and thickness measurements for the lubricants. swelling, except with fluoroelastomers and The refrigerants include both hydro- fluorosilicone elastomers. Some vendor chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs R-22, R-123, R-124, compositions are identified that resisted swelling in and R-142b) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs all refrigerants and lubricants tested. The HFCs R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-143a, and generally gave much less swelling than the R-152a). The lubricants include a mineral oil HCFCs, though the fluoroelastomers and (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS), alkylbenzene (Shrieve fluorosilicones exhibit high swelling in them. Some Zerol(R) 150), and three polyalkylene glycols of the industry-supplied samples resisted swelling (PAGs), namely a polypropylene glycol butyl in all refrigerants. Several compositions were monoether (ICI Emkarox(R)), a polypropylene identified that resisted swelling in the lubricants as glycol diol (Dow P425), and a modified polyglycol well. 17 refrigerant-lubricant systems are (AlliedSignal BRL-150). Two polyolester (POE) identified, and pressure calibration curves are lubricants also are included, namely a provided, for an ongoing second phase of the pentaerythritol ester branched acid (Henkel project. 25 selected elastomers will be tested in Emery(R) 2927-A) and a pentaerythritol ester Phase II. Completion is expected in April 1993, mixed acid (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, formerly RL contingent on the availability of R-32 for testing. 244). An appendix identifies the elastomer formulations, which include polyisoprene (Natsyn D. R. Henderson (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- 2200), polychloroprene (Neoprene W), isobutyl rated), Solubility, Viscosity, and Density of Re- isoprene (Polysar Butyl), bromobutyl (Polysar X2), frigerant-Lubricant Mixtures, report DOE/CE/- chlorobutyl 1068, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR 23810-8F, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Tech- 1502 and Stereon 730A and 840A), nitrile nology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (Chemigum N206, N300, N615B, and N917), (20 pages with 8 figures and 9 tables, available from hydrogenated nitrile (Polysar Tomac A3850 and JMC as RDB3207) A4555), fluoroelastomers (DuPont Viton(R) A, B, and GF), KEL-F 3700, epichlorohydrin (Hydrin This interim report presents results of measure- H-65, C-65, and T-75), silicones (SE-33(VMQ), ments to determine the solubility (pressure), SE-436U, SE-565U, SE-3808U, and LS-63U), viscosity, and density of refrigerant-lubricant thermoplastics (Santoprene 201-87, 201-73, mixtures. It summarizes initial findings for low 203-40, and 203-50, Geolast 701-87, 701-80, and refrigerant concentrations (70, 80, 90, and 100% 703-40, and Hytrel EPDM 4056, 5526, G6356, lubricant by weight) for R-12 and R-22 with ISO (R) and 7246), FA and ST polysulfide rubber, 32 mineral oil (Witco Suniso 3GS) and R-134a polyurethanes (Airthane PET-95A, PET-60D, with ISO 32 pentaerythritol ester mixed acid (R) Cyanaprene A-8, D-55, Millathane 76 and E-34), (Mobil EAL Arctic 32) for 0-100 °C (32-212 °F). chlorosulfonated polyethylenes (Hypalon Page 148 Refrigerant Database

The data have been reduced to engineering form objectives of the individual projects, and signifi- and are presented as Daniel Charts. Scatter cant interim findings are presented. This program diagrams, overlain with curve fits, are provided for summary also identifies reports resulting from the R-12 with mineral oil. These diagrams illustrate individual projects, including three final reports on both the quality of data and rationale for the Theoretical Evaluations of R-22 Alternative Fluids, manner chosen to represent the data. The Chemical and Thermal Stability of Refrigerant- regression equations and correlation statistics are Lubricant Mixtures with Metals, and Miscibility of reported. Viscosity, pressure, and density data Lubricants with Refrigerants. Eight figures are represented by Walther, quadratic polynomial, summarize progress in measuring thermophysical and linear equations, respectively. Measured data properties of R-32, R-123, R-124, and R-125. are tabulated for each of the fluids. The report Three figures provide Daniel and density plots for outlines work performed for the project, lists the R-12 and R-22 with mineral oil and R-134a with refrigerant-lubricant pairs to be studied along with pentaerythritol ester mixed acid. A table associated temperature ranges, and summarizes summarizes measured elastomer swelling in the data reduction. 35 mixtures will ultimately be refrigerants and lubricants. tested over selected ranges of composition and temperature. O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant G. C. Hourahan and S. R. Szymurski, Materials Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants Compatibility and Lubricants Research on CFC Evaluation Program (AREP) report 38, Air-Condi- Refrigerant Substitutes, report DOE/CE/23810-8, tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- VA, January 1993 (12 pages with 4 figures and 1 stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (38 table, available from JMC as RDB3838) pages with 12 figures and 9 tables, available from JMC as RDB3204) O. Kataoka (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant This progress report summarizes the goals and Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Evaluation Program (AREP) report 39, Air-Condi- Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, a grant from the Department of Energy and cost VA, January 1993 (12 pages with 4 figures and 1 sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration table, available from JMC as RDB3839) industry. The 36-month program supports critical research to accelerate introduction of substitutes R. F. Kayser (National Institute of Standards and for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. The Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties, report reviews projects to measure report DOE/CE/23810-8A, Air-Conditioning and thermophysical properties, model the Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, performance and key operating parameters of 12 VA, January 1993 (102 pages, including 13 figures potential alternatives for R-22 and R-502, test the and 32 tables, available from JMC as RDB3201) chemical and thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures with metals, and measure This progress report provides an update on a the miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants. It project to provide highly accurate, selected outlines projects to provide information on the thermophysical properties data for R-32, R-123, compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with R-124, and R-125. The report summarizes the motor materials, elastomers, and engineering work completed in the fourth quarter of a 15- plastics. The report identifies the objectives and month project and includes plots showing the contractors for three new projects to develop ranges of measured data, deviations from corre- accelerated screening and test methods to predict lations, and comparisons with earlier data. Pre- lubricant performance in compressors, the life of liminary tables are appended, in both metric (SI) motor materials exposed to refrigerant-lubricant and inch-pound (IP) units. They relate Burnett mixtures, and chemical and thermal stability of measurements of density and pressure to tem- refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Other projects perature for the vapor phase and vibrating den- introduced will measure the viscosity, density, and simeter measurements for the liquid phase for solubility for refrigerant blends in selected R-32. Burnett and ebulliometric vapor-pressure lubricants, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhance- data are tabulated and extrapolated to provide ment of heat exchangers for alternative saturated vapor and liquid densities. Adiabatic refrigerants, and the compatibility of desiccants calorimeter measurements at constant volume are with refrigerants and lubricants. An ongoing presented for the liquid and two-phase regions. project to collect and facilitate dissemination of Measurements of thermal conductivity have been data, through development and administration of delayed by a failure, not yet analyzed, due to a refrigerant database, is cited. The scope of the corrosion of leads in the transient program, Refrigerant Database Page 149

hot-wire apparatus. Supercritical data, therefore, Format for Compressor Calorimeter Tests Per- are not tabulated pending verification and formed by JRAIA Member Companies, Alternative completion, though a preliminary plot is included. Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 34, Density and pressure measurements versus Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), temperature also are provided for R-124 and Arlington, VA, January 1993 (22 pages with 1 figure R-125 for the liquid phase. Measured pressure and 7 tables, available from JMC as RDB3834) and density data also are tabulated for R-125 for compressed liquid, and a range of isochores. This document outlines uniform test procedures Ebulliometric vapor-pressure measurements and used for compressor calorimeter tests for the fits to Antoine equations are given for both R-124 Japanese Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation and R-125. Isochoric PVT measurements and Program (JAREP). The procedures were devel- both liquid and two-phase heat capacity are oped and the cooperative program is conducted tabulated for R-123. Progress in fitting the data to by the Japan Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) Industry Association (JRAIA), in coordination with equations of state for R-125, both as part of the U.S. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration related research and the present project, is cited. Institute's (ARI's) Alternative Refrigerants Progress on a 32-term MBWR equation, based on Evaluation Program (AREP). The procedure analysis of thermal conductivity data for R-123, addresses refrigerant blends. It prescribes test also is described. conditions (evaporator, condenser, and ambient temperatures as well as superheat and K. Kim, U. C. Spindler (University of Maryland), D. subcooling) for air-conditioning and heat pump Jung (Inha University, Korea), and R. K. Raderma- applications. It also specifies test conditions cher (University of Maryland), R-22/152a Mixtures (evaporator, condenser, and ambient tempera- and Cyclopropane (R-C270) as Substitutes for tures as well as suction temperature and sub- R-12 in Single-Evaporator Refrigerators: Simu- cooling) for medium- and low-temperature ap- lation and Experiments, paper CH-93-20-2, Trans- plications. The procedure indicates test reactions (Winter Meeting, Chicago, IL, January 1993), quirements to measure input power, for the power American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and supply, for verification of blend compositions, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, for data presentation. It identifies reference data to 99(1):1439-1446, 1993 (8 pages with 4 figures and 3 be taken with R-22 or R-502, selection of tables, RDB3114) lubricants, and procedures for azeotropes. A single figure illustrates the temperatures points Y. Kiyokawa (Sanyo Electric Company, Limited, defined by the procedure. Appendices tabulate Japan), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R- thermodynamic property data for R-32/134a 32/125 (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation (30/70) and R-32/125 (60/40). NIST REFPROP Program (AREP) report 44, Air-Conditioning and version 3 is identified for data for R-125/143a Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January (45/55) and R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)]. 1993 (10 pages with 2 figures and 4 tables, available The report provides data forms to report general from JMC as RDB3844) and compressor information as well as the findings. A final table indicates the specific tests G. Lorentzen and J. Pettersen (Norgest Tekniska and refrigerants to be performed by participating Högskole, NTH, Norway), A New, Efficient and companies. They include Daikin, Hitachi, Kobe Environmentally Benign System for Car Air Steel, Mayekawa, Matsushita, Matsushita Conditioning, International Journal of Refrigeration Refrigeration, Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi (IJR), 16(1):4-12, January 1993 (9 pages, rdb5452) Heavy, Sanden, Sanyo, Sharp, and Toshiba.

R-744 (carbon dioxide), transcritical cycle N. Murata (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrig- erant Blend R-32/125/134a (30/10/60) A. Meyer (DKK Scharfenstein GmbH, Germany), Der , Alternative FCKW-frei Kühlschrank der FORON Hausgeräte Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 64, GmbH - ein Beitrag für eine bessere Umwelt [The Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), CFC-Free Refrigerator from FORON Hausgeräte Arlington, VA, June 1993 (8 pages with 1 figure and 3 GmbH - A Contribution for a Better Environment], tables, available from JMC as RDB3C64) Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, 3-4, January 1993 (2 pages, in German, rdb5715) R. K. Radermacher and D. Jung (University of Ma- ryland), Theoretical Analysis of Replacement Re- R-290, R-600a, R-290/600a (50/50), refrigerators, frigerants for R22 for Residential Uses, paper refrigerator/freezers 3654, Transactions (Winter Meeting, Chicago, IL, 23-27 January 1993), American Society of Heating, Y. Morikawa (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company Limited, Japan), Procedure and Report Page 150 Refrigerant Database

Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers K. Sakuma (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 99(1):333-343, 1993 (11 Drop-In Test of Refrigerant R-134a and Re- pages with 7 figures and 1 table, RDB4413) frigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 48, This paper examines the need for and candidate Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), replacements for R-22. The simulation programs Arlington, VA, January 1993 (28 pages with 4 figures and data used for the study are summarized. and 18 tables, available from JMC as RDB3848) Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-143a, and R-152a and J. R. Sand, E. A. Vineyard, and V. D. Baxter (Oak hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) R-124 were Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), Laboratory selected for analyses. Results are presented for Evaluation of an Ozone-Safe Nonazeotropic Re- R-32/124 (30/70), R-32/134 (30/70), R-32/134a frigerant Mixture in a Lorenz-Meutzner Refriger- (30/70), R-32/152a (40/60), R-125/152a (20/80), ator Freezer Design, paper CH-93-20-4, Transac- R-143a/124 (30/70), and R-143a/152a (10/90). tions (Winter Meeting, Chicago, IL, January 1993), Results also are provided for three ternary blends, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- investigated to reduce flammability, namely Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, R-32/152a/124 (20/20/60), R-32/152a/134 (30/- 99(1):1467-1481, 1993 (14 pages with 8 figures and 40/30), and R-32/134a/152a (40/10/50). Co- 12 tables, RDB2412) efficients of performance (COPs) are tabulated and both the COPs and seasonal performance summarizes laboratory tests of a domestic re- factors (SPFs) are plotted. Three figures illustrate frigerator-freezer (RF) incorporating a Lorenz- the cooling COPs and volumetric capacities of Meutzner circuit design with R-32/124 (15/85) to binary mixtures of R-32/124, R-32/134, increase the thermodynamic efficiency with R-32/134a, R-32/152a, R-125/124, R-125/134a, zeotropic blends: comparisons the performance to R-125/152a, R-143a/124, R-143a/134a, and reference data measured for before modification R-143a/152a as functions of composition. The to the Lorenz-Meutzner design and for the paper also reviews the design modifications modified circuit operating with R-12; describes the considered, with emphasis on concentration circuiting and component changes resulting from management, by a short distillation column, and initial testing; presents computer modeling and use of counterflow heat exchangers. The direct compressor calorimeter results for R-12 and the (refrigerant emission) and indirect (energy blend used; concludes that the modifications related) global warming impacts of selected yielded approximately 3% increase in efficiency, blends are contrasted to those with R-22 in a plot. but that modeled results and steady-state data The paper concludes that refrigerant mixtures can suggest potential for improvements of replace R-22 without loss in efficiency, and that approximately 15%; suggests that the larger, gains are possible with use of counterflow heat predicted improvements are not realized due to exchangers and capacity modification by compo- poor heat transfer and refrigerant circuiting sition shifting. Both the ozone depletion and arrangements; includes discussion by C. Weng global warming impacts can be reduced by the (Revco Scientific) and M. Kempiak (Admiral blends examined. Company)

C. K. Rice and J. R. Sand (Oak Ridge National Lab- H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial oratory, ORNL), Compressor Calorimeter Per- Company, Limited, Japan), Compressor Calorim- formance of Refrigerant Blends - Comparative eter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Methods and Results for a Refrigerator Freezer Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) Application, paper CH-93-20-3, Transactions (Win- report 36, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute ter Meeting, Chicago, IL, January 1993), American (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (12 pages with 3 Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3836) tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 99(1):- 1447-1466, 1993 (20 pages with 7 figures and 5 ta- H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial bles, RDB3115) Company, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of Re- frigerant Blend R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative Re- K. Sakaino (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 45, Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant R- Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), 134a and Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (10 pages with 1 figure Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) and 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB3845) report 42, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (34 pages with 17 performance test figures and 9 tables, available from JMC as RDB3842) Refrigerant Database Page 151

Compressor compounds tested were polytetrafluoroethylene H. Yasuda (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), (R) Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (PTFE, DuPont Teflon in commercial grade (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program sheet from Tex-O-Lon Manufacturing), Buna N (AREP) report 40, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration nitrile butadiene (NBR, Parker Seal), hydro- Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, January 1993 (12 genated NBR (HNBR, Parker Seal N1195), pages with 1 figure and 2 tables, available from JMC chloroprene (CR, Precision Rubber neoprene W), as RDB3840) and EPDM (Kirkhill Rubber). Compatibility data also are discussed for polyethylene terephthalate (R) This report summarizes calorimeter tests of R- (PET, DuPont Mylar film), polyesterimide motor wire with amide-imide overcoating, and 32/134a (30/70) in a 1-10 kW (0.3-2.8 ton) rotary, (R) rolling-piston compressor and in a 2.5-25 kW Dacron/Mylar/Dacron lead wire (Belden) as well (0.7-7.1 ton) scroll compressor using an as for molecular sieve desiccants (UOP 4A-XH-5 unidentified polyolester (POE) lubricant. The and XH-9). Miscibility is summarized for R-502 charge and lubricant quantities, motor charac- and the three zeotropes with mineral oil, teristics, and test conditions are indicated. A table alkylbenzene, and polyolester lubricants. Safety presents evaporator and condenser temperatures data are then presented including a review of and pressures along with compressor speed and inhalation toxicity, cardiac sensitization, responses discharge temperature. The capacity, input, and to spills or leaks, skin and eye contact, and efficiency are tabulated relative to an undescribed flammability. Monitors and leak detection are base performance, presumed to be that with discussed as are storage, handling, and shipping. R-22. The efficiencies and capacities are The bulletin concludes with discussion of indicated to be approximately 3-6% and 7-12% recovery, reclamation, recycling, and disposal. lower, respectively, for the rotary compressor and DuPont's product names for R-402A, R-402B, and R-404A are Suva(R) HP80, Suva(R) HP81, and 10% lower to 1% higher and 5-13% lower, (R) respectively, for the scroll compressor. A Suva HP62 respectively. [see RDB3C02 for schematic shows the calorimeter arrangement update] and instrumentation. Genetron(R) AZ-20, technical bulletin #652 (B-525- DuPont Suva® HP Refrigerant Blends: Proper- 652), AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, ties, Uses, Storage, and Handling, bulletin P-HP January 1993 and reissued May 1993 (4 pages with (H-47122), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, 3 tables, RDB3219) January 1993 (24 pages with 2 figures and 7 tables, RDB3442) This bulletin describes a patented azeotropic blend of R-32 and R-125, specifically R-32/125 This document provides extensive application (60/40), designed to replace R-22 in residential information for R-402A and R-402B, both blends air-conditioning systems. It provides physical of R-125, R-290, and R-22 - R-125/290/22 property data, in inch-pound (IP) units, including (60/2/38) and R-125/290/22 (38/2/60) respec- the chemical formula, molecular weight, atmo- tively. It also addresses R-404A, a blend of R- spheric boiling point, corresponding heat of va- 125, R-143a, and R-134a - R-125/143a/134a porization, critical parameters (temperature, (44/52/4). It reviews identifiers, the blend com- pressure, and density), flammability, and ozone positions, and potential uses. The bulletin then depletion potential. It also indicates the liquid summarizes physical properties as well as density and specific heats of the liquid and vapor flammability, environmental, and toxicity indices. at 26.7 °C (80 °F). It then presents a tabular The bulletin reviews chemical and thermal stability comparison of performance with R-22, R-32, R- data, including thermal decomposition. A table 125, and R-502. The report provides tabular provides representative data on stability with thermodynamic properties (pressure, liquid metals (copper, iron, and aluminum) based on density, vapor volume, liquid and vapor enthalpy sealed-tube tests of mixtures of R-402B with and entropy, and latent heat of vaporization) for mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS), alkylbenzene -29 to 71 °C (-20 to 160 °F). Formulae are (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150 TD), and a branched acids provided to calculate thermodynamic properties polyolester (Castrol Icematic(R) SW32) lubricants. including vapor pressure, liquid density, and ideal Results also are provided for R-404A with the gas heat capacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of state also is presented. AlliedSignal's same lubricants and a mixed acids ester (Mobil (R) EAL Arctic(R) 22). The report reviews compatibility product name for R-32/125 is Genetron AZ-20 of the refrigerant blends with R-502, noting [the composition was subsequently reformulated chemical compatibility but separation difficulty from that described in this document.] leading to a need for disposal by incineration. It then addresses compatibility with elastomers; a tabular summary is provided for five polymers with combinations of the cited lubricants and R-502, R-402B, and R-404A. The Page 152 Refrigerant Database

Genetron(R) AZ-50, technical bulletin 525-651, AI- cal and electrical properties, performance, safety IiedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, January data, leak detection methods, and effects on 1993 (4 pages with 3 tables, RDB3222) construction materials. The refrigerants addressed include R-10, R-11, R-12, R-12B1, R-12B2, R-13, This bulletin describes an azeotropic blend of R- R-13B1, R-14, R-20, R-21, R-22, R-22B1, R-23, 125 and R-143a, specifically R-125/143a (45/55), R-30, R-31, R-32, R-40, R-41, R-50, R-110, designed to replace R-502 in low-temperature R-111, R-112, R-112a, R-113, R-113a, R-114, commercial refrigeration applications. It provides R-114a, R-114B2, R-115, R-116, R-120, R-123, physical property data, in inch-pound (IP) units, R-123a, R-124, R-124a, R-125, R-133a, R-134a, including the chemical formula, molecular weight, R-140a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-150a, atmospheric boiling point, corresponding heat of R-152a, R-160, R-170, R-216ca, R-218, R-245cb, vaporization, critical parameters (temperature, R-290, R-C316, R-C317, R-C318, R-400, R-500, pressure, and density), flammability, and ozone R-501, R-502, R-503, R-504, R-505, R-506, R- depletion potential. It also indicates the liquid 600, R-600a, R-610, R-611, R-620, R-630, R-631, density and specific heats of the liquid and vapor R-702, R-704, R-717, R-718, R-720, R-728, R- at 26.7 °C (80 °F). It then presents a tabular 732, R-740, R-744, R-744A, R-764, R-1112a, R- comparison of performance with R-22 and R-502. 1113, R-1114, R-1120, R-1130, R-1132a, R-1140, The report provides tabular thermodynamic R-1141, R-1150, and R-1270. Molecular mass, properties (pressure, density, vapor volume, liquid normal (atmospheric) boiling point, freezing point, and vapor enthalpy and entropy, and latent heat critical properties (temperature, pressure, and of vaporization) for -40 to 71 °C (-40 to 160 °F). specific volume), and liquid refractive index are Formulae are provided to calculate tabulated for most of these fluids. Dielectric thermodynamic properties including vapor constants, volume resistivity, velocity of sound, pressure, liquid density, and ideal gas heat latent heat of vaporization, comparative perfor- capacity correlations. A Martin-Hou equation of mance, effects of temperature on performance, state also is presented. AlliedSignal's product and safety classifications are presented for the name for R-125/143a is Genetron(R) AZ-50 [the more common fluids. Swell data are tabulated for composition was subsequently reformulated from R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-21, R-22, R-30, that described in this document.] R-40, R-113, R-114, R-502, and R-600 for eight elastomers. They include nitrile butyl rubber (R) (Buna(TM) N), butadiene styrene (Buna(TM) S, Retrofit Guidelines for Suva HP81, document (TM) ART-15 (H-47763), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, GR-S), Butyl (GR-1), natural rubber, neoprene GN, polysulfide rubber (Thiokol(R) FA), DE, January 1993 (10 pages with 2 tables, available (R) from JMC as RDB3446) [see RDB4506 for update] fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton B), and silicone. Diffusion data are tabulated for water, R-12, and R-402B R-22 through neoprene, Buna N, synthetic rubber (DuPont Hypalon(R) 40), Butyl, Viton, polyethylene, and natural rubber. Mass density, specific heat, 1993 (month not indicated) and viscosity are plotted for water/lithium bromide solutions (for absorption cycles) as functions of the mass fraction of lithium bromide. A. Abdul-Razzak, M. Shoukri, and J-S. Chang (Mc- Master University, Canada), Literature Review on An Experimental Study of Thermal Measurement of Two-Phase Refrigerant Liquid- S. W. Crown, Performance of R-134a and Refrigerant Blends in Vapor Mass Flow Rate, interim report for 722-RP, an Air Conditioning System, PhD dissertation, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1993 (rdb4684) Ames, IA, 1993 (rdb6338) performance comparison of R-134a and refrig- refrigerant mass-flow rate, instrumentation erant to R-12 E. M. Clark (DuPont Chemicals) and M. O. McLinden F. de Rossi, R. Mastrullo (Università di Napoli (National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Frederico II", Italy), and P. Mazzei (Università degli NIST), Refrigerants, ASHRAE Handbook - Studi di Salerno, Italy), Exergetic and Thermody- Fundamentals (published in separate editions with namic Comparison of R12 and R134a as Va- inch-pound and SI metric units), American Society of pour-Compression Refrigeration Working Fluids, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, chapter 16, 16.1- 16(3):156-160, 1993 (5 pages, rdb8507) 16.10, 1993 (10 pages with 2 figures and 14 tables, RDB3A79) R-12, R-134a, efficiency, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data This chapter summarizes information on common refrigerants, including designations, physi- Refrigerant Database Page 153

R. Döring (Fachhochschule Münster, Germany), H. Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Buchwald, and C. von Eynatten (Solvay Fluor und neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1993 (rdb4A54) Derivate GmbH, Germany), Gemische aus R134a und R23, pvTx-Messungen sowie Ergebnisse measured thermodynamic properties of R-125 weiterer experimenteller und theoretischer and R-141b; thermophysical data Untersuchungen [Mixtures of R-134a and R-23, pvTx Measurements along with Results of Further T. Hozumi, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Univer- Experimental and Theoretical Investigations], DKV- sity, Japan), Ideal Gas Heat Capacities for Four Tagungsberichte, Deutscher KäIte- und Klimatech- Kinds of HFC Refrigerants, Proceedings of the nischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Re- 1993 Annual Conference, Nippon Reito Kyokai frigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Ger- [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, many, 20(II.2):65 ff, 1993 (in German, rdb8C12) Japan, 9-12, 1993 (4 pages, rdb8246)

pressure, volume, temperature, and concentration thermophysical properties data and analyses for R-23/134a blends International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry D. A. Fisher (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, (IUPAC) Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic USA) and P. M. Midgley (M&D Consulting, Abundances, Atomic Weights of the Elements Germany), The Production and Release to the 1991, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Atmosphere of CFCs 113, 114, and 115, Atmo- Data, 22(6):1571-1584, 1993 (14 pages, rdb4567) spheric Environment, 27A(2):271-276, 1993 (6 pages, RDB5503) definitive atomic weights used to calculate the molecular mass of refrigerants R-113, R-114, R-115, production and emission data M. Jelinek, N. C. Daltrophe, and I. Borde (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel), Prediction of J. Franklin, The Atmospheric Degradation and Thermophysical Properties of CFC-Free Refrig- Impact of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Hydrofluo- erants, Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Im- rocarbon 134a), Chemosphere, 27(8):1565-1601, pact (proceedings of the meetings of Commissions 1993 (37 pages, rdb65B2) B1 and B2, Ghent, Belgium 12-14 May 1993), Inter- national Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, refrigerant decomposition, atmospheric reactions 199-206, 1993 (8 pages with 6 tables, RDB5317)

B. Frehn, Propan als Arbeitsmittel für Wärme- R-32, R-124, R-134a, thermodynamic data, spe- pumpen - die beste Alternative zu R22 [Propane cific volume, enthalpy, entropy as Working Fluid for Heat Pumps - the Best Alterna- tive for R-22], Ki Klima-Kälte-Heizung, Germany, M. O. McLinden (National Institute of Standards and 10:402-405, 1993 (4 pages in German, rdb8369) Technology, NIST) and S. G. Penoncello (University of Idaho), Refrigerant Properties, ASHRAE R-290 Handbook - Fundamentals (published in separate editions with inch-pound and SI metric units), E. Granryd and Å. Melinder (Kungliga Tekniska American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Högskolan, KTH, Sweden), Köldbärare för indi- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, rekta Kyl- och Värmepumpsystem [Refrigerants for chapter 17, 17.1-17.86, 1993 (86 pages, RDB3A80) Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems], Scan Ref, Stockholm, Sweden, (6):29-34, 1993 (6 This chapter provides pressure-enthalpy (Mollier) pages, rdb5329) diagrams and tabulates thermodynamic and thermophysical properties for R-11, R-12, R-13, alternative refrigerants R-13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-32, R-50 (methane), R-113, R-114, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, T. Hackenseller and C. Jurisch, Die Untersuchung R-141b, R-142b, R-152a, R-170 (ethane), R-290 von Hochtemperatur-Kompressions-Wärme- (propane), R-500, R-502, R-503, R-600 (butane), pumpen mit dem Arbeitsmedium Wasser [Exami- R-600a (isobutane), R-702 (normal hydrogen), nation of High-Temperature Vapor-Compression R-702p (parahydrogen), R-704 (helium), R-717 Heat Pumps Using Water as the Working Fluid], (ammonia), R-718 (water/steam), R-720 (neon), Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf, R-728 (nitrogen), R-729 (air), R-732 (oxygen), Germany, 19(71), 1993 (in German, rdb5A15) R-740 (argon), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1150 (ethylene), and R-1270 (propylene). The tabular R-718 data include temperature, pressure, vapor volume, liquid density, enthalpy, entropy, specific J. C. Holste (Texas A&M University), Thermody- heat, specific heat ratio, velocity of namic Properties of Refrigerants R-125 and R- 141b, final report for 654-RP, American Society of Page 154 Refrigerant Database

sound, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and sur- V. G. Skripka et al., Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of face tension. An enthalpy-concentration diagram Binary Systems of Natural Gas Components at and tabular data for the specific volume at Low Temperatures, Gazovaja Promyslennost', saturation are presented for ammonia/water for publication date unknown - circa 1993 (in Russian, absorption cycles. Enthalpy equilibrium and rdb5716) concentration diagrams are similarly provided for water/lithium bromide solutions. thermodynamic properties, R-50, R-290, R-600a, and R-290/600a blends: thermophysical data W. M. Meylan and P. H. Howard, Computer Esti- [referenced in RDB5705] mation of the Atmospheric Gas-Phase Reaction Rate of Organic Compounds with Hydroxyl G. A. Sturrock, P. G. Simmonds, G. Nickless, and D. Radicals and Ozone, Chemosphere, 26(12):2293- Zweip, Journal of Chromatography, 648:423-431, 2299, 1993 (7 pages, rdb5960) 1993 (9 pages, rdb5212)

refrigerant decomposition, atmospheric reactions, gas chromatography of various chlorofluorocar- lifetime bons (CFCs)

P. M. Midgley (M&D Consulting, Germany) and D. A. N. Tengblad, Resultat från prov med liten luft-luft Fisher (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, värmepump med propan/gasol som köldmedium USA), The Production and Release to the Atmo- [Results from Tests on a Small Air-to-Air Heat Pump sphere of Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC 22), with Propane/Gasol as Working Medium], report Atmospheric Environment, 27A(14):2215-2223, 1993 REFR/R-93/12-Se, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (9 pages with 5 figures and 5 tables, RDB5507) [Royal Institute of Technology] (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, 1993 (in Swedish, rdb5722) R-22, production and emission data R-290 F. G. Oberender, Refrigerant and Refrigeration Oil Trends, Lubrication, Texaco Publications, R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr (Universität Han- 79(3):1-16, 1993 (16 pages, RDB6372) nover, Germany), Measurements of p,rho,T Properties in the Liquid, Near Critical and Su- lubricants percritical Regions of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and 1,1-Difluoroethane (R152a), Journal of S. G. Penoncello, R. T. Jacobsen, R. C. Williams, Chemical Thermodynamics, 25:277-292, 1993 (8 and E. W. Lemmon (University of Idaho), Compar- pages, rdb4408) isons of Equations of State for HFC-134a and HCFC-123, report for IEA HPC Annex 18 (also thermodynamic properties of R-134a and R-152a: identified as Center for Applied Thermodynamic pressure, density, temperature, thermophysical Studies, CATS, report 93-3), International Energy data Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Center (HPC), Sittard, The Netherlands, 1993 (52 pages with 55 tables, W. Wagner and A. Pruß, International Equations rdb5850) for the Saturation Properties of Ordinary Water Substance. Revised According to the Interna- R-123, R-134a, thermodynamic properties, ther- tional Temperature Scale of 1990 (Addendum to mophysical data 16:1893, 1987), Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 22(3):783-787, 1993 (5 pages, rdb- R. A. Perkins, L. J. Van Poolen, J. B. Howley, and M. 7B33) L. Huber, Thermal Conductivity of 2-Chloro- 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-124), unpublished R-718 (water), thermodynamic properties, ther- paper, National Institute of Standards and Technol- mophysical data, equation of state (EOS) ogy (NIST), Boulder, CO, 1993 (rdb3924) H-W. Xiang, Theoretical Studies on the Equations R-124, transport properties, thermophysical data of Thermophysical Properties of Fluids and (see RDB2801) Experimental Measurements of Vapor Pressure of R32 and PVTx of R32/R152a, MS thesis, Xi'an J. Pettersen and G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska Jiaotong University, China, 1993 (in Chinese, Högskole, NTH, Norway), Eine neue, effiziente und rdb8948) umweltfreundliche Pkw-Klimaanlage mit CO2 als Kältetechnik [A New Efficient and Environmentally thermodynamic properties of R-32 and R- Friendly Systems for Automobile Air Conditioning 32/152a; thermophysical data with Carbon Dioxide as the Cooling Means], Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, (3):105-111, 1993 (7 1993-1994 Research Plan, American Society of pages in German, rdb4149) Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1 January 1993 (40 R-744, carbon dioxide pages, RDB3118) Refrigerant Database Page 155

This list of prospective research subjects identifies methods; users must be able to demonstrate that 238 proposed projects, 72 designated as priority the results of alternative test procedures status. The projects are grouped into nine project employed are equivalent. Information is provided classifications, based on approved funding on the sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of each guidelines. Projects relating to refrigerants fall in method. The tests covered are for determination several of these categories, including the highest of acidity, water (moisture) by Karl Fischer priority topic, Environmentally-Safe Materials coulometric titration, high boiling residue by (CFC, etc). The research areas were proposed by volumetric and/or gravimetric measurement, visual ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, particulate residue, chloride content by silver and other committees; they were prioritized by chloride precipitation, and noncondensable gas ASHRAE's Research and Technical Committee. content by gas chromatography (GC). The The highest priority group (three stars) includes document also identifies GC procedures to research of "Thermophysical Properties of determine the purity, and for blends the Alternative Refrigerants." The next classification compositions, of R-11, R-12, R-13, R-22, R-23, includes "Cascade Refrigeration System to R-32, R-113, R-114, R-123, R-124, R-125, Replace CFC and HCFC Refrigerants Below -60 R-134a, R-143a, R-401 series blends (R- °F" [-51 °C]. The one-star priority group includes 22/152a/124), R-402 series blends (R-125/- development of "A Uniform Equation of State for 290/22), R-500, R-502, and R-503. Alternatives to CFC Refrigerants." It also includes "Dispersion of Ammonia Plumes in the Revision of the ASHRAE 'Thermophysical Prop- Atmosphere" and research to "Develop Solubility erties of Refrigerants', research project 558-RP, and Viscosity Data for Various Oil-Refrigerant American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Mixtures at High Discharge Temperatures and Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, De- Pressures." Among nonpriority projects are those cember 1987 - 1993 (ASH0558) addressing "Mixtures of Alternative Refrigerants and Lubricating Oils - Properties and Effects on The objective of this project was to update a Heat Transfer," "Develop Corrosion Data with standard reference on refrigerant properties. The Materials of Construction and New work comprised a literature search, data analysis, Refrigerant-Lubricants at Various Moisture development of empirical or semi-empirical Levels," "Develop Refrigerant-Lubricant-Desiccant property equations, and preparation of tables. The Moisture Equilibrium Data with New HFC fluids addressed included R-11, R-12, R-13, Refrigerants and Relevant Lubricants," and R-13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-50 (methane), "Measurement of R-22 and Alternative Refrigerant R-113, R-114, R-115, R-142b, R-152a, R-170 Leakage Rates from Open-Shaft Compressors." (ethane), R-290 (propane), R-C318, R-500, Further projects will examine "Double-Walled R-502, R-503, R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobu- Heat Exchangers for Class 2 Refrigerants," "Heat tane), R-702 (hydrogen), R-702p (para-hydrogen), and Mass Transfer Additives in Aqua Ammonia R-704 (helium), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), Systems," "Impacts of Lubricants on the R-720 (neon), R-728 (nitrogen), R-729 (air), Segregation of Nonazeotropic Refrigerant R-732 (oxygen), R-740 (argon), R-744 (carbon Mixtures," "Impacts of Lubricants on the dioxide), R-1150 (ethene), and R-1270 (propene). Segregation or Fractionation of Refrigerant The contractor was Purdue University, led by P. Mixtures." This plan summarizes anticipated E. Liley and P. D. Desai; it was sponsored by funding and procedures for implementing the ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.1, Refrigerants research identified; it replaces versions published and Brines. for preceding years [see RDB2426]. Specifications for Fluorocarbon and Other Re- 1992 Annual Report, Alternative Fluorocarbons frigerants, standard 700-93, Air-Conditioning and Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), Wash- Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1993 (12 ington, DC, 1993 (12 pages, RDB3609) pages with 1 table, available from ARI for $15.00, RDB4942) Analytical Procedures for ARI Standard 700-93, Appendix 93 to ARI Standard 700, Air-Conditioning This standard specifies acceptable levels of and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1993 contaminants for fluorocarbon and other refrig- (176 pages with 40 figures and 40 tables, available erants, regardless of source (new, reclaimed, from ARI for $75.00, RDB4943) and/or repackaged). It is intended for the guidance of manufacturers, refrigerant reclaimers, This document identifies definitive test proce- repackagers, distributors, installers, servicemen, dures to determine the quality of new, reclaimed, contractors, and consumers. It identifies purity and/or repackaged refrigerants for use in new and requirements and determination procedures for existing refrigeration equipment. These acceptance or rejection of refrigerants, for both procedures are identified as referee new and existing refrigeration and air-conditioning products. These refrigerants include R-

please see page 6 for ordering information Page 156 Refrigerant Database

11, R-12, R-13, R-22, R-23, R-32, R-113, R-114, available from JMC as RDB3820; table 2 contains R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, R-22/- type that is small and may be difficult to read) 152a/124 (53/13/34) [R-401A], R-22/152a/124 (61/11/28) [R-401B], R-125/290/22 (60/2/38) J. Chen and G. G. Haselden (University of Leeds, [R-402A], R-125/290/22 (38/2/60) [R-402B], R- UK), Mixed Refrigerants for Air Conditioning and 500, R-502, and R-503. It provides for charac- Heat Pumping, Proceedings of the Institute of Re- terization of refrigerants by gas chromatography frigeration, 89:3-1 - 3-10, 3 December 1992 (10 and boiling point or boiling point range. It also pages with 7 figures and 3 tables, RDB5811) addresses water (moisture), chloride, acidity, high boiling residue, particulates and solids, non- R-22/142b, zeotropic blends, performance, cost condensables, and impurities including other implications, balanced-thrust modulating float refrigerants. The standard outlines procedures of valve sampling, purity determination, and reporting. A table lists the physical properties and maximum P. R. Glamm and E. F. Keuper (The Trane Com- contaminant levels for covered refrigerants. It pany), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant R-134a and addresses the boiling point, typical isomer content Refrigerant Blends R-32/125/134a (24/16/60), (including R-113a in R-113, R-114a in R-114, R-32/134a (30/70), and R-32/125 (60/40), Alternative R-123a in R-123, R-124a in R-124, R-134 in Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 16, R-134a, and R-143 in R-143a), and the cited Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), impurities. An appendix, published separately, Arlington, VA, December 1992 (14 pages with 6 describes the test procedures to be used. tables, available from JMC as RDB3816)

J. P. Soley (Unidad Hermética, S.A., Spain), Com- pressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant R-134a, 1992 Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 23, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, December 1992 (10 pages with December 1992 6 tables, available from JMC as RDB3823)

A. Advani (Safeway Incorporated), Alternate Re- G. B. Wetzel (McQuay International, then Snyder- frigerants and Energy Savings in Supermarkets, General Corporation), Drop-In Test of Refrigerant ASHRAE Journal, 34(12):40-42, December 1992 (3 Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants pages with 4 figures, RDB3224) Evaluation Program (AREP) report 27, Air-Condi- tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, alternative refrigerants, commercial refrigeration VA, December 1992 (14 pages with 7 tables, available from JMC as RDB3827) An Experimental Investigation of Flow J. Barnhart, Pilot Survey of Refrigerant Use and Emissions Patterns and Liquid Entrainment in a Horizontal from Retail Food Stores, research project 691-RP, Tube Evaporator, PhD thesis (Department of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Mechanical Engineering), University of Illinois, Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, December 1992 (rdb3B49) September 1991 - December 1992 (ASH0691)

R. E. Cawley (The Trane Company), Compressor The contractor for the project was the Radian Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/- Corporation, led by T. J. Nelson; it was sponsored 125/134a (30/10/60), Alternative Refrigerants by the ASHRAE Task Group on Halocarbon Evaluation Program (AREP) report 19, Air-Condi- Emissions tioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 4 December 1992 (14 pages with 8 figures and 2 Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants 125 tables, available from JMC as RDB3819; table 2 and 141b, research project 654-RP, American So- contains type that is small and may be difficult to ciety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning read) Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1990 - December 1992 (ASH0654) performance test for R-407 series blend This study determined the liquid densities, vapor R. E. Cawley (The Trane Company), Compressor densities, vapor pressures, PVT properties, en- Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a thalpy, entropy, specific heat, and sound velocities (25/75), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program of R-125. Vapor specific heat and PVT were (AREP) report 20, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration determined for R-141b. Critical temperatures and Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 4 December 1992 (14 pressures also were determined for each pages with 8 figures and 2 tables, substance. The contractor for the project was Texas A&M University led by J. C. Holste; it was Refrigerant Database Page 157

sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.1, bricants. It also references documents addressing Refrigerants and Brines. compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with metals, plastics, elastomers, motor insulation, and other materials used in refrigerant circuits. The November 1992 database is available in a computerized version, to facilitate searches for specific information, and J. Allcott (McQuay International, then McQuay Re- as a listing in report form. Ordering instructions for frigeration of SnyderGeneral Corporation, UK), both versions of the database, as well as for HFC-134a and Centrifugal Compressors, CFC documents and software cited in it, are included. Alternatives: User Experience and Update, Institution of Mechanical Engineers and The Institute of N. E. Carpenter (ICI Chemicals and Polymers, Lim- Refrigeration, London, UK, 11 November 1992 (9 ited), An Overview: Options for the Supply of Al- pages with 4 figures and 5 tables, RDB3336) ternative Refrigerants, CFC Alternatives: User Ex- perience and Update, Institution of Mechanical En- R-134a gineers and The Institute of Refrigeration, London, UK, 11 November 1992 (12 pages with 9 tables, RDB3329) M. Buschmeier, W. Künstler, G. Herres, and D. Gorenflo (Universität Paderborn, Germany), Phas- engleichgewicht und Dichte der Stoffsysteme J. L. Cox (Rheem Manufacturing Company), Drop in R22/R142b sowie R227/R123 [Phase Equilibria and Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (25/75), Densities of R-22/142b and R-227ea/123 Blends], Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) DKV-Tagungsberichte (Bremen, Germany, Novem- report 25, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute ber 1992), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer (ARI), Arlington, VA, November 1992 (6 pages with 3 Verein (DKV, German Association of Refrigeration tables, available from JMC as RDB3825) and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 19:99-120, 1992 (rdb5494) S. C. Ericson, S. K. Chaturvedi, S. Boregowda (U.S. Navy), Prediction of Refrigerant Properties and thermodynamic properties of R-22/142b and R- Heat Pump Cycle Thermal Performance Using 227ea/123 (identified in the paper as R-227/123): Several Equations of State, Recent Research in equation of state (EOS); thermophysical data Heat Pump Design, Analysis, and Application (Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 8 November 1992), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), D. J. G. Butler (Building Research Establishment, AES-28:53-60, 1992 (8 pages, rdb7366) UK), Summary of Trials with New Refrigerants in Air Conditioning, CFC Alternatives: User Experi- presents a methodology, employing several ence and Update, Institution of Mechanical Engi- equations of state (EOSs), for performance neers and The Institute of Refrigeration, London, UK, analysis of vapor-compression cycles for heat 11 November 1992 (10 pages with 2 figures and 3 pumps: discusses five approaches employing the tables, RDB3334) Redlich-Kwong (RK), Peng-Robinson (PR), and Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) EOSs to alternative refrigerants, performance predict thermodynamic properties for R-22 and R-152a; concludes that use of the PR EOS and J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant the Reidel equation for vapor pressure yields the Database, report DOE/CE/23810-4E, Air-Condi- best results while calculations with the RK equa- tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute tion deviated the most from published property (ARTI), Arlington, VA, November 1992 (94 pages, data, especially for liquid properties; describes a available from JMC as RDB2B04) computational procedure to analyze a basic heat pump cycle This superseded document provides bibliographic citations for 530 publications that may be useful H. T. Haukås (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, in research and design of air-conditioning and Norway), Practical Performance of Alternatives to refrigeration equipment. Abstracts that emphasize R-12 and R-502 in Refrigerators and Freezers, the content, materials addressed, and key CFC Alternatives: User Experience and Update, In- conclusions are provided for approximately half of stitution of Mechanical Engineers and The Institute of these documents. The database identifies Refrigeration, London, UK, 11 November 1992 (7 sources of specific information on R-32, R-123, pages with 9 figures and 2 tables, RDB3333) R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, R-245ca, R-290 (propane), R. D. Heap (Shipowners Refrigerated Cargo Re- R-600 (butane), R-717 (ammonia), ethers, and search Association, UK), Practical Application of others as well as azeotropic and zeotropic blends Alternative Refrigerants in Refrigerated Trans- of these fluids. It addresses mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), ester, and other lu- Page 158 Refrigerant Database

port, CFC Alternatives: User Experience and Up- then discusses selection criteria for lubricants, date, Institution of Mechanical Engineers and The both for new equipment and retrofit; two tables Institute of Refrigeration, London, UK, 11 November summarize the lubricants selected. The paper 1992 (7 pages with 3 tables, RDB3332) then addresses fractionation. A figure illustrates the change in composition and a table lists the H. Jürgensen (AEG Hausgeräte AG, Germany), effects on pressure, capacity, efficiency, and Messungen an Haushaltskühlgeräten mit brenn- discharge temperature with HP62, as a vapor leak baren Kältemitteln [Measurements of Residential progresses. Another table gives the composition Refrigerators with Flammable Refrigerants], pre- changes, capacity and efficiency ratios, and sentation charts, DKV Jahrestagung [DKV Annual discharge temperature differences at compressor Meeting] (Bremen, Germany, 17 November 1992), inlet for a near azeotrope. A final table, indicates Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, the change in composition for four blends for German Association of Refrigeration and Air- liquid removal from a tank from 90 to 10% full. Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 1992 (18 pages, in German, RDB3109) J. Wang, Z-G. Liu, L-C. Tan, and J-M. Yin (Xi'an Jiaotong University, China), Measurements of the R-290, propane, R-600, butane, R-601, isobu- Vapor-Liquid Coexistence Curve in the Critical tane, hydrocarbon blends Region for Refrigerant Mixture R152a/R22, Pre- prints of the 11th Symposium on Thermophysical M. A. Palmer (W. S. Atkins Limited, UK), Better Properties (Boulder, CO, 23-27 June 1991), Ameri- Ways of Using Ammonia, CFC Alternatives: User can Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New Experience and Update, Institution of Mechanical York, NY, 1991; republished in Fluid Phase Equilibria, Engineers and The Institute of Refrigeration, London, 80(4):203-211, 30 November 1992 (9 pages, UK, 11 November 1992 (4 pages with 4 figures, rdb8961) RDB3335) measurements of the vapor-liquid coexistence S. G. Sundaresan (Copeland Corporation), Aspects curve in the critical region for R-22/152a (20/80), of Lubrication, Fractionation, and Reliability of (50/50), and (80/20) by observation of meniscus Compressors with New Refrigerants for disappearance at the vapor-liquid interface within Commercial Refrigeration, CFC Alternatives: User an optical cell: reports 31 data points for saturated Experience and Update, Institution of Mechanical vapor and liquid in the critical region at 99-112 °C Engineers and The Institute of Refrigeration, London, (210-233 °F); determines the critical temperatures UK, 11 November 1992 (12 pages with 1 figure and and densities and critical locus of 7 tables, available from JMC as RDB3330) temperature-density; correlates the critical temperature and density to composition This paper presents findings of an evaluation of R-22/152a blends candidate refrigerants to replace R-12 and R-502 in commercial refrigeration. The R-12 alternatives DuPont HFC-134a: Properties, Uses, Storage, and discussed include R-134a, R-22/152a/124 Handling, bulletin P134a (H-45945), DuPont (52/15/33) (a developmental version of DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, November 1992 (32 Suva(R) MP39), and R-22/152a/124 (60/13/27) (a pages with 10 figures and 20 tables, available from developmental version of Suva MP66). The JMC as RDB3439) R-502 alternatives include R-143a/22 (composition unspecified, a developmental version This document provides extensive application Atochem Forane(R) FX10), R-32/125/143a (10/- information for R-134a. It reviews identifiers and 45/45) (a developmental version of Forane FX40), potential uses, shows an infrared spectrum for R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4) marketed as laboratory analyses, compares theoretical per- Forane FX70 and as Suva HP62], R-402A formance to R-12, and summarizes physical [R-125/290/22 (60/2/38) marketed as Suva properties as well as flammability, environmental, HP80], R-290/22/218 (6/55/39) (a developmental and toxicity indices. Plots of solubility in water, version of Rhône-Poulenc Isceon 69L), pressure-temperature relationships, and vapor R-32/125/134a (30/40/30) (a developmental thermal conductivity are included. Pres- version of ICI Klea(R) 60), and R-125/143a (45/55) sure-enthalpy diagrams, in both inch-pound (IP) (a developmental version of AlliedSignal and metric (SI) units, are provided. The bulletin Genetron(R) AZ-50). The lubricants addressed reviews chemical and thermal stability data, in- include formulated alkylbenzene and polyolesters, cluding thermal decomposition, stability with though only the latter was considered for the metals and refrigeration lubricants, stability with chlorine-free refrigerants. The paper discusses foam chemicals, and concerns if mixed with R-12. and tabulates environmental and performance It then addresses compatibility with plastics, data for the refrigerant candidates. It elastomers, desiccants, and refrigeration lubricants. A table summarizes compatibility with Refrigerant Database Page 159

plastics including ABS polymer (Kralastic(R)), the European Committee of Manufacturers of acetal (DuPont Delrin(R)), acrylic (Lucite(R)), cell- Refrigeration Equipment (CECOMAF) and the ulosic (Ethocel(R)), epoxy, polytetrafluoroethylene Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). EPRI is (PTFE, DuPont Teflon(R)), ETFE (Tefzel(R)), PVDF, funding, coordinating, and managing the heat ionomer (Surlyn(R)), nylon 6/6 polyamide (DuPont transfer segment, an integral part of the program. Zytel(R)), polyarylate (Arylon(R)), polycarbonate The document identifies the nomination process (Tuffak(R)), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT, GE and resultant candidate refrigerants, which have Valox(R)), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, changed since the prior version of this document. DuPont Rynite(R)), polyetherimide (GE Ultem(R)), They include R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a (30/- polyethylene-HD (Alathon(R)), polyphenylene 70), R-32/125/134a (10/70/20), R-290 (propane), oxide (PPE, GE Noryl(R)), polyphenylene sulfide R-134a, R-717 (ammonia), R32/125/290/134a (Ryton(R)), polypropylene, polystyrene (Styron(R)), (20/55/5/20), R-32/125/134a (30/10/60), R-32/- polysulfone (Polysufone(R)), and polyvinyl chloride 134a (25/75), R-32/227ea (35/65), R-125/143a (PVC and CPVC). Tabular summaries also are (45/55), R-404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)], and provided for R-134a compatibility with a urethane R-32/125/143a (10/45/45). The last three are of rubber (Uniroyal Adiprene(R) L), Buna N, Buna S, primary interest as potential replacements for R- butyl rubber, synthetic rubber (DuPont Hypalon(R) 502. Procedures and conditions for compressor 48), natural rubber, neoprene W, hydrocarbon calorimeter and heat transfer test are specified for rubber (DuPont Nordel(R)), silicone rubber, poly- participants. Results of the work will be dis- sulfide rubber (Thiokol(R) FA), and fluoroelastomer seminated via the Refrigerant Database. Related (DuPont Viton(R) A). These summaries indicate research on toxicity and environmental as- changes in length, weight, Shore A hardness, sessments of the candidate fluids and compo- elasticity, and appearance after exposures at 25 nents will be coordinated and shared. Appendices and 80 °C (77 and 176 °F). A table summarizes to this program handbook identify committee permeation through elastomeric hoses made of members, participation commitments, international nylon, Hypalon 48, and two nitriles with identified organizations conducting similar research, and liners, reinforcement, and covers. Solubility data pertinent combinations of refrigerants and heat are provided for R-134a in unidentified naphthenic exchanger types. This handbook prescribes mineral oil, dialkylbenzene, alkylbenzene, common terminology and definitions to be used as polyalkylene glycol (PAG), and ester lubricants. well as formats and contents to be provided for the Safety data are then presented including a review program. of inhalation toxicity, cardiac sensitization, responses to spills or leaks, and skin and eye Retrofit Guidelines for Suva(R) HP80, document contact. Flammability data and recommended ART-9 (H-45947), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, practices for leak testing, bulk delivery, storage, DE, November 1992 (8 pages with 1 table, available charging, and recovery are reviewed. Monitors from JMC as RDB3445) [see RDB4506 for update] and leak detection are discussed as are storage, handling, and shipping. The bulletin concludes R-402A with discussion of recovery, reclamation, recycling, and disposal. October 1992 Participants' Handbook: R-22 Alternative Re- R. G. Doerr and S. A. Kujak (The Trane Company), frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP ), Air-Con- Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with ditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Motor Materials, report DOE/CE/23810-4B, VA, 2 November 1992 (44 pages, available from Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- JMC as RDB2B03) stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1992 (36 pages with 43 tables, available from JMC as RDB- This document outlines an ARI program to eval- 2B01) uate candidate alternatives for R-22 and R-502, the latter an azeotrope of R-22 and R-115, for unitary air conditioners, heat pumps, chillers, This interim report summarizes progress to pro- refrigeration equipment, and ice-making ma- vide compatibility information for motor materials chines. This cooperative program seeks to ac- (for hermetic compressors) in refrigerants and celerate introduction of alternatives by focusing refrigerant-lubricant combinations. Tabular research efforts and avoiding duplicative work. findings are reported for exposures to R-22, R- The document outlines the AREP organization, 123, R-124, R-134, R-134a, R-142b, and R-152a including is Task Force (chaired by D. M. Gold- at 90 °C (194 °F); to R-32, R-125, and R-143a at berg), Technical Committee (chaired by E. B. 60 °C (140 °F); and to nitrogen (R-728) at both Muir), and Heat Transfer Subcommittee. It temperatures, as a reference. Tests of dielectric identifies cooperating organization, including strength, burnout resistance, and bond strength Page 160 Refrigerant Database

have not been completed yet for R-134; future with 17 figures and 95 tables including addendum 1, tests are planned for R-245ca. Data are provided available from JMC as RDB2A12) both after 500 hour exposures and after a subsequent air bake for 24 hours at 150 °C (302 This superseded interim report summarizes swell °F), to remove absorbed refrigerant. Bond measurements for 95 elastomers in refrigerants strength, burnout resistance, and dielectric and lubricants. Swell behavior was determined strength are compared to the unexposed values using weight and in situ diameter measurements for three magnet wires, both uncoated and pre- for the refrigerants and diameter and thickness pared with six varnishes. The wire specimens measurements for the lubricants. The refrigerants included an ester base with amide-imide overcoat include both hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs (Phelps Dodge Armored Poly-Thermaleze 2000), R-22, R-123, R-124, and R-142b) and Dacron(R)/glass served wire (Phelps Dodge hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs R-32, R-125, R-134, Armored Poly-Thermaleze Daglass 2000), and R-134a, R-143a, R-152a). The lubricants include a ester-imide overcoated with amideimide (Phelps mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS), alkylbenzene Dodge/Schenectady Chemical). The varnishes (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150), and three polyalkylene tested include two solvent epoxies (P. D. George glycols (PAGs), namely a polypropylene glycol Sterling(R) U-475 EH and 923), a solvent epoxy butyl monoether (ICI Emkarox(R)), a polypropylene phenolic (Sterling(R) Y-390 PG), 93% solids epoxy glycol diol (Dow P425), and a modified polyglycol (Sterling(R) ER-610), and 100% solids VPI epoxy (AlliedSignal BRL-150). Two polyolester (POE) (Sterling(R) Y-833), and water-borne epoxy lubricants also are included, namely a (Schenectady Isopoxy(R) 800). Weight change pentaerythritol ester branched acid (Henkel also is reported for exposed disks of the six Emery(R) 2927-A) and a pentaerythritol ester mixed varnishes. Weight, tensile strength, elongation, acid (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, formerly RL 244). and dielectric strength are compared to Appropriately cured elastomers, encompassing unexposed values for six sheet insulations both general purpose and specialty rubbers, were (Westinghouse Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(R), Westing- tested. Gum and black-filled compounds were house Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R), DuPont Mylar(R) included, as were some thermoplastic elastomers MO, DuPont Nomex(R) 410, DuPont Nomex(R) (TPEs). A series of figures summarize the Mica 418, and ICI Melinex(R) 228). Weight change diameter changes. Swell data also are tabulated, is tabulated for Insulations Sales Nomex(R), for exposures of 1, 3, and 14 days; weight change Mylar(R), and Nomex-Mylar(R) spiral-wrapped is tabulated after 14 days. The elastomers tested sleeving insulation. Changes in weight and include polyisoprene, neoprene, butyl, bromobutyl, dielectric strength are presented for A. O. Smith SBR/styrene, nitrile, hydrogenated nitrile, Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R) and Dacron-Teflon- fluoroelastomer, fluorochloroelastomer, epichloro- Dacron(R) lead wire insulations. Weight and hydrin (homopolymer, ethylene oxide copolymer, breaking load changes are supplied for woven and terpolymers), dimethyl silicone rubber, glass tape (Carolina Narrow), heat shrinkable methylphenylvinylsilozane rubber, silicone rubber, braided polyester tape (Electrolock), glass-acrylic fluorosilicone, EPDM/PP/TPE, nitrile/PP/TPR, tape (Essex Permacel P247), and polyester tie chlorosulfonated polyethylene, ethylene/propylene cord (Ludlow Textiles). A final table compares gas copolymer (EPM), ethylene/acrylic elastomer, chromatographic analyses of the refrigerants chlorinated polyethylene, EPDM, butyl rubber, before and after 500 hr exposures. The report chloroprene, and ACN compound. The test concludes that R-123 exhibited higher absorption methodology and apparatus are described in an and extraction than the other refrigerants tested. appendix. The report indicates that filled The most severe effect of refrigerants on motor compositions swelled less than corresponding materials was caused by high absorption followed unfilled ones in all cases. R-123 generally resulted by rapid desorption at higher temperatures. R-22 in the greatest swelling, but EPDM/PP/TPE, butyl caused the most damage in this case; based on rubber/PP TPE, and several vendor-supplied the excellent reliability history of this refrigerant compositions swelled little in this refrigerant. with many of the materials tested, compatibility R-134 and R-134a caused much less swelling in with the other refrigerants is highly probable. Final general, with the exception of with judgments should be postponed until studies are fluoroelastomers and fluorosilicone elastomers. completed for the refrigerant-lubricant mixtures. Some vendor compositions are identified that resisted swelling in all refrigerants and lubricants G. R. Hamed and R. H. Seiple (University of Akron), tested. R-143a, the least acidic of the refrigerants Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with tested, gave the least swelling overall. Some Elastomers, report DOE/CE/23810-4C, Air- compositions shrunk, suggesting that the swellant Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute was re- (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1992 (148 pages Refrigerant Database Page 161

moving a component, probably plasticizer, from determined with a vibrating-tube apparatus and the elastomer. extrapolations, also are plotted. Deviations to measured data, generally within ±0.1% are plotted G. C. Hourahan and S. R. Szymurski, Materials and skeleton density data are tabulated. PVT and Compatibility and Lubricants Research on CFC- experimental liquid heat capacity data are Refrigerant Substitutes, report DOE/CE/23810-4, tabulated for the 284-340 K (51-153 °F). Transient Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- hot-wire measurements of thermal conductivity for stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, October 1992 (16 pages 300-340 K (80-160 °F) are presented and viscosity with 10 tables, available from JMC as RDB2B02) measurements are described. A virial equation and coefficients for the ideal-gas heat capacity of This progress report summarizes the goals and R-124 is summarized. The speed of sound, status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant ideal-gas heat capacity, and acoustic virial Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under coefficients are tabulated for R-125 for 250-400 K a grant from the Department of Energy and cost (-10 to 260 °F). Pressure-temperature and molar sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration heat capacity data are plotted and PVT and heat industry. The 36-month program supports critical capacity data are tabulated for R-125. Finally, research to accelerate introduction of substitutes thermal conductivity data are tabulated for R-123, for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. The based on transient hot-wire measurements. program comprises projects to measure Further data are summarized in four appended thermophysical properties, model the draft papers entitled Coexisting Densities, Vapor performance and key operating parameters of Pressures, and Critical Densities of Refrigerants nine potential alternatives for R-22, test the R-32 and R-152a at 300 to 385 K; Coexisting chemical and thermal stability of refrig- Densities and Vapor Pressures of Refrigerants erant-lubricant mixtures with metals, and measure R-22, R-134a, and R-124 at 300 to 395 K; Critical the miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants. Three Densities and Coexisting Density Data: projects are providing information on the Application to Refrigerants R-22, R-134a, and compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with R-124; and Measurements of the Viscosities of motor materials, elastomers, and engineering Saturated and Compressed Fluid plastics. An eighth project collects and facilitates 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-124) and dissemination of data through development and Pentafluoroethane (R-125) at Temperatures administration of a refrigerant database. The Between 120 and 420 K. second phase of the project commenced in October 1992 and will continue through M. B. Pate, S. C. Zoz, and L. J. Berkenbosch (Iowa September 1994. The scope of the program, State University of Science and Technology), Mis- objectives of the individual projects, and cibility of Lubricants with Refrigerants (Phase I), significant interim findings are presented. This report DOE/CE/23810-6, Air-Conditioning and Re- program summary also identifies reports resulting frigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, from the individual projects, including three new October 1992 (64 pages with 1 figure and 82 tables, final reports on Theoretical Evaluations of R-22 available from JMC as RDB3503) Alternative Fluids, Chemical and Thermal Stability of Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures with Metals, and This report summarizes the data obtained from an Miscibility of Lubricants with Refrigerants. Ten investigation of miscibility of lubricants with tables summarize the miscibility of alternative refrigerants. Experiments are being performed in refrigerants in seven tested lubricants. two phases, namely screening tests and preparation of miscibility plots. Qualitative mis- R. F. Kayser (National Institute of Standards and cibility observations are tabulated for R-32, R-125, Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties, R-134, R-134a, R-142b, and R-143a with four report DOE/CE/23810-4A, Air-Conditioning and lubricants. They include two pentaerythritol esters, a mixed acid (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, formerly Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, (R) VA, October 1992 (222 pages, including a 104-page RL 244) and a branched acid (Castrol Icematic report with 8 figures and 23 tables, and 4 appended SW32), and for two polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), draft papers, available from JMC as RDB2C01) a polypropylene glycol diol (Dow P425) and a polypropylene glycol butyl monoether (ICI (R) This progress report provides an update on a Emkarox VG32). These tests were performed project to provide highly accurate, selected for three lubricant concentrations over a thermophysical properties data for R-32, R-123, temperature range of -50 to 60 °C (-58 to 140 °F) R-124, and R-125. Pressure-temperature and for R-32, R-125, R-134, and R-143a. The range density-pressure relations are plotted for R-32 was extended to 90 °C (194 °F) for R-134a and based on measurements using a Burnett appa- R-142b. R-22, R-123, R-124, and R-152a will be ratus. Pressure-volume-temperature relations, tested later. The refrigerant concentrations varied due to the method of charg- Page 162 Refrigerant Database

ing the test cells, but future tests will provide data was Pennsylvania State University, led by R. L. at nominal concentrations of 10, 50, and 95% by Webb and C. Pais; it was sponsored by ASHRAE weight for all of the combinations. Composition Technical Committee 8.5, Liquid to Refrigerant changes as the density of the vapor decreases Heat Exchangers. [see RDB2404 and RDB2405 and the vapor volume increases are discussed. for findings] Minor problems with leakage and corrections are described. Summary observations are provided Measurement of Solubility, Viscosity, and Density for each refrigerant-lubricant combination. of Synthetic Lubricants in HFC-134a Mixtures, research project 716-RP, American Society of N. D. Smith, Thermophysical Properties of HFC- Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- 236ea, Environmental Research Brief EPA-600/S- gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1991 92-066, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -October 1992 (ASH0716) (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1992 (5 pages with 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB- This project involved measurement of physical 3403) property data for solutions of R-134a with miscible and partially miscible synthetic lubricants. It This synopsis summarizes properties of R-236ea specifically addressed gas solubility (refrigerant (1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane), a potential al- concentration), density, and viscosity of R- ternative for R-114. It notes that the thermo- 134a/lubricant mixtures. The pressures and physical properties of the fluids closely match, temperatures for these determinations ranged and that modeling indicates acceptable perfor- from 70 to 3450 kPa (10-500 psia) and -25 to 125 mance. The efficiency of R-236ea is indicated as °C (-13 to 257 °F). The contractor for the project within 1% of that of R-114. Tables, in both was Imagination Resources, Incorporated (IRI), inch-pound (IP) and metric (SI) units provide the led by R. C. Cavestri; it was sponsored by freezing and boiling points, critical properties, Technical Committees 3.4, Lubrication, and 8.1, heat of vaporization, and liquid specific heat ca- Positive Displacement Compressors. pacity. Measured liquid densities are given at eight temperatures from 2-95 °C (35-202 °F) and Pressure-Enthalpy Graphs for the Alternative vapor pressures for -14 to 141 °C (8-286 °F). Refrigerants R-32, R-123, R-125, R-134a, and R- Calculated liquid and vapor density as well as 141b, research project 743-RP, American Society of heat of vaporization are tabulated for -14 to 141 Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- °C (8-286 °F) and the equations used are gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April 1992 - October provided. The ideal gas heat capacity is similarly 1992 (ASH0743) provided for 27-327 °C (80-620 °F). The methods used and estimated accuracy are indicated. The contractor for the project was the University of Idaho, led by S. G. Penoncello; it was spon- Heat Pumps, An Opportunity for Reducing the sored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.1, Greenhouse Effect, report HPC-BR1, International Refrigerants and Brines. Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Centre (HPC), Sittard, The Netherlands, October 1992 (12 pages, Refrigerant R-176, information packet, Arctic Chill, available from the HPC, RDB3724) Incorporated, Sterling, VA, October 1992 (30 pages, available from JMC as RDB2A20) global warming, greenhouse gases, environmental impact This set of documents includes product data on R-22/12/142b (25/15/60), a zeotropic ternary Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in a Finned-Tube blend, marketed as "R-176" [this designation does Flooded Evaporator, research project 392-RP, not conform to the numbering system in ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Standard 34-1992]. The data include limited Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, physical, thermodynamic, and flammability phases I and II: January 1986 - January 1989, phase properties as well as descriptions, measured III: September 1989 - October 1992 (ASH0392) results, and testimonials from field retrofits. The documents also provide general information on The objective of this project was to develop data the environmental impacts of refrigerants as well to improve designs of flooded evaporators. Heat as recommended retrofit procedures to use transfer coefficients were measured for different "R-176". finned-tube geometries. The first two phases entailed a literature search and addressed Suva(R) 123 (Suva Centri-LP, HCFC-123) in modeling and simulation, respectively. Phase III Chillers, document ART-2 (H-42443), DuPont collected and analyzed data on pool and Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, October 1992 (8 pages forced-convection boiling. The contractor with 6 tables, available from JMC as RDB4504) Refrigerant Database Page 163

This bulletin discusses use of R-123 in new and with measurements of machine room concen- retrofit chillers. It briefly introduces R-123 as one trations. Typical concentrations of 1 ppm - even of the alternatives to replace chlorofluorocarbon during refrigerant removal and recharging - are (CFC) refrigerants. A table compares the boiling indicated, with spikes of approximately 8 ppm point, flammability, exposure limit, ozone when making or breaking hose connections. Two depletion potential (ODP), and halocarbon global other machines at the same site were converted in warming potential (HGWP) for R-11 and R-123. May/June 1990. The second case history involved The bulletin identifies general considerations for conversion of a 3517 kW (1000 ton), Carrier chiller chiller conversions, indicating that alternative in February 1988. Tests showed 18% loss in refrigerants cannot simply be "dropped into" capacity, restored with replacement of the systems designed for CFCs. Comparative ranges impellers at a tradeoff of 13% in efficiency. are provided for capacity, coefficient of Measured exposure levels of 1-2 ppm are noted, performance (COP), evaporator and condenser with spikes as high as 20 ppm during pressures, and discharge temperature for R-123 maintenance. A 2110 kW (600 ton), Trane relative to R-11. The usual changes in capacity hermetic chiller conversion in October 1990 also is and COP are indicated as -5 to -20% and 0 to summarized. Although field data were not then -5%, respectively. The bulletin then outlines available, the capacity was predicted to remain chemical compatibility considerations, and unchanged and the efficiency to drop slightly. illustrates differences with a table comparing R-11 Normal machine room concentrations of 1-2 ppm and R-123 compatibility with plastics, after were found. DuPont's product names for R-123 in (R) (R) exposures at 24 and 54 °C (75 and 130 °F). They chillers are Suva 123 and Suva Centri-LP. include linear polyethylene (DuPont Alathon(R) 7150), polypropylene (Alathon(R) 9140), acetal Suva(R) 134a (Suva Cold MP, HFC-134a) in resin (DuPont Delrin(R)), ABS polymer (USS Chillers, document ART-3 (H-42444), DuPont Chemicals Krylastic(R)), polycarbonate (General Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, October 1992 (6 pages Electric Lexan(R)), methyl-methacrylate (DuPont with 5 tables, RDB3443) Lucite(R)), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (Dow Chemical Styron(R)), fluoropolymer resin This bulletin discusses use of R-134a in new and (DuPont Teflon(R) TFE), and nylon (DuPont Zytel(R) retrofit chillers. It briefly introduces R-134a as one 101). A separate table provides compatibility data of the alternatives to replace chlorofluorocarbon with elastomers, including urethane (Uniroyal (CFC) refrigerants. A table compares the boiling Adiprene(R) C), hydrocarbon rubber (DuPont point, flammability, exposure limit, ozone depletion Nordel(R)), natural rubber, butyl rubber, Buna N potential (ODP), and halocarbon global warming and S, neoprene W, fluoroelastomer (DuPont potential (HGWP) for R-12 and R-134a. The Viton(R) A), polysulfide (Morton Thiokol(R) FA), bulletin identifies general considerations for chiller silicone, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene conversions, indicating that alternative refrigerants (DuPont Hypalon(R) 48). The bulletin also cannot simply be "dropped into" systems designed discusses lubricants, noting that those currently for CFCs. Comparative ranges are provided for used with R-11 are fully miscible with R-123 for capacity, coefficient of performance (COP), expected conditions. It cites stability tests with evaporator and condenser pressures, and metals, including steel 1010, copper, and discharge temperature for R-134a relative to R-12. aluminum; the tabulated findings show that R-123 The usual changes in capacity and COP are is more stable than R-11. The bulletin then indicated as -10 to +2% and -8 to +2%, reviews recommended handling and operating respectively. The bulletin then outlines and procedures, specifically addressing storage, tabulates chemical compatibility considerations, charging, maintenance, sampling, leaks, and and illustrates differences with a table comparing spills. The bulletin outlines factors for chiller R-12 and R-134a compatibility with elastomers retrofit from R-11 to R-123. It notes that after exposures at 25 and 80 °C (77 and 176 °F). requirements may range from a minimum effort, They include urethane (Uniroyal Adiprene(R) C), such as lubricant replacement, to significant Buna N and S, butyl rubber, chlorosulfonated changes, such as replacing gears, impellers, or polyethylene (DuPont Hypalon(R) 48), natural rub- materials of construction. The document then ber, neoprene W, hydrocarbon rubber (DuPont describes a retrofit program, with major equipment Nordel(R)), silicone, polysulfide (Morton Thiokol(R) manufacturers, to convert DuPont's large chillers FA), and fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton(R) A). The from CFCs to alternative refrigerants. It reviews bulletin also discusses lubricants and contrasts field experience with three case histories, the first polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and polyolester (POE) involving retrofit of a 1670 kW (475 ton), York synthetics to mineral oils (MO). A table indicates open-drive chiller converted to R-123 in the temperature ranges from -50 to 93 °C (-58 to September 1988. Monitoring and refrigerant and 200 °F) for solubility of R-134a in lubricant sampling are described, along Page 164 Refrigerant Database

naphthenic and paraffinic MO, alkylbenzene and ence (Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible dialkylbenzene, two PAGs, and four POEs. The CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 83-98, September 1992 bulletin outlines factors for chiller retrofit from R-12 (16 pages with 5 figures and 1 table, RDB2A04) and R-500 to R-134a. It notes that requirements may range from a minimum effort, such as J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant lubricant replacement, to significant changes, Database, Proceedings of the International CFC and such as replacing gears, impellers, or materials of Halon Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), construction. The document describes a retrofit Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, program, with major equipment manufacturers, to 55-72, September 1992 (8 pages with 4 figures, convert DuPont's large chillers from CFCs to available from JMC as RDB2907) alternative refrigerants. It then reviews field experience with a 2462 kW (700 ton) York This paper reviews the history of the Refrigerant International TurboPak(R) centrifugal chiller, Database, including initial efforts by the Air- converted to R-134a and an unidentified 300 SUS Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) and PAG lubricant in November 1989. Subsequent National Institute of Standards and Technology inspections and a second retrofitting of the drive (NIST). The database currently is sponsored by gear, in the spring of 1990, are described, the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology indicating satisfactory operation with a decrease in Institute (ARTI), as part of the Materials efficiency of up to 7% and an increase in capacity Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) of up to 9%. The document also discusses Program, under a grant from the U.S. Department conversion of a Carrier open drive, R-12 chiller of Energy (DOE). The paper outlines the contents rated at 4224 kW (1200 ton) to R-134a with a and focus of the database, and describes the PAG in December 1990; the gear set was search and retrieval functions available in a changed in the spring of 1991. A maintenance computerized version. Sample searches are problem with the lubricant oil pump and slight illustrated along with the results obtained. Options wear in the compressor journal bearings were to specify search terms are summarized; they found. While the cause was not ascertained, the include topical prompts, combinations of search lubricant was changed to a POE, indicated as less criteria (using Boolean logical operators), and sensitive to residual chlorides. A third case history chained searches to refine or broaden earlier involved a 10,560 kW (3000 ton) open drive, York searches. The procedures to obtain the database R-500 chiller with naphthenic MO. It was and documents cited by it are indicated. converted to R-134a with a POE in April 1991; preliminary testing confirmed that a gear change T. W. Dekleva, R. Yost (ICI Americas, Incorporated), was not needed. The bulletin mentions flushing S. Corr, R. D. Gregson, G. Tompsett (ICI Chemicals with R-11 for the first two retrofits and with POE and Polymers, Limited), T. Nishizawa, and Y. Obata for the third. It also indicates that monitoring is (ICI Japan), Investigations into the Potential continuing. DuPont's product names for R-134a in Effects of Process Chemicals and Materials on (R) (R) chillers are Suva 134a and Suva Cold MP. the Long-Term Performance of Home Appliances, [see RDB4509 for update] Proceedings of the International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), Alliance September 1992 for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 29 September 1992 (17 pages with 4 figures and 7 D. Arnaud, S. Macaudiere, J. C. Tanguy (Elf tables, RDB2913) Atochem S.A., France), and P. F. Radice (Elf Atochem North America), Properties of Blends T. W. Dekleva, S. H. Colmery (ICI Americas, Incor- Which Can Be Used as R-502 Substitutes in Re- porated), J. Bresnahan (ICI Australia Operations Pty frigeration, Proceedings of the International CFC Limited), S. Corr, and A. Lindley (ICI Chemicals and and Halon Alternatives Conference (Washington, Polymers, Limited), Retrofitting Mobile Air- DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, Conditioning Systems with HFC-134a - An Up- VA, 105-114, September 1992 (10 pages with 3 date, Proceedings of the International CFC and figures and 6 tables, RDB2A06) Halon Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, FX-10, FX-20, FX-21, FX-30, FX-40, FX-50, 697-706, September 1992 (10 pages with 1 table, FX-71 RDB2914)

S. C. Bhaduri (Indian Institute of Technology, India), This paper focuses on procedures and system Thermodynamic Criterion for Selection of performance for retrofit of mobile air air-condi- Refrigerant-Absorbent Pairs for Vapor Absorp- tioning (MAC) systems with R-134a. The paper tion Refrigeration System, Proceedings of the outlines the need for retrofit, pointing to the International CFC and Halon Alternatives Confer- hundreds of millions of vehicles that use R-12 Refrigerant Database Page 165

and anticipated shortfall to meet service needs compatibility studies. Sealed-tube tests, with and after recycling and recovery. The paper briefly without lubricants, indicate that R-245ca is notes activities underway to prepare guidelines for extremely stable; no evidence of decomposition refrigerants, procedures, and fittings; qualify was noted after 500 hours at 175 °C (347 °F). Parr suitable lubricants; and identify acceptable bomb compatibility tests with electric motor practices. ICI is pursuing ester lubricants, but the materials and elastomers showed lower re- paper notes that others are investigating use of frigerant absorption than for R-11 and R-123. The polyalkylene glycols (PAGs). The paper reviews a compatibility of R-245ca was found to be very number of retrofit procedures and the labor similar to R-134a toward both motor materials and requirements for them. Two categories are elastomers; no degradation was found for the contrasted, with and without flushing to remove materials tested. They included varnishes, slot mineral oil. The paper reviews the time and liners, DuPont Mylar(R) sheet and tape, impacts of R-12 recovery, system flushing, Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R) and DuPont Nomex(R) removal and draining of the compressor, addition wedges, DuPont Dacron(R) tape and cord, and of lubricant, system reassembly, evacuation, and reinforced tape. The varnishes tested included recharging with R-134a. Specific flushing agents solvent epoxy (P. D. George Sterling(R) U-475 EH), including per- and tri-chloroethylene (PCE and 100% solids epoxy (Sterling(R) Y-833), and TCE), are discussed. Fleet trials to gauge the water-borne epoxy (Schenectady Isopoxy(R) 800). performance and compressor durability Weight, volume, and hardness change results are consequences of retrofit, with different procedures tabulated for a proprietary, chloroprene, and nitrile and compressor types, are reviewed; these tests elastomers. The results suggest further are underway in Australia, the United States, and investigation of R-245ca as a potential refrigerant. elsewhere. R-134a may require 10-20% extra Commercialization is not expected for a number of condenser capacity at idle conditions or high years pending flammability, toxicity, and other ambient temperatures. No performance penalties testing as well as development of a competitive have been associated with flushing or not manufacturing process. [see RDB2A11 for flushing. The paper concludes that R-134a presentation charts] combined with ester lubricants appears to offer acceptable levels of performance and systems R. G. Doerr, D. Lambert, R. Schafer, and D. Steinke compatibility, but more work is required. (The Trane Company), Stability and Compatibility Studies of R-245ca, CHF2CF2CH2F, A Potential R. G. Doerr, D. Lambert, R. Schafer, and D. Steinke Low-Pressure Refrigerant, presentation charts (In- (The Trane Company), Stability and Compatibility ternational CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference, Studies of R-245ca, CHF2CF2CH2F, A Potential Washington, DC), September 1992 (4 pages, avail- Low-Pressure Refrigerant, Proceedings of the able from JMC as RDB2A11) International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC This presentation reviews the selection of R-245 Policy, Arlington, VA, 147-152, September 1992 (6 isomers as low-pressure refrigerant candidates. pages with 1 figure and 4 tables, available from JMC This series offers the highest number of hydrogen as RDB2A10) atoms without becoming flammable and, therefore, the best potential among fluoro- This paper reviews the selection of R-245 iso- propanes. R-245ca was selected for further ex- mers as low-pressure refrigerant candidates. This amination, based on performance modeling and series offers the highest number of hydrogen its reported synthesis. Slightly lower efficiency is atoms without becoming flammable and, expected compared to R-123. Physical and therefore, the best potential among fluorochemical properties are tabulated for R-11, R-123, propanes. R-245ca was selected for further ex- R-134a, and R-245ca for comparison. R-245ca is amination, based on performance modeling and expected to be nontoxic, and it is indicated to be its reported synthesis. Slightly lower efficiency is very similar to R-11 in terms of molecular weight, expected compared to R-123. Physical and boiling point, and critical temperature. Its ozone chemical properties are tabulated for R-11, R- depletion potential (ODP) is zero, but its 5.5 year 123, R-134a, and R-245ca for comparison. R- atmospheric lifetime leads to a global warming 245ca is expected to be nontoxic, and it is in- potential (GWP) higher than for R-123 but lower dicated to be very similar to R-11 in terms of than for R-134a. [Newer data indicate an molecular weight, boiling point, and critical atmospheric lifetime of 7.0 years.] The temperature. Its ozone depletion potential (ODP) presentation summarizes stability and is zero, but its 5.5 year atmospheric lifetime leads compatibility studies. Sealed-tube tests, with and to a global warming potential (GWP) higher than without lubricants, indicate that R-245ca is for R-123 but lower than for R-134a. [Newer data extremely stable; no evidence of decomposition indicate an atmospheric lifetime of 7.0 years.] The was noted after 500 hours at 175 °C (347 °F). paper summarizes stability and Parr bomb compatibility tests with Page 166 Refrigerant Database

electric motor materials and elastomers showed This paper summarizes a program to evaluate lower refrigerant absorption than for R-11 and R- candidate fluids to replace R-22, establish test 123. The compatibility of R-245ca was found to protocols to evaluate them, conduct the tests, and be very similar to R-134a toward both motor present the results. The overall objective is to materials and elastomers; no degradation was perform a broad screening of alternative can- found for the materials tested. They included didates, while eliminating unnecessary duplication varnishes, slot liners, DuPont Mylar(R) sheet and of work and wasting of limited resources. The tape, Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R) and DuPont No- paper outlines the AREP organization, including mex(R) wedges, DuPont Dacron(R) tape and cord, its Task Force (chaired by D. M. Goldberg) and and reinforced tape. The varnishes tested Technical Committee (chaired by E. B. Muir); both included solvent epoxy (P. D. George Sterling(R) their members and participating international U-475 EH), 100% solids epoxy (Sterling(R) Y-833), organizations are named. The document reviews and water-borne epoxy (Schenectady Isopoxy(R) considerations for ten candidates selected for 800). Weight, volume, and hardness change initial examination from nearly 30 nominations. results are tabulated for a proprietary, They include R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a chloroprene, and nitrile elastomers. The results (25/75), R-407B [R-32/125/134a (10/70/20)], suggest further investigation of R-245ca as a R-290 (propane), R-134a, R-717 (ammonia), potential refrigerant. Commercialization is not R-32/125/290/134a (20/55/5/20), R-32/125/134a expected for a number of years pending (30/10/60), R-125/143a (45/55), and R-125/143a/- flammability, toxicity, and other testing as well as 134a (45/50/5); the list notes changes in selected development of a competitive manufacturing blend compositions from earlier AREP documents. process. [see RDB2A10 for text] The last two are of primary interest as potential replacements for R-502. Procedures and V. Z. Geller and M. E. Paulaitis (University of conditions for compressor calorimeter and heat Delaware), The Calculation and Prediction of transfer test are outlined. The Electric Power Transport Properties for New Refrigerants and Research Institute (EPRI) is funding the heat Blends in Refrigeration Application, Proceedings transfer segment. Planned drop-in tests, system of the International CFC and Halon Alternatives simulations, and system tests are outlined. Conference (Washington, DC), Alliance for Re- Results of the work will be disseminated through sponsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 115-124, technical publications and through the Refrigerant September 1992 (10 pages with 6 figures and 3 ta- Database. A Gantt chart shows the schedule for bles, RDB2A07) introduction of R-22 replacements. Additional figures indicate the AREP testing plan and detail thermal conductivity and viscosity the heat transfer testing protocol.

P. V. Gilli, H. Halozan, and W. Stretcher, The Impact H. M. Hughes (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Non- of Heat Pumps on the Greenhouse Effect, report Ozone Depleting Refrigerants for Centrifugal HPC-AR1, International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Compressors, Proceedings of the International CFC Pump Centre (HPC), Sittard, The Netherlands, and Halon Alternatives Conference (Washington, September 1992 (158 pages, available from the HPC DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, for NLG 80.00, rdb3723) VA, 41-46, September 1992 (6 pages with 4 figures, RDB2A01) B. D. Greig (Castrol Limited), Formulated Polyol Ester Lubricants with HFC-134a: The Role of This paper reviews the characteristics sought in a Additives and Conversion of Existing CFC-12 replacement for R-11 and R-123, as well as Plant to HFC-134a, Proceedings of the International reasons for their widespread use and the long- CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference term need for a replacement. R-245ca, with a (Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC boiling point of 25.5 °C (79.9 °F) and a molecular Policy, Arlington, VA, 135-145, September 1992 (11 mass of 134.0, is identified as a candidate. It is pages with 3 figures and 3 tables, RDB2A09) reported to be nonflammable and have a global warming potential (GWP) comparable to that of R-12, R-134a, polyolester R-134a. The paper presents the results of cycle comparisons based on modeling. These results G. C. Hourahan and D. S. Godwin (Air-Conditioning include figures comparing the capacity and and Refrigeration Institute, ARI), ARI's R-22 Alter- coefficient of performance (COP) for R-11, R-123, native Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP), and R-245ca. An investigation of multistage Proceedings of the International CFC and Halon systems is outlined. The results, excluding Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), Alliance interstage losses, indicate that R-245ca matches for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 55-64, R-11's efficiency with three stages and becomes September 1992 (10 pages with 3 figures and 3 ta- more efficient with four or more. Moreover, bles, available from JMC as RDB2906) anticipation of better heat transfer Refrigerant Database Page 167

characteristics is noted, based on the higher September 1992 (3 pages with 4 figures and 1 table, molecular weight of R-245ca. Little is known of available from JMC as RDB2A14) the toxicity of this fluid, though most HFCs tend to have low toxicity. Potential obstacles such as This paper outlines factors requiring attention lubricant identification and materials compatibility when substituting R-134a for R-12 in systems with are discussed. capillary tubes and Danfoss LBP compressors. Pressure-enthalpy diagrams show that the latent K. Kawamura (Mayekawa Manufacturing Company, heat of vaporization is significantly higher for Limited, Japan), Drop-in Test of Refrigerant R- R-134a than for R-12, requiring lower mass flow 134a, Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program for the same capacity. A table compares the (AREP) report 14, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration enthalpy and design parameters for the two fluids. Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, September 1992 (2 The paper notes that capillary tubes must be pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3814) reselected with the refrigerant change to adapt for the differences in pressure and mass and volume S. N. Kondepudi (Drexel University), Experimental flow. Compatibility is noted as good with Investigation of R-22 Replacement Refrigerants substitution of polyolester lubricants, to account in a Split-System Residential Air Conditioner, re- for miscibility; valve coking is not anticipated. The port EPA/430/R-92/007, U.S. Environmental Pro- dependence on a filter drier, with Union Carbide tection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, September XH7 recommended as the desiccant, is outlined 1992 (30 pages with 4 figures and 12 tables, RDB- based on the moisture content of the lubricant and 2B09) the difficulty of drying it. A set of housekeeping rules is outlined. This report summarizes capacity and efficiency tests of five zeotropic blends in a Lennox, 2 ton, K. Matsuo (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of split-system air conditioner. The refrigerants in- Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative cluded three mixtures of R-32 and R-134a, with Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 6, 20, 30, and 40% R-32 by mass, and two of R-32 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), and R-152a, with 30 and 40% R-32. The five Arlington, VA, September 1992 (4 pages with 2 ta- blends were selected as candidate R-22 re- bles, available from JMC as RDB3806) placements based on prior studies. Testing was performed by ETL Testing Laboratories, and Two tables summarize tests to compare perfor- confirmed by independent tests by Lennox In- mance of R-22 and R-32/134a (30/70) through dustries; both were performed in accordance with drop-in tests in a 2.7 kW cooling (3/4 ton) air-to- standard rating test procedures. The fluids were air, room heat pump using a variable-speed, tested under near "drop-in" conditions, without rotary rolling-piston compressor. R-22 was tested equipment modification except for substitution of with ISO viscosity grade 56 mineral oil; the blend a manual expansion device and replacement of was tested with an ISO viscosity grade 32 ester the refrigerant and lubricant. An unidentified lubricant. The refrigerant charge amounts, polyolester lubricant was used. The report lubricant quantities and circulated fractions, and summarizes the need for R-22 alternatives, test conditions are indicated. Temperature and candidates identified in prior and ongoing studies, pressure data are tabulated at the compressor testing and equipment details, and measured shell inlet and outlet, condenser inlet, condenser results. It also compares the findings to exit, inlets to the expansion device and simulations. Measured capacity and efficiency fell evaporator, and the evaporator outlet. Data are below simulated results, but the test system had presented for both the heating and cooling modes. not been optimized for the alternative refrigerants. The results show 8 and 3% decreases for the The blends tested generally showed steady-state blend in heating capacity and efficiency at the efficiency to be within 2% of that of R-22, but same speeds and 6% reductions in cooling offered lower capacity. R-32/134a (40/60) was capacity and efficiency. With speed increases of identified as a promising retrofit fluid since it 8% for heating and 12% for cooling, to restore the yielded steady state efficiency and capacity 1% capacities with the blend, the efficiencies were higher than R-22, though the seasonal reduced by 10 and 12% in the heating and cooling performance (SEER) was 1% lower. modes, respectively, compared to the R-22 reference. S. Madigan (Danfoss), Compressor Manufacturer's Experiences with R-134a Applications, K. Matsuo (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of Proceedings of the International CFC and Halon Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), Alliance Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 8, for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 153-155, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, September 1992 (4 pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB3808) Page 168 Refrigerant Database

Two tables summarize tests to compare perfor- effects of compressor lubricants on performance mance of R-22 and R-32/134a (30/70) through and specifically the degradations from reduced drop-in tests in a 7.0 kW cooling (2 ton) air-to-air, heat transfer and increased pressure drop in the packaged heat pump using a scroll compressor. evaporator: tests on R-12 with two solvent-refined, R-22 was tested with a mineral oil; the blend was naphthenic mineral oils (MO, Shell Clavus 32 and tested with an unidentified ester lubricant. The 68) and an alkylated benzene and solvent refrigerant charge amounts, lubricant quantities extracted MO (Shell SD) at concentrations of 0, 1, and circulated fractions, and test conditions are and 3% m/m on the tube-side of shell-and-tube indicated. Temperature and pressure data are evaporators; shows that the addition of oil tabulated at the suction line and compressor shell changes the two-phase flow regime inside the outlets, condenser inlet, saturated vapor and evaporator; use of a low viscosity oil yields better liquid states in the condenser, condenser and results for a stratified flow regime and inferior liquid line exits, expansion device outlet, results for annular flow; concludes that the evaporator inlet, saturated vapor state in the performance degradation can be minimized by evaporator, and the evaporator outlet. Data are selecting a low viscosity lubricant if the oil fraction presented for both the heating and cooling is small or a high viscosity oil if the fraction is high modes. The results show 3 and 6% decreases for the blend in heating capacity and efficiency and 1 J. J. Meyer and J. M. Saiz Jabardo, An Ultrasonic and 2% reductions in cooling capacity and Device for Measuring the Oil Concentration in efficiency, respectively. Flowing Liquid Refrigerant, report TR-24, Air- Conditioning and Refrigeration Center (ACRC), K. Matsuo (Hitachi, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Refrigerant Blend R-134a, Alternative Refrigerants IL, September 1992 (10 pages, RDB5443) Evaluation Program (AREP) report 7, Air-Con- ditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Y. Morikawa (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company VA, September 1992 (4 pages with 2 tables, avail- Limited, Japan), Procedure and Report Format for able from JMC as RDB3807) Drop-In Tests Performed by JRAIA Member Companies, Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Two tables summarize tests to compare perfor- Program (AREP) report 60, Air-Conditioning and mance of R-22 and R-134a through drop-in tests Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, in a 3.1 kW cooling (0.9 ton) air-to-air, room heat September 1992 (14 pages with 2 figures and 4 pump using a variable-speed, rotary rolling-piston tables, available from JMC as RDB3C60) compressor. R-22 was tested with an ISO viscosity grade 56 mineral oil; R-134a was tested This document outlines uniform test procedures to with an ISO viscosity grade 15 ester lubricant. be used for drop-in performance tests for the The refrigerant charge amounts, lubricant Japanese Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation quantities and circulated fractions, and test Program (JAREP). The procedures were devel- conditions are indicated. Temperature and oped and the cooperative program is conducted pressure data are tabulated at the compressor by the Japan Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning shell inlet and outlet, condenser inlet, condenser Industry Association (JRAIA), in coordination with exit, expansion device inlets and outlets, and the U.S. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration evaporator inlets and outlets. Data are presented Institute's (ARI's) Alternative Refrigerants for both the heating and cooling modes. The Evaluation Program (AREP). The procedure results with R-134a show a 33% capacity addresses three replacement candidates for R-22 decrease and 14% efficiency increase in the including R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a (30/70), heating mode, at the same speeds, and 25% and R-134a. It identifies three systems for testing, capacity decrease and 20% efficiency increase in including a 1 HP "room air conditioner (RAC)" the cooling mode. With speed increases of 33% (split-system heat pump with inverter-driven for heating and 64% for cooling, to partially hermetic rotary, rolling-piston compressor), a 3-5 restore the capacities with R-134a, the four cor- HP "packaged air conditioner (PAC)" (split-system responding changes were decreases of 6, 6, 12, heat pump with hermetic scroll compressor), and and 27%, respectively. a 40 HP chiller (shell-and-tube heat exchangers with a screw compressor). Photographs are J. T. McMullan, N. J. Hewitt, A. J. Masson, and N. E. provided to illustrate the first two system types. Murphy (University of Ulster, UK), The Influence on The report then identifies the participating Oil Viscosity and Refrigerant Quality on companies and specific systems and refrigerants Evaporator Performance, International Journal of to be tested. The companies include Daikin, Energy Research (IJER), 16(7):567-581, September Hitachi, Mayekawa (Mycom), Matsushita 1992 (15 pages with 20 figures and 1 table, RDB- (Panasonic), Mitsubishi Heavy, Sanyo, and 4C22) Toshiba. The report specifies indoor and outdoor dry and wet bulb Refrigerant Database Page 169

temperatures for testing, based on the JIS This paper highlights the efforts of a compressor C9612-1989 test standard for RACs. It also pre- manufacturer to implement research data into scribes use of thermophysical property data from R-134a applications for hermetic units. Com- Daikin Industries for calculations, with parative capacity and performance data, based on compositions verified by gas chromatography. It calorimeter tests, are tabulated for compressors identifies 5 test points to be measured in the representative of those used in refrigerator/freezer refrigeration cycle and three to be calculated. applications. The capacity is approximately 10% Tables are provided to report both heating and lower with R-134a at rating conditions, but the cooling performance data, including reporting of efficiency stays the same. Further data show that performance relative to that with R-22, as a ref- the relative capacities and efficiencies of R-12 and erence. R-134a may be lower or higher depending on the application conditions. Sound levels are plotted for T. Nagai (Sanyo Electric Company. Limited, Japan), traditional R-12 and redesigned, high-efficiency R- Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 134a compressors; the overall sound level is lower (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program for the latter. Materials compatibility issues are (AREP) report 13, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration reviewed, noting the advantages and acceptance Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, September 1992 (4 of polyolester (POE) lubricants as the consensus pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as selection for R-134a. The paper discusses RDB3813) lubricant stability, chemical reactivity, miscibility, solubility, and lubricity. A plot compares the performance test R-410 series blend solubility of R-12 and R-134a in two POEs to R-12 in mineral oil. The discussion suggests that a M. L. Robin, Y. Iikubo (Great Lakes Chemical Cor- bigger motor, with a small potential penalty in poration), G. de Souza Damasceno, J. N. Dubrouil- efficiency, may be required for R-134a due to the let, V. W. Goldschmidt, and D. R. Tree (Purdue Uni- impact on equalization pressure and the required versity), Performance of Alternative Refrigerants: starting torque. A need is noted for new test Refrigerator-Freezer Energy Testing with HFC- methods for lubricity. The impacts on motor 152a / HFC-227ea Mixtures, Proceedings of the insulation and uncertainties regarding International CFC and Halon Alternatives Confer- contaminants are covered briefly. The paper ence (Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible concludes that there are no technical barriers to CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 99-104, September 1992 conversion from R-12 to R-134a, but that (6 pages with 2 tables, RDB2A05) information dissemination and the cost of the refrigerant and lubricant remain factors in the rate This paper presents measured performance data of conversion. for blends of R-152a and R-227ea tested in an unmodified home refrigerator. Physical and S. R. Szymurski (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration thermodynamic properties as well as flammability Technology Institute, ARTI), Materials Compatibility data and ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) are and Lubricant Research on CFC-Refrigerant tabulated for R-12, R-152a, and R-227ea for Substitutes - Research Update, Proceedings of the comparison. The energy measurements were International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference based on ANSI/AHAM Standard HRF-1-1988, (Washington, DC), Alliance for Responsible CFC with an increased number of thermocouples. An Policy, Arlington, VA, 73-82, September 1992 (10 unidentified polyolester (POE) was used as the pages, RDB2A03) lubricant for the R-152a/227ea mixtures. R- 152a/227ea (80/20) offered slightly reduced This paper provides an update on the goals and energy consumption and 50/50 and 20/80 status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant mixtures increased energy consumption by 4.3%. Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under a The paper concludes that the R-152a/227ea grant from the Department of Energy and cost blends may offer significantly improved sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration performance compared to R-12 in an optimized industry. The program addresses critical research system. Recommendations are provided for fur- to accelerate the introduction of substitutes for ther work. chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. The program comprises projects to measure K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), thermophysical properties, test the chemical and Compressor Manufacturer's R-134a Applications, thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures Proceedings of the International CFC and Halon with metals, and measure the miscibility of Alternatives Conference (Washington, DC), Alliance lubricants with refrigerants. One project is for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 157-164, modeling the performance and key operating September 1992 (8 pages with 3 figures and 3 tables parameters of alternatives for R-22. Three containing corrections to the copy in the projects will provide information on the proceedings, available from JMC as RDB2901) compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with Page 170 Refrigerant Database

motor materials, elastomers, and engineering tabulated at the compressor shell inlet and outlet, plastics. An eighth project collects and facilitates condenser inlet, condenser and liquid line exits, dissemination of data through development and evaporator inlet, and the evaporator outlet. Data administration of a refrigerant database. The are presented for both the heating and cooling scope of the program, objectives of the projects, modes. The results for the blend show a 3% and significant preliminary findings are presented. decrease to a 1% gain in capacity, depending on superheating and subcooling, and corresponding S. Uemura (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), 2 and 1% efficiency increases in the heating Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/125 mode. The results also show a 1% decrease to (60/40), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program 1% gain in capacity, again depending on (AREP) report 10, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration superheating and subcooling, and corresponding Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, September 1992 (4 3% gain and 1% loss in efficiency in the cooling pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as mode. RDB3810) H. Wakabayashi (Matsushita Electric Industrial Two tables summarize tests to compare perfor- Company, Limited, Japan), Drop-In Test of Re- mance of R-22 and R-32/125 (60/40) through frigerant Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative drop-in tests in a 2.7 kW cooling (3/4 ton) air-to- Refrigerants Evaluation Program (AREP) report 11, air, room heat pump with a variable-speed, rotary Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), rolling-piston compressor. R-22 was tested with a Arlington, VA, September 1992 (4 pages with 2 ta- mineral oil; the blend was tested with an ester bles, available from JMC as RDB3811) lubricant. The refrigerant charge amounts, lubricant quantities and circulated fractions, and Two tables summarize tests to compare perfor- test conditions are indicated. Temperature and mance of R-22 and R-32/134a (30/70) through pressure data are tabulated at the compressor drop-in tests in a 2.5 kW cooling (3/4 ton) air-to- shell inlet and outlet, condenser exit, liquid line air, room heat pump with a variable-speed, rotary inlet, and the evaporator inlet and outlet. Data are rolling-piston compressor. R-22 was tested with presented for both the cooling and heating an unidentified synthetic lubricant; the blend was modes. With a speed adjustment (to 77% of the tested with an ester lubricant. The refrigerant R-22 reference case) to match capacity, the charge amounts, lubricant quantities and cooling efficiency dropped by 18% with the blend; circulated fractions, and test conditions are a further speed reduction (to 73% of the indicated. Temperature and pressure data are reference) yielded a 4% loss in capacity and 16% tabulated at the compressor shell inlet and outlet, increase in efficiency, both relative to the condenser inlet, saturated vapor and liquid states reference case. With a speed adjustment (to 73% in the condenser, condenser exit, liquid line inlet, of the R-22 reference case) to match capacity, the expansion device inlet, evaporator inlet, saturated heating efficiency dropped by 5% with the blend; vapor state in the evaporator, and the evaporator a further speed reduction (to 64% of the outlet. Data are presented for both the cooling and reference) yielded a 10% loss in capacity and 3% heating modes. With an unspecified speed increase in efficiency, both relative to the adjustment to match capacity, the cooling reference case. Corresponding changes in efficiency dropped 6% with the blend; other superheating and subcooling are noted. (unspecified) adjustments yielded a 1% increase in capacity at 6% loss in efficiency or 3% loss in S. Uemura (Daikin Industries, Limited, Japan), capacity and efficiency. Set to match heating Drop-In Test of Refrigerant Blend R-32/134a capacity, the efficiency dropped less than 1% with (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program the blend. Other, unspecified adjustments yielded (AREP) report 9, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration a 3% increase in capacity at 3% loss in efficiency Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, September 1992 (4 or 1% loss in capacity and negligible drop in pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as efficiency. RDB3809) Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- Two tables summarize tests to compare perfor- ceptability Study, program description, AFEAS, mance of R-22 and R-32/134a (30/70) through Washington, DC, September 1992 (4 pages with 1 drop-in tests in a 7.6 kW cooling (2.1 ton) air-to- figure and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB2A21) air, packaged heat pump using a scroll compressor. R-22 was tested with a mineral oil; the This leaflet introduces the Alternative Fluorocar- blend was tested with an ester lubricant. The bons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), refrigerant charge amounts, lubricant quantities initiated in December 1988. The program was and circulated fractions, and test conditions are formed to assess the potential impacts of indicated. Temperature and pressure data are chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant alternatives on the environment. AFEAS is a cooperative research effort sponsored by 12 Refrigerant Database Page 171

leading chemical producers. Results were pre- B intensity. A leaflet on The Next Few Years ad- sented at the United Nations Environment Pro- dresses the effect of HCFCs on peak chlorine gramme (UNEP) meeting in Nairobi in August loading and the misleading consequences of using 1989, and were incorporated as an appendix to time-dependent ODPs. A review of the Breakdown the Scientific Assessment under the Montreal Products of Alternatives outlines the mechanisms Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone and consequences of HCFC and hydrofluoro- Layer. Further research, in a three-year, $6 million carbon (HFC) breakdown. It notes that they program, seeks to identify and help resolve decompose readily in the lower atmosphere, that uncertainties regarding potential environmental the ultimate breakdown products are acidic effects of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and compounds that are washed out in rain, that the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). A second objective is acidic concentrations are so low as to have no to stimulate prompt dissemination of scientific appreciable effect, and that the alternatives do not information to the research community, contribute to photochemical smog formation in government decision makers, affected industries, urban areas. A further summary of the and the public. A table lists potential alternatives Environmental Fate of Trifluoroacetyl Halides to CFCs, including HCFCs R-22, R-123, R-124, addresses the atmospheric breakdown of R-123, R-141b, R-142b, R-225ca, and R-225cb, as R-124, and R-134a, ultimately forming transitional substances, and HFCs R-32, R-125, trifluoroacetate ion (TFA) in surface waters. While R-134a, and R-152a. The summary notes that no impact is anticipated, further study is underway. scientific studies show that use of HCFCs and A synopsis of the Relative Contributions of HFCs to replace CFCs will reduce the amount of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Climate Forcing atmospheric chlorine. These alternatives will discusses radiative forcing, a parameter used to break down, in the lower atmosphere, into perturb the heat balance in modeling of the products that will not contribute to either acid earth-atmosphere system. It outlines deposition or ozone pollution. Some of the HCFCs understanding and uncertainties associated with and HFCs can be expected to form trifluoroacetyl GWP values, atmospheric persistence of halides that will dissolve in water to form greenhouse gas emissions, and the quantitative trifluoroacetic acid. While the concentrations are influence of integration time horizon (ITH) on so low that adverse effects are unlikely, this issue analyses of impacts. A table provides estimates is being investigated further. A figure contrasts the for the atmospheric lifetimes and GWP values for minor direct (chemical emission related) and 20, 100, and 500 yr ITH. A sheet on Total Global larger indirect (energy related) contributions to Warming Impact compares the Total Equivalent total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) for a Warming Impacts (TEWls) of alternative tech- representative refrigerator. A study of global nologies and fluids. It notes that a not-in-kind (NIK) warming, co-funded with the U.S. Department of refrigerant option, with more than a 1% increase in Energy, indicates that HCFCs and HFCs provide energy use, would have a larger total warming substantial improvements in energy efficiency impact than HCFC and HFC options. A Glossary over CFCs in many applications. of Terms defines terminology for discussion of the atmospheric effects of alternative fluorocarbons. Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- The last sheet briefly outlines the history and ceptability Study (AFEAS) Summaries, AFEAS, activities of both AFEAS and the companion Washington, DC, September 1992 (20 pages with 6 Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB- Testing (PAFT). 2A22) Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity This series of nine leaflets presents key AFEAS Testing, program description, PAFT, Bristol, United objectives and findings. A summary of Atmo- Kingdom, September 1992 (4 pages with 1 table, spheric Fluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone available from JMC as RDB2A23) reviews the mechanisms of stratospheric ozone depletion and provides values for ozone depletion This leaflet introduces the Programme for Alter- potentials (ODPs). It also illustrates how native Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT), substitution of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) initiated in December 1987. The program is de- for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) reduces chlorine signed to expedite the development of toxicology in the atmosphere. The illustration further shows data for possible substitute fluorocarbons to that use of HCFCs for a limited time will not delay replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), or more return of atmospheric chlorine to pre-1970s broadly halogenated fluoroalkanes, that may be levels. A sheet on UV-B Radiation Measurements catalyzing a decrease in stratospheric ozone discusses the importance of the ozone layer in levels. PAFT is a cooperative research effort shielding ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation in sunlight sponsored by 15 of the leading CFC producers as well as efforts to monitor and observed trends from nine countries. Five PAFT program sec- of incoming UV- Page 172 Refrigerant Database

tors are identified including PAFT I to address R- though the acute toxicity was found to be low for 123 and R-134a, PAFT II for R-141b, PAFT III for both isomers. R-124 and R-125, PAFT IV for R-225ca and R- 225cb, and PAFT V for R-32. The leaflet sum- August 1992 marizes program objectives and schedules. It notes that there are more than 100 individual J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant toxicology tests in the program, at a cost of $3-5 Database, report DOE/CE/23810-3G, Air-Condi- million per compound. It also indicates that more tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), than a dozen testing laboratories in Europe, Arlington, VA, 8 August 1992 (74 pages, available Japan, and the United States are performing from JMC as RDB2810) tests, the results of which will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific This superseded document provides bibliographic conferences. The program comprehensively citations for 425 publications that may be useful in addresses acute, sub-chronic, developmental and research and design of air-conditioning and chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies, geno- refrigeration equipment. Abstracts that emphasize toxicity, and environmental toxicology studies. the content, materials addressed, and key conclusions are provided for approximately half of Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity these documents. [Please see RDB2B04 for Testing (PAFT) Toxicology Summaries, PAFT, update and a more complete abstract.] Bristol, United Kingdom, September 1992 (16 pages, available from JMC as RDB2A24) D. G. Gehring, D. J. Barsotti, and H. E. Gibbon (DuPont Chemicals), Chlorofluorocarbons Alter- Eight data sheets summarize the status and natives Analysis, Part II: The Determination of findings of the Programme for Alternative Fluo- HCFC-141b Purity by Gas Chromatography, rocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). They address Journal of Chromatographic Science HCFC-123 in Comparison with CFC-11, HFC- , 30:301-305, 134a in Comparison with CFC-12, HCFC-141b in August 1992 (5 pages with 2 figures and 2 tables, Comparison with CFC-11, HCFC-124 in Com- limited copies available from JMC as RDB3A57) parison with CFC-114, HFC-125 in Comparison with CFC-115, HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb, R-141b HFC-32, and a Glossary of Terms. The summaries outline studies of acute toxicity (short term K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), exposures to high concentrations, such as Compressor Calorimeter Test of Refrigerant accidental leakages), genotoxicity (effects on Blend R-32/134a (30/70), Alternative Refrigerants genetic material, an early screen for possible Evaluation Program (AREP) report 2, Air- carcinogenic activity), sub-chronic toxicity (re- Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), peated exposure to determine any overall toxi- Arlington, VA, August 1992 (22 pages with 10 figures cological effect), reproductive and developmental and 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB3802) toxicity (teratology, assessment of the effects on the reproductive system and of the potential for This report summarizes calorimeter test results for causing birth defects), chronic toxicity/- a nominal 8.8 kW (30,000 Btu/hr), hermetic carcinogenicity (lifetime testing to assess reciprocating piston compressor (Tecumseh late-in-life toxicity or increased evidence of model AW5530F). Plots present efficiency and cancer), and ecotoxicity (assessment of potential capacity ratios, to compare performance for R- to affect living organisms in the environment). In- 32/134a (30.1 /69.9) and R-22, as functions of terim results and program plans are summarized evaporator and condensing temperatures. The for R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-141b, ranges covered are -26 to 13 °C (-15 to 55 °F) R-124, R-125, R-225ca, and R-225cb. Testing is and 32-66 °C (90-150 °F), respectively. The tests were performed using a fully-formulated, poly- in the final phase for R-123 and complete for (R) R-134a. The results indicate that they are safe for olester lubricant (Mobil EAL Arctic 322 R, ISO use in refrigeration and air-conditioning viscosity grade 22). Tables and plots summarize applications, and for R-134a in other proposed the compressor performance (capacity, input industrial applications, provided that power, current draw, mass flow, and efficiency) recommended normal hygiene practices are and coefficients per ARI standard 540-91. The observed. No current findings preclude use of report notes that above -12 °C (10 °F) evaporator R-32, R-124, R-125, and R-141b in general in- temperature, the efficiencies of the blend exceed dustrial uses, again provided that recommended those with R-22 by less than 5%. Below this normal hygiene practices are observed. Further temperature, the blend suffers compared to R-22. studies are being planned and conducted to The effect is described as real, because the address findings for R-225ca and R-225cb, compression ratios are significantly higher, but exaggerated, because there may be Refrigerant Database Page 173

large errors in measurements at these conditions. This paper provides property data for R-32, R-125, The capacity is shown to be slightly lower with the and R-143a. These data are provided to predict blend at almost all conditions plotted. The report the properties of their mixtures as replacements also notes that the same gain in efficiency was for R-502, an azeotrope containing R-22 and not found for a different compressor, using R-115. Critical properties, solubility, flammability, thermodynamic data from a separate source ozone depletion potential (ODP), and global (NIST REFPROP 3.04a versus DuPont warming potential (GWP) are compared for the Chemicals data), though the trends are the same. three hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to those of (also see RDB3622) R-502. Transport properties, including thermal conductivity, viscosity, surface tension, and Retrofit Guidelines for Suva(R) MP39 and Suva(R) specific heat are similarly compared. Tabular data MP66, document ART-5 (H-42446), DuPont are provided for compatibility with polychloroprene Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, August 1992 (10 pages (neoprene), nitrile butyl rubber (NBR), and (R) with 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB3444) [see polyethylene chlorosulfone (DuPont Hypalon ) RDB4505 for update] elastomers. Miscibility also is compared for R-502 and the three HFCs with unidentified naphthenic R-401A and R-401B mineral oil and neopentyl polyester and alkylbenzene lubricants in 80% and 5% lubricant Workplace Guidelines for Suva(R) Centri-LP concentrations. A series of plots provide the vapor (HCFC-123) in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning pressure, saturated liquid density, liquid viscosity, Applications, document AS-4 (H-42438), DuPont and liquid thermal conductivity for -60 to 60 °C Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, August 1992 (10 pages (-76 to 140 °F). The paper reviews the design with 2 tables, RDB3908) changes required, but concludes that only few adaptations will be needed for either retrofit or This bulletin presents recommended workplace new uses of these fluids. guidelines for use of R-123 in refrigeration equipment. It is based on new toxicity information M. Barret and Y. Candau (Université Paris XII - Val resulting from toxicity testing, including findings of de Marne, France), Thermodynamic Properties retinal atrophy and benign (nonmalignant) tumor Computation of Two Possible Substitute Refrig- development late in the lifetime of test animals. erants: R143a (1,1,1-Trifluoroethane) and R125 The bulletin notes that DuPont reacted by revising (Pentafluoroethane), Proceedings of the 1992 In- its recommended Acceptable Exposure Limit ternational Refrigeration Conference - Energy Effi- (AEL) from 100 ppm to 10 ppm, but that ciency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree concentrations of 1-3 ppm were routine in and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, monitored installations. The document then IN, 2:433-442, July 1992 (10 pages with 3 figures and discusses health and safety practices for R-123 7 tables, RDB2826) addressing uses, health protection including monitoring and use of respirators, and safety. It thermodynamic properties of R-125 and R-143a: outlines recommendations for storage, handling, Martin-Hou (MH) equations of state (EOS); Mollier and use. An appendix tabulates breakthrough diagrams; thermophysical data times for R-123 in organic vapor cartridges for respirators for 100 and 500 ppm challenges at 50 K. Beermann and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, and 80% relative humidity. A second appendix Germany), Experiences with the Refrigerant suggests actions based on measured machinery R-134a as a 'Drop-In' Replacement in a Large room concentrations. A third appendix discusses Water-Water Heat Pump, Proceedings of the 1992 R-123 monitoring procedures. [see RDB4C50 for International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Ef- update] ficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, July 1992 IN, 1:211-219, July 1992 (9 pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, RDB2723)

D. Arnaud, L. Niveau, and S. Wosinski (Atochem performance tests for R-134a Groupe Elf Aquitaine), Comparison of Thermo- physical Properties of HFC 125, 32, and 143a, Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration B. Bella, A. Cavallini, G. A. Longo, and L. Rossetto Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Refriger- (Università di Padova, Italy), Pure Refrigerant Condensation on a Single Integral Finned Tube: ants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2:375-383, July 1992 Vapor Velocity Effects, Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Ef- (9 pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB2820) ficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Page 174 Refrigerant Database

IN, 1:177-186, July 1992 (10 pages with 7 figures lene terephthalate (PBT, GE Valox(R) 325PBT), and 2 tables, RDB2719) polycarbonate (GE Lexan(R) 161), polyetherimide (GE Ultem(R) 1000), modified polyetherimide (GE heat transfer Ultem(R) CRS5001), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, DuPont Rynite(R) 530), polyimide (DuPont D. B. Bivens and A. Yokozeki (DuPont Chemicals), Vespel(R) DF and DF-ISO), modified polyphenyl- Heat Transfer of Refrigerant Mixtures, Proceed- ene oxide (PPE, GE Noryl(R) 731), polyphenylene ings of the 1992 International Refrigeration Confer- sulfide (PPS, GE Supec(TM) G401), polyphthal- ence - Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, amide (Amoco Amodel(R) AD1000HS), polypropyl- edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue Uni- ene (Himont Profax(TM) 6331NW), polytetrafluoro- versity, West Lafayette, IN, 1:141-148, July 1992 (8 ethylene (PTFE, DuPont Teflon(R)), and poly- pages with 5 figures and 1 table, RDB2715) vinylidene fluoride (Atochem Kynar(R) 720). Seven tables summarize the changes for immersions in blends, heat transfer lubricants, including BVA R015, alkylbenzene (Shrieve Zerol(R) 150), a pentaerythritol ester R. Camporese, B. Boldrin, M. Scattolini (Consiglio mixed acid (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, formerly RL Nazionale della Ricerche, CNR, Italy), and G. 244), a pentaerythritol ester branched acid Cortella (Università di Udine, Italy), Improvement of (Henkel Emery(R) 2927a ISO 32), a polypropylene R-134a Performance by Addition of R-290, glycol butyl monoether (ICI Emkarox(R) VG32), a Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration polypropylene glycol diol (Dow P425), and a mod- Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Refriger- ified polyglycol (AlliedSignal BRL-150). Nine ta- ants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue bles summarize changes following exposures to University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:45-52, July 1992 (8 R-22, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-134, R-134a, R- pages with 9 figures and 3 tables, RDB2712) 142b, R-143a, and R-152a. Observations of particulates, cracking, crazing, softening, and R-290/134a color change are presented. Quantitative data are provided for dimensional (length, width, and L. Canren, Y. Zhao, and M. Yitai (Tianjin University, thickness) and weight changes. The lubricant China), Investigation of Using the Ternary Mixture immersions at 60 and 100 °C (140 and 212 °F) for as the Alternative for R-12, Proceedings of the 14 days are complete. All of the plastics were 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy affected by the lubricants; mineral oil and Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. alkylbenzene caused the greatest effect. Ambient Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West immersion studies are complete for nine of ten Lafayette, IN, 2:661-667, July 1992 (7 pages with 3 refrigerants at 60 °C (140 °F). All of the re- figures and 2 tables, RDB2841) frigerants had some impact, generally softening or weight change; hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have zeotropic blends the least impact. The report documents several combinations that failed at ambient conditions or R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, are likely to fail at elevated temperatures. Test IRI), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants plans for subsequent work, including creep with Plastics, report DOE/CE/23810-3F, Air- rupture tests, are outlined. Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1992 (26 pages with 18 R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, tables, available from JMC as RDB2807; type on IRI), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants page A-1 is small and may be difficult to read) with Plastics, Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and This interim report summarizes progress to pro- New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. vide compatibility information on engineering Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2:689, plastics with alternative refrigerants and suitable July 1992 (1 page, available from JMC as RDB2816) lubricants. Two tables provide the molding specifications, molding conditions, and physical This synopsis outlines the objectives and ap- properties of 23 plastic materials. They include proach for a study to provide compatibility in- acetal (DuPont Delrin(R) II 11500), acrylonitrile- formation on engineering plastics with alternative butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS, GE Cyco- refrigerants and suitable lubricants. The plastics, lac(R) GPM4700), liquid crystal polymer (LCP, refrigerants, and lubricants to be tested are Amoco Xydar(R) MG450), phenolic (Hooker Dur- identified. ez(R) 153), poly(aryletheretherketone) (PEEK, ICI (TM) Victrex PEEK 450G), polyamide nylon 6/6 S. W. Crown, H. N. Shapiro, M. B. Pate (Iowa State (DuPont Zytel(R) 101), polyamide-imide (Amoco University of Science and Technology), A Com- Torlon(R) 4203L and 4301), polyaryletherketone (PAEK, BASF Ultrapek(R)), polyarylsulfone (Amoco Radel(R) A-200), polybuty- Refrigerant Database Page 175

parison Study of the Thermal Performance of R- shaft power are plotted for these refrigerants as 12 and R-134a, Proceedings of the 1992 Interna- functions of the evaporating temperature for a tional Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency range of -35 to 5 °C (-31 to 41 °F) for a 50 °C (122 and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. °F) condensing temperature. The performance, Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, flammability and environmental data, and 1:187-196, July 1992 (10 pages with 11 figures and 2 fundamental properties are tabulated and tables, RDB2720) compared to those of R-12. Means to reduce leaks and charge quantities are discussed as This paper compares the performance of a 10 kW ways to reduce the risks. R-C270 would require (3 ton) refrigeration system with R-134a to R-12. smaller compressors and may offer superior The equipment tested, instrumentation, and test performance. R-152a may be preferred based on conditions are described. Both the capacity and its lower flammability and experience with it. coefficient of performance (COP) are plotted as functions of the condenser water temperature for R. G. Doerr, R. H. Ernst, F. Howard, S. A. Kujak, D. representative evaporator temperatures. COP Lambert, R. Schafer, and D. Steinke (The Trane and capacity ratios for R-134a to R-12 are Company), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lu- similarly plotted with varying R-134a charges. bricants with Motor Materials, Proceedings of the System performance was shown to be less 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy sensitive to the charge for R-12. Experimental Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree results show that R-134a yielded higher efficiency and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, and cooling capacity for almost all tests, IN, 2:691-692, July 1992 (2 pages, available from especially with subcooling of 5.6-7.5 °C (10-15 JMC as RDB2817) °F). COPS are compared to pressure ratios for the two refrigerants, leading to a conclusion that This synopsis outlines the objectives and ap- the system can operate at a higher pressure ratio proach for a study to provide compatibility in- with R-134a and yet have a higher COP than with formation on 24 representative motor materials R-12. The effects of operating conditions are with 11 refrigerants and 17 refrigerant-lubricant presented in detail. combinations. The materials (including magnet wires, varnishes, sheet insulation, slot liners, S. Devotta and S. Gopichand (National Chemical phase separators, insulation, tapes, and tie Laboratory, India), Comparative Assessment of cords), refrigerants, and lubricants to be tested Some Flammable Refrigerants as Alternatives to are identified. CFC-12, Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and R. G. Doerr and S. A. Kujak (The Trane Company), New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Motor Materials, report DOE/CE/23810-3D, 1:249-257, July 1992 (9 pages with 4 figures and 1 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- table, available from JMC as RDB2727) stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1992 (20 pages with 43 tables, available from JMC as RDB2804) This paper reviews the need for assessment of flammable refrigerants and the implications of This interim report summarizes progress to pro- using such fluids as alternatives to R-12. Because vide compatibility information for motor materials of the complexities and potential adverse findings (for hermetic compressors) in refrigerants and in qualifying alternative refrigerants, there may not refrigerant-lubricant combinations. Tabular find- be adequate time for developed countries to fully ings are reported for exposures at 90 °C (194 °F) evaluate new fluids. Developing countries such as to R-22, R-123, and R-134a and to nitrogen at 127 India and China, which are self-reliant in the °C (260 °F). Data are provided both after 500 hour manufacture of refrigerants and equipment, are exposures and after a subsequent air bake for 24 short of funds and cannot afford to introduce hours at 150 °C (302 °F), to drive off absorbed transition fluids, such as HCFCs and possibly refrigerant. Dielectric strength, burnout time, bond HFCs, and then change again. Global strength, and qualitative flexibility are compared to environmental concern requires that flammable the unexposed values for three magnet wires. The fluids also be considered, some of which were specimens included six varnishes and an un- used in the past even in home refrigerators. coated specimen for magnet wire with an Flammability is considered to pose a lower risk amide-imide overcoat (Phelps Dodge Armored than toxicity. The paper reviews the theoretical Poly-Thermaleze 2000), Daglass served wire performance and flammability of R-142b, R-152a, (Phelps Dodge Armored Poly-Thermaleze Da- R-C270 (cyclopropane), R-290 (propane), R-600 glass 2000), and ester-imide overcoated with (butane), R-600a (isobutane). The pressure amide-imide (Phelps Dodge / Schenectady ratios, specific compressor displacements, Chemical). Weight change also is reported for six theoretical efficiency, and specific exposed varnish disks. The varnishes tested Page 176 Refrigerant Database

include two solvent epoxies (P. D. George Ster- 1992 (5 pages with 3 figures and 2 tables, RDB3A56) ling(R) U-475 EH and 923), a solvent epoxy phenolic (Sterling(R) Y-390 PG), 93% solids epoxy R-134a (Sterling(R) ER-610), and 100% solids VPI epoxy (Sterling(R) Y-833), and water-borne epoxy K. D. Gerdsmeyer (Danfoss GmbH, Germany), R- (Schenectady Isopoxy(R) 800). Flexibility of the 134a in Small Commercial Refrigeration Systems: varnish is suggested as important, due to the Some Practical Aspects, Proceedings of the 1992 tendency of the end turns of motor windings to International Refrigeration Conference - Energy move in startup and operation of motors. The Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree enamel could be removed from the wire by and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, flexing, due to low flexibility of some varnishes IN, 1:197-202, July 1992 (10 pages with 4 figures, and strong bonding to the insulation. Preliminary RDB2721) observations are presented on the role of refrigerant absorption and desorption when This paper present findings with R-134a in heated. Rapid desorption could result in structural commercial refrigeration equipment for evapo- breakdown of varnishes and other materials. rating temperatures of -15 to 15 °C (5-59 °F) with Tensile strength, weight change, and elongation small hermetic compressors (with displacements are compared to the unexposed values for six volumes up to 20 cm3, 1.2 in3). Emphasis is sheet insulations including Westinghouse placed on beverage coolers, cooling units for Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(R), Westinghouse Dacron- electronics, commercial refrigerators, and heat Mylar-Dacron(R), DuPont Mylar(R) MO, DuPont pump water heaters (HPWHs). Cooling capacities Nomex(R) 410, DuPont Nomex(R) Mica 418, and are plotted for R-12 and R-134a based on ICI Melinex(R) 228. Weight change comparisons calorimetric tests of a compressor, showing that are tabulated for Insulations Sales Nomex(R), the capacity of R-12 and R-134a are similar, but Mylar(R), and Nomex-Mylar(R) sleeving materials. slightly greater for R-12 at low evaporating Heat degradation of polyethylene terephthalate temperatures and for R-134a at high (PET) insulation was observed, especially with temperatures. Coefficients of performance (COP) residual moisture and butyl cellosolve evolved are similarly plotted, showing no penalty with from Isopoxy(R) 800 varnish. Changes in weight R-134a in compressors optimized for R-12. Tests and dielectric strength are presented for A. O. of a HPWH showed reduced operating time with Smith Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R) and Dacron-Teflon- R-134a due to its higher capacity. More favorable Dacron(R) lead wire insulation. Weight and results with systems optimized for R-134a are breaking load changes are supplied for Carolina suggested. The relative miscibility of mineral oil in Narrow woven glass tape, Electrolock heat R-12 and esters in R-134a are discussed, noting shrinkable braided polyester tape, Essex higher concern with design for oil return for the Permacel P247 glass-acrylic tape, and Ludlow latter. The paper notes that new ester lubricants Textiles polyester tie cord. HCFC refrigerants, and have the advantage of being biodegradable. R-22 in particular, appear to have a greater effect Moisture implications and the need for higher than HFCs on motor materials. Based on drying with ester lubricants are discussed. historical reliability of motors with R-22, reliable Residual chlorine from retrofits leads to increased use is anticipated with HFCs. The report indicates wear with R-134a and esters. The paper argues that the project is progressing on schedule and against conversion from R-12 to R-134a for small test completion is anticipated by the end of 1992. refrigeration systems, but concludes that R-134a can be successfully used in new systems. C. L. Gage (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) and G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental G. H. Goble (Peoples Welding Supply, Incorporated), Corporation), Predictions of Azeotropes Formed A Drop-In CFC-12 Replacement for Automotive from Fluorinated Ether, Ethane, and Propane Air Conditioning, Proceedings of the 1992 Azeotropes, Proceedings of the 1992 International International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, IN, 2:607-609, July 1992 (3 pages, available from 2:611-619, July 1992 (9 pages with 6 figures and 3 JMC as RDB2835) tables, RDB2836) This paper presents a ternary zeotropic blend, D. G. Gehring, D. J. Barsotti, and H. E. Gibbon proposed as a transition fluid, to replace R-12 in (DuPont Chemicals), Chlorofluorocarbons Alter- automotive air conditioners. The blend is R- natives Analysis, Part I: The Determination of 22/600a/142b (55/8/37), which offers an ozone HFC-134a Purity by Gas Chromatography, Journal depletion potential of 0.05 and compatibility with of Chromatographic Science, 30:280-284, July mineral oils. It has been tested in approximately Refrigerant Database Page 177

150 vehicles, two since August 1990. Only one butyl rubber/PP TPE, and a fiber-filled neoprene failure has resulted, but it was not attributed to the were quite resistant to it. Some compositions refrigerant change. Colder air delivery than for shrunk, suggesting that the swellant was removing R-12 was found; the condensing temperature is a component,, probably plasticizer, from the higher, though still low enough to prevent re- elastomer. All the HFCs resulted in substantially frigerant-oil breakdown. The isobutane content lower swelling than the HCFCs. R-143a, the least makes the blend miscible in standard mineral oils, acidic of the refrigerants tested, gave the least including Witco Suniso(R) 3GS and 5GS swelling overall. A series of figures summarize the naphthenic oils and Virginia KMP 150 paraffinic diameter changes. Swell data also are tabulated, oil. The flammability, both as compounded and for exposures of 1, 3, and 14 days; weight change after fractionation from leakage, is reviewed. is tabulated after 14 days. The elastomers tested Testing of a silane-based, desiccant and sealant include polyisoprene, neoprene, butyl, bromobutyl, additive are described to reduce refrigerant leaks. SBR/styrene, nitrile, hydrogenated nitrile, The paper notes that the blend composition can fluoroelastomer, fluorochloroelastomer, epichloro- be customized for hot climates. [The blend hydrin (homopolymer, ethylene oxide copolymer, addressed is a developmental version of GHG, and terpolymers), dimethyl silicone rubber, methyl- later reformulated to R-22/600a/142b (55/4/41), phenylvinylsilozane rubber, silicone rubber, fluo- R-406A.] rosilicone, EPDM/PP/TPE, nitrite/PP/TPR, chlorosulfonated PE, ethylene/propylene copolymer L. R. Grzyll and C. F. Parish (Mainstream Engi- (EPM), ethylene/acrylic elastomer, chlorinated PE, neering Corporation), An Innovative Approach for EPDM, butyl rubber, chloroprene, and ACN the Screening and Development of CFC Alter- compound. [see RDB2806 for supplemental data] natives, Proceedings of the 1992 International Re- frigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and New G. R. Hamed and R. H. Seiple (University of Akron), Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2:415-424, Elastomers - Supplement, supplement to report July 1992 (10 pages with 6 figures and 4 tables, DOE/CE/23810-3E, Air-Conditioning and Re- RDB2824) frigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1992 (144 pages with 135 figures and 2 tables, G. R. Hamed and R. H. Seiple (University of Akron), available from JMC as RDB2806) Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with Elastomers, report DOE/CE/23810-3E, Air- This supplement provides gas chromatograms Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute and results for the refrigerant specimens, FTIR (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July 1992 (102 pages with 31 data (infrared absorbance) for the refrigerants and figures and 60 tables, available from JMC as RDB- lubricants, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) 2805) and oscillating disk rheometer (ODR) plots for the elastomers tested. See RDB2805 for further This interim report summarizes swell measure- information. ments for approximately half of the 94 elastomers being tested in refrigerants and lubricants. Swell D. F. Huttenlocher (Spauschus Associates, Incor- behavior was determined using weight and in situ porated), Chemical and Thermal Stability of Re- diameter measurements for the refrigerants and frigerant-Lubricant Mixtures with Metals, report diameter and thickness measurements for the DOE/CE/23810-3B, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- lubricants. The refrigerants include both ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 10 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs R-22, R-123, July 1992 (64 pages with 37 figures and 24 tables, R-124, and R-142b) and hydrofluorocarbons available from JMC as RDB2802) (HFCs R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-143a, R-152a). The lubricants include an unidentified This interim report presents stability data, based mineral oil, alkylbenzene, three polyalkylene on sealed tube tests, for mixtures of refrigerants glycols (PAGs: a polypropylene glycol butyl and lubricants in the presence of a valve steel monoether, a polypropylene glycol diol, and a strip. Tabular results are presented for R-22 with modified polyglycol), and both a branched acid mineral oil, R-124 with alkylbenzene, R-134a with and a mixed acid pentaerythritol ester (PE). three pentaerythritol esters (PEs), R-142b with Appropriately cured elastomers, encompassing alkylbenzene; R-143a with PE branched acid, and both general purpose and specialty rubbers, were R-152a with alkylbenzene. Partial results are tested. Gum and black-filled compounds were provided for eight additional refrigerant-lubricant tested, as were some thermoplastic elastomers mixtures, including those containing R-11, R-32, (TPEs). Compositions containing carbon black R-123, R-125, and R-134. The information had reduced swelling compared to their unfilled provided includes visual observations on the aged counterparts. Among the HCFCs, R-123 generally sealed tubes and gas resulted in the highest swelling, although an EPDM/PP TPE, Page 178 Refrigerant Database

chromatographic analyses on their vapor-phase VA, July 1992 (54 pages including a 6 page report contents. Chloride ion contents are provided for and 2 appended draft papers, available from JMC as hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) containing RDB2801) mixtures and fluoride ion contents for hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) mixtures. Total acid number This progress report provides an update on a values and infrared analyses are presented for project to provide highly accurate, selected, mixtures containing ester lubricants. The mineral thermophysical properties data for R-32, R-123, oils tested were Witco Suniso(R) 3GS (ISO 32) and R-124, and R-125. The thermodynamic data also Freezene Naphthenic Heavy white oil (ISO 46). will be fit to modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin The alkylbenzene was Shrieve Zerol(R) 150. The (MBWR) and improved Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) included ICI (CSD), or Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis-Morrison Emkarox(R) polypropylene glycol butyl monoether (CSDM), equations of state for each fluid. The (ISO 32) and Dow Chemical P245 polypropylene CSDM equation takes into account the effects of the glycol diol (ISO 22). The pentaerythritol esters dipole moment to improve modeling of blends of (PEs) included Castrol lcematic(R) SW32 branched very polar fluids, such as R-32/134a. Viscosity and acid, ICI Emkarate(TM) RL mixed acids, and thermal conductivity data for R-32 and thermal Henkel Emery(R) 4078X (2928 ISO 100) 100 cSt. conductivity data for R-123 will be correlated for use Most of the tests were repeated at three in transport property models. Measurements in this temperature levels, namely 150, 175, and 200 °C reporting period have focused on the PVT behavior, (221, 302, and 347 °F); additional tests were isochoric heat capacity, and transport properties of performed at 105 °C (221 °F) when indicated. The R-32 and on the thermal conductivity of R-123. preliminary findings indicate that the HFCs tested Measurements for R-32, based on Burnett are very stable and did not undergo measurable apparatus, are described. A draft paper entitled chemical reactions or thermal decomposition, "Ebulliometric Measurement of the Vapor Pressure even in the presence of lubricants. The of Difluoromethane (R-32)," submitted to the high-viscosity ester is the only lubricant that Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, is showed significant signs of instability, based on appended. Measurements of the molar heat decarboxylation of the ester molecule, especially capacity using an adiabatic calorimeter, of thermal at 200 °C (347 °F). All of the HCFCs tested, conductivity using a low temperature transient possibly excepting R-22, are less stable than the hot-wire instrument, and shear viscosity using a HFCs. Except for R-123, however, they are no torsional quartz crystal viscometer are outlined. The more reactive than R-12 under equivalent test pressure and liquid densities of R-32/134a and conditions. While R-123 is significantly more R-32/152a were determined at the bubble points of reactive, it offers a stability improvement by a these mixtures in a related project. The thermal factor of ten over R-11. conductivity of R-124 was measured in the liquid and vapor phases, and a draft paper entitled P. E. Hansen (Danfoss-Flensburg GmbH, Germany) "Thermal Conductivity of 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2- and L. Finsen (Danfoss A/S, Denmark), Lifetime and Tetrafluoroethane (R-124)," submitted to the In- Reliability of Small Hermetic Compressors Using ternational Journal of Thermophysics, also is a Ternary Blend HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, appended. Thermal conductivity measurements of Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration R-125 in the vapor, liquid, and supercritical phases Conference - Energy Efficiency and New are outlined as are viscosity measurements for both Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, R-124 and R-125. The thermal conductivity Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2:641-649, measurements of R-123, using low and July 1992 (9 pages with 6 figures and 2 tables, high-temperature transient hot-wire instruments, RDB2839) also are described. The agreement between newly acquired property data are compared to those R-22/152a/124, R-401 series resulting from other identified investigations, generally indicating more complete and much more D. F. Huttenlocher (Spauschus Associates, Incor- precise findings. porated), Chemical and Thermal Stability of Re- frigerant-Lubricant Mixtures with Metals, Pro- G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation) ceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration and C. L. Gage (U.S. Environmental Protection Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Refriger- Agency, EPA), Thermodynamic Evaluation of ants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue Predicted Fluorinated Ether, Ethane, and Propane University, West Lafayette, IN, 2:679, July 1992 (1 Azeotropes, Proceedings of the 1992 International page, available from JMC as RDB2813) Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, R. F. Kayser (National Institute of Standards and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties, report DOE/CE/23810-3A, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, Refrigerant Database Page 179

IN, 2:595-605, July 1992 (11 pages with 10 figures Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and and 4 tables, RDB2834) New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2:677, This paper summarizes thermodynamic analyses July 1992 (1 page, available from JMC as RDB2812) of seven predicted azeotropes of fluorinated ethers, ethanes, and propanes. They include R- This synopsis introduces the Materials Com- E125/C270, R-E125/134a, R-E143a/134, R- patibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) Pro- 134a/E143a, R-E143a/152a, R-134/245cb, and gram, an effort to investigate the properties and R-245cb/227ea. Their performance was evalu- compatibilities of alternative refrigerants. The goal ated using basic thermophysical property data of this program is to accelerate commercialization and the results used to rank the azeotropes of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and hydrochloro- among other refrigerants. fluorocarbon (HCFC) substitutes in air-conditioning and refrigeration applications. The funding and T. S. Kim, J. Y. Shin, S-D. Chang, M. S. Kim, and S. program management are indicated. Seven T. Ro (Seoul National University, Korea), Cycle research projects exceeding $1.2 million in total Performance and Heat Transfer Characteristics of are identified for the first phase. The program a Heat Pump Using R-22/142b Refrigerant includes projects to measure thermodynamic and Mixtures, Proceedings of the 1992 International heat transport properties of refrigerants, test the Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and chemical and thermal stability of refrigerant- New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. lubricant mixtures with metals, and measure the Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:53- miscibility of refrigerants and lubricants. Three 62, July 1992 (10 pages with 14 figures, RDB2713) additional projects will provide information on the compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with H. H. Kruse and F. Rinne (Universität Hannover, motor materials, elastomers, and engineering Germany), Performance and Leakage Investiga- plastics. The seventh project facilitates dissemina- tions of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Sys- tion of data through development and adminis- tems Using Refrigerant Mixtures as Working tration of a refrigerant database. The second Fluids, Proceedings of the 1992 International Re- phase also is introduced. It includes projects to frigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and New measure the solubility and viscosity of refriger- Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, ant-lubricant mixtures, their compatibility with Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2:621-630, desiccants, and development of screening and July 1992 (10 pages with 10 figures, available from test methods. This summary serves as a preface JMC as RDB2837) for five presentations from the program.

J-Y. Lin and M. B. Pate (Iowa State University of J. Pannock, D. A. Didion (National Institute of Stan- Science and Technology), A Thermal Conductivity dards and Technology, NIST), and R. K. Rader- Prediction Method for Refrigerant Mixtures in the macher (University of Maryland), Performance Liquid Phase, Proceedings of the 1992 International Evaluation of Chlorine-Free Zeotropic Refrigerant Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and Mixtures in Heat Pumps - Computer Study and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Tests, Proceedings of the 1992 International Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and 2:365-374, July 1992 (10 pages with 8 figures and 1 New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. table, RDB2819) Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:25- 34, July 1992 (10 pages with 8 figures and 2 tables, J. W. Linton, W. K. Snelson, P. F. Hearty, and A. R. RDB2710) Triebe (National Research Council, Canada, NRCC), The Potential of HFC-134a and HFC-152a to M. B. Pate, S. C. Zoz, and L. J. Berkenbosch (Iowa Replace CFC-12 in Medium Temperature Heat State University of Science and Technology), Mis- Pump Applications, Proceedings of the 1992 cibility of Lubricants with Refrigerants, report International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Ef- DOE/CE/23810-3C, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- ficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, July and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 1992 (22 pages with 24 tables, available from JMC IN, 1:203-209, July 1992 (7 pages with 8 figures, as RDB2803) RDB2722) This progress report summarizes the status and R-134a, R-152a initial data obtained from an investigation of miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants. Ex- M. S. Menzer (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration periments are being performed in two phases, Technology Institute, ARTI), ARTI Preliminary Re- namely screening tests and preparation of mis- sults of Materials Exposed to Refrigerants and Lubricants, Proceedings of the 1992 International Page 180 Refrigerant Database

cibility plots. Qualitative miscibility observations swelling and changes in hardness, are necessary are tabulated for R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R- to interpret compatibility results from sealed-tube 142b, and R-143a with four lubricants. They in- tests. Results are reported for glass-reinforced clude two pentaerythritol esters, a mixed acid (ICI nylon 6/6, flexible nylon alloy, plasticized nylon Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, formerly RL 244) and a copolymers, and polyamide 1212 in R-12 with branched acid (Castrol lcematic(R) SW32), and for mineral oil and in R-134a with an unidentified two polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), a polypropylene polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant. Density, glycol diol (Dow P425) and a polypropylene glycol Shore durometer D hardness, flexural modulus, butyl monoether (ICI Emkarox(R) VG32). These visual observations, and dimensional changes are tests were performed for three lubricant tabulated. Stress versus strain curves are plotted concentrations over a temperature range of -50 to both before and after aging. 60 °C (-58 to 140 °F) for R-32, R-125, R-134, and R-143a. The range was extended to 90 °C (194 P. Rohlin (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH, °F) for R-134a and R-142b. R-22, R-123, R-124, Sweden), Coefficients of Performance and Local and R-152a will be tested later. The refrigerant Heat Transfer Coefficients for Flow Boiling Inside concentrations varied due to the method of Horizontal Tubes with Nonazeotropic Refrigerant charging the test cells, but future tests will provide Mixtures in a Small Exhaust Air Heat Pump, data at nominal concentrations of 10, 50, and Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration 95% by weight for all of the combinations. Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Composition changes as the density of the vapor Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, decreases and the vapor volume increases are Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:157-166, discussed. Minor problems with leakage and July 1992 (10 pages with 8 figures and 1 table, corrections are described. Summary observations RDB2717) are provided for each refrigerant-lubricant combination. Test results are presented for three refrigerant blends in an exhaust-air heat pump, with a M. B. Pate, S. C. Zoz, and L. J. Berkenbosch (Iowa heating capacity of 1050-1450 W (3600-4950 State University of Science and Technology), Mis- Btu/hr). Such heat pumps are used, widely in cibility of Lubricants with Refrigerants, Proceed- Sweden, to recover heat from exhaust air to heat ings of the 1992 International Refrigeration Confer- service hot water, particularly for large multifamily ence - Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, residential buildings. Heating coefficients of edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue Uni- performance (COPs), capacities, and local heat versity, West Lafayette, IN, 2:681-686, July 1992 (6 transfer coefficients in the evaporator are pages with 4 figures and 2 tables, available from compared to those for R-12. Data for R-22/- JMC as RDB2814) 152a/124 (36/24/40) and two blends of R-22/142b (45/55 and 60/40) are plotted and discussed. The N. D. T. Rohatgi and H. O. Spauschus (Spauschus experiments indicate that use of these zeotropic Associates, Incorporated), Method for Determining mixtures can increase both the COP and capacity Flexural Property Changes of Polymeric Materials despite a large reduction in the local heat transfer upon Accelerated Aging in Refrigerant-Lubricant coefficient. The reduction is large with the binary Mixtures, Proceedings of the 1992 International mixtures and is compounded by suppression in Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and nucleate boiling, also observed by other New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. referenced investigations. Both the experimental Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, apparatus and analytical methods used are 2:395-403, July 1992 (9 pages with 6 figures and 6 described. tables, available from JMC as RDB2822) S. M. Sami, J. Schnotale (University of Moncton, This paper describes a test method to determine Canada), and J. G. Smale (DuPont Canada, Incor- changes in flexural properties of small samples of porated), An Experimental Investigation of polymeric materials after aging in refrigerants Ternary Blends Performance Proposed as Sub- and/or lubricants. The method uses linear stress stitutes for CFC-12, Proceedings of the 1992 In- versus strain curves and calculated flexural ternational Refrigeration Conference - Energy Effi- modulus of materials. Changes after thermal ciency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree aging are used to indicate whether a material and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, becomes more flexible (due to absorption of liquid IN, 2:651-660, July 1992 (10 pages with 9 figures, lubricant or refrigerant-lubricant mixture) or less RDB2840) flexible (due to possible extraction of material from the polymeric matrix by the liquid phase). R. H. Seiple and G. R. Hamed (University of Akron), The effects of aging time and temperature also Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with are addressed. The procedure provides Elastomers in Proceedings of the 1992 Inter- quantitative measurements which, along with visual observations, linear Refrigerant Database Page 181

national Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency the fraction of lost charge at -20 and 40.2 °C (-4 and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. and 104 °F). Three final plots show the capacity Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, and corrected capacity for 10 and 20% leak rates 2:687-688, July 1992 (2 pages, available from JMC at -20 °C (-4 °F) with one to five recharges. The as RDB2815) paper reports that fractionation depends on the temperature, can result in potentially flammable This synopsis outlines the objectives and ap- vapors, and that continual loss in capacity will proach for a study to provide information on the occur with recharging if the losses exceed 10%. compatibility and change of properties for 84 elastomers, used as seals, and hoses in refrig- L. Snitkjær and F. K. Eggert (Danfoss-Flensburg eration systems. The materials to be tested, re- GmbH, Germany), Use of a Ternary Blend in Ex- frigerants, lubricants, and methods are identified. isting Domestic CFC-12 Appliances, Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - M. B. Shiflett, A. Yokozeki, and P. R. Reed (DuPont Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. Chemicals), Property and Performance Evaluation R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West of 'SUVA' HP Refrigerants as R-502 Alternatives, Lafayette, IN, 2:631-640, July 1992 (10 pages with 5 Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration figures and 4 tables, RDB2838) Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, M. W. Spatz and J. Zheng (AlliedSignal Incorporat- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:15-24, July ed), Performance of Alternative Refrigerants in 1992 (10 pages with 10 figures and 2 tables, RDB- Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners, presented at the 2709) 1992 International Refrigeration Conference (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, July 1992), published M. B. Shiflett, A. Yokozeki, and D. B. Bivens (DuPont in Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration Chemicals), Refrigerant Mixtures as HCFC-22 Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Alternatives, Proceedings of the 1992 International Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and 465-475, July 1994 (11 pages with 3 figures and 4 New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. tables, RDB4862) Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:35-44, July 1992 (10 pages with 8 figures and 2 performance tests of R-134a, R-152a, R-32/125 tables, RDB2711) (60/40), R-32/134a (25/75)

R. R. Singh, H. T. Pham, and I. R. Shankland (AI- K. E. Starner, Summary of Pool Boiling Test Re- IiedSignal Incorporated), Some Issues in the Use of sults for R-134a, R-22, and R-12 with Oils, York Refrigerant Mixtures, presented at the 1992 In- International Corporation, York, PA, 22 July 1992 (1 ternational Refrigeration Conference (Purdue Uni- page, available from JMC as RDB2808) versity, West Lafayette, IN, July 1992), published in Proceedings of the 1994 International Refrigeration This document summarizes tests to compare heat Conference at Purdue, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. transfer characteristics of R-12, R-22, and Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, R-134a, with and without lubricants, for Wolverine 455-463, July 1994 (9 pages with 11 figures, RDB- Turbo-B(R) enhanced-surface tubes. Turbo-B(R) 4861) tube is enhanced on both the inside and outside surfaces to increase the overall heat transfer This paper summarizes an investigation of seg- coefficient; its primary use is as a boiling tube for regation of R-32/134a (30/70), proposed as an evaporators in chillers. Quantitative results are alternative for R-22, into is components. The presented for a heat flux of 17.3 kW/m2 (5500 paper briefly cites the benefits of zeotropic re- Btu/h·ft2) for nominal 19 mm (3/4") frigerant blends and introduces preferential outside-diameter tubes in a 60 cm (2'), 8-tube fractionation based on differences in vapor bundle at 4.4 °C (40 °F). Differences are pressure. It notes that the vapor phase compo- presented between the wall temperature and the sition is enriched in the more volatile component, refrigerant saturation temperature at the mea- compared to the liquid phase, so the more volatile sured pressure. Results are compared between component is lost faster in a vapor leak. The refrigerant-lubricant mixtures, with 1.5% mineral paper discusses the implications for performance, oil by volume, and those for pure refrigerants. flammability, and recharging. Leakage was Additional data are provided for R-134a with simulated with a variable vapor leak. Plots miscible lubricants, including an unidentified illustrate the dependence of measured capacity, polyalkylene glycol (PAG) and ester. For pure efficiency, and temperature glide on composition. refrigerants, the measured temperature difference A second series contrasts the vapor and liquid is 0.14 °C (0.25 °F) lower for R-22 and 0.06 °C compositions to the flame limit to (0.1 °F) higher for R-12 compared to that for R-134a. The document reports penalties, com- Page 182 Refrigerant Database

pared to pure refrigerants, of 0.53, 0.31, 2.78, 13 figures and 5 tables, available from JMC as 0.19, and 0.33 °C (0.95, 0.55, 5.00, 0.35, and RDB2821) 0.60 °F) for mixtures with 1.5% lubricant for R-12 with mineral oil, R-22 with mineral oil, R-134a with K. Watanabe, H. Sato, and Z-Y. Qian (Keio Univer- mineral oil (nonmiscible), R-134a with PAG, and sity, Japan), Thermodynamic Properties of New R-134a with ester, respectively. Additional Refrigerants - HFC-32 and HFC-125, Proceedings penalties of 0.17 and 0.39 °C (0.30 and 0.70 °F) of the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - are reported for mixtures of 0.08 and 0.15% Energy Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. mineral oil with 1.5% ester-based lubricant above R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West that for the refrigerant-ester mixture alone. Lafayette, IN, 2:443-452, July 1992 (10 pages with 9 figures, RDB2827) S. G. Sundaresan (Copeland Corporation), Near Azeotrope Refrigerants to Replace R-502 in R-32, R-125 Commercial Refrigeration, Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy L. A. Weber (National Institute of Standards and Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Technology, NIST), Criteria for Establishing Ac- Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West curate Vapor Pressure Curves, Proceedings of the Lafayette, IN, 1:1-13, July 1992 (13 pages with 11 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy figures and 7 tables, RDB2708) Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, alternative refrigerants, blends IN, 2:463-471, July 1992 (9 pages); republished in International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), S. R. Szymurski, Materials Compatibility and Lu- 17(2):117-122, February 1994 (6 pages with 4 bricants Research on CFC-Refrigerant Substi- figures, available from JMC as RDB2829) tutes, report DOE/CE/23810-3, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI) , Arlington, This paper uses standard thermodynamic rela- VA, July 1992 (13 pages, available from JMC as tionships to demonstrate the accuracy of new RDB2809) vapor pressure measurements. Calculated, liquid-phase, heat capacities, based on data for R- This progress report summarizes the goals and 123 and R-134a, are compared to published, status of the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant experimental values. The paper describes and Research (MCLR) Program, jointly funded under schematically illustrates a comparative ebul- a grant from the Department of Energy and cost liometer apparatus used to measure vapor sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration pressures. It contrasts the measured data to those industry. The program addresses critical research obtained by others, noting that the new vapor to accelerate the introduction of substitutes for pressure data tend to be systematically lower than chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants. The published values. It suggests that the deviations program comprises projects to measure may derive from presence of a volatile impurity thermophysical properties, test the chemical and (air) in samples used in static measurements, thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures overcome by the dynamic approach of the with metals, and measure the miscibility of apparatus described. The paper presents lubricants with refrigerants. One project is relations, based on thermodynamic principles, to modeling the performance and key operating confirm assertion of volatile impurities and to parameters of alternatives for R-22. Three select the most reliable vapor pressure curves. It projects will provide information on the then discusses plots of heat capacity deviations. compatibility of refrigerants and lubricants with The paper concludes that discrepancies between motor materials, elastomers, and engineering precise vapor pressure data, from different plastics. An eighth project collects and facilitates laboratories, can be explained by assumption of dissemination of data through development and impurities, probably air. It notes that very small administration of a refrigerant database. The concentrations of air can have relatively large scope of the program, objectives of the projects, effects, which can affect calculated thermo- and significant preliminary findings are presented. dynamic properties. [see RDB2B02 for update] L. A. Weber (National Institute of Standards and S. Uemura, S. Inagaki, N. Kobayashi, T. Teraoka, Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties of and M. Noguchi (Daikin Industries, Limited), Char- Some Selected Alternative Refrigerants, presen- acteristics of HFC Refrigerants, Proceedings of the tation at the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration 1992 International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, July 1990); Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West published in the Proceedings of the 1992 Inter- Lafayette, IN, 2:385-394, July 1992 (10 pages with national Refrigeration Conference - Energy Effi- Refrigerant Database Page 183

ciency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree rated by reference or directly quoted in con- and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, struction codes. It prescribes the maximum IN, 2:703-712, July 1992 (10 pages with 8 figures quantities of individual refrigerants that may be and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB0908) used for specific building occupancies as well as component, equipment, and installation re- Paper summarizes research on thermophysical quirements. Minimum safety devices, marking, properties for R-123, R-125, R-134, R-134a, and and tests also are specified. This version super- R-141b as well as properties obtained for R-E134. sedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1989, in- It describes measurements of the gas and cluding its addendum (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard liquid-phase PVT, vapor pressure, surface 15a-1991) and earlier editions. tension, index of refraction, dielectric constant, gas-phase speed of sound, critical parameters and materials compatibility. June 1992

X. Xu and D. Clodic (École des Mines de Paris, P. K. Bansal, T. Dutto, and B. Hivet, Performance France), Exergy Analysis on a Vapor-Compres- Evaluation of Environmentally Benign Refriger- sion Refrigerating System Using R12, R134a, and ants in Heat Pumps: A Simulation Study, Inter- R290 as Refrigerants, Proceedings of the 1992 national Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 15(6):340-348, International Refrigeration Conference - Energy June 1992 (19 pages, rdb2C03) Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West alternative refrigerants, efficiencies Lafayette, IN, 1:231-240, July 1992 (10 pages with 3 figures and 8 tables, RDB2725) J. C. Conklin and E. A. Vineyard (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), Flow Boiling Enhancement of R-12, R-134a, and R-290 R-22 and a Nonazeotropic Mixture Using Perforated Foils, paper BA-92-4-3, Transactions M. Yitai, W. Jie, Y. Zhao, W. Huaixin, and L. Canren (Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, June 1992), (Tianjin University, China), Investigation of Using American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixture as the Re- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, placement of R-12, Proceedings of the 1992 Inter- 98(2):402-410, 1992 (9 pages with 12 figures, RDB- national Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency 2611) and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, heat transfer 2:669-676, July 1992 (8 pages with 6 figures and 3 tables, RDB2842) S. K. Fischer (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), An Analytical Screening of Alternatives M-S. Zhu, L-Z. Han, Z-Z. Lin (Tsinghua University, for R-502 in Low-Temperature Refrigerating Ap- China), B. Lu, D. Liu, and L. Yang (Beijing Snow plications, paper 3617, Transactions (Annual Flake Electrical Appliance Group Corporation, Meeting, Baltimore, MD, June 1992), American So- China), Experimental Researches on Domestic ciety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Refrigerators Using HFC-134a as Refrigerant, Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(2):188-203, Proceedings of the 1992 International Refrigeration 1992 (15 pages with 9 figures and 11 tables, RDB- Conference - Energy Efficiency and New Refriger- 2602) ants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:241-247, July 1992 N. S. Gupte (Carrier Corporation) and R. L. Webb (7 pages with 1 figure and 5 tables, RDB2726) (Pennsylvania State University), Convective Va- porization of Refrigerants in Tube Banks, paper Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, ASH- BA-92-4-4, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Baltimore, RAE Standard 15-1992, American Society of Heat- MD, June 1992), American Society of Heating, ing, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, July 1992 (RDB2910) (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(2):411-424, 1992 (14 pages with 27 figures and 2 tables, RDB2607) This voluntary, consensus standard specifies reasonable safeguards of life, limb, health, and heat transfer property; defines practices that are inconsistent with safety, and prescribes safety standards. It E. Korfitsen and A. Christensen, New Ammonia applies to mechanical refrigerating systems and Technology for Heat Pumps, Proceedings of the heat pumps used in identified occupancies as well International Symposium on Refrigeration, Energy, as to components replaced after adoption. The and the Environment (Trondheim, Norway, 22-24 purpose is to promote the safe design, con- June 1992), Norgest Tekniska Högskole (NTH), struction, and operation of covered systems. This Trondheim, Norway), 165-177, 1992 (13 pages, standard is widely cited and either incorpo- RDB4344) Page 184 Refrigerant Database

R-717 Baltimore, MD, June 1992), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- G. Lorentzen and J. Pettersen (Norgest Tekniska neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(2):455-461, 1992 Högskole, NTH, Norway), New Possibilities for Non (7 pages with 10 figures, RDB2610) CFC Refrigeration, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Refrigeration, Energy, and the Participants' Handbook: R-22 Alternative Re- Environment (Trondheim, Norway, 22-24 June 1992), frigerants Evaluation Program (AREP), Air-Con- Norgest Tekniska Högskole (NTH), Trondheim, ditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Norway), 147-163, 1992 (17 pages, rdb5436) VA, 10 June 1992 (46 pages, available from JMC as RDB2620) alternative refrigerants, "natural" refrigerants This superseded document outlines an ARI pro- P. Nekså (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, Nor- gram to evaluate candidate alternatives for R-22 way), The Transcritical Vapor Compression Cycle and R-502, the latter an azeotrope of R-22 and - Its Potential in Heat Pump Processes, Pro- R-115, for unitary air conditioners, heat pumps, ceedings of the International Symposium on Re- chillers, refrigeration equipment, and ice-making frigeration, Energy, and the Environment (Trondheim, machines. This cooperative program seeks to Norway, 22-24 June 1992), Norgest Tekniska accelerate introduction of alternatives by focusing Högskole (NTH), Trondheim, Norway, 1992 (RDB- research efforts and avoiding duplicative work. 5497) The document outlines the AREP organization, including its Task Force (chaired by D. M. R-744 (carbon dioxide), transcritical cycle Goldberg), Technical Committee (chaired by E. B. Muir), and Heat Transfer Subcommittee. It J. Ogata, Y. Iwafuji, Y. Shimada (Mitsubishi Heavy identifies cooperating organization, including the Industries, Limited, Japan), and T. Yamazaki (Tokyo European Committee of Manufacturers of Electric Power Company, Japan), Boiling Heat Refrigeration Equipment (CECOMAF) and the Transfer Enhancement in Tube-Bundle Evapo- Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). EPRI is rators Utilizing Electric Field Effects, paper BA- funding, coordinating, and managing the heat 92-5-2, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Baltimore, transfer segment, an integral part of the program. MD, June 1992), American Society of Heating, Re- The document identifies the nomination process frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- and resultant candidate refrigerants. They include RAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(2):435-444, 1992 (10 pages R-32/125 (60/40), R-32/134a (30/70), R-32/125/- with 10 figures and 3 tables, RDB2609) 134a (10/70/20), R-290 (propane), R-134a, R-717 (ammonia), R-32/125/290/134a (20/55/5/20), R- R. J. Rose (University of Maryland), D. Jung (Inha 32/125/134a (30/10/60), R-125/143a (45/55), and University, Korea) and R. K. Radermacher (Univer- R-125/143a/134a (40/45/15). The last two are of sity of Maryland), Testing of Domestic Two-Evap- primary interest as potential replacements for orator Refrigerators with Zeotropic Refrigerant R-502. Procedures and conditions for compressor Mixtures, paper 3620, Transactions (Annual Meet- calorimeter and heat transfer test are specified for ing, Baltimore, MD, June 1992), American Society of participants. Results of the work will be Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- disseminated via the Refrigerant Database. gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(2):216-226, 1992 Related research on toxicity and environmental (10 pages with 7 figures and 3 tables, RDB2605) assessments of the candidate fluids and components will be coordinated and shared. S. M. Sami, J. Schnotale (University of Moncton, Appendices to this program handbook identify New Brunswick, Canada), and J. G. Smale (DuPont committee members, participation commitments, Canada, Incorporated), Prediction of the Heat international organizations conducting similar Transfer Characteristics of R-22/152a/114 and research, and pertinent combinations of R-22/152a/124, paper 3602, Transactions (Annual refrigerants and heat exchanger types. A Meeting, Baltimore, MD, June 1992), American So- statement of work for an EPRI request for ciety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning proposals (RFP 3412-50), for the heat transfer Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(2):51-58, studies, also is appended. 1992 (8 pages with 10 figures and 1 table, RDB2601) The Impact of Heat Pumps on the Greenhouse A. Yabe, T. Taketani (Mechanical Engineering Lab- Effect, report HPC-ASR1, International Energy oratory, Japan), H. Maki, K. Takahashi, and Y. Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Center (HPC), Sittard, The Nakadai (University of Tokyo, Japan), Experimental Netherlands, June 1992 (64 pages, RDB2C08) Study of Electrohydrodynamically (EHD) En- hanced Evaporator for Nonazeotropic Mixtures, This report summarizes analyses to determine paper BA-92-5-4, Transactions (Annual Meeting, how different types of heat pumps can con- Refrigerant Database Page 185

tribute to reduction of global warming. It focuses ing equipment, including continued use, retrofit, on heating-only heat pumps for space and and replacement. Safety and other considerations service-water heating. Some discussion is are reviewed for the alternative refrigerants. The included of dual-mode (heating and cooling) and paper concludes that good options are available cooling-only devices. The report reviews the provided that sound engineering is used. international status of heat pump use, the environmental concerns with stratospheric ozone E. A. Groll and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, depletion and global warming, and activities in Germany), Kompressionskältemaschine mit Lös- selected countries to address these issues. The ungskreislauf für umweltverträgliche Kältemittel analyses were based on separate studies [Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Machine with a conducted in member countries of the IEA and by Solution Circuit for Environmentally Friendly Refrig- various international organizations. Of the 41 erants], DKV-Forschungsberichte [Research Report] national studies, 32 examine heat pump roles in 35, Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Eight (DKV, German Association of Refrigeration and address heat pumps relative to reductions in Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, May 1992 (in electricity or fossil-fuel use. One examines the German, rdb5725) effects of alternative technologies on heat pump energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The M. Jelinek, N. C. Daltrophe, and I. Borde (Ben-Gurion report reviews the efficiency levels of different University of the Negev, Israel), Prediction of types of heat pumps, opportunities to reduce Thermophysical Properties on Few Alternative carbon dioxide emissions, and direct warming CFC-Free Refrigerants, Proceedings of the 24th effects resulting from emissions of working fluids Israel Conference on Mechanical Engineering, or methane fuel. The report concludes that the 3.1.1-1 - 3.1.1-3, May 1992 (3 pages, rdb5454) greatest reduction in warming impact can be achieved by changing to working fluids with a thermodynamic data lower global warming potential. Additional reductions can be achieved by reducing losses H. H. Kruse and E. A. Groll (Universität Hannover, during equipment operation, through use of Germany), Untersuchung alternativer Anlagen- hermetic designs and recycling of fluids upon schaltungen und Arbeitsstoffe zur Lösung des retirement. The report notes that sealing is FCKW-Ozon-Problems [Examination of Alternative essential for reliability and because working fluids Cycles and Working Materials to Solve the are frequently flammable and/or toxic. Addressing CFC/Ozone-Depletion Problem], final report the future of heat pumps, the report notes the 01ZH89C1, Bundesminister für Forschung und need to optimize the full energy system including Technolgie (BMFT) [Federal Ministry of Research improvement of power plant efficiency and use of and Technology], Bonn, Germany, May 1992 (in cogeneration-based power production. German, rdb5499)

alternative cycles and refrigerants, environmental May 1992 protection

J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Alternative A. D. Nickens, G. F. Brunner, and D. L. Hamilton Refrigerants: Challenges and Opportunities, (U.S. Navy), Navy Investigations of HFC-134a as a Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning (HPAC), 64(5):38-49, Replacement for CFC-12 in Shipboard Appli- May 1992 (8 pages with 5 figures and 1 table, cations, Naval Engineers Journal, 98-103, May 1992 available from JMC as RDB2621) (6 pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB2706) This article reviews the status and options available for refrigerants in chillers, with emphasis on This article reviews research and development use of R-22, R-123, R-134a, R-717 (ammonia), efforts by the U.S. Navy to qualify R-134a as the and absorption cycles. The efficiency, global- retrofit replacement refrigerant for R-12 and for warming potential (GWP), ozone-depletion po- future air-conditioning applications on ships and tential (ODP), flammability, toxicity, and cost of submarines. The article recaps fleet use of R-12 refrigerants are discussed; quantitative data are for air-conditioning and refrigeration, compares tabulated. A figure shows the capacity ranges and the properties of R-134a to those of R-12, and types of equipment available by refrigerant. outlines the Navy's review of toxicity data and risk Comparative ODP, GWP, efficiency, and capacity affects. Unique considerations for submarine use are plotted for R-123 and R-11, R-134a and R-12, are summarized, including potential interactions and R-134a and R-500. Cost projections (with with life-support and contaminant removal excise taxes) are plotted for the refrigerants systems, in the event of refrigerant leaks. These reviewed. Options are discussed for exist- systems include burners to oxidize carbon monoxide and hydrogen as well as carbon Page 186 Refrigerant Database

dioxide scrubbers. The article reviews tests of April 1992 R-134a in 25 and 80 ton shipboard air-conditioning plants. Initial retrofit tests using R-134a J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant with a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant resulted Database, report DOE/CE/23810-2G, Air-Condi- in 5% improvements in both capacity and tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), efficiency. Inspection after 5100 hours of oper- Arlington, VA, 30 April 1992 (56 pages, RDB2434) ation, however, revealed extensive copper plating and severe damage to one piston, wrist pin, and This superseded document provides bibliographic connecting rod. Damage to other parts, including citations for 336 publications that may be useful in a chipped oil ring, worn piston rings, and broken research and design of air-conditioning and or collapsed suction valve springs also were refrigeration equipment. Abstracts, emphasizing noted. These findings led to a judgment that PAG the content, materials addressed, and key lubricants are unsatisfactory for shipboard conclusions, are provided for approximately half of reciprocating-piston compressors for air these documents. [Please see RDB2810 for conditioning. While a molecular-sieve drier had update and a more complete abstract.] been used for a portion of the cited tests, initial operation was without a drier. The paper reviews R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, Incorporated, a subsequent test of an 80 ton plant with R-134a IRI), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants and a proprietary polyolester (POE) lubricant, with Plastics, report DOE/CE/23810-2F, provided by the Carrier Corporation. A lubricant Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology In- analysis after two hours of operation revealed stitute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1992 (12 pages approximately 15% residual mineral oil, which with 5 figures, available from JMC as RDB2420) was reduced to approximately 3% after a second oil change. Cooling capacity increased by 1% and This superseded interim report summarizes efficiency dropped by 2% using R-134a. Although progress to provide compatibility information on minor copper plating was evident after 2000 hours engineering plastics with alternative refrigerants of operation, particularly on the suction valves, no and suitable lubricants. The status of test measurable decomposition was detected in the specimen procurement and preparation is out- R-134a. No wear was found on any component to lined. The report also addresses experimental date, and the extended operation test is methods and modifications to test procedures for continuing. Onboard demonstration and fleet the planned work. Solubility plots are included for retrofit plans are summarized. R-22, R-32, R-134a, and R-152a at 20 and 60 °C (68 and 140 °F) in polyolester (EXP0621 ISO 32); M. L. Robin, Halon Alternatives: Recent Technical both refrigerant-lubricant viscosity and refrigerant Progress, unpublished presentation, 1992 Halon concentration are shown. The solubility data are Alternatives Technical Working Conference needed to maintain the refrigerant concentration in (Albuquerque, NM), Great Lakes Chemical Corpo- the test apparatus that will be used. The plastics ration, West Lafayette, IN, May 1992 (22 pages with that will be tested include polyimide (DuPont 3 figures and 11 tables, available - missing page 1 - Vespel(R) DF and DF-ISO), tetrafluoroethylene from JMC as RDB3726) (TFE, DuPont Teflon(R)), BASF Ultrapek, Victrex PEEK 45G 300, Radel A-200, DuPont Delrin(R) II R-227ea, thermodynamic properties 11500, acetal resin (DuPont Rynite(R) 530), DuPont Zytel(R) 101, polycarbonate resin (GE K. P. Tyagi (Bharat Heavy Electrical Corporation, Lexan(R) 161), GE Noryl(R) 731, polyetherimide India), Methylamine-Sodium Thiocyanate Vapour (GE Ultem(R) 1000), ABS resin (GE Cycolac(R) Absorption Refrigeration, Heat Recovery Systems GPM4700), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS, GE and CHP, 12(3):283-287, May 1992 (5 pages, rdb- Supec(TM) G401), Kynar 720, Xydar MG350, 8964) polyamide-imide (Torlon 4301 and 4203L), Plenco 04485, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT, GE summarizes a performance analysis of the Valox(R) 325), and Profax 6331 NW. These methylamine-sodium thiocyanate - as refriger- plastics will be tested with R-22, R-32, R-123, ant-absorbent - vapor-absorption refrigeration R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, system; provides polynomial equations to esti- and R-E134. mate the thermodynamic properties of the working pair; compares the thermal efficiency of R. G. Doerr, S. A. Kujak, and R. Schafer (The Trane this system to that of ammonia-water (R-717/718) Company), Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lu- and ammonia-sodium thiocyanate absorption bricants with Motor Materials, report DOE/CE/- cycles; concludes that the methylamine-sodium 23810-2D, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Tech- thiocyanate pair offers the highest coefficient of nology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 13 April 1992 performance (COP) of the three Refrigerant Database Page 187

(11 pages with 7 tables, available from JMC as This article summarizes an assessment (see RDB2418) RDB2432) of the total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) of options to replace chlorofluorocarbons This superseded interim report introduces a (CFCs). It briefly recaps the transition in project, and summarizes procedural steps, to refrigerants, in response to ozone depletion and provide compatibility information for 24 motor the emerging issue of global warming. It reviews materials (for hermetic compressors) in 11 quantification of both global warming potentials refrigerants and 17 refrigerant-lubricant combina- (GWPs) and warming associated with related tions. The report summarizes progress to procure energy use. The article outlines and illustrates necessary materials and equipment, prepare test calculations of TEWI, summarizing a comparison specimens, analyze the refrigerants and for a refrigerator/freezer with replacement of the lubricants to be used, test the thermal stability of CFC refrigerant and blowing agent. It lists a range the refrigerant-lubricant systems at 127°C (260 of applications addressed, among them air °F), and prepare for data collection and analysis. conditioning, refrigeration, and insulation blowing. The magnet wires obtained for evaluation include Tables present both GWP values for common modified polyester over coated with polyamide refrigerants and alternatives - for 20, 100, and 500 imide, modified polyester overcoated with year integration time horizons - and comparative polyamide imide and epoxy saturated glass, and warming findings for representative applications. polyester imide over coated with polyamide imide. The article concludes that the greatest The varnishes tested include two solvent epoxies opportunities for not-in-kind technologies, as (P. D. George Sterling(R) U-475 EH and 923), a alternatives to use of refrigerants of concern, may solvent epoxy phenolic (Sterling(R) Y-390 PG), be for applications for which substantial 93% solids epoxy (Sterling(R) ER-610), and 100% direct-effect (emission-related) warming remain. It solids VPI epoxy (Sterling(R) Y-833), and notes that constraints on hydrochlorofluorocarbon water-borne epoxy (Schenectady Isopoxy 800). (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) alternatives Sheet insulation, slot liner, and phase separator could be counterproductive from a global warming materials include Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(R), point of view. A change of only 2-5% in efficiency Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(R), DuPont Mylar(R) MO, would have greater impact on TEWI than elimi- DuPont-Nomex(R) 410, Nomex(R) Mica 418, and nating their direct-effect. The article identifies the Melinex(R) 228. Sleeving insulations to be tested importance of addressing the needs of developing are Nomex(R), DuPont Mylar(R), and Nomex- countries and treating the matter as a global issue. Mylar(R). Lead wire insulations include Dacron- Mylar-Dacron(R) and Dacron-Teflon-Mylar- E. A. Groll and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Dacron(R). Heat cleaned glass, heat shrinkable Germany), Kompressionskältemaschine mit Lös- braided polyester, and Permacel P247 glass ungskreislauf für umweltverträgliche Kältemittel - acrylic tapes as well as polyester tie cords also R23/DEGDME und CO2/Aceton [Vapor-Compres- will be examined. The refrigerants to be tested will sion Refrigeration Machine with a Solution Circuit for include R-22, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R- Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants – R-23/- 134a, R-142b, R-143a, and R-152a; efforts are DEGDME and R-744/Acetone], Kältetechnik- underway to obtain R-E134 and identify an HFC Klimatisierung, Germany, 45:206-218, April 1992 (13 alternative for R-11. Moisture and purity data are pages in German, rdb4534) provided for the refrigerants received. The lubricants to be tested include a mineral oil (Witco G. R. Hamed and R. H. Seiple (University of Akron), Suniso(R) 3GS), an alkylbenzene (Shrieve Zerol(R) Compatibility of Refrigerants and Lubricants with 150), and two polyalkylene glycols(PAGs), namely Elastomers, report DOE/CE/23810-2E, Air- a modified polyglycol(AlliedSignal BRL-150) and a Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute polypropylene glycol diol (Dow P425). Three (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April 1992 (16 pages with 11 esters will be tested, namely a polypropylene figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB2419) glycol butyl monoether (ICI Emkarox(R) VG32), a pentaerythritol ester branched acid (Henkel This superseded interim report introduces a Emery(R) 2927 ISO 32), and a pentaerythritol ester project, and summarizes procedural steps, to mixed acid (ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, formerly RL provide compatibility information for approximately 244). 94 elastomeric materials in ten refrigerants and suitable lubricants. In situ swell (diameter change) S. K. Fischer, P. J. Hughes, and P. D. Fairchild as well as weight and volume changes following (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), Global immersion will be measured. Property changes Warming Implications of Replacing CFCs, will be determined for selected elastomers in a ASHRAE Journal, 34(4):14-19, April 1992 (8 subsequent phase, The report summarizes efforts pages with 3 figures and 2 tables, reprint available to obtain and prepare from JMC as RDB3969) Page 188 Refrigerant Database

test specimens. Oscillating disk rheometer (ODR) rate(TM) RL 22H, formerly RL 244). These tests plots are provided for 11 compounds including were performed at nominal lubricant concentra- three formulations of polyisoprene, two of tions of 10, 50, and 95% over a temperature neoprene, two of SBR 1502, and four of EPDM. range of -50 to 90 °C (-58 to 162 °F). Of those Moisture content measurements are reported for tested, Emkarox(R) VG32 remained fully miscible samples of Dow P425, ICI Emkarate(TM) RL 22H, for the full range of concentrations and tempera- formerly RL 244, Witco Suniso(R) 3GS, Henkel tures tested. Procedures to charge the refrigerant Emery(R) 2927 ISO 32, Shrieve Zerol(R), and ICI and lubricant into test cells and a method to Emkarox(R) VG32 lubricants. The moisture levels quantify immiscibility, based on visual observa- found were higher than expected. tions, were developed. The experimental apparatus being used was modified for the project and R. F. Kayser (National Institute of Standards and additional unidentified refrigerants and lubricants Technology, NIST), Thermophysical Properties, were ordered. The report discusses problems report DOE/CE/23810-2A, Air-Conditioning and encountered with the procedures used and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, identifies changes to reduce the probability of test VA, April 1992 (9 pages with 4 figures, available from cell ruptures. JMC as RDB2511) M. L. Robin, Thermodynamic Properties of Halo- This interim report introduces a project to provide genated Fire Extinguishing Agents, paper FLUO- highly accurate, selected thermophysical 40, 203rd National Meeting of the American Chemical properties data for R-32, R-123, R-124, and R- Society (San Francisco), reprint by Great Lakes 125. The thermodynamic data also will be fit to Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette, IN, April 1992 modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) and (22 pages with 4 figures and 12 tables, available from improved Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD), or JMC as RDB3725) Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis-Morrison (CSDM), equations of state for each fluid. The CSDM This paper presents the thermodynamic properties equation takes into account the effects of the of R-22B1 (bromodifluoromethane) and R-227ea dipole moment to improve modeling of blends of (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane). Both are very polar fluids, such as R-32/134a. Viscosity under consideration as fire suppressants and the and thermal conductivity data for R-32 and latter also is being considered as a refrigerant. thermal conductivity data for R-123 will be cor- The paper summarizes thermodynamic data for related for use in transport property models. them along with coefficients for the Measurements in this reporting period have fo- Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation of cused on the PVT behavior and vapor pressure of state. CSD coefficients also are presented for R-32, thermal conductivity of R-123, and speed of R-13B1 and R-12B1. A table summarizes physical sound in R-124. Plots compare the measured and properties of the four compounds, including their calculated vapor pressure data for R-32 and molecular weights, melting and boiling measured thermal conductivity of R-123 with temperatures, and critical parameters (tempera- similar data from prior studies by other ture, pressure, and density). Correlations are researchers. The report also summarizes ongoing presented for vapor pressure and temperature property measurements and modeling for the and for liquid volume and temperature for R-22B1 same fluids in companion research. and R-227ea. Tabular properties and enthalpy-pressure diagrams are provided for the four M. B. Pate, S. C. Zoz, and L. J. Berkenbosch (Iowa fluids. Great Lakes Chemical Corporation's State University of Science and Technology), Mis- product names for R-22B1 and R-227ea are FM- cibility of Lubricants with Refrigerants, report 100 and FM-200, respectively. DOE/CE/23810-2C, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, April Number Designation and Safety Classification of 1992 (8 pages with 4 tables, available from JMC as Refrigerants, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992, RDB2417) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April This interim report summarizes progress for an 1992 (16 pages with 1 figure and 5 tables, RDB2909) investigation of miscibility of lubricants with refrigerants. Qualitative miscibility observations are This voluntary, consensus standard describes a tabulated for R-134a with two polyalkylene glycols shorthand way of naming refrigerants and clas- (PAGs), namely a polypropylene glycol butyl sifies them according to potential hazards. It is monoether (ICI Emkarox(R) VG32) and a intended to establish a simple means of referring polypropylene glycol diol (Dow P425). Results to common refrigerants, instead of using the also are given for a pentaerythritol ester branched chemical name, formula, or trade name. It also acid (Castrol Icematic(R) SW32) and for a establishes a uniform system for assigning pentaerythritol ester mixed acid (ICI Emka- unambiguous reference numbers, composition- Refrigerant Database Page 189

designating prefixes for refrigerants, and safety ceeding approximately 150 °C (302 °F) lead to classifications based on toxicity and flammability. rapid chemical deterioration, yielding R-133a and This standard is widely cited in construction codes R-143a as decomposition products. Preliminary and provides the classifications used in ASHRAE data, for tests at 150 and 175 °C (302, and 347 Safety Code for Mechanical °F), are presented for R-22 with a mineral oil Standard 15-1992, (R) Refrigeration, to specify safety requirements for (Witco Suniso 3GS), R-124 and R-142b with an (R) refrigerant use. This version supersedes alkylbenzene (Zerol 150), and R-32, R-125, R-134a, and R-143a with pentaerythritol ester ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1989 and earlier (R) editions. branched acid (Castrol lcematic SW32). Preliminary results also are presented for R-134a with a higher-viscosity pentaerythritol ester (R) March 1992 (Henkel Emery 2928 ISO 100). The information provided includes visual observations, chemical analyses, and gas chromatograms with summary S. K. Fischer (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, data indicating the fraction of refrigerant that ORNL) and M. McFarland (DuPont Chemicals), reacted. The preliminary results suggest that the Alternatives to CFCs and Global Warming: A seven refrigerant-lubricant systems are very Systems Approach to Evaluating Net Contribu- stable at the temperatures tested, and that further tions, MRS Bulletin, Materials Research Society, testing is needed to define the upper temperature XVII(3):39-42, March 1992 (4 pages with 2 figures limits. and 1 table, RDB2413) An Appraisal TEWI S. M. Miner (Engineering Consultant), of Ammonia as an Alternative Refrigerant in Light of the CFC and GWP Situation, Technical Papers of J. Gallagher, M. O. McLinden, G. Morrison, M. L. the 14th Annual Meeting (22-25 March 1992, Miami, Huber, and J. Ely, NIST Thermodynamic Proper- FL), International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration ties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures (IIAR), Washington, DC, 231-250, March 1992 (20 Database (REFPROP ), NIST Standard Reference pages with 4 figures and 5 tables, RDB2912) Database (SRD) 23 version 3.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, This paper reviews the history of R-717 (am- March 1992 (software and documentation available monia) refrigeration and the impediments - real from NIST, RDB2430) and perceived - to its broader use. Safety issues and environmental benefits associated with Version 3.00 of REFPROP calculates properties ammonia are identified. Current developments for 26 pure refrigerants, as well mixtures of up to and research efforts related to ammonia use are five of them. A method to estimate binary inter- summarized. The paper then outlines several action parameters is provided for those pairs of applications of ammonia as examples and con- fluids for which measurements are not available. cludes with sources of further information. The refrigerants include R-11, R-12, R-13, R- 13B1, R-14, R-21, R-22, R-23, R-113, R-114, R- 115, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R- N. D. Smith, New Chemical Alternatives for CFCs and HCFCs 141b, R-142b, R-143, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, R- , Environmental Research Brief EPA- 290 (propane), R-C270 (cyclopropane), R-C318, 600/F-92-012, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and R-E134. Fourteen thermodynamic properties (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, 24 March 1992 can be calculated, in user-selected units of (2 pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as measurement. This update replaces version 2.0 RDB3405) (see RDB1105). This summary outlines efforts to identify alterna- D. F. Huttenlocher (Spauschus Associates, Incor- tive refrigerants. It mentions a panel, convened to porated), Chemical and Thermal Stability of Re- assess the potential for finding suitable alternative frigerant-Lubricant Mixtures with Metals, report chemicals. It discusses the trade-offs, in replacing DOE/CE/23810-2B, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- one or more chlorine or bromine atoms in familiar ation Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 31 refrigerants with hydrogen, between desired March 1992 (28 pages with 11 figures and 12 tables, environmental characteristics and flammability, available from JMC as RDB2416) toxicity, and loss in efficiency. It reviews a search and cooperatively funded project, with the Electric This interim report summarizes stability data, Power Research Institute (EPRI), at Clemson based on sealed tube tests, for mixtures of re- University and the University of Tennessee. The frigerants and lubricants in the presence of a goals were to synthesize and determine relevant valve steel strip. Tabular results are presented for physical properties of numerous fluorinated R-123 with mineral oil at 105, 150, and 175 °C propanes, butanes, and ethers. Chemical (221, 302, and 347 °F). The findings indicate that formulae and normal boiling prolonged exposures to temperatures ex- Page 190 Refrigerant Database

points are tabulated for 34 compounds consid- and key conclusions, are provided for approxi- ered. 11 are identified for further characterization; mately a third of these documents. [Please see their chemical names and the refrigerants they RDB2434 for update and a more complete ab- might replace are tabulated. Additional testing of stract.] these 11 candidates is continuing. This research includes determination of atmospheric stability J. J. Grebner and R. R. Crawford, The Effects of Oil and tests of acute inhalation toxicity, materials on the Thermodynamic Properties of Dichlo- compatibility, vapor thermal conductivity, and rodifluoromethane (R12) and Tetrafluoroethane refrigeration performance. The 11 selected (R134a), report TR-13, Air-Conditioning and Refrig- chemicals include nine hydrofluorocarbons eration Center (ACRC), University of Illinois at Ur- (HFCs), namely R-227ca, R-227ea, R-236cb, bana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, February 1992 (113 R-236ea, R-236fa, R-245ca, R-245cb, R-245fa, pages, rdb4B73) and R-254cb. They also include two fluoroethers, R-E125 and R-E143a. R-12, R-134a, properties of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures, thermophysical data ARI Research Plan, Air-Conditioning and Refriger- ation Institute, Arlington, VA, 10 March 1992 (58 R. W. James and J. S. Missenden, The Use of Pro- pages, available from JMC as RDB0C01) pane in Domestic Refrigerators, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 15(2):95-100, February This plan documents research needs for air- 1992 (6 pages, RDB4240) conditioning and refrigeration, with primary focus on refrigerants, energy conservation, and building R-290 environment. It provides industry guidance for public-sector research organizations and N. Kagawa (National Defense Academy, Japan), H. sponsors. It also may be useful to individual Ikeda, H. Kawano, M. Uematsu, and K. Watanabe companies in planning proprietary research and (Keio University, Japan), Thermodynamic State development or cooperative programs. A specific Surface and Cycle Analysis for Refrigerant 22 plan for materials compatibility and lubricant Plus Refrigerant 114 System, JSME International research, the basis for the Air-Conditioning and Journal (series II: Fluids Engineering, Heat Transfer, Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI) Power, Combustion, and Thermophysical Properties), Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Research Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), (MCLR) Program, is included as an appendix. A Tokyo, Japan, 35(1):116-123, February 1992 (8 second appendix provides a series of charts, to pages, available from ASME in the Americas and show the status of alternative refrigerants and from Maruzen Company, Limited, elsewhere, projections for their commercialization. The charts rdb8967) also list announced production plants. Charts are included for R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, presents an equation of state (EOS) coupled with R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, and R-E134. A third empirical mixing rules for R-22/114 developed to appendix provides elaborations for selected enable cycle analyses with this zeotropic blend: research recommendations including objectives, the EOS was formulated with available rationale, suggested approaches, and estimated measurements of pressure, volume, temperature, or recommended budgets and time requirements. and composition data; it is expressed as a This version updates and replaces those Helmholtz equation as a function of temperature, published on 6 November 1989, 30 April 1990, 19 density and composition, and is effective for a December 1990, and 25 September 1991. range of temperatures from -23 to 227 °C (-10 to 440 °F) for pressures up to 10 MPa (1450 psia), February 1992 which corresponds to the density range up to the critical value; the cycle analysis of the heat pump J. M. Calm (Engineering Consultant), Refrigerant and refrigeration systems indicate that R-22/114 is Database, report DOE/CE/23810-1G, Air-Condi- promising for industrial heat pumps or tioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute air-conditioning and heat pump water heaters (ARTI), Arlington, VA, 28 February 1992 (42 pages, (HPWH); predicted changes in composition were RDB2415) confirmed by testing [see RDB3868 for Japanese version of this paper] This superseded document provides bibliographic citations for 244 publications that may be useful in M. B. Shiflett, A. Yokozeki, and P. R. Reed (DuPont research and design of air-conditioning and Chemicals), Near-Azeotropic Refrigerants as Al- refrigeration equipment. Abstracts, emphasizing ternatives for R-502, ASHRAE Journal, 34(12):24- the content, materials addressed, 28, February 1992 (5 pages with 2 figures and 3 tables, RDB3302)

replacements for R-502, zeotropic blends Refrigerant Database Page 191

A. Yamada, Y. Sonoda, and Y. Arakawa, Develop- J. W. Linton, W. K. Snelson, and P. F. Hearty ment of an Automotive Air Conditioning System (National Research Council, Canada, NRCC), Effect Using the HFC-134a Refrigerant, paper 920216 of Condenser Liquid Subcooling on System (SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Performance for Refrigerants CFC-12, HFC-134a, MI), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and HFC-152a, paper 3558, Transactions (Winter Warrendale, PA, February 1992 (rdb4B03) Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 25-29 January 1992), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and R-134a, mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(1):160-166, 1992 (7 pages with 12 figures and 1 Dampftaflen für Frigen 12, 22, 502 / Refrigerant table, RDB4432) Tables for Frigen 12, 22, 502, product bulletin AFK2074D/E, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt R-12, R-134a, R-152a am Main, Germany, February 1992 (44 pages with 7 tables, in English and German, RDB4773) V. Nowack and F. Steimle (Universität Essen), Thermophysical Properties of New Working Fluid This bulletin provides thermodynamic property Systems for Absorption Processes, International data for R-12, R-22, and R-502 in metric (SI) units Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 15(1):10-15, January of measure. An introduction summarizes the units 1992 (6 pages, RDB7641) used, provides conversion factors from metric to inch-pound (IP) units, and outlines the reference thermodynamic data, thermophysical properties states and adjustments for other selections. A table then summarizes basic physical data, S. F. Pearson (Star Refrigeration Limited, UK), The including the chemical formula and name, Development of a Drop-In Replacement for R-502, molecular mass, normal boiling point, freezing paper 92.4, Proceedings of the Institute of point, critical parameters (temperature, pressure, Refrigeration, London, UK, January 1992 (9 pages and density), and latent heat of vaporization. It with 15 figures and 1 table, RDB2306) also gives the surface tension, liquid density, specific heat ratio, water solubility, refractive This paper describes the development, perfor- index, relative dielectric strength, and vapor and mance testing, flammability considerations, liquid dielectric constants at selected charging, and separation of two ternary zeotropes, temperatures. Three tables then provide saturated R-403A and R-403B, developed as replacements property data including pressure; liquid and vapor for R-502. Both are blends of R-22, R-218 specific volumes, densities, enthalpies, and (octafluoropropane), and R-290 (propane). entropies; and the heat of vaporization. These R-403B, which contains 39% R-218, results in data cover R-12 from -60 to 112.0 °C (-76 to marginally lower discharge temperatures; R-403A, 233.6 °F), R-22 from -100 to 96.18 °C (-148 to which contains 20% R-218, offers discharge 205.1 °F), and R-502 from -65 to 82.16 °C (-85 to temperatures between those of R-502 and R-22. 179.9 °F); the upper limits are the critical These R-290/22/218 mixtures are nonflammable temperatures. Three additional tables give the and of low toxicity. They exhibit ozone depletion specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy for potentials (ODPs) of 0.037 and 0.028 and nearly superheated vapor for R-12 from -40 to 74 °C (-40 the same refrigerating effect as R-502. Measured to 165 °F), R-22 from -60 to 62 °C (-76 to 144 °F), coefficients of performance (COPs) with these and R-502 from -60 to 62 °C (-76 to 144 °F). blends were higher than for R-502 under Hoechst Chemical's product names for R-12, comparable conditions. The paper describes the R-22, and R-502 are Frigen(R) 12, 22, and 502. choice of components, including initial consideration of blends containing R-125 and R-1270. The test rig, results, and effects of January 1992 diffusion and replacement of lost refrigerants also are discussed. Extensive international field testing X. He, U. C. Spindler, D. Jung, and R. K. Rader- is mentioned, but not described. macher (University of Maryland), Investigation of R-22/R142b Mixture as a Substitute for R-12 in K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), Single-Evaporator Domestic Refrigerators, paper R-152a versus R-134a in Domestic Refrig- 3557, Transactions (Winter Meeting, Anaheim, CA, erator-Freezer - Energy Advantage or Energy January 1992), American Society of Heating, Re- Penalty!, Proceedings of the 1992 International frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- Refrigeration Conference - Energy Efficiency and RAE), Atlanta, GA, 98(1):150-159, 1992 (10 pages New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Tree and J. E. with 10 figures and 1 table, RDB2340) Braun, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1:259-263, July 1992 (5 pages with 4 tables, RDB- R-22/142 2728) This paper presents new laboratory data for R-12, R-134a, and R-152a in domestic refrigerator- Page 192 Refrigerant Database

freezer applications. It responds to assertions and neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1 January 1992 (25 reported findings that R-152a would offer higher pages, RDB2426) efficiency, noting an error in the published thermodynamic data used. The paper reviews This list of prospective research subjects identifies reports of R-152a advantages and implications. It 182 high-priority projects, grouped into eight also provides capacity and efficiency data, based project classifications based on approved funding on calorimeter tests, for six compressors for R-12, guidelines. Projects relating to refrigerants fall in R-134a, and R-152a with a polyolester lubricant. several of these categories, including the highest These tests were run at -23 °C (-10 °F) priority topic, Environmentally-Safe Materials evaporator temperature and both 43 and 54°C (CFC, etc.). The research areas were proposed by (110 and 130 °F) condenser temperatures. The ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, test method, ASHRAE Standard 23, and and other committees; they were prioritized by associated peculiarities are reviewed. R-152a ASHRAE's Research and Technical Committee. consistently yielded a 10% lower capacity than The highest priority group (three stars) includes R-134a, which in turn showed a 10% drop research of thermophysical properties of R-123, compared to R-12. The energy efficiencies were R-125, R-134a, and R-141b, as well as nearly the same at the higher condensing measurement of two-phase refrigerant liquid-vapor temperature, but R-152a suffered a 6.5% penalty mass flow rates. The next classification includes at the more representative lower condensing real-time determination of the lubricant temperature. The data are briefly related to concentration dissolved in alternative refrigerants, analyses by other investigators, which corroborate evaluation of leak detection methods for non-CFC the findings. The paper concludes that use of refrigerants, and flow regime mapping of R-152a instead of R-134a may yield a significant R-134a/lubricant mixtures in smooth and internally energy penalty rather than advantage. enhanced tubes. It also includes experimental determination of heat transfer with R-134a and S. R. Szymurski, Materials Compatibility and Lu- R-22 refrigerants in water-cooled condensers and bricants Research on CFC-Refrigerant Substi- direct-expansion water coolers using brazed plate tutes, report DOE/CE/23810-1, Air-Conditioning and heat exchangers. The one-star priority group Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI), Arlington, includes research of alternatives to replace R-22 VA, January 1992 (6 pages, available from JMC as and R-502, development of a uniform equation of RDB2414) state for alternative refrigerants, and determination of properties and heat transfer effects for mixtures This interim report summarizes the progress of of alternative refrigerants and lubricants. Research the Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Re- of ammonia (R-717) dispersion in the atmosphere search (MCLR) Program. It is jointly funded under also is included. This plan summarizes anticipated a grant from the Department of Energy and cost funding and procedures for implementing the sharing by the air-conditioning and refrigeration research identified; it replaces the versions industry. The program addresses refrigerant and published for preceding years. lubricant properties, materials compatibility, and lubricants for alternative refrigerants. The Decomposition of HCFC-123 and HCFC-141b in program comprises projects to measure Foam Blowing Applications, Society of the Plastics thermophysical properties, test the chemical and Industry (SPI) and Polyurethane Insulation thermal stability of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures Manufacturers Association (PIMA), Washington, DC, with metals, and measure the miscibility of January 1992 (rdb6864) lubricants with refrigerants. Three projects will provide information on the compatibility of decomposition processes and products for two refrigerants and lubricants with motor materials, fluorochemicals used as blowing agents, R-123 elastomers, and engineering plastics. A seventh (also used as a refrigerant) and R-141b project will collect and facilitate dissemination of data through development and administration of a refrigerant database. The scope of the program, 1992 (month not indicated) objectives of the seven initial projects, and highlights of the first quarter are presented. The D. L. Albritton (National Oceanic and Atmospheric primary effort focused on solicitation, evaluation, Administration, NOAA), R. Monastersky (Science and negotiation of proposals for the cited projects. News), J. A. Eddy (Consortium for International Earth A grant proposal for the second phase was Science Information Network), J. M. Hall (NOAA), completed and submitted to the DOE. [see and E. Shea (NOAA), Reports to the Nation on our RDB2809 and RDB2B02 for update] Changing Planet: Our Ozone Shield, report 2, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 1992-1993 Research Plan, American Society of (UCAR) Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Refrigerant Database Page 193

Studies (OIES), Boulder, CO, fall 1992 (24 pages in Binary Mixtures of Refrigerant-Oil, International with 9 figures, RDB3747) Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, (1):417-429, circa 1992 (13 pages, rdb4742) explains in simple terms the quest to understand the earth's ozone layer and the debate among K. Inoue and A. Iwamoto (Nippon Oil Company, governments over how to best protect it: Limited, Japan), Mutual Solubility of HFC-134a addresses the functions of the stratospheric (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) and Synthetic Ester ozone layer, the balance between continuous Base Stocks, Sekiyu Gakkaishi, Japan, 35(1):76-83, ozone production and destruction, and recognition 1992 (8 pages, RDB4B18) of human activities that are altering the protective layer; outlines the history and research of R-134a, polyolester (POE) lubricants stratospheric ozone changes, the Montreal Protocol, and the phenomenon described as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "ozone hole"; lists unanswered questions that are Climate Change 1992 - the IPCC Scientific the subject of ongoing research Assessment, edited by J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callander, and S. K. Varney (Meteorological Office, M. A. Anisimov, S. B. Kiselev, J. V. Sengers, and S. UK), IPCC Secretariat, World Meteorological Orga- Tang (University of Maryland), Crossover Approach nization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, 1992; repub- to Global Critical Phenomena in Fluids, Physica A, lished by the Cambridge University Press, Cam- 188:487-525, 1992 (139 pages, rdb9509) bridge, UK, 1992 (200 pages, rdb3959)

equation of state (EOS), critical point global warming, greenhouse gases, environmental impact J. F. Chen, The Use of Mixed Refrigerant to Save Power in Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, PhD Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), thesis, University of Leeds, UK, 1992 (rdb5812) Climate Change 1992 - The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, IPCC zeotropic blends, performance Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, 1992; republished by Z. H. Chen, R. Y. Li, and H. L. Yu, Research on the Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, Domestic Refrigerator/Freezer with CFC Alter- 1992 (199 pages, rdb3970) native Refrigerant, Shanghai Institute of Mechanical Engineering, China, 1992 (rdb6332) global warming, greenhouse gases, environmental impact S. Devotta and S. Gopichand (National Chemical Laboratory, India), Theoretical Assessments of P. M. Kesselman and V. P. Zhelezny (Odessa State HFC-134a and Alternatives to CFC-12 as Working Academy of Refrigeration, Ukraine then USSR), Full Fluids for Heat Pumps, Applied Energy, Investigations of Thermophysical Properties of 41(4):285-299, 1992 (15 pages, rdb3516) Ozone-Safe Refrigerants, Refrigeration Equipment, (11-12):16-18, 1992 (3 pages probably in Russian, R-12, R-134a rdb6C28)

S. Devotta and S. Gopichand (National Chemical thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data Laboratory, India), Comparative Assessment of HFC-134a and Some Refrigerants as Alternatives H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), to CFC-12, International Journal of Refrigeration Development Trends of Future Replacements for (IJR), 15(2):112-118, 1992 (7 pages, rdb4127) Refrigerants R-502 and R-22 for Food Refrig- eration at Low Temperatures, DKV-Statusbericht R-12, R-134a [Status Report], Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatech- nischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Re- D. G. Friend, M. L. Huber, and J. S. Gallagher (Na- frigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Ger- tional Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST), many, 11:1-45, 1992 (45 pages, RDB5B31) Thermophysical Property Computer Packages from NIST, Computerized Thermophysical Property R-22 and R-502 alternatives Packages, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, HTD-225:13-18, H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), 1992 (6 pages with 11 tables, available from JMC as Trends to the Substitution of Refrigerant R22, RDB3713) DKV-Statusbericht [Status Report], Deutsche Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, German Asso- thermophysical property data ciation of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers), Germany, 10:1-4, 1992 (4 pages, rdb5959) E. Hahne and A. Noworyta, Calculation of the Heat Transfer Coefficients for Nucleate Boiling R-22 alternatives Page 194 Refrigerant Database

J. Landé, Praktiska prov med olika köldmedier i J. S. Panek, Evaporation Heat Transfer and Pres- en brinevatten värmepump [Experience from sure Drop in Ozone-Safe Refrigerants and Re- Practical Laboratory Tests with Different Refrigerants frigerant Oil Mixtures, MS thesis (Department of in a Brine-to-Water Heat Pump], Trita Report Mechanical Engineering), University of Illinois at Ur- REFR/R-92/8-Se, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan bana-Champaign, 1992 (rdb3B51) [Royal Institute of Technology] (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, 1992 (in Swedish, rdb4512) J. Pannock, Performance of Refrigerant Mixtures in Heat Pumps, doctoral dissertation, Department of performance Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1992 (rdb4879) D. R. Lovley and J. C. Woodward, Consumption of Freons CFC-11 and CFC-12 by Anaerobic Sedi- U. Plöcker (Technische Universität Berlin, Germany), ments and Soils, Environmental Science and Berechnung von Hochdruck-Phasen- Technology, 26(5):925-929, 1992 (5 pages, rdb7230) gleichgewichten mit einer Korrespondenz- methode unter besonderer Berücksichtigung refrigerant decomposition, destruction, fate, en- asymmetrischer Gemische [Calculation of High- vironmental impacts Pressure Phase Equilibria by Means of a Corre- spondence Method Under Special Consideration of Y. Maezawa, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- Asymmetric Mixtures], translation of doctoral dis- versity, Japan), Saturated-Liquid Densities and sertation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Bubble-Point Pressures of the Binary System TN, undated circa 1992 (in German, rdb3343) HCFC-22 + HCFC-142b, High Temperatures - High Pressures, 24(4):435-442, 1992 (8 pages, rdb8943) see RDB3342 for original language version

provides thermodynamic property measurements E. Preisegger and R. Henrici (Hoechst Aktiengesell- for R-22/142b (20/80), (40/60), (60/40), and schaft, Germany), Refrigerant 134a: The First Step (80/20) for 7-127 °C (44-260 °F): presents 46 Into a New Age of Refrigerants, International saturated-liquid densities and bubble-point Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 15(6):326-331, 1992 (6 pressures measured with a magnetic densimeter pages, rdb6373) coupled to a variable-volume cell; discusses a Hankinson-Brobst-Thomson (HBT) equation for R-134a the measurements; also discusses a Peng- Robinson (PR) equation of state (EOS) for the J. R. Sand, S. K. Fischer (Oak Ridge National Labo- measured vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) properties ratory, ORNL), and J. A. Jones (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL, California Institute of Technology), M. McFarland (DuPont Chemicals), Investigations Experimentally Determined and Estimated CSD of the Environmental Acceptability of Fluorocar- and LKP Interaction Coefficients for Ozone-Safe bon Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons, Pro- Refrigerant Mixtures, review draft for publication in ceedings of the National Academy of Science (NAS), the International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), circa Washington, DC, 89:807-811, 1992 (5 pages, 1992 (RDB2336) rdb3130) Estimates of interaction coefficients (ICs) are environmental impacts of hydrochlorofluorocar- provided for binary refrigerant blends for both the bon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Carnahan-Starling-Desantis (CSD) and Lee- alternatives Kesler-Plöcker (LKP) equations of state (EOS). These IC values characterize the non-ideal be- D. Miyatani, K. Shinoda, T. Nakamura, M. Ohta, and havior of mixtures, and are useful in calculating K. Yasuda, Chem. Letters, 795-798, 1992 (4 pages, thermodynamic properties. The estimates were rdb5253) determined by least-squares fits of the CSD and LKP equations to previously measured, saturated decomposition of R-12 over iron catalyst vapor pressure (bubble point) data. 71 mixtures of 8 different refrigerants in 18 binary combinations S. Morikawa (Asahi Glass Company, Limited, were analyzed. The combinations included Japan), Recent Development of CFC Alternatives, R-12/152a, R-22/124, R-22/134, R-22/134a, Catalysis Society of Japan, 34(7):458-463, 1992 (6 R-22/142b, R-22/152a, R-23/22, R-23/134a, pages, rdb3325) R-124/142b, R-134/124, R-134/142b, R-134a/124, R-134a/134, R-134a/142b, R-134a/152a, A. Nilsson, Greenhouse Earth, John Wiley and R-152a/124, R-152a/134, and R-152a/142b. The Sons Limited, Chichester, UK, 1992 (rdb5962) paper describes the use of IC values, experimental apparatus used to measure the greenhouse effect, global warming, refrigerants data, presents the resulting ICs, and discusses variances found with previously de- Refrigerant Database Page 195

termined values. Good agreement was found for thermodynamic properties of R-152a/134 blends; several known blends, but poor agreement thermophysical data resulted for the well characterized R-22/142b blend; further experimental verification is rec- T. Tamatsu, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- ommended. Comparisons between experimental versity, Japan), Determination of Virial Coefficients ICs and those calculated from physical properties for Refrigerant Mixture HFC-152a (1,1-Di- or critical constants of the components suggest fluoroethane) + HFC-134 (1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro- that refinement of the property calculation ethane), Proceedings of the Third Asian Thermo- algorithms may be desirable. [see RDB4130 for physical Properties Conference (Beijing, People's published version] Republic of China), 334-339, 1992 (6 pages, rdb- 5479) N. Shafaghian, The Influence of Lubricating Oil on the Performance of Refrigeration Systems Using thermodynamic properties of R-152a/134 blends; Refrigerant R22, D.Phil. thesis, University of Ulster, thermophysical data Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK, 1992 (rdb8445) L. Tan, Z. Zhao, and Y. Duan (Xi'an Jiaotong Uni- lubricant influences on heat transfer; R-22; re- versity, China), Bubble-Point and Dew-Point frigerant-lubricant (RL) properties Equation for Binary Refrigerant Mixture R22- R142b, High Temperatures - High Pressures, G. Shi, Radiative Forcing and Greenhouse Effect 24(4):449-454, 1992 (6 pages, rdb8942) Due to the Atmospheric Trace Gases, Science China, series B, 35(2):217-229, 1992 (13 pages, presents bubble-point and dew-point equations. rdb5965) as functions of either temperature or pressure, for R-22/142b; also proposes a modified Rackett greenhouse effect, global warming potential equation for calculation of the bubble-point (GWP) volume; indicates that the rms errors in the calculations of the bubble-point temperature, dew A. T. Sousa, P. Sousa Fialho, C. A. Nieto de Castro, point temperature, and bubble-point volume are R. Tufeu, and B. Le Neindre (Universidade de Lis- 1.093%, 0.947%, and 1.120%, respectively boa, Portugal), Density of HCFC-142b and Its Mixture with HCFC-22, Fluid Phase Equilibria, EI- R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr (Universität Han- sevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The nover, Germany), Burnett Measurements and Netherlands, 80:213-225, 1992 (13 pages, rdb7106) Correlations of Gas Phase (P,rho,T) Data of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and 1,1-Diflu- thermodynamic properties of R-142b and R-22/- oroethane (R152a), Journal of Chemical Thermo- 142b blends; thermophysical data dynamics, 24:413-424, 1992 (12 pages, rdb4409)

K. Stephan and R. Krauss (Universität Stuttgart, R-134a and R-152a thermodynamic properties, Germany), Regulated CFCs and their Alternatives, thermophysical data Proceedings of the Symposium on Solid Sorption Refrigeration, International Institute of Refrigeration R. P. Wayne, C. E. Canosa-Mas, A. C. Heard, and A. (IIR), Paris, France, 32-43, 1992; republished in Heat D. Parr, On Discrepancies Between Different Recovery Systems and CHP, 13(4):373-381 (12/8 Laboratory Measurements of Kinetic Parameters pages, rdb5275) for the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Halo- carbons, Atmospheric Environment, 26A:2371-2379, alternative refrigerants 1992 (9 pages, rdb7104)

Y. Takaishi, H. Nakagawa, and K. Oguchi (Kanaga- alternative refrigerants, lifetime, atmospheric re- wa Institute of Technology, Japan), Vapor Pressure actions of the Solutions of HFC-134a and Ester Oil, Proceedings of the Third Asian Thermophysical J. V. Widiatmo, Y. Maezawa, H. Sato, and K. Properties Conference (Beijing, People's Republic of Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), Liquid Densities China), 321-326, 1992 (6 pages, rdb5434) and Vapor Pressures of HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 80:227-238, R-134a, polyolester (POE), solubility 1992 (12 pages, rdb5472)

T. Tamatsu, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- thermodynamic properties of R-225ca and R- versity, Japan), PVTx Properties of Binary 1,1-Di- 225cb: thermophysical data fluoroethane + 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 37:512-515, 1992 H. Wirbser, G. Bräuning, J. Gürtner, and G. Ernst (4 pages, rdb5476) (Universität Karlsruhe, Germany), Flow Calorimetric Specific Heat Capacities of CF3CHFCF3 (R227) - a New Working Fluid in Energy Technics - at Pressures up to 15 MPa and Tempera- Page 196 Refrigerant Database

tures between 253 K and 423 K, Journal of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1-56 Chemical Thermodynamics, 24:761-772, 1992 (12 and notes, 1992 (55 of 142 pages with 2 tables and 4 pages, rdb3A20) appendices, available from ACGIH for $6.00, RDB3901) thermodynamic properties of R-227ea; thermophysical data up to 15 MPa (2200 psia) This book provides data for use as guidelines or recommendations in the control of potential L. Zhigang, L. Xianding, Y. Jianmin, T. Zhoufang, J. hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are tab- Pingkun (Xi'an Jiao Tong University, China), C. ulated for airborne concentrations of chemical Zhehua, L. Dairu, R. Mingzhi, Z. Fan, and W. Hong substances to which workers may be exposed. (Sha'an Xi Refrigerator Factory, China), Application These chemicals include some commonly or of HFC-152a/HCFC-22 Blends in Domestic historically used as refrigerants, based on their Refrigerators, publication unknown, circa 1992 (7 chronic and/or acute toxicity. The TLV data refer to pages with 3 tables, partially illegible and incomplete concentrations under which it is believed that copy available from JMC as RDB2514) nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects subject to identified This paper documents a study of substitutes for considerations. The TLVs are categorized as R-12 in refrigerators. Analytical data are tabulated time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), for ozone depletion potential, global warming short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), potential, condensing pressure, evaporating and ceiling (TLV-C). Notes are provided for pressure, pressure ratio, compressor discharge interpretation, but the information is not intended temperature, capacity, and coefficient of for use without training in industrial hygiene. The performance (COP) for nine pure refrigerants. document also lists intended changes and They include R-12, R-22, R-123, R-124, R-125, provides appendices addressing carcinogens, R-134a, R-142b, R-143a, and R-152a. Based on substances of variable composition, mixtures, and both capacity and COP, only R-134a and R-152a sampling criteria for airborne particulate matter. were found suitable, and R-134a was rejected on the basis of lower efficiency. The paper concludes Assignment of Refrigerant Container Colors, ARI that the blend of R-22/152a is more promising Guideline N-1992, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration than pure R-152a. This finding is based on tests Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1992 (8 pages, with 1 that show that addition of small amounts of R-22 table, available from ARI for $15.00, RDB3101) to R-152a can reduce its flammability, but still result in a vapor pressure curve (vapor pressure This guideline sets color standards for containers and temperature relation) similar to that of R-12. for existing, new, and reclaimed refrigerants. It Tests of a selected refrigerator using three further provides a means by which ARI can assign different compressors are summarized to colors as new refrigerants are introduced, and compare the performance of R-12 with two maintains a record of those assigned and compositions of R-22/152a. The blend requires a available. The guideline also recommends a change in magnet wire for the motors in hermetic container color (light green grey) for refrigerants compressors, but suitable enamels have been that are not produced in sufficient quantities to identified. qualify for individual colors. While color coding is not intended as a substitute for reading cylinder M-S. Zhu, Y-D. Fu, and L-Z. Han (Tsinghua Univer- labels and markings, the guideline facilitates sity, China), An Experimental Study of PVT Prop- distinction among refrigerant containers by erties of CFC Alternative HFC-134a, Fluid Phase content. Four groups are identified, namely those Equilibria, 80:149-156, 1992 (8 pages with 2 figures for liquids at 20 °C (68 °F) normally packaged in and 3 tables, RDB4B42) drums, low-pressure fluids, high pressure fluids, and flammable (red band) refrigerants or mixtures. measurements of the thermodynamic properties A table summarizes color assignments and of R-134a using a Burnett method: describes the corresponding color matching data. Refrigerants three-chamber apparatus used; tabulates 42 with assigned colors include R-11 (orange), R-12 measurements of pressure-volume-temperature (white), R-13 (light blue, sky), R-13B1 (PVT) data and compares the results to published (pinkish-red, coral), R-14 (yellow-brown, mustard), data from other studies; identifies the work as the R-22 (light green), R-23 (light blue grey), R-113 first set of reliable PVT data for R-134a taken in (dark purple, violet), R-114 (dark blue, navy), China; thermophysical data R-116 (dark grey, battleship), R-123 (light blue grey), R-134a (light blue, sky), R-500 (yellow), 1992-1993 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical R-502 (light purple, lavender), and R-503 Substances in the Work Environment, 1992-1993 (blue-green, aqua). Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, The American Conference of Government Refrigerant Database Page 197

Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Safety of Suva(R) Refrigerants, document AS-1 Use in Stratospheric Modeling, report 92-20, Jet (H-27350-2), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of undated circa 1992 (6 pages with 1 table, RDB3451) Technology, 1992 (rdb5847) This bulletin reviews considerations for safe use of alternative refrigerants, lifetime, atmospheric re- refrigerants by providing answers to common actions questions. It outlines the introduction of alternative refrigerants and associated testing. It briefly Greenfreeze, the World's First CFC- and HFC- reviews the collaborative Programme for Free Refrigerators, Greenpeace Germany, e.V., Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT) Hamburg, Germany, undated circa 1992 (12 pages and individual programs for specific refrigerants. with 1 table, RDB3634) The document discusses the flammability of R-123, R-124, and R-134a, noting that they are Reducing Emission of Fully Halogenated neither flammable nor explosive, but can become Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants in so when mixed with gases that are. The document Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Equipment notes that mixtures of R-134a with more than 60% air (by volume) can become flammable at raised Applications , ASHRAE Guideline 3-1990 plus pressures and temperatures. It counsels against addendum ASHRAE Guideline 3a-1992, American use of refrigerant-air mixtures for leak testing. The Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and document then addresses inhalation toxicity and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, the potential for suffocation. It explains the DuPont 1990 and 1992 (30 pages with 5 tables, RDB2911) Acceptable Exposure Limit (AEL), a time weighted average concentration usually for eight hours, to This guideline covers all refrigeration and air- which nearly all workers may be repeatedly conditioning equipment and systems that use fully exposed without adverse effects. The document halogenated CFC refrigerants. It recommends discusses symptoms of exposure above the AEL, practices and procedures to reduce inadvertent cardiac sensitization, asphyxiation, the DuPont release of CFC refrigerants during manufacture, Emergency Exposure Limit (EEL), measures for installation, testing, operation, maintenance, and safety, and detection by odor. It goes on to disposal of refrigeration and air-conditioning address special requirements for R-123 and offers equipment and systems. It also covers refrigerant guidance in the event of a large spill or leak. The recovery, recycling, reclaim, and disposal. chemical formulae, boiling points, AELs, and EELs are tabulated for R-123, R-124, and R-134a. The The Impact of Ozone-Layer Depletion, document bulletin provides general advice on skin and eye 7, Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), contact with refrigerants, frostbite, pressure United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), hazards, handling and disposal of cylinders, Nairobi, Kenya, 1992 (40 pages with 17 figures and 1 brazing or welding of pipes in air-conditioning and table, available from JMC as RDB2704) refrigeration systems, and decomposition. It concludes with specific cautions. The document This report is one in a series that summarize identifies related bulletins that may be helpful and scientific and engineering assessments for those recommends familiarization with the Material without technical qualifications. It deals with the Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provided for the effects of ozone depletion on human health and refrigerant to be used. DuPont's product names for the environment, and outlines ways of reducing R-123 and R-124 are Suva(R) Centri-LP and damage to the ozone layer. This publication Suva(R) Chill-LP, respectively; it identifies R-134a reviews the scientific background for ozone as both Suva(R) Cold-MP and Suva(R) Trans A/C. depletion, including observations of the Antarctic [see RDB4C48 for update] ozone hole, mid-latitude ozone-layer depletion, and Arctic ozone-layer depletion. It then Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materi- addresses the effects of ultraviolet radiation - als (eighth edition), edited by R. J. Lewis, Sr. (revi- specifically the UV-B wavelengths - on immune sion of publication by N. I. Sax), Van Nostrand systems, skin cancer, and increasing eye dam- Reinhold Publishers, New York, NY, 1992 (rdb5160) age. It also discusses impacts on the oceans and aquatic ecosystems, land plants, air pollution, and widely cited reference for flammability, toxicity, damage to materials. The document then and other safety data discusses ozone-friendly technologies for refrigeration, air conditioning, and other uses. It stresses the importance of global cooperation and the need for recycling and destruction of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. The report discusses future policy options and lists several information sources. Page 198 Refrigerant Database

1991 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, paper 91-WA- NE-7 (ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), December 1991 New York, NY, December 1991 (6 pages with 5 figures and 4 tables, RDB2341)

J. L. Adcock, S. B. Mathur, W. A. Van Hook, H. Q. heat transfer Huang, M. Narkhede, and B-H. Wang (University of Tennessee), Fluorinated Ethers - A New Series of D. D. DesMarteau, A. L. Beyerlein, S. H. Hwang, Y. CFC Substitutes, Proceedings of the International Shen, S. Li, R. Mendonca, K. Naik (Clemson Uni- CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, versity), N. D. Smith (Environmental Protection MD, 3-5 December 1991), Alliance for Responsible Agency, EPA), and P. Joyner (Electric Power Re- CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 386-395, 1991 (10 pages search Institute, EPRI), Selection and Synthesis of with 6 tables, RDB2255) Fluorinated Propanes and Butanes as CFC and HCFC Alternatives, unpublished presentation, fluoroether refrigerants International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), U.S. T. Atwood (AlliedSignal Incorporated), HFC-32 ... Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Part of the 'New Math' of Refrigerants, Proceed- Park, NC, 1991 (rdb2264) ings of the International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December, 1991), This paper estimates the annual quantity of R-22 Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, required internationally for unitary equipment 432-441, December 1991 (10 pages, RDB6323) through the year 2000. Based on its properties, including efficiency, low cost, and safety, R-22 is R-32 the most widely used refrigerant. The paper estimates its 1990 use as 160 million kg (352 million T. Atwood and J. Zheng (AlliedSignal Incorporated). lbs), of which 14% was used for equipment other Cascade Refrigeration Systems: The HFC-23 than unitary (e.g., existing and new chillers). For Solution, Proceedings of the International CFC and the unitary portion, 24% was used in new Halon Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 products and 76% to service existing equipment. December 1991), Alliance for Responsible CFC Two parametric scenarios are presented: (1) 3, 5, Policy, Arlington, VA, 442-450, 1991 (9 pages with 3 and 7% growth in demand for unitary products figures and 2 tables, RDB4561) with no change in service practices, and (2) recovery increasing to 40, 60, or 80 %/yr by 2000. R-13, R-23, R-503 Based on assumptions for usage in room air-conditioners, duct-free split systems, ducted J. C. Bare (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, systems, and commercial unitary systems, the EPA), Program to Determine Performance of paper projects a range of 77-149 million kg Fluorinated Propanes and Fluorinated Ethers in a (169-327 million lbs), depending on recovery Compressor Calorimeter, Proceedings of the levels, to be required in 2000 at the 5% annual International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference new-product growth rate. (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December, 1991), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 418-427, R. G. Doerr, R. Schafer, D. Lambert, and D. Steinke December 1991 (10 pages, RDB6327) (The Trane Company), Stability Studies of E-245 Fluoroether CF3CH2OCHF2, presentation at the HFC and HFE refrigerants, performance International CFC; and Halon Alternatives Confer- ence (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), Alliance A. L. Beyerlein, D. D. DesMarteau, S. H. Hwang for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 1991 (4 (Clemson University), N. D. Smith (Environmental pages with 14 charts, available from JMC as RDB- Protection Agency, EPA), and P. Joyner (Electric 2811) Power Research Institute, EPRI), Physical Property Data on Fluorinated Propanes and Butanes as These presentation charts summarize an inves- CFC and HCFC Alternatives, Proceedings of the tigation into the use of R-E245fa1, a proposed International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference low-pressure refrigerant for centrifugal chillers. (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), Alliance for The charts summarize properties of this fluid and Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 396-405, sealed-tube tests to determine its stability. Tests December 1991 (10 pages with 5 tables, RDB2256) in glass tubes, both with and without an unidentified oil, resulted in violent explosions. J. C. Conklin (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tests of R-123 and R-E245fa1 with copper and ORNL) and E. Granryd (Kungliga Tekniska iron coupons in Parr bombs are presented, Högskolan, KTH, Sweden), Thermal Performance indicating stable results. Repetition of the R- Analysis for Heat Exchangers Having a Variable E245fa1 tests with copper, iron, and glass Refrigerant Database Page 199

coupons led to reactions. Analyses of the pres- tion. R-11, R-12, R-22, R-123, R-134a, and R-717 sure build-up as well as a gas chromatogram and were addressed for commercial air conditioning quantitative analysis of the reaction products are along with water-lithium bromide absorption presented. Further tests with glass are outlined to cycles. R-22, R-134a, and ammonia-water examine the role of water, air, oxygen, and absorption were analyzed for unitary air peroxide. The charts note that R-E245fa1 can conditioners. R-12, R-134a, R-152a, R-290 (pro- react autocatalytically with glass to produce high pane), and R-22/152a/124 were evaluated for pressures, hydrogen fluoride, and 2,2,2- automotive air conditioning along with Brayton and trifluoroethyl ether (a convulsant). This reaction is Stirling cycles. accelerated by air (oxygen) and peroxide. The fraction of R-E245fa1 remaining after exposures L-Z. Han, M-S. Zhu, and Z-Z. Lin (Tsinghua Univer- at 121 °C (250 °F) for 14 days are tabulated to sity, China), Experimental Study on Blend HCFC- indicate the effects of various materials. They 22/HFC-152a as a Refrigerant in Refrigerator, included elastomers, motor materials, copper, Proceedings of the International CFC and Halon iron, water, glass-like materials. Tests with Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 De- copper, iron, and aluminum at 166 and 177 °C cember 1991), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, (330 and 350 °F) also are presented. R-E245fa1 Arlington, VA, 494-501, 1991 (8 pages with 4 figures was found to be unstable with fiberglass motor and 1 table, RDB2311) materials. R-22/152a R. E. Ertinger (Carrier Corporation), HCFC-22: Re- quirements for Unitary Products, Proceedings of N. J. Hewitt, J. T. McMullan, N. E. Murphy, and N. the International CFC and Halon Alternatives Con- Shafaghian (University of Ulster, UK), A Solubility ference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), Al- Equation for R22-Oil Mixtures, International Journal liance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, of Energy Research (IJER), 15(9):763-768, De- 340-347, 1991 (8 pages with 3 figures, RDB2257) cember 1991 (6 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, RDB4C21) future demand for R-22 solubility of R-22 in paraffinic mineral oil (MO) S. K. Fischer, P. J. Hughes, P. D. Fairchild (Oak expressed as a Bambach-style formula; refriger- Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), C. L. Kusik, J. T. ant-lubricant (RL) properties Dieckmann, E. M. McMahon, and N. Hobday (Arthur D. Little, Incorporated, ADL), Energy and Global S. T. Jolley, The Performance of Synthetic Ester Warming Impacts of CFC Alternative Lubricants in Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems, Technologies, Alternative Fluorocarbons Environ- unpublished presentation at the Society of Auto- mental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) and U.S. De- motive Engineers (SAE) Passenger Car Meeting and partment of Energy (DOE), Washington, DC, De- Exposition (Nashville, TN, 16-19 September 1991); cember 1991 (602 pages with 98 figures and 40 ta- unpublished presentation repeated at the bles plus supporting figures and tables in appen- International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference dices, RDB2432) (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991); Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, OH, 1991 (14 pages with 3 This report documents detailed analyses of global figures and 6 tables, available from JMC as RDB- warming for options to replace chloro- 2C07) fluorocarbons (CFCs) in energy-related applications. The study addressed both direct and in- The publication reviews polyolester chemistry and direct effects, namely greenhouse gas impacts of the reactions of alcohol and carboxylic acid to chemical emissions and carbon dioxide emissions produce them. The variety of lubricants that can from associated energy use. The report compares be produced from neopentylglycol (NPG), impacts, for alternative technologies, on the basis glycerine (GLY), trimethylolpropane (TMP) and of total equivalent warming impact (TEWI). pentaerythritol (PER) polyols (alcohols with Domestic refrigerator-freezers, commercial multiple hydroxyl reaction sites) is illustrated. A refrigeration, commercial chillers, residential and table demonstrates the influence of the alcohol commercial unitary heating and cooling type on viscosity and miscibility using the same equipment, automobile air conditioning, building carboxylic acid. A second table shows that when insulation, and solvents for metal and electronic similar lubricants, with the same viscosity are cleaning were examined on an international basis. prepared, differences occur in miscibility with The refrigerants addressed for household R-134a. GLY and NPG fluids exhibit the poorest refrigeration included R-12, R-134a, R-22/152a/- and highest solubility, respectively. Tabulated 124, R-22/142b; absorption and Stirling cycles results of sealed-tube tests of R-134a and also were assessed. R-12, R-22, R-134a, R-502, lubricant in the presence of iron, copper, and and R-717 (ammonia) were examined for aluminum show high thermal stability for a number commercial refrigera- of polyolesters, generally superior to Page 200 Refrigerant Database

that of R-12 with mineral oil. The more reactive the temperatures needed for frozen-food storage. systems tended to be those with high water Chlorinated compounds are excluded because of content or residual carboxylic acid. Data are their potential for ozone depletion. presented on the same refrigerant-lubricant pairs Perfluorocarbons, such as R-218, were deemed with addition of controlled amounts of water, to unlikely since their high fluorine content, and re- examine hydrolytic stability. Resultant increases sultant long atmospheric lifetimes, are expected to in acid number are discussed, but caveated that lead to high direct global warming potentials higher acid levels might occur with additives (GWPs). Property similarity to the fluids being instead of the base lubricants tested. A figure replaced, to minimize equipment development summarizes elastomer swell for mineral oil as well requirements, and avoidance of subatmospheric as NPG, TMP, and PER esters for NBR, H-NBR, operation were further goals. Flammability and EPDM, nitrile, neoprene, and Butyl; the paper toxicity limited some choices, such as R-290 notes that further testing is needed. It then (propane) and R-717 (ammonia). The paper discusses miscibility with mineral oil, a concern for describes avoidance of high GWPs, flammable retrofit of automobile air conditioners with R-134a ranges, discharge superheat, and fractionation and esters. TMP and PER esters are indicated to potential in leakage. It also cites the goal of be fully compatible with both residual R-12 and maintaining, or improving, efficiency to further mineral oil. Compressor tests are summarized, to narrow the list of candidates. The paper rec- address the influence of viscosity on durability ommends mixtures of R-32 and R-134a as the and the role of unidentified additives. The paper preferred solutions; it notes that their blends may indicates that equivalent performance to R-12 and be modified by addition of R-125, to suppress the mineral oil can be obtained with polyolesters and flammability of R-32 and reduce discharge appropriate additive packages. The paper con- temperatures. cludes that polyolesters appear ideal for use in automobile air conditioner systems, and that they R. K. Radermacher and D. Jung (University of Ma- can be tailored for specific needs. ryland), Theoretical Analysis of Replacement Re- frigerants for R-22 for Residential Uses, report B. D. Joyner, Refrigerants 69-S and 69-L, 'Drop-in' EPA/400/1-91/041, U.S. Environmental Protection Replacements for R-502, Proceedings of the Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, December 1991 (77 International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference pages with 10 figures and 10 tables, available from (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), Alliance for JMC as RDB2509) Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 1991 (RDB2303) This report examines the need and candidate replacements for R-22. The simulation programs R-403A, R-403B (HAC1 for single fluids and binary mixtures and HACT1 for ternary mixtures) and data used for the S. Komatsuzaki, Y. Homma, K. Kawashima, and Y. study are summarized. Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Itoh (Hitachi Limited, Japan), Polyalkylene Glycol refrigerants R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-143a, as Lubricant for HFC-134a Compressors, Lubri- and R-152a and hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) cation Engineering, 47(12):1018-1025, December R-124 were selected for analyses. Results are 1991 (8 pages, rdb2212) presented for R-32/124, R-32/134, R-32/134a, R-32/152a, R-125/124, R-125/134a, R-125/152a, R-134a, PAG R-143a/124, R-143a/134a, and R-143a/152a. Results also are provided for three ternary blends, R. L. Powell (ICI Chemicals and Polymers, Limited), investigated to reduce flammability, namely Long Term Replacements for R-22 and R-502: R-32/152a/124, R-32/152a/134, and R-32/134a/- The Next Challenge, unpublished presentation 152a. Coefficients of performance (COPs) and (International CFC and Halon Alternatives Confer- seasonal performance factors (SPFs) were ence, Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), ICI calculated. The report also reviews the design Americas Incorporated, New Castle, DE, USA, De- modifications considered and discusses cember 1991 (16 pages with 4 figures and 3 tables, requirements for future research. No single- RDB2519) component refrigerant was found acceptable as a substitute, but binary and ternary blends appear This paper identifies a number of candidates to promising. The ternary mixture of R-32/152a/124 replace R-22 and R-502, and describes the ad- showed the best performance, with a COP vantages and disadvantages of each. Options increase of 13.7% over R-22. Chlorine-free addressed include R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, R-32/152a/134 yielded a 12.6% increase, but no R-152a, as well as nine binary and ten ternary manufacturer has indicated intent to produce blends of them. Candidate selection was limited R-134. R-32/134a shows an improvement of 6% to fluorocarbons because they offer the low and may not be flammable since it contains 70% boiling points needed for refrigeration, including R-134a. Refrigerant Database Page 201

The report notes that significant design changes, sponsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 352-361, 1991 such as use of counter-flow heat exchangers, will (10 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, RDB2253) be necessary to achieve these gains. A caveat indicates that the ranking of substitutes may The modeled coefficients of performance (COPs), change, due to the influence of transport capacities, and discharge temperatures for a properties and other variables not considered. representative 11 kW (3 ton) air-to-air heat pump (This report replaces the published draft, see are presented for R-22, R-32/125 (60/40), R-134a, RDB1134.) and R-152a - all HFCs. The analyses were made with a modified version of the Oak Ridge National W. R. Rhodes (U.S. Environmental Protection Laboratory (ORNL) Mark III Heat Pump System Agency, EPA), Stratospheric Ozone Protection: Design Model. Calculated COPs are tabulated An EPA Engineering Perspective, Journal of the both with simple replacement of R-22 and with Air and Waste Management Association, reoptimization of the expansion device, heat 41(12):1579-1584, December 1991 (6 pages with 2 exchangers, and tubing sizes. Calculations based tables, available from JMC as RDB2707) on a simple (saturated) thermodynamic cycle indicate 8% lower, 1% lower, and 4% higher D. R. Riffe (Americold / White Consolidated Indus- efficiency for R-32/125, R-134a, and R-152a, tries, Incorporated) and T. W. Dekleva (ICI Americas, respectively, compared to R-22. The magnitude of Incorporated), Effects of Lubricants on the Energy these differences shrink when subcooling and Efficiency of R-134a in Home Appliances, superheating are introduced. With reoptimization, unpublished presentation (International CFC and the differences range from -0.3 to 3.2% for a Halon Alternatives Conference, Baltimore, MD, 3-5 system optimized for both the heating and cooling December 1991), ICI Americas Incorporated, modes and -0.9 to 0.6% for cooling only, Wilmington, DE, 1991 (RDB5123) depending on the refrigerant. The paper, therefore, concludes that while these three literature survey, mineral oil (MO), polyolester alternative refrigerants could be used without (POE), polyalkylene glycol (PAG), compressor significant energy penalty, other factors need to losses, effects of solubility and viscosity be addressed. The approximately 50% higher condensing pressure of R-32/125 could increase F. Rinne and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, costs. Changes in compressor displacement, Germany), Anlagentechnische Untersuchungen increased for R-134a and decreased for R-32/125, mit dem Kältemittelgemisch R23/R152a [Equip- also effect system costs. The flammability of ment Test of the R-23/152a Refrigerant Mixture], Ki R-152a would either eliminate it from Klima-Kälte-Heizung, 19(12):505-509, December consideration or impact costs by requiring 1991 (5 pages, in German, RDB4530) additional safety controls.

performance, R-23/152a D. W. Treadwell (Lennox Industries Incorporated), Application of Propane (R-290) to a Single Pack- J. R. Sand, S. K. Fischer (Oak Ridge National Labo- aged Unitary Air-Conditioning Product, Pro- ratory, ORNL), and P. A. Joyner (Electric Power ceedings of the International CFC and Halon Alter- Research Institute, EPRI), Modeled Performance of natives Conference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December Nonchlorinated Substitutes for CFC-11 and 1991), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arling- CFC-12 in Centrifugal Chillers, Proceedings of the ton, VA, 348-351, 1991 (4 pages with 1 table, avail- International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference able from JMC as RDB2261) (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 406-415, This paper discusses the safety considerations 1991 (10 pages with 2 tables, RDB2260) and two tests of propane (R-290) as a refrigerant in a single-package, unitary air conditioner. P. Sanvi, N. Genet, F. Espinoux, and G. Bardy (Elf Advantages cited include lower discharge tem- Centre de Recherche de Solaize, France), Lubrica- perature and pressure compared to R-22, both tion for HFC-134a Compressor in Home Appli- favorable to compressor life, as well as higher ances, unpublished presentation (International CFC efficiency (by 1-2%) and materials compatibility. and Halon Alternatives Conference, Baltimore, MD, The low cost, availability, and favorable envi- 3-5 December 1991), Elf Atochem S.A., Paris - La ronmental attributes (no ozone-depletion potential Défense, France, December 1991 (rdb6326) and near zero global warming potential) are contrasted to its flammability. The paper estimates the charge quantity required to be less than half R-134a, lubricants that of R-22, and concludes that the probability of reaching the lower flammability limit in a house - M. W. Spatz (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Perfor- under identified leak assumptions - is remote. The mance of Alternative Refrigerants from a Sys- paper indicates that the tem's Perspective, Proceedings of the International CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), Alliance for Re- Page 202 Refrigerant Database

potential risks should be evaluated in light of the lists potential alternatives to CFCs, including environmental and other advantages. HCFCs R-22, R-123, R-124, R-141b, R-142b, R- 225ca, and R-225cb and HFCs R-32, R-125, R- E. A. Vineyard (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 134a, and R-152a. A figure contrasts the direct ORNL), L. Roke and F. Hallet, Overview of CFC (chemical emission related) and indirect (energy Replacement Issues for Household Refrigeration, related) contributions to total equivalent warming Proceedings of the International CFC and Halon impact (TEWI) for a representative refrigerator. Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December, 1991), Alliance for Responsible CFC Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- Policy, Arlington, VA, 310-316, December 1991 (7 ceptability Study (AFEAS) Summaries, AFEAS, pages with 2 tables, RDB2C09) Washington, DC, December 1991 (14 pages with 5 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB2106) N. Xu, J. Yao, Y. Wang, J. Shi, and B. C-Y. Lu (Nanjing Institute of Chemical Technology, China), This series of seven leaflets presents key AFEAS Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Five Binary Systems objectives and findings. A summary of Atmo- Containing R-22, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 69:261- spheric Fluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone 270, 10 December 1991 (10 pages, RDB5B66) reviews the mechanisms of stratospheric ozone depletion and provides values for ozone depletion measurements of the isothermal vapor-liquid potentials (ODPs). It also illustrates how equilibrium (VLE) values and modified, volume- substitution of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) translated, Peng-Robinson (PR) equations of for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) reduces chlorine state (EOSs) for binary blends of R-22: these in the atmosphere. A sheet on UV-B Radiation mixtures include R-10 (tetrachloromethane), Measurements discusses the importance of the ethanol, 1-hexane, cyclohexane, and 2-propanol; ozone layer in shielding ultraviolet-B (UV-B) describes the high-pressure static apparatus used radiation in sunlight as well as efforts to monitor to determine the VLE data for 70-127 °C and long-term trends of incoming UV-B intensity. (158-260 °F) A summary of Alternative Fluorocarbons and Global Warming compares the global warming M-S. Zhu, L-Z. Han, and Z-Z. Lin (Tsinghua Univer- potentials (GWPs) of CFCs to those of HCFCs sity, China), Researches of CFC Alternatives in and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). It also contrasts Tsinghua University, Proceedings of the Interna- the calculated warming effects of these tional CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference compounds to other greenhouse gases, including (Baltimore, MD, 3-5 December 1991), Alliance for carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. A Responsible CFC Policy, Arlington, VA, 484-493, synopsis of the Relative Contributions of 1991 (10 pages with 6 tables, RDB2312) Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Climate Forcing discusses radiative forcing, factors that can Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- perturb the heat balance of the earth-atmosphere ceptability Study, program description, AFEAS, system. It outlines understanding and Washington, DC, December 1991 (4 pages with 1 uncertainties associated with GWP values, figure and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB2105) atmospheric persistence of greenhouse gas emissions, and the quantitative influence of This leaflet introduces the Alternative Fluorocar- integration time horizon (ITH) on analyses of bons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), impacts. A review of the Breakdown Products of initiated in December 1988. The program was Alternatives outlines the mechanisms and formed to assess the potential impacts of consequences of HCFC and HFC breakdown, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant alternatives including the potential impacts of degradation on the environment. AFEAS is a cooperative products. A table provides estimates for the research effort sponsored by 12 leading chemical atmospheric lifetimes and GWP values for 20, producers. Results were presented at the United 100, and 500 yr ITH. A Glossary of Terms Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) explains key terminology for discussion of the meeting in Nairobi in August 1989, and were atmospheric effects of alternative fluorocarbons. incorporated as an appendix to the Scientific The last sheet briefly outlines the history and Assessment under the Montreal Protocol on activities of both AFEAS and the companion Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Further research seeks to identify and help Testing (PAFT). resolve uncertainties regarding potential environmental effects of hydrochlorofluorocarbons Development of an Advanced Refrigerant for (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). A Compression Heat Pump, Research Institute of second objective is to stimulate prompt dissemination of scientific information to the research community, government decision makers, affected industries, and the public. A table Refrigerant Database Page 203

Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), Japan, mental toxicity (teratology, assessment of the December 1991 (rdb3326) potential for causing birth defects), and chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity (lifetime testing to assess background to examination of hydrofluoroether late-in-life toxicity or increased evidence of (HFE) refrigerants that led to selection of R- cancer). Interim results and program plans are E245cb1 [CH3OCF2CF3], R-E347mmy1 [CH3O- summarized for R-123, R-134a, R-141b, R-124, CF(CF3)2 and CF3CF(OCH3)CF3], R-E347mcc3 and R-125. The results available to date indicate [CH3OCF2CF2CF3] as candidates that applications testing can proceed with R-123, provided that close attention is paid to exposure Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity levels. Similarly, no findings preclude use of Testing, program description, PAFT, Bristol, United R-134a and R-141b in general industrial uses, Kingdom, December 1991 (4 pages with 1 figure and provided that recommended normal hygiene 1 table, available from JMC as RDB2107) practices are observed.

This leaflet introduces the Programme for Alter- Refrigeration Systems Program Summary, report native Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT), DOE/CH10093-120, U.S. Department of Energy initiated in December 1987. The program is de- (DOE), Washington, DC, December 1991 (24 pages, signed to expedite the development of toxicology available from NTIS as GPO #573122/40020 at price data for possible substitute fluorocarbons to code A03, RDB2263) replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), or more broadly halogenated fluoroalkanes, that may be catalyzing a decrease in stratospheric ozone This document summarizes results, current ac- levels. PAFT is a cooperative research effort tivities, and objectives of the U.S. Department of sponsored by 15 of the leading CFC producers Energy (DOE) for research of refrigerators, air from nine countries. Four PAFT program sectors conditioners, heat pumps, chillers, and super- are identified including PAFT I to address R-123 market systems. Key activities include investi- and R-134a, PAFT II for R-141b, PAFT III for gation of alternative refrigerants and refrigeration R-124 and R-125, and PAFT IV for R-225ca and cycles, developing advanced technologies for R-225cb. The leaflet summarizes program ob- future air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment jectives and schedules. It notes that there are designs, and developing advanced insulation for nearly 100 individual toxicology tests in the pro- appliances. The program structure and gram, at a cost of $3-5 million per compound. It opportunities for collaboration with industry are also indicates that more than a dozen testing outlined. laboratories in Europe, Japan, and the United States are performing tests, the results of which Report of the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and will be published in peer-reviewed journals and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee for the presented at scientific conferences. The program 1991 Assessment, chaired by L. J. M. Kuijpers, comprehensively addresses acute, subchronic, Technical Progress on Protecting the Ozone Layer, developmental and chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity report RWR-570-LK-91423-al, United Nations studies, and environmental studies. Environment Programme (UNEP), Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, December 1991 (298 pages with 12 Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity figures and 42 tables, RDB2318) Testing (PAFT) Toxicology Summaries, PAFT, Bristol, United Kingdom, December 1991 (10 pages, This report is one of six prepared to assess the available from JMC as RDB2108) status of technologies impacted by the Montreal Protocol and to assess whether the control Five data sheets summarize the status and measures of the Protocol are sufficient to meet findings of the Programme for Alternative Fluo- the goals of reducing ozone depletion. It is based rocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). They address on a review of the current state of knowledge on HCFC-123 in Comparison with CFC-11, HFC- technical, scientific, environmental, and economic 134a in Comparison with CFC-12, HCFC-141b in issues related to stratospheric ozone protection. Comparison with CFC-11, Other PAFT Programs The Technical Options Committee (TOC) (HCFC-124 and HFC-125 compared to CFC-114 examined options and trends for achieving and CFC-115, respectively), and a Glossary of compliance and assembled projections for Terms. The summaries outline studies of acute refrigerant uses. The report was prepared, pur- toxicity (short-term exposures to high concen- suant to Article 6 of the Protocol, by an interna- trations, such as accidental leakages), geno- tional panel representing 90 firms, organizations, toxicity (effects on genetic material, an early or agencies and 19 countries. It addresses the screen for possible carcinogenic activity), sub- Protocol and reassessment procedure, chronic toxicity (repeated exposure to determine refrigerants, domestic refrigeration (including any overall toxicological effect), develop- refrigerators and other appliances), commercial refrigeration, cold storage and food processing, industrial refrigeration, air condi- Page 204 Refrigerant Database

tioning and heat pumps, chillers, transport re- (Thermochem, Incorporated), The Application of frigeration and air conditioning, mobile air con- Halogenated Alkanes as Vapor-Phase Tracers: A ditioning, heating-only heat pumps and heat re- Field Test in the Southeast Geysers, Transactions, covery, refrigerant conservation, developing Geothermal Resources Council, 15:457-463, October countries aspects, and information dissemination 1991 (7 pages with 8 figures, RDB8B30) and research coordination. field test of R-12 and R-13 to map flow paths in November 1991 hydrogeological studies; notes that R-12 displayed significant decay in the geothermal field, but that R-13 showed little or none; also notes S. Kussi, Polyethers as Base Fluids to Formulate that the R-12 decay was reduced for some con- High Performance Lubricants, Lubrication Engi- ditions, possibly movement outside an oxidized neering, 47(11):926-933, November 1991 (8 pages, zone surrounding the injection well or other rdb6913) geochemical conditions chemistry of polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricants D. B. Bivens (DuPont Chemicals), Heat Pumps – R- 22 and Beyond, Proceedings: Meeting Customer J. Paul (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), Needs with Heat Pumps - 1991 (Dallas, TX, October Wasser als Kältemittel: III [Water as a Refrigerant: 1991), report TR-101944, Electric Power Research Part III], Bericht über die Kälte-Klima-Tagung Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, 6-1 - 6-6, December [Proceedings of the Refrigeration and Air-Condi- 1992 (6 pages with 2 tables, RDB3B03) tioning Conference] (Berlin, Germany, November 1991), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Refrigeration and This paper examines three options for heat pumps Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 18:, 1991 (in if R-22 ceases to be available. The first two are German, rdb4A70) Stirling or Vuilleumier cycles (using helium) or sorption technologies such as absorption, R-718 adsorption, and chemi-sorption (using ammonia with water, salt, carbon, or zeolites or lithium bromide/water). They are dismissed as requiring A. Schelling, H. H. Kausch, and A. C. Roulin, Fric- development and demonstration to achieve tion Behavior of Polyetherketone Under Dry Re- system lifetimes comparable to vapor- ciprocating Movement, Wear, Switzerland, compression systems, at equal or lower purchase 151(1):129-142, 30 November 1991 (14 pages, rdb- and operating costs. The paper then presents 12 4C37) candidates to replace R-22, including (in order of increasing boiling point) R-23, R-41, R-116, R-32, PEK R-125, R-143a, R-290 (propane) boiling at lower temperatures than R-22, and R-161, R-218, R-717 M-S. Zhu, L-Z. Han, Z-Z. Lin, L. Li, and Y-D. Fu (ammonia), R-134a, and R-152a above. Boiling (Tsinghua University, China), Experimental Study points, atmospheric lifetimes, ozone depletion on Interim Substitute Refrigerant in Refrigerator, potentials (ODPs) and global warming potentials Proceedings of the Far East Conference on (GWP) are tabulated for them. Most are Environmental Quality (Hong Kong, 5-8 November flammable, have high global warming potentials, 1991), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, or are toxic, leaving R-134a and R-125 as the and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, primary candidates. The paper discusses GA pages 181-184, 1991 (4 pages with 9 figures and tradeoffs to use these fluids, including loss of 1 table, rdb5612) efficiency and capacity or increases in equipment size. It then presents a tabular summary of examination of use of R-500 as an interim re- performance, compressor discharge pressure and placement for R-12; concludes that R-500 offers temperatures, and temperature glide for six of the higher capacity than R-12 for the same conditions fluids, for blends with R-32, and for propane and optimized charges, that energy use with the blended with a secondary fluid. The paper two refrigerants is nearly the same, and that concludes that if R-22 is not available, heat pump R-500 can be used to replace R-12 without systems will continue to be based on changing the lubricant or "great modification" of vapor-compression technology, but with the system chlorine-free working fluids. It notes that several blends containing R-32 are under investigation. It October 1991 suggests that the optimal blend will result from cooperative development between refrigerant and M. C. Adams (University of Utah Research Institute), equipment manufacturers. J. J. Beall (Calpine Corporation), S. L. Enedy (Northern California Power Agency), and P. N. Hirtz Refrigerant Database Page 205

P. D. Fairchild and S. K. Fischer (Oak Ridge National ber 1991 (104 pages including 2 page errata, avail- Laboratory, ORNL), Global Warming and End-Use able from JMC as RDB2702) Efficiency Implications of Replacing CFCs, Proceedings: Meeting Customer Needs with Heat This document contains the complete text of the Pumps - 1991 (Dallas, TX, October 1991), report Montreal Protocol, originally adopted in 1987 as TR-101944, Electric Power Research Institute adjusted and amended in June 1990 and further (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, 7-1 - 7-14, December 1992 amended in June 1991. The decisions of the (14 pages with 9 figures, RDB3B04) Parties to the Montreal Protocol, that relate to its interpretation, at meetings in Helsinki in (May A. K. Grebenkov et al., Experimental Research of 1989), London (June 1990), and Nairobi (June Heat Conductivity of R134a Both in the Liquid 1991) appear as footnotes to the Articles to which and in the Gas Phases, The Cold is to the National they pertain. The handbook also includes the Economy (proceedings of the All Union Sci- following appendices: the Helsinki Declaration on ence-Technical Conference), LTIHP, USSR, October Protection of the Ozone Layer (2 May 1989); 1991 (rdb5448) declarations by Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, R-134a, transport properties, thermophysical Liechtenstein, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nor- data, thermal conductivity way, Sweden, and Switzerland on phase out of CFCs not later than 1997 (June 1990); resolution J. E. Korleski (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- by represented parties on more stringent pany), The Performance of PET Motor Insulation measures (June 1990); statements by Austria, in CFC-Free Refrigerant Systems, Proceedings of Denmark, Germany, Finland, Norway, Sweden, the 20th Electrical Electronics Insulation Conference and Switzerland on more stringent measures and Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding (June 1991); status of ratification (September Conference (EEIC/ICWA, Boston, MA, 7-10 October 1991, now superseded); list of relevant publica- 1991), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers tions; nonconfidential production and consumption (IEEE), New York, NY, 190, 1991 (RDB3C15) data regarding controlled substances; Criteria for Projects under the Multilateral Fund; names and The rapid conversion to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) address of assessment panel chairmen; annotated free refrigerants has prompted reexamination of Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone the performance of polyethylene terephthalate Layer; status of ratification of the Vienna (PET) insulating materials in the presence of the Convention (September 1991; now superseded); new refrigerant-lubricant systems. Several PET and the Rules of Procedure. The Vienna motor films were subjected to sealed-tube aging Convention was adopted in Vienna on 22 March tests in the presence of CFC-free refrigerants and 1985 and entered into force on 22 September lubricants. The effects of the type of lubricant, 1988. The Montreal Protocol was adopted in level of moisture, temperature, and time on the Montreal on 16 September 1987 and entered into physical properties of the motor films were force on 1 January 1989; the Amendment was examined. The factors which dominate the motor adopted in London on 29 June 1990 and entered film's performance were considered. The into force on 10 August 1992. (see RDB3C05 for performance of the films in sealed-tube tests was update) compared to their performance in other aging tests, such as hydrolytic stability, thermal aging at September 1991 160 °C (320 °F), and oligomer extraction, to obtain a correlation of the later test's relative S. Corr, E. Goodwin, R. D. Gregson, A. Halse, A. predictive value. Lindley (ICI Chemicals and Polymers, Limited), S. H. Colmery, T. W. Dekleva, and R. Yost (ICI Americas, J. W. Linton and W. K. Snelson (National Research Incorporated), Retrofitting Mobile Air-Conditioning Council, Canada, NRCC), A New Environmentally Systems with HFC-134a, seminar presentation at Acceptable High-Temperature Heat Pump, Pro- the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) ceedings: Meeting Customer Needs with Heat Passenger Car Meeting and Exposition (Nashville, Pumps - 1991 (Dallas, TX, October 1991), report TN), ICI Americas Incorporated, New Castle, DE, TR-101944, Electric Power Research Institute USA, 18 September 1991 (22 pages with 27 charts, (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, 55-1 - 55-15, December 1992 RDB2618) (14 pages with 9 figures, RDB3B05) This document provides the charts and text for a R-123 presentation on retrofit of mobile air air-conditioning (MAC) systems. The need for a service Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Sub- refrigerant, after market logistics, and require- stances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (second ments of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 edition), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, Octo- Page 206 Refrigerant Database

are introduced. The reasons for selecting R-134a C. Baroncini, G. Giuliani, M. Pacetti, and F. Polonara as a retrofit refrigerant are discussed. Retrofit (Università degli Studi di Ancona, Italy), Experi- solutions may lie between simple replacement of mental Vapor Pressures and P-v-T Properties of the refrigerant and lubricant and the need to flush Refrigerants R123 and R124, paper 76, New the system and also replace certain components. Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the The rationale for esters as the lubricant is XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, presented. Ten ester candidates are summarized Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), and data are provided on viscosity, miscibility, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, and wear tests. Compatibility findings are 11:648-652, 1991 (5 pages with 5 figures and 4 presented for EPDM, HNBR, neoprene, nitrile, tables, RDB5458) nylon, and fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton(R)) with mineral oil, a polyalkylene glycol (PAG), an vapor pressure and PVT behavior of R-123 and end-capped PAG, and an ester. Mutual R-124; thermodynamic properties, thermophysical compatibility and thermal stability data are data discussed for the lubricants. A finding on chlorinated impurities (e.g., residual R-12 or B. Boldrin, G. Minotto, G. Panozzo, L. Rebellato, B. flushing solvents) is reviewed, indicating that its Toniolo, G. Varotto (Instituto per la Tecnica del nature is more important than its concentration. Freddo del CNR, Italy), and A. Bertocco (Truck Frigo, Sealed-tube test results are reviewed for R-12 Italy), Propane as an Alternative Refrigerant in and R-134a with mineral oil, PAG, and ester lu- Foodstuffs Transport, paper 426, New Challenges bricants with contaminants. The data include in Refrigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth changes in color, viscosity, acid number, and International Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, metal content as well as copper plating and metal Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International impacts; no detrimental effects from residual R-12 Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, and mineral oil were observed with R-134a and IV:2062-2067, 1991 (6 pages with 11 figures and 5 the esters. Hydrolytic stability tests point to tables, RDB5346) greater stability with polyolesters than PAGs. The stability analyses and a compressor test program screening of hydrocarbons and hydrofluorocar- are outlined. bons including R-218, R-227ca, R-227ea, R- 236fa, R-245cb, R-263fb, R-272ca, R-281ea, R- Limiting Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the 281fa, and R-290 for transport refrigeration; tab- United States, Energy Responses (Report to the ulates their normal boiling points (NBP) and plots Congress of the United States), edited by R. A. their acute toxicity (expressed as 10-min LC50 Bradley, E. C. Watts, and E. R. Williams, report mouse concentrations) against NBP; examines DOE/PE-0101 volume II, U.S. Department of Energy, the biological and environmental characteristics Washington, DC, September 1991 (552 pages with as well as costs for R-290 relative to those of 187 figures and 243 tables, available from NTIS, older refrigerants; plots the capacities and RDB4210) efficiencies of R-12, R-22, and R-290 and shows comparative test results for these three climate change, environmental impacts, global refrigerants in a transport refrigeration unit (Truck warming Frigo F10-10); concludes that R-290 offers higher efficiency than R-12; notes that system August 1991 optimization is needed and that costs could be reduced with substitution of liquified petroleum gas (LPG, approximately 95% propane) for R-290 M. Arnemann and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannov- er, Germany), Liquid Viscosities of the Nonazeo- tropic Binary Refrigerant Mixtures of R22/R114, K. R. Den Braven, T-A. S. Owre, and J. Slippy (Uni- R22/R152a, and R22/R142b: Measurement and versity of Idaho), Effect of Thermodynamic Prop- Calculations, paper 41, New Challenges in Refrig- erty Formulations on the Prediction of Heat Pump eration (proceedings of the XVlllth International Cycle Performance, IECEC '91 (proceedings of the Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute Conference, Boston, MA, 4-9 August 1991), Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 11:379-383, Au- of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), gust 1991 (5 pages with 4 figures and 6 tables, rdb- Piscataway, NJ, 2:522-527, 1991 (6 pages, rdb8968) 4A45) compares use of simplified equations and more thermodynamic properties of R-22/114, R-22/- precise formulations for performance predictions; 142b, and R-22/152a: zeotropic blends; ther- focuses on the compromise between accuracy mophysical data and the amount of computational time required in a system simulation or optimization; presents comparisons for R-12 and R-22 in the Refrigerant Database Page 207

heating mode of a heat pump model; compares August 1991), International Institute of Refrigeration, the predicted coefficient of performance (COP) Paris, France, III:1595-1600, August 1991 (6 pages and pressure ratio for the Carnahan-Starling- with 11 figures and 2 tables, rdb4675) DeSantis (CSD) equation of state (EOS) and standard reference quality EOS explicit in R-22/142b, capacity and efficiency Helmholtz energy (or fundamental equations, FEQs); presents results for various values of D. Jung and R. K. Radermacher (University of system temperature lift, heat exchanger tem- Maryland), Performance Simulation of a Two- perature glide, and for three different sets of CSD Evaporator Refrigerator-Freezer Charged with coefficients for R-12; observes that the CSD Pure and Mixed Refrigerants, International Journal equation predicts COP values that are 8-10% of Refrigeration (IJR), 14(7):254-263, September percent higher and require computational times 1991 (10 pages with 10 figures and 4 tables, nearly twice as long as the FEQ RDB4418)

M. Goto, N. Inoue, and J. Nakamura (Tokyo Uni- M. Kauffeld, H. König, and H. H. Kruse (Universität versity of Mercantile Marine, Japan), Performance Hannover, Germany), Theoretical and Experi- of Vapor Compression Heat Pump System Using mental Evaluation of Air Cycle Refrigeration and a Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixture, paper 62, Air Conditioning, paper 219, New Challenges in New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the Refrigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth International XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, of Refrigeration, Paris, France, III:1124-1129, August II:548-550, August 1991 (3 pages with 10 figures, 1991 (6 pages with 14 figures, RDB6931) RDB4676) R-729 (air), air-cycle refrigeration; open Joule R-12, R-22, R-114, R-12/114, R-22/114, labora- Cycle, also identified as the reversed Brayton tory performance tests in a water-to-water heat Cycle, and variants; reviews cycle performance pump and examines the consequences of internal heat exchange for direct and indirect systems; dis- E. Granryd (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH, cusses problems and potential solutions for use of Sweden), Heat Transfer in Flow Evaporation of air cycles; concludes that an air-cycle machine Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures - A Theore- could be developed that would match the tical Approach, paper 251, New Challenges in Re- performance of current vapor-compression cycle frigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth International equipment for mobile air conditioning systems and Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, other applications with source and sink Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute temperature glides, but that air cycle equipment of Refrigeration, Paris, France, III:1330-1334, August cannot be used in all air-conditioning and 1991 (5 pages with 6 figures, rdb2409) refrigeration systems because of poor performance in applications with constant temper- R-22, R-114, R-22/114, heat transfer calculations atures of the heat source and sink fluids for zeotropic blends; hypothesizes an explanation for decrease in heat transfer in flow convective G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation), evaporation of mixtures Derivation of Dimensionless Parameters for Thermodynamic Evaluation of Refrigerants in P. E. Hansen and L. Snitkjær (Danfoss-Flensburg Vapor-Compression Cycles, paper 106, New GmbH, Germany), Development of Small Hermetic Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the Compressors for R-134a, paper 223, New XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), France, II:597-601, 1991 (5 pages with 1 figure, rdb- International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, 6317) III:1146-1150, August 1991 (5 pages with 8 figures and 2 tables, rdb4926) outlines a method to estimate the basic characteristics of a vapor-compression cycle from R-134a, lubricants, materials compatibility refrigerant properties and to configure the cycle for optimal performance for specific refrigerants; M. Högberg and T. Berntsson (Chalmers University, cycle analysis; performance analysis Sweden), A Residential Heat Pump Working with the Nonazeotropic Mixture HCFC-22/HCFC-142b - G. S. Kazachki (Acurex Environmental Corporation) Experimental Results and Evaluation, paper 492, and C. L. Gage (U.S. Environmental Protection New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the Agency, EPA), Thermodynamic Evaluation of Five XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, Alternative Refrigerants in Vapor Compres- Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 Page 208 Refrigerant Database

sion Cycles, paper 535, New Challenges in Re- use of water as a refrigerant and ice slurry as a frigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth International heat transfer fluid Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute J. Paul (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, II:611-615, 1991 Alternative, Environmentally Safe Refrigerants (5 pages, rdb6324) and Process for Cooling, Heat Pump, and Power Generating (ORC) Systems, paper 165, New performance comparisons for R-12, R-22, R-32, Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the R-125, R-134a, R-143a, R-152a, and R-502; cy- XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, cle analysis; plots of efficiency as functions of Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), evaporating temperature with throttling expan- International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, sion, superheating, and both 920-922, August 1991 (3 pages with 2 figures and 2 tables, rdb4A68) Y. Maezawa, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- versity, Japan), Some Correlations for Saturated R-718 Liquid Density of Refrigerant Mixtures, paper 533, New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the S. F. Pearson and J. Brown (Star Refrigeration Lim- XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, ited, UK), Development of a Substitute for R502, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), paper 162, New Challenges in Refrigeration (pro- International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, ceedings of the XVlllth International Congress of II:644-647, August 1991 (4 pages with 3 figures and Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 6 tables, rdb4446) August 1991), International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, II:903-909, August 1991 (7 pages with thermodynamic properties of R-11, R-22, R-114, 8 figures and 2 tables, RDB2425) R-134, R-142b, R-152a, R-22/12, R-22/114, R- 22/142b, R-22/152a, R-22/152a/142b, R-152a/- discusses development of a replacement for R- 114, R-152a/134, and R-152a/142b: blends; 502 including R-403A and R-403B thermophysical data J. Pettersen and H. Rekstad (Norgest Tekniska S. M. Miner (Engineering Consultant), An Appraisal Högskole, NTH, Norway), The Practical Perfor- of Ammonia as an Alternative Refrigerant paper mance of R-134a in Motorcar Air-Conditioning, 220, New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings paper 225, New Challenges in Refrigeration of the XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, (proceedings of the XVlllth International Congress of Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, August 1991), International Institute of Refrigeration III:1130-1134, August 1991 (5 pages with 3 figures (IIR), Paris, France, III:1155-1160, 1991 (6 pages and 4 tables, RDB2844) with 7 figures and 3 tables, rdb5B27)

R-717; brief review of history and market status; R-134a with an unidentified polyoxalkylene glycol contrasts accident concerns with those for other ether lubricant, capacity and efficiency in mobile refrigerants; reviews performance and other air conditioning (MAC) system; laboratory technical aspects of use; describes research measurements activities and tabulates recent R-717 installations; cites sources of training and support R. G. Richard and I. R. Shankland (AlliedSignal In- corporated), Flammability of Alternate Refriger- A. Ophir (I.D.E. Technologies, Israel) and J. Paul ants, paper 42, New Challenges in Refrigeration (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), The (proceedings of the XVlllth International Congress of Ecochiller - A Mechanical Vapour Compression Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 Cycle Using Water as Refrigerant, paper 67, New August 1991), International Institute of Refrigeration, Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the Paris, France, II:384-387, August 1991 (4 pages with XVIIIth International Congress of Refrigeration, 1 figure and 5 tables, RDB4441) Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, R-11, R-22, R-30, R-32, R-50, R-113, R-123, 573-577, August 1991 (5 pages with 5 figures and 1 R-123a, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-140a, table, RDB5437) R-141b, R-142b, R-143, R-143a, R-152, R-152a, R-161, R-E170, R-218, R-290, R-C318, R-600, R- R-718; discusses use of water as a refrigerant; 600a, R-601, R-611, R-717, R-744, R-7146, plots required compression ratio as a function of flammability, LFL, UFL, tests by ASTM E681 leaving source temperature and temperature lift; method; critical flammability ratio (CFR) for R- compares cycles for use of water and describes 22/152a, R-32/125, R-125/152a, R-125/290, R- the components; proposes a system for 134a/152a, R-143a/134a, and R-152a/124; influences of the ignition source, moisture content Refrigerant Database Page 209

of the gas mixture, temperature, and mixture cludes that pentaerythritol ester (a polyolester, composition POE) and end-capped polyalkylene glycol (PAG) are viable lubricants for R-134a; finally concludes J. M. Saiz Jabardo (University of Illinois at Urbana- that "MP81" can be used with pentaerythritol Champaign, USA) and C. L. da Silva (Universidade esters to replace R-502, but that R-32/125 (60/40) Estadual Paulista, Brazil), Modeling of the Nucleate would be unattractive for this use due to high Boiling of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures, paper 155, pressures and discharge temperatures New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, H. Takamatsu, S. Koyama (Kyushu University, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), Japan), Y. Ikegami (Saga University, Japan), and T. International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, Yara (Kyushu University, Japan), An Experiment on II:514-518, August 1991 (5 pages with 5 figures, a Vapor Compression Heat Pump System Using a rdb3B27) Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixture, paper 105, New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the R-11, R-113, R-114, heat transfer coefficients, XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, heat exchangers, heat transfer Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, M. B. Shiflett and P. R. Reed (DuPont Chemicals), II:592-596, August 1991 (5 pages with 14 figures and Alternative Low-Temperature Refrigerants, paper 1 table, rdb4677) 163, New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Refrigeration, R-22/114, zeotropic blends, effects of temperature Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), for smooth and grooved tubes International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, II:910-915, August 1991 (6 pages with 10 figures and T. Tiedemann, M. Kauffeld, K. Beermann, and H. H. 4 tables, rdb2307) Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), Evaluation of Ozone-Safe, Low Greenhouse Warming R-22, R-125, R-502, and an undisclosed zeotrope Potential Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures in identified as "Blend HP" [probably a Household Refrigerators-Freezers, paper 271, developmental version of R-402B]; compressor New Challenges in Refrigeration (proceedings of the calorimeter tests; saturation pressure compari- XVlllth International Congress of Refrigeration, son; theoretical refrigeration capacity and effi- Montreal, Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), ciency as functions of evaporator temperature; International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, refrigeration capacity as a function of refrigerant III:1166-1170, 1991 (RDB5B30) charge; compressor discharge temperature performance evaluation of R-22/123, R-22/124, S. G. Sundaresan (Copeland Corporation), Alternate R-22/142b, R-22/152a, R-22/152a/123, R-23/- Refrigerants and Lubricants for Refrigeration 152a, R-32/142b, R-32/152a, R-143a/142b, R- Compressors - Status on CFC12 and R502 143a/152a, R-152a/123, R-290/123, R-290/152a Replacements, paper 151, New Challenges in Re- in refrigerators with dual evaporators (Lor- frigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth International enz-Meutzner cycle); energy savings of 12% were Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, found in a German refrigerator for R-22/142b, but Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute no improvement was found over R-12 for an of Refrigeration, Paris, France, II:881-887, August American design, the differences in which are 1991 (7 pages with 11 figures and 11 tables, RDB- detailed; tabulates simulation results for each of 2308) the refrigerants and experimental results for R-22/142b; concludes that the energy im- evaluation of R-12, R-125, R-134a, R-143a, R- provements reported for R-22/11 in the 1970s by 152a, R-32/125 (60/40), R-22/125/134a Lorenz and Meutzner could not be reached; (52/15/33) (a developmental version of DuPont difference is attributed to on-off cycling versus MP39, R-401A), R-22/125/134a (60/15/25) (a steady-state operation, in the earlier studies, and developmental version of DuPont MP66, R- to the way the coefficient of performance (COP) is 401B), R-125/290/22 (a developmental version of calculated DuPont blend HP81, R-402B, identified as "MP81" in the paper), and R-290/22/218 (6/85/9) R. Tillner-Roth, H. D. Baehr, and F. Klobasa (Univer- (a developmental version of Rhône-Poulenc sität Hannover, Germany), Measurements and 69-S, R-403A); examination of associated lubri- Correlations of the Thermodynamic Properties of cant and materials compatibility; concludes that Refrigerant 134a, paper 73, New Challenges in R-134a is not attractive at low operating tem- Refrigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth International peratures, but that blends of R-22/152a/124 (R- Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, Québec, 401 series) are viable candidates to replace R-12 Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International Institute when used with alkylbenzene (AB) or mixtures of AB and mineral oil (MO); also con- Page 210 Refrigerant Database

of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, II:630-634, (Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, IN, 22-26 June 1991), 1991 (5 pages with 6 figures and 1 table, RDB4407) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, R-134a, thermodynamic properties, thermo- 97(2):447-454, 1991 (9 pages with 3 figures and 3 physical data, equation of state based on tables, RDB4419) Helmholtz function zeotropic blends J. Zheng and J. W. Pelava (AlliedSignal Incorpo- rated), Performance Test of R-12 Alternates in a S. J. Eckels and M. B. Pate (Iowa State University of Hermetic Compressor, paper 149, New Challenges Science and Technology), In-Tube Evaporation and in Refrigeration (proceedings of the XVlllth Condensation of Refrigerant-Lubricant Mixtures International Congress of Refrigeration, Montreal, of HFC-134a and CFC-12, technical paper 3494 Québec, Canada, 10-17 August 1991), International (630-RP), Transactions (Annual Meeting, Indi- Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, II:871-875, anapolis, IN, 22-26 June 1991), American Society of August 1991 (5 pages with 3 figures and 4 tables, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- rdb2254) neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 97(2):62-70, 1991; republished in Alternative Refrigerants, technical data This paper presents measured results of calo- bulletin 7(3), ASHRAE, 1-9, 1991 (9 pages with 17 rimeter tests of replacements for R-12 at -23 to 1 figures and 2 tables, RDB2612) °C (-10 to 30 °F) evaporating and 38 and 49 °C (100 and 120 °F) condensing. The fluids tested M. Fukuta, M. Tanaka, T. Shimizu, and T. Yanagi- included R-134a with a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) sawa, Analysis of Oil Film on Vane Sides of Vane lubricant and four zeotropes with alkylbenzene Compressors, Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu (AB) lubricants. The blends included R-22/124 (Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical (55/45 and 43/57) and R-22/152a/124 (50/20/30 Engineers, JSME), JSME, Tokyo, Japan, and 36/24/40). The compressor discharge 57(538):2007-2012, June 1991 (6 pages, rdb4C20) temperature, compression ratio, cooling capacity, and efficiency are compared to those of R-12. lubrication

K. E. Hummel, T. P. Nelson, and P. A. Thompson July 1991 (Radian Corporation), Survey of the Use and Emissions of Chlorofluorocarbons from Large D. Jung and R. K. Radermacher (University of Chillers, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Maryland), Performance Simulation of Single- IN, 22-26 June 1991), American Society of Heating, Evaporator Domestic Refrigerators Charged with Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning (ASHRAE), Pure and Mixed Refrigerants, International Journal Atlanta, GA, 97(2):416-421, 1991 (6 pages with 4 of Refrigeration (IJR), 14(6):223-232, July 1991 (10 figures and 4 tables, RDB6320) pages with 8 figures and 5 tables, RDB4417) CFC, refrigerant emissions, leak rates, loss rates R-32/125 Azeotrope, technical data sheet 525658, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, July 1991 D. Jung and R. K. Radermacher (University of (1 page with 1 figure, RDB3221) Maryland), Prediction of Heat Transfer Coeffi- cients of Various Refrigerants During Evapora- This data sheet provides a pressure-enthalpy tion, paper 3492, Transactions (Annual Meeting, diagram for a patented azeotropic blend, R- Indianapolis, IN, 22-26 June 1991), American Society 32/125 (60/40) in inch-pound (IP) units. R-32/125 of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning (60/40) was a developmental formulation for Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 97(2):48-53, 1991 AlliedSignal's Genetron(R) AZ-20 (subsequently (6 pages with 7 figures and 3 tables, RDB2347) reformulated) when this document was published. N. Kagawa (National Defense Academy, Japan), M. Uematsu, and K. Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), June 1991 Thermodynamic Surface of State for Refrigerant 22 Plus Refrigerant 114 System and an Application to Cycle Analysis, Preprints of the 11th J. C. Bare, C. L. Gage (U.S. Environmental Protec- Symposium on Thermophysical Properties (Boulder, tion Agency, EPA), D. Jung, and R. K. Radermacher CO, 23-27 June 1991), American Society of (University of Maryland), Simulation of Non- Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, 1991; azeotropic Mixtures for Use in a Dual-Circuit republished in Fluid Phase Equilibria, 80(4):19-31, 30 Refrigerator/Freezer with Countercurrent Heat November 1992 (12 pages, RDB4571) Exchangers, paper IN-91-14-3(3540), Transactions Refrigerant Database Page 211

presents a fundamental equation (FEQ), with ant Heat Pump, report NISTIR 4597, National In- empirical mixing rules for R-22/114; this equation stitute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaith- of state (EOS) was formulated using available ersburg, MD, June 1991 (64 pages with 10 figures pressure-volume-temperature-composition (PVTx) and 7 tables, available from NTIS at price code A04, properties; it is effective for a range of RDB3337) temperatures from -23 to 227 °C (-10 to 440 °F) for pressures up to 10 MPa (1450 psia), which This report evaluates the performance of an in- corresponds to the density range up to the critical novative heat pump, equipped with a distillation value; compares values calculated with the EOS column to shift the composition of a zeotropic to experimental data and a theoretical heat pump refrigerant mixture. This product was commer- cycle analysis with experimental data cialized in Japan on a limited basis, but has since been withdrawn. The report contrasts loads to M. O. McLinden, W. M. Haynes (National Institute of equipment capacity and shows the composition Standards and Technology, NIST, USA), J. T. R. shifting strategy schematically. It outlines Watson (National Engineering Laboratory, UK), and equilibrium (or flash) and continuous rectification K. Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), A Survey of approaches for distillation. It reviews prior work in Current Worldwide Research on the Thermody- the area and describes the test model, which uses namic Properties of Alternative Refrigerants, a blend of 20% R-13B1 and 80% R-22 by weight. report NISTIR 3969, National Institute of Standards Measured performance at standard rating and Technology, Boulder, CO, June 1991 (84 pages, conditions and seasonal energy calculations are available from NTIS as document PB92112366INZ, summarized for both the heating and cooling RDB2262) modes. No composition shifting was observed in the tests. Simulations using an ideal-cycle model presents a survey of worldwide research activities are described to demonstrate the potential value addressing either measurements or correlations of composition control. While heating seasonal of thermophysical properties of alternative performance gains were found to be small, refrigerants: the targeted fluids include R-22, R- avoidance of auxiliary heat requirements were 23, R-32, R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, R-134, substantial. Cooling performance is indicated to R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R-143a, R-152a, and be approximately 2% lower with R-13B1/22 blends containing them; also identifies research (20/80) blend than with R-22 alone. of R-124a, R-E134 (bis(difluoromethyl)ether), R- 225ca, R-227ea, fluoroethers, and hydrofluoro- S. M. Sami (University of Moncton, Canada) and T. ethers; blends covered include R-14/23, R-23/13, N. Duong (University of Sherbrooke, Canada), Dy- R-23/22, R-23/142b, R-32/134a, R-32/152a, R- namic Performance of Heat Pumps Using Re- 125/124, R-125/134a, R-143a/22, R-22/12, R- frigerant R-134a, Transactions (Annual Meeting, 22/114, R-22/123, R-22/134a, R-22/142b, R-22/- Indianapolis, IN, 22-26 June 1991), American Society 152a, R-22/152a/114, R-22/152a/124, R-22/- of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning 152a/142b, R-134a/123, R-134a/134, R-134a/- Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 97(2):41-47, 141b, R-134a/152a, R-152a/114, R-152a/134, 1991; republished in Alternative Refrigerants, tech- R-152a/142b, and R-227ea/123; properties nical data bulletin 7(3), ASHRAE, 21-27, October addressed are phase equilibria, dielectric 1991 (7 pages with 16 figures, RDB2614) constant, refractive index, and other thermodynamic and transport properties; tables provide presents a new computer program to predict the summary information about each research dynamic performance of water-to-water and activity, including the ranges of data, estimated water-to-air heat pumps using R-134a; compares accuracy, and references; tabulates the the behavior to that with R-12 organizations and investigators involved as well as apparatus and techniques employed by E. A. Vineyard (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, country; neither actual property data nor ORNL), The Alternative Refrigerant Dilemma for correlating equations are presented; the Refrigerator-Freezers: Truth or Consequences, objectives were to assist in coordination of Transactions, American Society of Heating, Refrig- research programs, to expedite acquisition of erating and Air-Conditioning (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, required property data, and to serve as a guide 97(2), 1991 (rdb6311) for planning future research; The collaborative effort to compile this information was undertaken alternative refrigerants, performance under Annex 18, Thermophysical Properties of the Environmentally Acceptable Refrigerants, of K. Watanabe and H. Sato (Keio University, Japan), the Advanced Heat Pump Programme of the Progress of the Thermophysical Properties Re- International Energy Agency. search on Environmentally Acceptable Refriger- ants in Japan, Preprints of the 11th Symposium on P. I. Rothfleisch and D. A. Didion, A Performance Thermophysical Properties (Boulder, CO, 23-27 Evaluation of a Variable Speed, Mixed Refriger- Page 212 Refrigerant Database

June 1991), American Society of Mechanical Engi- IATC, Batavia, IL, 367-378, 1991; republished in neers (ASME), New York, NY, 1991; republished in Proceedings of the International Appliance Technical Fluid Phase Equilibria, 80(4):1-17, 30 November Conference - China, 141-149, November 1991 (12 1992 (17 pages, rdb4570) pages, rdb4A36)

summarizes the research status of thermo- R-227ea blends physical properties for refrigerants in Japan: describes both experimental measurements and A. Tanka, Effects of Alternative Refrigerants on modeling efforts; discusses promising alternative Friction and Wear of Nylon and Polyacetar, paper refrigerants including R-123, R-134, R-134a, E-20, Proceedings of the JAST Tribology Con- R-141b, R-142b R-152a, and blends including R- ference, Tokyo, Japan, May 1991 (rdb4C39) 22/142b and R-22/152a/142b P. E. J. Vermeulen, The Use of Ammonia as Re- Alternative Refrigerant Research for Residential frigerant in the Dutch Food Industry, report num- Refrigerator-Freezers, research project 614-RP, ber 92-180, Netherlands Organization for Applied American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Scientific Research (TNO), Apeldoorn, The Nether- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, lands, May 1991 (in Dutch, rdb5685) April 1989 - June 1991 (ASH0614) R-717, safety The contractor for this project was Oak Ridge National Laboratory, led by E. Vineyard; it was T. Yanagisawa, T. Shimizu, and M. Fukuta (Shizuoka sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committees University, Japan) Foaming Characteristics of an 3.1, Refrigerants and Brines, and 7.1, Residential Oil-Refrigerant Mixture, International Journal of Refrigerators and Food Freezers. [see RDB2412 Refrigeration (IJR), 14(3):132-136, May 1991 (5 for findings] pages, rdb4C29)

Thermophysical Property Data for Water-Lithium refrigerant-lubricant properties Bromide at High Temperatures and Concentra- tions, research project 527-RP, American Society of Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Sub- Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- stances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, document gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, July 1987 - June UNEP/OzI.Pro.3/7, United Nations Environment 1991 (ASH0527) Programme (UNEP), Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, May 1991 (130 pages, RDB2349) The contractor was the Georgia Tech Research Institute, led by A. S. Teja; the project was This version has been superseded (see RDB2702 sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.3, for update). Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines. April 1991 May 1991 R-32/125 Azeotrope, technical data sheet 525643, D. P. Grob (Underwriters Laboratories, Incorpo- AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, April 1991 rated), Summary of Flammability Characteristics (2 pages with 1 figure and 2 tables, RDB3220) of R-152a, R-141b, R-142b, and Analysis of Ef- fects of Potential Applications, Proceedings of the This data sheet provides information on a 42nd Annual International Appliance Technical patented azeotropic blend, R-32/125 (60/40). It Conference (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, provides physical property data, in inch-pound (IP) May 1991), IATC, Batavia, IL, May 1991 (RDB4925) units, including the chemical formula, molecular weight, atmospheric boiling point, corresponding G. Mouton, Fluorocarbon Refrigerants and the heat of vaporization, critical parameters Environment, International Journal of Refrigeration (temperature, pressure, and density), flammability, (IJR), 14(4):209-216, May 1991 (8 pages, rdb5961) and ozone depletion potential. It also indicates the liquid density and specific heats of the liquid and ozone depletion, global warming vapor at 26.7 °C (80 °F). It then presents a tabular comparison of performance with R-22, R-32, R-125, and R-502. The document provides a S. H. Rice, Y. Iikubo, M. L. Robin (Great Lakes vapor pressure chart for the blend for -40 to 49 Chemical Corporation), V. W. Goldschmidt, and D. (-40 to 120 °F). R-32/125 (60/40) was a Refrigerant Alternative R. Tree (Purdue University), developmental formulation for AlliedSignal's to R-12: Preliminary Testing in a Domestic (R) Genetron AZ-20 (subsequently reformulated) Refrigerator Proceedings of the 42nd Annual In- , when this document was published. ternational Appliance Technical Conference (Uni- versity of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, May 1991), Refrigerant Database Page 213

March 1991 Tokyo, Japan, 3:435-442, 1991 (8 pages with 13 figures and 5 tables, RDB4148) J. Gallagher, M. O. McLinden, and G. Morrison, REFPROP, A Program for the Calculation of the presents a 25 coefficient, virial equation of state Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants and (EOS) for R-134a: EOS is described as effective Refrigerant Mixtures, NIST Standard Reference in the entire fluid phase of pressures up to 15 MPa Database 23 version 2.0, National Institute of Stan- (2200 psia), temperatures from -33 to 207 °C (-28 to 404 °F), and densities from 0 to 1400 kg/m3 (0 dards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, March 3 1991 (software and documentation available from to 88 Ib/ft ); thermodynamic properties; thermo- NIST, RDB1105) physical data

Version 2.00 of REFPROP calculates properties K. Yamashita and A. Yabe (Toshiba Corporation, for 18 pure refrigerants and 24 binary mixtures of Japan), Heat Transfer Characteristics of an EHD them in user-selected units of measurement. Condenser, Proceedings of the Third ASME/JSME These refrigerants include R-11, R-12, R-13, R- Thermal Engineering Joint Conference (Reno, NV, 13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-113, R-114, R-115, R- 17-22 March 1991), American Society of Mechanical 123, R-124, R-125, R-134, and R-134a, R-142b, Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, Japan Society of R-152a, and R-C270. Mechanical Engineers (JSME), Tokyo, Japan, 3:61-67, 1991 (7 pages, rdb8B10) D. P. Grob (Underwriters Laboratories, Incorpo- rated), Flammability Characteristics of R-32 and use of the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technique R-32 Mixtures, proceedings (Symposium to Evalu- to enhance heat transfer: analysis of a condenser ate R-32 and R-32 Mixtures in Refrigeration Appli- after 1000 hr of continuous operation with found cations, Washington, DC, 19-20 March 1991), U.S. no negative effects on the working fluid, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Wash- electrode, or heat transfer surface ington, DC, 1991 (RDB4A04) Technical Bulletin / Sulfur Hexafluoride: Accu- (R) flammability, LFL, UFL Dri SF6, bulletin 524-999, AlliedSignal Incorpo- rated, Morristown, NJ, March 1991 (24 pages with 6 H. Honda, B. Uchima, S. Nozu, E. Torigoe, and S. figures and 5 tables, RDB5A35) Imai (Okayama University, Japan), Film Conden- sation of Downward Flowing R-113 Vapour on R-7146, physical and thermodynamic and prop- Staggered Bundles of Horizontal Finned Tubes, erties, liquid density equation, vapor pressure Proceedings of the Third ASME/JSME Thermal equation, equation of state (EOS), applications Engineering Joint Conference (Reno, NV, 17-22 March 1991), American Society of Mechanical En- gineers (ASME), New York, NY, and Japan Society February 1991 of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), Tokyo, Japan, 2:487-494, 1991 (8 pages, rdb5732) T. Atwood (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Refrigerants of the Future - Facts and Fallacies, ASHRAE R-113, heat transfer, enhanced tubes Journal, 33(2):30-35, February 1991 (6 pages with 3 figures and 1 table, RDB4442) Y. Maezawa, H. Sato, K. Watanabe, and S. Oshima (Keio University, Japan), Saturated Liquid Densi- alternative refrigerants ties and Bubble-Point Pressures of Binary HFC- 152a + HFC-134 System, Proceedings of the Third J. M. Calm (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference stitute, ARI), Global Warming (the Next Challenge), (Reno, NV, 17-22 March 1991), American Society of presentation charts, Seminar on Refrigerant Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, Practices, National Institute of Standards and Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 12 February Tokyo, Japan, 3:443-450, 1991 (8 pages, rdb5469) 1991 (9 pages with 14 charts, available from JMC as RDB1207) thermodynamic properties of R-152a/134: thermophysical data presentation charts: survey of scientific views of the likelihood of global warming; definition and C-C. Piao, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Univer- importance of greenhouse effect; ozone depletion sity, Japan), An Equation of State for HFC-134a, potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP), Proceedings of the Third ASME/JSME Thermal atmospheric lifetime, heat trapping strength, and Engineering Joint Conference (Reno, NV, 17-22 estimated emissions for common refrigerants; March 1991), book 10309C, American Society of direct and indirect warming effects; efficiency Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, relative to cost; alternative refrigerants Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), Page 214 Refrigerant Database

S. Corr, R. D. Gregson, A. Halse, A. Lindley (ICI The contractor for the project was the Radian Chemicals and Polymers, Limited), and T. W. Corporation, led by T. J. Nelson; it was sponsored Dekleva (ICI Americas, Incorporated), Retrofitting by the ASHRAE Task Group on Halocarbon Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems: The First Alter- Emissions native, Part I, seminar presentation at the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Congress and Exposition (Detroit, MI), ICI Americas In- January 1991 corporated, New Castle, DE, USA, 26 February 1991 (14 pages with 17 charts, rdb2616) M. C. Adams, J. N. Moore (University of Utah Re- search Institute), and P. N. Hirtz (Thermochem, In- S. Corr, R. D. Gregson, A. Halse, A. Lindley (ICI corporated), Preliminary Assessment of Halo- Chemicals and Polymers, Limited), and T. W. genated Alkanes as Vapor-Phase Tracers, Pro- Dekleva (ICI Americas, Incorporated), Retrofitting ceedings of the Sixteenth Workshop on Geothermal Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems: The First Alter- Reservoir Engineering (Stanford University, 23-25 native, Part 2, seminar presentation at the Society January 1991), report SGP-TR-34, Stanford Uni- of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International Con- versity, Palo Alto, CA, 57-62, 1991 (6 pages with 2 gress and Exposition (Detroit, MI), ICI Americas In- figures, Rdb8B33) corporated, New Castle, DE, USA, 26 February 1991 (14 pages with 16 charts, RDB2617) examination of R-12, R-13, R-14, R-22, R-23, R- 31, R-116, R-218, R-C318, R-702, R-704, and R- N. Kagawa (National Defense Academy, Japan), H. 7146 as potential tracer for hydrogeological Ikeda, H. Kawano, M. Uematsu, and K. Watanabe studies; discussion of stability, toxicity, solubility in (Keio University, Japan), Thermodynamic State water, and environmental impacts Surface and Cycle Analysis for Refrigerant 22 Plus Refrigerant 114 System Nippon Kikai Gakkai , S. Corr, P. D. Guy, F. T. Murphy, G. Tompsett (ICI Ronbunshu (Transactions of the Japan Society of Chemicals and Polymers, Limited), and T. W. Mechanical Engineers, JSME), JSME, Tokyo, Japan, Dekleva (ICI Americas, Incorporated), Performance B57(534):597-603, February 1991 (7 pages in Characteristics of R-134a and Alternative Lubri- Japanese, rdb3868) cants, seminar presentation at the ASHRAE Winter Meeting (New York, NY), ICI Americas Incorporated, presents an equation of state (EOS) coupled with New Castle, DE, USA, 22 January 1991 (26 pages empirical mixing rules for R-22/114 developed to with 19 charts, RDB2522) enable cycle analyses with this zeotropic blend: the EOS was formulated with available measurements of pressure, volume, temperature, D. L. Fenton, A. F. Noeth, and R. L. Gorton (Kansas Absorption of Ammonia and composition data; it is expressed as a State University, KSU), into Water Transactions Helmholtz equation as a function of temperature, , (Winter Meeting, New York, density and composition, and is effective for a NY, 19-23 January 1991), American Society of range of temperatures from -23 to 227 °C (-10 to Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- 440 °F) for pressures up to 10 MPa (1450 psia), gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 97(1):204-211, 1991 which corresponds to the density range up to the (rdb3462) critical value; the cycle analysis of the heat pump and refrigeration systems indicate that R-22/114 R-717, venting, emergency releases is promising for industrial heat pumps or air-conditioning and heat pump water heaters J. E. Galloway and V. W. Goldschmidt (Purdue Uni- (HPWH); predicted changes in composition were versity), Air-to-Air Heat Pump Performance with confirmed by testing [see RDB8967 for English Three Different Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mix- translation of this paper] tures, paper 3473, Transactions (Winter Meeting, New York, NY, 19-23 January 1991), American So- H. O. Spauschus (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- ciety of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning rated), Emerging HVACR Issues - Energy, Envi- Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 97(1):296-303, ronment, and Economics, ASHRAE Journal, January 1991 (rdb4678) 32(2):23-27, February 1991 (rdb4357) performance tests with three binary zeotropic blends in an air-to-air heat pump operating at Survey of the Use and Emission of Chlorofluoro- outdoor temperatures of 1.8-35.2 °C (35-95 °F): carbons from Large Chillers , research project the tested refrigerants were R-13/12, R-22/114, 603-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and R-22/152a; R-22/152a (85/15) increased the and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, coefficient of performance (COP) by at least 8% GA, March 1989 - February 1991 (ASH0603) with less than 4% loss in capacity compared to R-22; a reduction in efficiency for the other blends was attributed to the crossflow design of conventional air-to-refrigerant heat exchangers Refrigerant Database Page 215

E. Heinzelmann and M. S. Ussyk (Empresa Brasil- R. L. Webb and C. Pais (Pennsylvania State Univer- eira de Compressores S/A, Embraco), Hermetic sity), Nucleate Pool Boiling Data for Five Refrig- Refrigerating Compressors and CFC Substitu- erants on Three Tube Geometries, technical paper tion, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 3443 (392-RP), Transactions (Winter Meeting, New 14(1):10-15, January 1991 (6 pages with 11 figures, York, NY, 19-23 January 1991), American Society of RDB1201) Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 97(1):72-78, 1991 This paper presents a basic methodology for (7 pages, rdb2404) screening substitutes for R-12 in refrigerating compressors. Simple analysis of refrigerant measurements of heat transfer in nucleate boiling thermodynamic properties are presented within on a 1024 fpm (26-fpi) integral finned tube and the ranges of evaporating and condensing tem- two enhanced tube geometries for R-11, R-12, peratures in which small refrigerating systems R-22, R-113, R-123, and R-134a at 27 °C (80 °F): operate. Comparisons of vapor pressure, coef- presents the data and shows comparative pool ficients of performance (COPs), compression boiling performance of the various refrigerants ratio, final isentropic compression temperature, and tube geometries: data were taken on 165 mm and volumetric refrigerant effect are presented for (6½") long tubes having an outside diameter of R-12, R-22, R-134a, and R-152a. Additionally, a 19.05 mm (3/4"); the pool boiling coefficients for procedure for developing compressors for use R-123 and R-134a for the finned tube were with alternative refrigerants is presented. Material approximately equal to those for R-11 and R-12, compatibility, performance, reliability, and means respectively; the boiling coefficients of R-123 and of production are considered. The differences R-134a were approximately 40% and 10% below between developed and developing countries are those of R-11 and R-12, respectively, for one of noted, using Brazil as an example. the enhanced tubes, but approximately 20% and 10% below the corresponding coefficients for D. Jung and R. K. Radermacher (University of Ma- R-11 and R-12 with the second enhance tube; the ryland), Transport Properties and Surface Ten- paper indicates that additional tests are underway sion of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants, paper 3445, to measure the same data at 4 °C (40 °F) Transactions (Winter Meeting, New York, NY, 19-23 January 1991), American Society of Heating, Re- Chemical Analysis and Recycling of Used Re- frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- frigerant from Field Systems, research project RAE), Atlanta, GA, 97(1):90-99, 1991 (rdb3B48) 601-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, thermophysical data GA, March 1989 - January 1991 (ASH0601)

J. Paul (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), This study identified and quantified typical con- Wasser als Arbeitsmittel für Kühlanlagen, Wär- taminant levels in refrigerants from both normally mepumpen und Abwärmekraftwerke [Water as a operating and failed air-conditioning and Working Fluid for Refrigeration, Heat Pumps, and refrigerating systems. These samples included Power Generation from Waste-Heat], Luft- ünd Käl- R-11 from centrifugal chillers, R-12 from com- tetechnik, Germany, 27:15-25, January 1991 (16 mercial refrigeration systems, R-22 from unitary pages in German, rdb4A69) heat pumps and air conditioners, and R-502 from low-temperature frozen food cases. The principal R-718 investigator was R. E. Kaufman at the University of Dayton Research Institute. The project was L. M. Schlager, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Oil sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.3, Quantity Measurements in Smooth and Micro-Fin Contaminant Control in Refrigerating Systems. Tubes During Evaporation and Condensation of [see RDB2429 for findings] Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures (469-RP), Transactions (Winter Meeting, New York, NY, 19-23 January Hoechst Refrigerant R 123, product bulletin 1991), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, AFK2321E/035, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frank- and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, furt am Main, Germany, January 1991 (12 pages with GA, 97(1), 1991 (rdb2241) 1 figure and 4 tables, RDB4775)

M. L. Timm, An Improved Method for Calculating This bulletin provides data for R-123, identified as Refrigerant Line Pressure Drops, Transactions a substitute for R-11 in refrigeration engineering, (Winter Meeting, New York, NY, 19-23 January and specifically for turbo (centrifugal) compressor 1991), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, chillers, in metric (SI) units of measure. The and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, introduction reviews the phaseout of chlorine- GA, 97(1):194-203, January 1991 (10 pages, rdb- containing refrigerants and criteria for substitutes. 4634) A table summarizes physical and thermodynamic property data for R-123, in- Page 216 Refrigerant Database

cluding the chemical formula and name, molec- The discharge temperature is nearly the same as ular mass, normal boiling point, and critical pa- for R-114, both below that of R-12. The COP, rameters (temperature, pressure, and density). It however, is 9-14% lower than the other two fluids. also gives the liquid and vapor densities at 20 and The bulletin then discusses materials compatibility 40 °C (68 and 104 °F). A second table compares with metals and elastomers, noting concerns with the compression ratio, suction flow rate, lead, magnesium, zinc, aluminum alloys compressor discharge temperature, volumetric containing more than 2% magnesium, and cooling capacity, and coefficient of performance elastomeric hoses, the latter due to permeation (COP) of R-11 and R-123. The bulletin then differences. Tabular data are provided for weight discusses compatibility with metals, rec- change, extraction, and swell for R-227ea with ommending avoidance only of zinc, magnesium, butyl, acrylonitrilebutadiene, chloroprene, fluor- lead, and aluminum alloys with more than 2% inated, and natural rubbers (IIR, NBR, CR, FPM, magnesium. It reports storage tests that showed and NR, respectively). R-227ea is noted as good stability to hydrolysis and no corrosive virtually immiscible with mineral oil and attack on ferritic steel, V2A steel, copper, brass, alkylbenzene lubricants, but adequately miscible and aluminum. The bulletin provides elastomer with some polyglycols. Results of thermal stability swell, extraction, and elongation data for R-123 tests with mineral oil are briefly outlined, indicating with butyl (IIR), nitrile (NBR, Perbunan(R)), that R-227ea appears to be more stable than R-12 chloroprene (CR, Neoprene(R)), fluorinated (FPM, and at least comparable to R-114. Preliminary DuPont Viton(R) A), and natural (NR) rubbers. The thermodynamic tables - giving pressure, specific bulletin reports that neither R-123 nor R-11 volume, density, enthalpy, heat of vaporization, passed the Philipp test for thermal stability with and entropy as functions of temperature - are mineral oil, but that the stability of R-123 appears provided for -40 to 99 °C (-40 to 210 °F). The to be comparable to that of R-11. Moreover, bulletin concludes with a pressure-enthalpy R-123 is indicated as miscible with both mineral (Mollier) diagram based on the U.K. Rombusch oil and alkylbenzene lubricants. A table provides equation of state. Hoechst Chemical's product thermodynamic property data including pressure; name for R-227ea is R 227. liquid and vapor specific volumes, densities, enthalpies, and entropies; and the heat of JICOP Guide, Japan Industrial Conference for vaporization. These data cover R-123 at Ozone Layer Protection, Tokyo, Japan, January 1991 saturated (wet vapor) conditions from -50 to the (8 pages, available from JMC as RDB1204) critical point of 183.79 °C (-58 to 362.82 °F). The bulletin concludes with a pressure-enthalpy JICOP was formed in 1988 as the Promotion (Mollier) diagram based on a U.K. Rombusch Conference for Rational Use of Specified CFCs equation of state. Hoechst Chemical's product and renamed in June 1990. It is an organization name for R-123 is Hoechst Refrigerant R 123. of industrial producers and consumers addressing ozone-layer protection in Japan. Its main activities Hoechst Refrigerant R 227, product bulletin include publicity, information sharing, surveys of AFK2323e/035, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frank- actions by other countries, preparation of guides, furt am Main, Germany, January 1991 (12 pages and training. This leaflet introduces the with 6 figures and 3 tables, RDB3A66) organization and lists the 55 current members. Included are the Japan Association of This bulletin provides thermodynamic property Refrigeration, Japan Association of Refrigeration and application data for R-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3- and Air-Conditioning Contractors, Japan Flon Gas heptafluoropropane) in metric (SI) units of mea- Association, and Japan Refrigeration and sure. This hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) may be Air-Conditioning Industry Association. suitable as an alternative for R-12 and R-114 for some applications. The bulletin provides physical properties including the chemical formula and 1991 (month not indicated) name, molecular mass, normal boiling point, critical parameters (temperature, pressure, and D. M. Amron and R. L. Moy, Stratospheric Ozone density), and liquid and vapor densities at 20 and Depletion and its Relationship to Skin Cancer, 40 °C (68 and 104 °F). Four figures summarize Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, comparative performance for R-12, R-114, and 17:370-372, 1991 (3 pages, rdb3138) R-227ea for the range of -20 to 10 °C (-4 to 50 °F). The charts show compression ratios, bioenvironmental effects of ozone depletion in- volumetric cooling capacities, compressor cluding that from release of chlorinated and bro- discharge temperatures, and coefficients of minated refrigerants; environmental impacts performance (COPs). The compression ratio and cooling capacity of R-227ea lies between those of the other two refrigerants. Refrigerant Database Page 217

K. Arita, T. Tomizawa, Y. Nakagawa, and Y. LFL, UFL, combustibility Yoshida, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of the Non- azeotropic Refrigerant Mixture Formed by Chlo- M. A. Comeau, Numerical and Experimental rofluoromethane and 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of a Heat Pump Fluid Phase Equilibria, 63:151-156, 1991 (6 pages, Working with Nonazeotropic Refrigerant rdb4A40) Mixtures, MScA thesis (Mechanical Engineering Department), University of Moncton, Moncton, thermodynamic properties of R-31, R-134a, and Canada, 1991 (rdb6717) R-134a/31 blends; zeotropic blend lumped parameter model to predict the dynamic H. D. Baehr and R. Tillner-Roth (Universität Hanno- behavior of heat pumps using zeotropic blends as ver, Germany), Measurement and Correlations of refrigerants; R-22/114 (80/20) and (60/40); the Vapor Pressures of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane R-22/152a (80/20) (R134a) and 1,1-Difluoroethane (R152a), Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 23:1063-1068, 1991 (6 D. J. Davis and G. T. Christianson, Firefighter's pages, rdb4410) Hazardous Materials Reference Book, Van Nos- thermodynamic properties of R-134a and R-152a; trand Reinhold Publishers, New York, NY, 1991 thermophysical data (rdb5164)

K. Bärnthaler, Chlorethan (R160) - ein neues flammability, toxicity, and other safety data Medium für Hochtemperaturkompressionswär- mepumpen [Chloroethane (R-160) - A New Working R. Dickinson (University of Arizona), R. Monastersky Medium for High Temperature Vapor-Compression (Science News), J. A. Eddy (University Corporation Heat Pumps], dissertation, Technische Universität for Atmospheric Research, UCAR, Office for Graz, Graz, Austria, 1991 (rdb4331) Interdisciplinary Earth Studies, OIES), K. Bryan (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, K. Bier et al. (Universität Karlsruhe, Germany), NOAA), and S. Mathews (National Geographic So- Stoffpaares R134a/R152a als ozonunschädliche ciety), Reports to the Nation on our Changing Alternative zum Kältemittel R12 [Working Pair R- Planet: The Climate System, report 1, UCAR-OIES, 134a/152a as an Ozone-Safe Alternative to Refrig- Boulder, CO, winter 1991 (24 pages with 12 figures, erant R-12], Verbundvorhaben Minderung von RDB3746) FCKW-Emissionen in der Kälte- und Klimatechnik [Program for Reduction of CFC Emissions in Re- explains the nature of climate and factors believed frigeration and Air Conditioning], DKV-Statusbericht to be changing it in simple terms: addresses [Status Report], Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatech- observed phenomena, the role of incoming nischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Re- sunlight, cloud and surface reflection, the frigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Ger- greenhouse effect, and the global radiation many, 8:13-21, 1991 (in German, rdb6548) balance; explains the mechanisms of planetary heat distribution ("the global heat engine") and R-134a, R-152a, R-134a/152a oceanic effects; describes efforts to model climate and the inherent complexities in doing so; K. Bier, L. R. Oellrich, M. Türk, J. Zhai, M. Dressner, discusses prior ice ages, warm periods, the M. Christill, G. Geidel, and W. Leuckel (Universität perceived warming trend, and uncertainties Karlsruhe, Germany), Untersuchungen des Stoff- paares R134a/R152a als ozonunschädliche Al- J. T. Dieckmann, J. Bentley, and A. Varone (Arthur D. ternative zum Kältemittel R12 [Investigation of the Little, Incorporated, ADL), Non-Inert Refrigerant Working Pair R-134a/152a as an Ozone-Safe Alter- Study for Automotive Applications - Final Report, native to Refrigerant R-12], Verbundvorhaben Min- report DOE/CE/50274-TI DE92 041034, U.S. derung von FCKW-Emissionen in der Kälte- und Department of Energy (DOE), Washington, DC, 1991 Klimatechnik [Program for Reduction of CFC Emis- (RDB4A03) sions in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning], DKV- Statusbericht [Status Report], Deutscher Kälte- und R-12 alternatives Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Dutch Institute for the Working Environment and Germany, 7:39-51, 1991 (in German, rdb4529) Dutch Chemical Industry Association, Chemical Safety Sheets, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dord- R-134a, R-152a, R-134a/152a, thermal stability, recht, The Netherlands, and Norwell, MA, USA, 1991 flammability, performance (rdb5163)

J. Bond, Sources of Ignition. Flammability Char- flammability, toxicity, and other safety data acteristics of Chemical Products, Butterworth- Heinemann, Limited, UK, 1991 (RDB4B91) A. Factor and P. M. Miranda (General Electric Company), An Investigation of the Mechanism of Page 218 Refrigerant Database

the R12-Oil-Steel Reaction, Wear, 150:41-58, 1991 R-21 and R-22: identification; summary proper- (18 pages with 3 figures and 12 tables, RDB2309) ties; analytical methods; sources of human and environmental exposure; environmental transport, A study of chemical interactions between R-12, distribution, and transformation; environmental hydrocarbon lubricating oils, and steel is sum- levels and human exposure; kinetics and marized. While R-12 is quite stable thermally, it metabolism; effects on laboratory mammals; in decomposes rapidly when heated above 150 °C vitro tests; effects on humans; effects on other (300 °C) in the presence of oils and metals, such organisms in the laboratory and field; evaluation as iron or aluminum. Sealed-tube tests were of human health risks and effects on the envi- performed for 3 days at 200 °C (392 °F), using a ronment; recommendations for protection of naphthenic mineral oil (Witco Suniso® 3GS), to human health and the environment simulate conditions in an operating hermetic refrigeration compressor. The mechanism of the N. Z. Jiang, Z. L. Wu, W. B. Weng, et al. (Shanghai degradation reaction was explored by testing the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, China), effect of the presence of various probe and model Experiment[al] Research on Rotary Refrigerator compounds. The paper reviews prior studies, Compressor Using HFC-134a, Proceedings of the presents the experimental approach, and Symposium on CFC Alternative Technology in China summarizes the subsequent analyses. It identifies (Guangzhou, China), 84-91, 1991 (8 pages, rdb6333) the additives, free radical initiators, and inhibitors used to explore reactions and to passivate steel R-134a surfaces. The results of gas chromatography and GPC analyses are tabulated. The results indicate I. L. Karol, Evaluation of the Potential Greenhouse that except for formation of some FeCl3 and R-22, Effect of Halocarbon Gases, Meteorol. Gidrol., free radical reactions do not appear to play a 7:57-63, 1991 (7 pages in Russian, rdb5955) major role. The preponderance of the data indicates that Friedel-Crafts reactions, especially global warming, GWP alkylation, play a key role in the decomposition. M. Kauffeld, H. König, and H. H. Kruse (Universität Z. P. Hong, An Overview Concerning Replace- Hannover, Germany), Luft als Kältemittel [Air as a ment and Treatment of Chlorofluorocarbons Refrigerant], Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, Germany, (CFCs), Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 44(11):846-857, 1991 (12 pages in German, rdb- 12(3):62-66, 1991 (5 pages, rdb5954) 4346)

reviews industrial application of chlorofluoro- R-729 (air) carbons (CFCs) and development of alternatives; discusses emission control, reclaim, recycling, M. S. Kim, T. S. Kim, and S. T. Ro (Seoul National decomposition, and destruction; reviews recent University, Korea), Estimation of Thermodynamic advances in scientific research and proposals for Properties of Refrigerant Mixtures Using a Modi- solving the problems in China fied Carnahan-Starling Equation of State, Trans- actions, Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers K. Hossner (Bitzer GmbH, Germany), R-134a as a (KSME), Seoul, Korea, 15:2189-2205, 1991 (17 Substitute for R-12 - Behavior in a Screw Com- pages in Korean, rdb6767) pressor, Ki Klima-Kälte-Heizung, 19(1/2):28-32, 1991 (5 pages in German, rdb3C26) CS EOS, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data This paper addresses use of R-134a in screw compressors. It also discusses the compatibility K. Kumagai, N. Yada, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe of gaskets and insulating materials for R-134a (Keio University, Japan), Measurements of PVT with a suitable lubricant. The results of perfor- Properties for the Binary Refrigerant HCFC-142b mance measurements are plotted and compared + HCFC-22, Journal of Chemical and Engineering to those with R-12. Long-term testing is Data, 36:236-240, 1991 (5 pages, rdb5475) discussed. R-22/142b, thermodynamic properties, thermo- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), physical data Partially Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons (Methane Derivatives), Environmental Health K. Kutsuna, Y. Inoue, and T. Mizutani, Real Time Oil Criteria (EHC) report 126, World Health Organization Concentration Measurements in Automotive Air (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, 1991 (rdb5373) Conditioning by Ultraviolet Light Absorption, paper 910222, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, PA, 1991 (rdb4C25) Refrigerant Database Page 219

X-Z. Leng (Beijing Research Institute of Household heat transfer [the correlation presented in this Electric Appliances, China), Testing Study about paper is identified by other authors as the Liu- HFC-152a and the Mixture of HFC-152a with Winterton correlation] HCFC-22, publication unknown, circa 1991 (8 pages with 8 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as Y. Maezawa, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- RDB2513) versity, Japan), Saturated Liquid Densities and Bubble-Point Pressures of the Binary HCFC-22 + This paper analyzes use of R-152a and blends of HFC-152a System, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 61:- R-152a with R-22, as substitutes for R-12 for 263-273, 1991 (11 pages, rdb4C05) domestic refrigerator/freezers. The freezer and food-section temperatures, suction and discharge thermodynamic properties of R-22, R-152a, and pressures, run time, power, and energy use are R-22/152a: thermophysical data compared for R-12, R-152a and three compositions of R-22/152a, namely 14, 22, and Y. Maezawa, J. V. Widiatmo, H. Sato, and K. 33% by mass. These data were measured using Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), Saturated Liq- an instrumented refrigerator/freezer (Hang-Tian uid Densities and Bubble-Point Pressures of the model BCD-177A), reported as having the highest Ternary HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-142b System, efficiency in the Chinese market. A blend Fluid Phase Equilibria, 67:203-212, 15 November containing approximately 14% R-22 by mass 1991 (10 pages, rdb5470) offered the lowest energy use, 8.2% less than with R-12; R-152a alone resulted in a savings of presents 71 data points for the saturated liquid 1.0%. The study found that the freezer evapo- density and bubble point pressure of R-22/- rator needs to be enlarged to use R-152a. Ad- 152a/142b (20/20/60), (20/40/40), (20/60/20), ditional tests were performed changing the lu- (40/20/40), (40/40/20), and (60/20/20); the data bricant from mineral oil to an alkylbenzene, re- were measured with a magnetic densimeter sulting in slightly higher energy use; compatibility coupled with a variable-volume cell for 7-117 °C was not addressed. The impacts of leakage were (44-242 °F); estimates the experimental un- assessed based on compliance with the Chinese certainties in temperature, pressure, density and requirement (standard GB 8059.1-3.86) that composition as not greater than ±0.15 °C (±0.027 refrigerant losses not exceed 0.5 g/yr (0.02 oz/yr). °F), ±20 kPa (±2.9 psia), and ±0.2%; notes that Assuming that all refrigerant lost is R-22, an the bubble point pressures were reproduced R-22/152a (30/70 by mass) blend would satisfactorily by the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation fractionate to 25.3% R-22, improving performance of state (EOS) with the optimized binary slightly. The paper concludes that R-22/152a interaction parameters; the saturated liquid results in lower energy use than for R-12 without densities were reproduced reasonably well by the change in construction or performance. Hankinson-Brobst-Thomson (HBT) EOS with optimized temperature-independent binary J. M. H. Levelt Sengers (National Institute of Stan- interaction parameters dards and Technology, NIST), Solubility Near the Solvent's Critical Point, Journal of Supercritical Y. Maezawa, J. V. Widiatmo, H. Sato, and K. Fluids, 4(4):215 ff, 1991 (rdb3126) Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), Saturated Liq- uid Densities and Bubble-Point Pressures of the transport properties, thermophysical data Binary HFC-152a + HCFC-142b System, Interna- tional Journal of Thermophysics, 12:1029-1038, 1991 R. Y. Li, G. X. Luo, and Y. P. Wang (Shanghai In- (10 pages, rdb5471) stitute of Mechanical Engineering, China), Research and Adoption of Compatible Lubricants with New thermodynamic properties of R-142b, R-152a, Refrigerant HFC-134a, Proceedings of the and R-152a/142b blends: thermophysical data Symposium on CFC Alternative Technology in China (Guangzhou, China), 162-170, 1991 (9 pages, G. Morrison (National Institute of Standards and rdb6334) Technology, NIST), Alternative Refrigerant Prop- erties Measurement and Correlation Program at lubricants for R-134a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Tech- nology), Proceedings of the XIth Conference on Z. Liu and R. H. S. Winterton, A General Correla- Chemical Thermodynamics (Como, Italy), Interna- tion for Saturated and Subcooled Flow Boiling in tional Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC); Tubes and Annuli, International Journal of Heat and republished in Pure and Applied Chemistry, Mass Transfer, 34(11):2759-2766, 1991 (8 pages, 63:1465-1472, 1991 (8 pages with 12 figures and 1 rdb9411) table, RDB6437)

describes activities to obtain both thermophysical properties and correlations for alternatives to fully halogenated refrigerants; describes seven Page 220 Refrigerant Database

property measurement apparatuses including a stitute of Standards and Technology, NIST, USA), variable-volume vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) Radiative Heat Transfer in Transient Hot-Wire cell, a Burnett gas-phase pressure-volume-tem- Measurements of Thermal Conductivity, Interna- perature (PVT) device, a high-pressure oscillating tional Journal of Thermophysics, 12:985-997, 1991 tube densimeter, low- and high-pressure (13 pages, rdb8472) ebulliometers, a surface tension and refractive index cell, a dielectric constant measurement cell, measurement, instrumentation, transport prop- and a spherical acoustical resonator; also erties, thermophysical data describes three property correlation projects using the Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD), and J. C. Nieuwoudt (Shell Development Company) and 32- and 90-term modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin I. R. Shankland (AlliedSignal Incorporated), (MBWR) equations of state (EOS); tabulates the Oscillating Body Viscometers, Experimental dipole moments and molecular polarizabilities of Thermodynamics, edited by W. A. Wakeham, A. R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, Nagashima, and J. V. Sengers, Blackwell Scientific R-141b, R-143, and R-143a; thermodynamic Publishers, UK, III:9-48, 1991 (40 pages, RDB4655) properties data research R. A. Perkins, H. M. Roder (National Institute of G. Morrison (National Institute of Standards and Standards and Technology, NIST, USA), and C. A. Technology, NIST), Azeotropes in Refrigerant Nieto de Castro (Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal), Mixtures, Conference Report Number 18, Deutscher A High-Temperature Transient Hot-Wire Thermal Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, German Conductivity Apparatus for Fluids, Journal of Re- Association of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning search of the NIST, National Institute of Standards Engineers), Germany, 109 ff, 1991 (in English, and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 96:247- rdb4438) 269, 1991 (23 pages, rdb8465)

G. Morrison and D. K. Ward (National Institute of measurement, instrumentation, transport prop- Standards and Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic erties, thermophysical data Properties of Two Alternative Refrigerants, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (R-123) and E. Preisegger (Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Ger- 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), Fluid Phase many), Refrigeration/Refrigerants, Ki Klima-Kälte- Equilibria, 62(1-2):65-86, February 1991 (22 pages Heizung, Germany, 11:456-460, 1991; translated by with 11 figures and 7 tables, preprint available from Quest Technology, Incorporated (file QU01043), JMC as RDB0907) Arlington Heights, IL (16 pages with 8 figures and 2 tables, RDB3A21) This paper describes property measurements for R-123 and R-134a. A simple variable-volume R-227ea, miscibility, materials compatibility, tox- sapphire cell was used to obtain vapor-liquid- icity, thermodynamic properties, performance equilibrium measurements. Vapor pressures and saturation liquid densities are presented for M. V. Rane, Experimental Investigation of Two R-134a from -5 °C (23 °F) to the critical temper- Stage Vapor-Compression Heat Pump with So- ature, and for R-123 at 30-100 °C (85-210 °F). lution Circuits, doctoral dissertation, University of Saturation vapor density was also determined for Maryland, College Park, MD, 1991 (rdb4416) R-134a from 35 °C (95 °F) to the critical point, where the critical conditions were measured. A The Dynamics mechanical oscillator densimeter was used to M. R. Schoeberl and D. L. Hartmann, of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex and Its Re- provide density measurements of the compressed lations to Springtime Ozone Depletions Science liquids. These measurements are presented from , , the saturation pressure to 5.5 MPa (800 psi) for 251:46-52, 4 January 1991 (7 pages with 5 figures, R-134a and to 3.5 MPa (500 psi) for R-123 at RDB1203) 5-95 °C (40-200 °F). Results are summarized and compared with similar measurements made by R. B. Stewart, R. T. Jacobsen, and W. Wagner, other groups. Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen from the Triple Point to 300 K with Pressures to 80 MPa, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data M. Mrzyglod and K. Stephan (Universität Stuttgart, , Germany), Caloric Properties of Mixtures of Re- 20(5):917-1021, 1991 (105 pages, rdb7974) frigerants R22-R114, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 70:175-184, 1991 (10 pages, rdb9921) R-732 (oxygen): thermodynamic properties up to 27 °C (80 °F) and up to 80 MPa (11,600 psia), thermodynamic properties of R-22/114 blends thermophysical data Develop- C. A. Nieto de Castro (Universidade de Lisboa, Por- T. Takaichi (Showa Denko K.K., Japan), ment of Alternative Fluorocarbons Petrotech tugal), R. A. Perkins, and H. M. Roder (National In- , , 14(6):513-518, 1991 (6 pages, rdb3324) Refrigerant Database Page 221

134a), and 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), Fluid S. Tang, J. V. Sengers, and Z. Y. Chen (University of Phase Equilibria, 67:227-240, 1991 (14 pages, Maryland), Nonasymptotic Critical Thermody- rdb5440) namic Behavior of Fluids, Physica A, 179:344-377, 1991 (34 pages, rdb9511) thermodynamic properties of R-123, R-123a, R- 134a, and R-143a; thermophysical data equation of state (EOS) in the critical region 1991-1992 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical O. B. Tzvetkov and A. G. Asembaev, The Heat Substances in the Work Environment, 1991-1992 Conductivity of R134a at the State of Dilute Gas, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Heat and Mass Transfer in Cryo-Engineering and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, LTIHP, The American Conference of Government Industrial Russia, 72-79, 1991 (8 pages, rdb5446) Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1-56 and notes, 1991 (55 of 142 pages with 2 tables and 4 R-134a, thermodynamic data, thermal conduc- appendices, available from ACGIH for $6.00, tivity; thermophysical data rdb3744)

N. A. Van Gaalen and M. B. Pate, Methods of This book provides data for use as guidelines or Measuring the Solubility and Viscosity of Lubri- recommendations in the control of potential cating Oil/Refrigerant Mixtures, report ISU-ERI- hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are tab- Ames-91191, Iowa State University of Science and ulated for airborne concentrations of chemical Technology, Ames, IA, 1991; final report for 580-RP, substances to which workers may be exposed. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and These chemicals include some commonly or Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, historically used as refrigerants, based on their 1991 (rdb2345) chronic and/or acute toxicity. The TLV data refer to concentrations under which it is believed that R-22, R-502, lubricants nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects subject to identified considerations. The TLVs are categorized as L. J. Van Poolen, V. G. Niesen, and J. C. Rainwater time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), (National Institute of Standards and Technology, short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), NIST), Experimental Method for Obtaining Critical and ceiling (TLV-C). Notes are provided for Densities of Binary Mixtures: Application to interpretation, but the information is not intended Ethane + n-Butane, Fluid Phase Equilibria, for use without training in industrial hygiene. The 66:161-185, 1991 (25 pages with 12 figures and 3 document also lists intended changes and tables, available from JMC as RDB9118) provides appendices addressing carcinogens, substances of variable composition, mixtures, and presents a method to determine the critical den- sampling criteria for airborne particulate matter. sity of binary blends and provides an illustration for R-170/600 (ethane/n-butane): method entails an experimental and analytical procedure Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons, bulletin AG-1 involving measurement of rectilinear diameters (document H-16411-1), DuPont Chemicals, based on measured vapor-liquid coexistence Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1991 (8 pages with 3 densities along a path of constant overall density figures and 3 tables, RDB3119) and composition; validates the proposed method with comparisons of the results to densities This bulletin discusses nine alternative refriger- generated with a modified Leung-Griffiths ants including five hydrochlorofluorocarbons correlation and with extensive vapor-liquid equi- (HCFCs) - R-22, R-123, R-124, R-141b, and R- librium (VLE) data from a published study; 142b - and four hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) – R- thermodynamic properties; thermophysical data 23, R-125, R-134a, and R-152a. It briefly outlines testing for safety and performance and provides a figure contrasting the ozone depletion (ODP) and N. Yada and K. Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), global warming potentials (GWP) of these Correlations of Dew Point and Bubble Point refrigerants. A second figure shows their relative Pressures for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures, Nippon photochemical reactivity, or relative contribution to Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu (Transactions of the Japan ground-level smog. Tables summarize the range Society of Mechanical Engineers, JSME), JSME, of applications, including as refrigerants, blowing Tokyo, Japan, B57:4167-4173, 1991 (7 pages, agents, and for other uses, of these fluids and rdb5483) their physical properties. The tabulated data for each fluid include chemical name and formula, thermodynamic properties of blends; thermo- molecular weight, boiling and freezing points, physical data critical pa- C. Yokoyama and S. Takahashi, Saturated Liquid Densities of 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a), 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC- Page 222 Refrigerant Database

rameters (temperature, pressure, specific volume, facturers, refrigerant reclaimers, repackagers, and density), heat of vaporization, flammability distributors, installers, servicemen, contractors, limits in air, ODP, halocarbon GWP (HGWP), and consumers. The refrigerants covered include Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) inventory R-11, R-12, R-13, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-500, status, and recommended chronic exposure limit R-502, and R-503. It does not apply to zeotropic for toxicity. The density, specific heat, vapor mixtures of these or other refrigerants. The pressure, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and standard covers general equipment requirements, solubility in water are given for 25 °C (77 °F). A specifies a standard sample for testing, and plot shows the vapor pressure relations to outlines test apparatus. It prescribes a temperature, in inch-pound units; R-11, R-12, performance testing procedure, sampling and R-113, and R-114 also are shown for reference. chemical analysis methods, performance calculations and rating, tolerances, and product Capillary Viscometers, Experimental Thermody- labeling. The rating sample characteristics include namics, edited by W. A. Wakeham, A. Nagashima, contents of moisture, particulates, acids, mineral and J. V. Sengers, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, oil, and noncondensable gases. Conformance UK, III:51-75, 1991 (rdb4670) with the standard is voluntary, but conformance may not be claimed unless all requirements of the Changing by Degrees: Steps to Reduce Green- standard are met. house Gases, report OTA-O-482, Office of Tech- nology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, Prediction of Heat Transfer During Boiling of DC, September 1991 (354 pages, available from Refrigerants Inside Tubes, proposed research GPO, rdb4362) project 709-URP, American Society of Heating, Re- frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- climate change, environmental impacts, global RAE), Atlanta, GA, 1990-1991 (ASH0709) warming This project was disapproved based on the rec- Design, Construction, and Safety Investigation ommendation of ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. on a Liquid-Cooled Heat Exchanger with the DKV-Statusbericht Refrigerant NH3, [Status Report] Proctor & Hughes' Chemical Hazards of the 7, Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein Workplace (third edition), edited by G. J. Hathaway, (DKV, German Association of Refrigeration and N. H. Proctor, J. P. Hughes, and M. L. Fischman, Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 1991 Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishers, New York, NY, (rdb4535) 1991 (666 pages, rdb5159)

R-717, ammonia flammability, toxicity, and other safety data

Hazardous Chemicals Data, publication 49, Na- Retrofitting CFC-11 Chillers with Suva(R) Centri- tional Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Quincy, LP, document ARTD-25 (H-31751), DuPont Chemi- MA, 1991 (RDB4C57) cals, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1991 (4 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB3506) flammability, toxicity, reactivity, safety classifications This bulletin briefly reviews considerations for retrofit decisions for chillers, noting that alternative Leak Detectors for Suva(R) Alternative Refriger- refrigerants cannot be simply "dropped into" a ants, document ARTD-27 (H-31753), DuPont system designed for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1991 (4 refrigerants. It notes that requirements may range pages, available from JMC as RDB3507) [see RDB- from a minimum effort, such as lubricant 4508 for update] replacement, to significant changes, such as replacing gears, impellers, or materials of Performance of Refrigerant Recovery, Recycling, construction. The document introduces a retrofit and/or Reclaim Equipment, ARI Standard program, with four chiller manufacturers, to 740-1991, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Insti- convert large chillers from CFCs to alternative tute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1991 (12 pages, RDB3104) refrigerants. A table compares the boiling point, flammability, toxicity, ozone depletion potential This standard establishes uniform methods of (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) of testing for rating and evaluating performance of R-11 and R-123. The discussion notes differences equipment for refrigerant recovery, recycling, between these fluids including differences in and/or reclaim. It addresses contaminant or purity efficiency and capacity as well four variables that levels, capacity, speed, and purge loss, the last to will determine actual capacity loss in converted minimize emission into the atmosphere of equipment. It notes that the loss generally refrigerants. The standard is intended for increases with impeller speed and equip- guidance of the industry, including manu- Refrigerant Database Page 223

ment size or, conversely, the loss can be mini- ences between these fluids including separation of mized if the compressor and expansion system pressures as temperatures drop, a higher are slightly oversized. The bulletin discusses the isentropic head for R-134a, and immiscibility with influence of evaporator and condenser surfaces, conventional mineral oils. The document then originally optimized for R-11, on efficiency as well reviews field experience with a 2462 kW (700 ton) as differences in materials compatibility between York International TurboPak(R) centrifugal chiller R-11 and R-123. It suggests use of a converted to R-134a in 1989 and an unidentified high-efficiency purge unit and also addresses 300 SUS polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant. special handling requirements for R-123. The Subsequent inspections and a second retrofitting document then reviews field experience with a 1.7 of the drive gear are described, indicating MW (475 ton) York International open-drive satisfactory operation with a decrease in efficiency centrifugal chiller converted to R-123 in of up to 7% and an increase in capacity of up to September 1988. Subsequent inspections in 9%. The document also discusses a second December 1988 and 1989 showed minimal effect conversion, of a SnyderGeneral McQuay PEH048 from R-123 operation. The bulletin also discusses centrifugal chiller. With a change in gear set, the measured machinery room concentrations, noting unit showed a 4.1% improvement in efficiency and a brief spike of 8 ppm when breaking hose a 0.8% increase in capacity using R-134a and connections during charging and maintenance. mineral oil. A test to simulate an o-ring failure in Two other machines at the same site were the compressor shaft seal is described, in which converted in 1990 and are noted as subsequently oil placed in the evaporator did not return to the operating without incident. The document also compressor due to poor miscibility. A second discusses a second conversion, of an open-drive, PEH048 chiller using R-500 and mineral oil was 3.5 MW (1000 ton) Carrier 17M chiller converted converted to R-134a with a Mobil ester-based in February 1988. Testing in March 1989 lubricant. The unit showed a 0.1% decrease in indicated 18% capacity reduction. The efficiency and 1.3% decrease in capacity. The compressor was rebuilt with larger impellers, o-ring failure simulation was repeated with normal resulting in restoration of capacity but a 13% lubricant return to the sump. The report concludes decrease in efficiency. Normal machinery room by identifying several general considerations concentrations were measured as 1-2 ppm, with including proper system operation, component brief spikes as high as 20 ppm during compatibility, and safety and handling procedures. maintenance. A third case history is reported, for DuPont's product names for R-134a in chillers are (R) (R) a 2.1 MW (600 ton) Trane hermetic centrifugal Suva 134a and Suva Cold-MP. chiller. The unit was converted in October 1990. Performance was predicted to be the same and Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991, efficiency slightly lower after conversion, but chaired by D. L. Albritton (National Oceanic and measurements were not yet made. The normal Atmospheric Administration, NOAH) and R. T. emission levels are noted as 1-2 ppm. The report Watson (National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- concludes by identifying several general tration, NASA), report 25, World Meteorological Or- considerations including proper system operation, ganization (WMO), Global Ozone Research and component compatibility, and safety and handling Monitoring Project, Geneva, Switzerland, 1991 (340 procedures. pages, available from WMO; also available from JMC as RDB2701) Retrofitting CFC-12 Chillers with Suva(R) Cold MP, document ARTD-26 (H-31752), DuPont Chemicals, This definitive work updates the assessment used Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1991 (4 pages with 1 in governmental and international decision-making table, available from JMC as RDB3450) on protection of the stratospheric ozone layer and climate change. The volume addresses source This bulletin briefly reviews considerations for gases including concentrations, emissions, and retrofit decisions for chillers, noting that alterna- trends; ozone and temperature trends; tive refrigerants cannot be simply "dropped into" a heterogeneous processes including laboratory, system designed for chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) field, and modeling studies; both stratospheric and refrigerants. It notes that requirements may range tropospheric processes including observations from a minimum effort, such as lubricant and interpretations; ozone depletion and chlorine replacement, to significant changes, such as loading potentials (ODP and CLP values); replacing gears, impellers, or materials of radiative forcing of climate; future chlorine and construction. The document introduces a retrofit bromine loading and ozone depletion; aircraft, program, with four chiller manufacturers, to rocket and space shuttle effects on stratospheric convert large chillers from CFCs to alternative ozone; and ultraviolet radiation changes. The refrigerants. A table compares the boiling point, study was pre- flammability, toxicity, ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) of R-12 and R-134a. The discussion notes differ- Page 224 Refrigerant Database

pared by eleven international panels and sub- R-11 jected to peer reviews.

Speed of Sound Measurements in Liquid R-123, proposed research project 710-URP, American So- 1990 ciety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1990-1991 (ASH0710) December 1990 This project was disapproved based on the rec- S. C. Bhaduri (Indian Institute of Technology, India) ommendation of ASHRAE Technical Committee and H. K. Varma, Liquid Heat Capacity of R22 3.1, Refrigerants and Brines. Based Binary Mixtures, Proceedings of the 6th (R) International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer Suva Blend-MP Series, document ARTD-10 (H- (Miami, FL, 10-12 December 1990), 1990 (rdb6316) 08908-1), DuPont Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1991 (8 pages with 8 figures and 5 ta- R-22/absorbent, properties bles, available from JMC as RDB2A19) R. A. Cole, Ammonia as a Refrigerant in Light of This bulletin provides application data for two the CFC Phase-Out, ASHRAE Journal, 32(1):28-32, ternary blends, MP33 and MP39 [R-401A], of R- December 1990 (5 pages, rdb6353) 22/152a/124 developed as alternatives for R-12 in refrigeration and air-conditioning applications. A R-717 figure compares the ozone depletion and global warming potentials (ODP and GWP) of the two blends to those of R-12. A table compares boiling J. R. Lloyd and P. J. Marto, A Predictive Model to points, flammability, toxicity, performance, ODP, Describe the Pool Boiling Behavior of Refriger- GWP, and costs for the blends with R-12 and ant-Oil Mixtures, technical report NPS ME-90-07, R-134a. The bulletin discusses the ability to Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, 31 De- adjust the vapor pressure of the blends, by cember 1990 (42 pages with 4 figures, RDB3B28) varying the composition, and a figure contrasts the pressure-temperature relations to those of S. M. Miner (Engineering Consultant), Ammonia as R-12. Two figures show the pressure changes a Refrigerant of Choice, ASHRAE Journal, 32(12):- resulting from repeated leakage, resulting in 50% 43-44, December, 1990 (3 pages, RDB6355) weight loss, and recharging as well as flammability shifts as the initial composition R-717 fractionates during complete evaporation. The bulletin then addresses materials compatibility, R. D. C. Shone (COMRO, South Africa), Examina- summarizing stability tests (rated by color tion of the Split Ammonia System Refrigeration changes and measured copper plating) for R-12 Cycle, Journal of the Mine Ventilation Society of and MP33. Lubricant solubility is discussed, South Africa, 43(12):223-230, December 1990 (8 noting that the blends are fully soluble in alkyl- pages, rdb3346) benzene lubricants in the concentrations and temperatures of interest. Desiccant compatibility describes a non-conventional R-717 (ammonia) and performance data are tabulated for UOP system to cool deep mines with a "split system" 4A-XH-6 and XH-9 molecular sieves. Motor in- approach: the system uses underground evap- sulation compatibility for MP33 is described as orators connected to surface condensers - sep- comparable to that with R-12 alone and more arated by several kilometers (several miles) - with favorable in mixtures with naphthenic mineral oil compressors at both levels; discusses im- or alkylbenzene. Theoretical performance anal- plications for the piping design and necessary yses and compressor calorimeter test results are measures to ensure the safety of underground summarized. The document then discusses workers; examines the refrigeration cycle for the system design considerations and discusses split system with focus on the thermodynamic and temperature glide, compressor durability, and costs aspects; describes ammonia as readily ongoing tests. The bulletin concludes that MP39 available, relatively inexpensive, environmentally is a good candidate for retrofit of R-12 systems 'clean', efficient, having excellent thermal and that MP33 is a good alternative for new transport properties that result in comparatively equipment. small heat exchangers, but a concern for safety based on its toxicity; discusses conventional use Trichlorofluoromethane (FC 11) Toxicology Data of ammonia chillers installed on the surface to Summary, Elf Atochem North America, Incorpo- make chilled water or ice, with precautions to rated, King of Prussia, PA, January 1991 (RDB5145) ensure that no ammonia reaches the underground environment Refrigerant Database Page 225

1991-1992 Research Plan, American Society of Arlington, VA, November 1990 (40 pages with 30 Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- charts, available from JMC as RDB2524) neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1 December 1990 (32 pages, RDB1152) B. Frehn, Propan als alternatives Kältemittel für Wärmepumpen - Erste Betriebserfahrungen Newly Found Viruses Might be the Key to Con- [Propane as an Alternative Refrigerant for Heat trolling Seas, R&D Magazine, 32(12):86, December Pumps - Experience with the First Installation], 1990 (1 page, RDB1114) DKV-Tagungsberichte (Heidelberg, Germany, No- vember 1990), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatech- This news brief announces the discovery of a nischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Re- group of unspecified aquatic viruses that may aid frigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, in reducing global warming. These viruses 20:51-63, 1993; republished in Warmepumpe 3 [Heat encourage reproduction of a class of phyto- Pumps 3], Rheinische-Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk plankton that absorb carbon dioxide. Other Energie AG (RHENAG), Essen, Germany, 1993 aquatic viruses could control reproduction of (rdb4345) oxygen-absorbing phytoplankton that kill marine life by robbing water of oxygen. Additional re- R-290 search is required to better understand these viruses and their affect on marine life. E. Granryd (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH, Sweden) and J. C. Conklin (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), Thermal Performance Analysis for Heat Exchangers Using Nonazeotropic November 1990 Refrigerant Mixtures, Heat Transfer in Advanced Energy Systems, American Society of Mechanical K. Bier, M. Crone, M. Türk, W. Leuckel, M. Christill, Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, HTD-151 /AES- and B. Leisenheimer (Universität Karlsruhe, Ger- 18:25-32, November 1990 (8 pages with 10 figures, many), Untersuchungen zur thermischen Stabili- available from JMC as RDB2330) tät sowie zum Zünd- und Brennverhalten der Kältemittel R152a and R134a [Investigation of the heat transfer Thermal Stability, Ignition, and Combustion Behavior of Refrigerants R-152a and R-134a], DKV J. Paul (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), Tagungsberichte (Heidelberg, Germany, November Wasser als Kältemittel: II [Water as a Refrigerant: 1990), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein Part II], Bericht über die Kälte-Klima-Tagung [Pro- [DKV, German Association of Refrigeration and ceedings of the Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Air-Conditioning Engineers], Germany, 17(2):- Conference] (Heidelberg, Germany, November 169-191, 1990 (22 pages in German, rdb3C14) 1990), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Refrigeration and This paper presents experimental studies on the Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 1990 (in stability and safety of R-134a, R-152a, and their German, rdb4A71) mixtures. The studies examined the possibility of suppressing the relatively high flammability of R-718 R-152a by mixing it with R-134a, without substantial loss of the benefits of its low global R. K. Radermacher and D. Jung (University of warming potential. Maryland), Replacement Refrigerants for R-22, published draft report, U.S. Environmental Protection J. C. Conklin and E. A. Vineyard (Oak Ridge National Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, November 1990 (80 Laboratory, ORNL), Tubeside Evaporation of pages with 24 exhibits, RDB1134) Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures from Two Enhanced Surfaces, paper 90-WA-HT-8 (ASME This peer-review draft examines alternative re- Winter Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX), American Soci- frigerants for R-22. The report summarizes the ety of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, simulation programs used, HAC and HACT, to November 1990 (7 pages with 9 figures, RDB2342) examine candidate refrigerants. Coefficients of performance (COPs) and seasonal performance heat transfer factors (SPFs) were calculated for a number of mixtures. The report also reviews the design T. W. Dekleva (ICI Americas, Incorporated), Lubri- modifications considered and discusses re- cants for Use with R-134a in Domestic Appli- quirements for future research. No single-com- ances, unpublished presentation at the International ponent refrigerant was found suitable as a sub- CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference (Baltimore, stitute, but binary and ternary blends appear MD), Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy, promising. The R-32/152a blend was identified as the most promising option, with an estimated COP increase of 11%. A further increase by 4% Page 226 Refrigerant Database

was estimated with use of a suction gas heat ex- As Easy as 123, E. I. duPont de Nemours and changer. Addition of a third, nonflammable Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE; The Trane component is suggested to reduce flammability. Company, La Crosse WI; and York International (This published draft was replaced by RDB2509.) Corporation, York, PA; October 1990 (12-minute videotape, RDB1137) H. Wijaya and H. M. Hughes (AlliedSignal Incorpo- rated), A Proposed Procedure for Qualifying This video explains how R-123 was developed to Halogen Leak Detectors, Proceedings of the In- replace R-11 by balancing ozone-depletion, ternational CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference global-warming, and energy-efficiency consid- (Baltimore, MD), Alliance for Responsible CFC Pol- erations. icy, Arlington, VA, November 1990 (9 pages with 10 figures and 3 tables, RDB2316) September 1990

M. Yamagishi and K. Oguchi (Kanagawa Institute of K. Azami, H. Hosoi, and N. Ishikawa (Sanden Cor- Technology, Japan), Experimental Study of PVT poration), Lubricant Screening for HFC-134a Car Properties of HCFC-123 (CHCl2CF3), Proceedings Air Conditioning Compressor Reliability, paper of the 31st High Pressure Conference (Osaka, 901735 (Passenger Car Meeting, Dearborn, MI, 17- Japan, 19-21 November 1990), Japan, 12-13, 1990 20 September 1990), Society of Automotive Engi- (2 pages, rdb9138) neers, Warrendale, PA, September 1990 (12 pages with 5 figures and 11 tables, RDB2209) thermodynamic properties of R-123; thermophysical data R-134a

October 1990 J. Gallagher, M. O. McLinden, and G. Morrison, REFPROP, A Program for the Calculation of the K. Doya, Y. Aoki, and M. Onoyama (Showa Shell Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants and Sekiyu Company, Limited, Japan), Refrigerant Oil Refrigerant Mixtures, NIST Standard Reference for Alterable Refrigerant 134a, Reito [Refrigera- Database (SRD) 23 version 1.02, National Institute of tion], Japan, 65(756):47-52 also numbered 1047- Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 28 1052, October 1990 (6 pages with 3 figures and 10 September 1990 (software and documentation, tables, in Japanese with summary in English, RDB- RDB0916) 3C12) Version 1.02 of REFPROP calculates properties This paper addresses polyalkylene glycol (PAG) for 16 pure refrigerants and 24 binary mixtures of lubricants for use with R-134a, as an alternative them in user-selected units of measurement. for R-12, in mobile air-conditioning (MAC) sys- These refrigerants include R-11, R-12, R-13, R- tems. It discusses lubricity for aluminum-alu- 13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-113, R-114, R-123, R- minum and/or aluminum-steel contacts, miscibility 124, R-125, R-134, and R-134a, R-142b and R- with R-134a, and compatibility with nonferrous 152a. [This version has been superseded; see metals. The paper presents data from a study of RDB2430.] two PAGs and a hindered polyolester (POE) for automotive air conditioners. Among the topics August 1990 presented are miscibility, thermal stability, effects of additives, hydrolysis resistance, and corrosion. M. Buschmeier, W. J. Mulroy, and D. A. Didion, An Initial Laboratory Evaluation of a Single Solution G. J. O'Neill and R. S. Holdsworth (W. R. Grace and Circuit Cycle for Use with Nonazeotropic Refrig- Bis (Difluoromethyl) Ether Refrigerant Company), , erants, report NISTIR 4406, National Institute of U.S. patent 4,961,321, 9 October 1990 (4 pages, Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, RDB1133) MD, August 1990 (available from NTIS, RDB5498)

This patent describes the use of R-E134 as a re- zeotropic blends, modifications frigerant, either as a single component or in a blend. The refrigerant is described as environ- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cli- mentally safe, nontoxic, and nonflammable and mate Change - the IPCC Scientific Assessment, as having the desired physical, chemical, and edited by J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. thermodynamic properties necessary for a re- Ephraums (Meteorological Office, UK), IPCC Sec- frigerant. retariat World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, August 1990; republished by the Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990 (365 pages, rdb1157) Refrigerant Database Page 227

global warming, greenhouse gases, environ- S. J. Eckels and M. B. Pate (Iowa State University of mental impact Science and Technology), An Experimental Comparison of Condensation Heat Transfer Co- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC efficients for HFC-134a and CFC-12, Proceedings First Assessment Report, IPCC Secretariat, World of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, Switzerland, August 1990; republished by the edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, West Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990 Lafayette, IN, July 1990; republished in the Interna- (rdb1158) tional Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 13(8):70-77, November 1990 (possibly 14(1):70-77, March 1991) This volume comprises an Overview and four (8 pages, rdb2238) policy makers' summaries. They address the Scientific Assessment of Climate Change R-12, R-134a, heat transfer (Working Group I), Potential Impacts of Climate Change (Working Group II), Formulation of Re- J. F. Ely and M. L. Huber (National Institute of sponse Strategies (Working Group III), and Standards and Technology, NIST), A Predictive Special Committee on the Participation of De- Extended Corresponding States Model for Pure veloping Countries. and Mixed Refrigerants, Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration Conference and July 1990 ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 383-392, D. Arnaud (Elf Atochem S.A., France) and J. P. July 1990 (10 pages, RDB7608) Caillie, Comparative Performance of HFA-134a and CFC-12 in a Reciprocating Water Chiller, extended corresponding states (ECS) equation of Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR Purdue Refrig- state (EOS); PROZPER (PRoperties of OZone eration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Protecting Environmentally acceptable Refriger- Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, ants) microcomputer program; thermodynamic West Lafayette, IN, 354-364, July 1990 (11 pages, properties for R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-14, R- RDB6325) 22, R-23, R-32, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-123, R- 124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R- R-12, R-134a 143a, R-152a, and R-218; 32-term modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) EOS for R-134a reference equation; shape factor correlations; E. C. Berlinck, C. A. T. Uriu, T. B. Herbas, and J. A. thermophysical data R. Parise (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Performance Analysis of Do- mestic Heat Pump Units Running on CFC Sub- S. K. Fischer and J. R. Sand (Oak Ridge National stitutes, presented at the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Laboratory, ORNL), Thermodynamic Calculations Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC for Mixtures of Environmentally Safe Refrigerants Conference (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Using the Lee-Kesler-Plöcker Equation of State, July 1990); published in the Proceedings of the 1992 Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue International Refrigeration Conference - Energy Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Efficiency and New Refrigerants, edited by D. R. Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, Tree and J. E. Braun, Purdue University, West West Lafayette, IN, 373-382, July 1990 (10 pages Lafayette, IN, 2:693-702, July 1992 (10 pages with 5 with 6 figures and 2 tables, available from JMC as figures, RDB2843) RDB3910)

P. A. Domanski and M. O. McLinden (National In- LKP EOS, thermophysical property data, LKP stitute of Standards and Technology, NIST), A Sim- plified Cycle Simulation Model for the Perfor- S. T. Jolley, New and Unique Lubricants for Use in mance Rating of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Compressors Utilizing R-134a Refrigerant, Mixtures, Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Pur- Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrig- due Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue eration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC CFC Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue Uni- Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, versity, West Lafayette, IN, 466-475, July 1990 (10 West Lafayette, IN, 145-152, July 1990 (8 pages with pages with 6 figures and 1 table, available from JMC 1 figure and 5 tables, RDB2C06) as RDB2C05) D. Jung (University of Maryland) and D. A. Didion [see RDB3448 for corrected and updated version] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST), Mixing Rule for Liquid Viscosities of Re- frigerant Mixtures, International Journal of Refrig- eration (IJR), 13(6):243-247, July 1990 (5 pages with 2 figures and 2 tables, RDB6409) Page 228 Refrigerant Database

R-500, R-502, R-503, R-504, R-506, R-32/12 PAG Mixtures for Refrigeration, Proceedings of the (87/13), R-115/152a (69/31), mixing rules, 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration Conference Hildebrand's correlation, Grunberg and Nissan's and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, edited by D. correlation R. Tree, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 297-307, July 1990 (11 pages with 14 figures and 6 S. Kitaichi, S. Sato, R. Ishidoya, and T. Machida tables, RDB4C24) (Toshiba Corporation, Japan), Tribological Analysis of Metal Interface Reactions in Lubricant R-134a Oils/CFC-12 and HFC-134a System, Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration G. D. Short (CPI Engineering Services, Incorporated) Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, and R. C. Cavestri (Imagination Resources, edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, West Incorporated, IRI), Selection and Performance of Lafayette, IN, 153-162, July 1990 (10 pages with 13 Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Lubricants for Use figures and 3 tables, RDB4C23) with Alternative Refrigerants in Refrigeration Applications, Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR- R-12, R-134a Purdue Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE- Purdue CFC Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, A. A. Kornhauser, The Use of an Ejector as a Re- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 163-172, July frigerant Expander, Proceedings of the 1990 1990 (10 pages with 10 figures, RDB2220) USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, edited by D. R. W. K. Snelson, J. W. Linton, P. F. Hearty (National Tree, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 10-13, Research Council, Canada, NRCC), and T. N. Duong July 1990 (4 pages, RDB6439) (University of Sherbrooke), Canada, Some Thermodynamic Performance Test Results of cycle modifications, minimizing expansion losses Refrigerant 134a, Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration Conference and L. J. M. Kuijpers, J. A. de Wit, A. A. J. Benschop, and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, edited by D. R. M. J. P. Janssen (Phillips Research Laboratories, Tree, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 344-353, The Netherlands), Experimental Investigations July 1990 (10 pages with 10 figures and 1 table, into the Ternary Blend HCFC-22/124/152a as a RDB4433) Substitute in Domestic Refrigeration, Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrigeration M. W. Spatz and J. Zheng (AlliedSignal Incorpo- Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, rated), An Experimental Evaluation of the Heat edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, West Transfer Coefficients of R-134a Relative to R-12, Lafayette, IN, 314-324, July 1990 (11 pages with 6 Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Refrig- figures and 4 tables, RDB4430) eration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, Purdue University, R-22/152a/124, R-401 series West Lafayette, IN, 225-233, July 1990 (9 pages with 8 figures, RDB0501) L. E. Manzer (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- pany), The CFC-Ozone Issue: Progress on the comparative heat transfer of R-12 and R-134a Development of Alternatives to CFCs, Science, 249:31-35, 6 July 1990 (5 pages, Rdb3134) S. G. Sundaresan and W. R. Finkenstadt (Copeland Corporation), Status Report on Polyalkylene Gly- outlines the history of chlorofluorocarbons col Candidates with HFC-134a in Refrigeration (CFCs), selection of appropriate substitutes, Compressors, Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR- potential manufacturing routes to producing al- Purdue Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE- ternatives, and process development; comments Purdue CFC Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, on cooperative programs to examine the toxicity Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 138-144, July and environmental aspects of alternatives and 1990 (7 pages with 3 figures and 6 tables, RDB4355) remaining key issues; indicates that it would be irresponsible to immediately cease CFC R-134a, PAG lubricants production pending the difficult identification of suitable substitutes; notes that DuPont had C. L. Yaws, H. C. Yang, J. R. Hopper, and K. C. organized a Seminar on the Ecology of Flu- Hansen, Organic Chemicals: Water Solubility orocarbons already in 1972, which led to a co- Data, Chemical Engineering, 115-118, July 1990 (4 operative industry program to investigate effects pages, rdb5C35) on the fate and impact of CFCs in the atmosphere R-32 and others

N. Masuda (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), Some Evaluation Results of HFC-134a/- Refrigerant Database Page 229

Proceedings of the 1990 USNC/IIR-Purdue Re- solubility and viscosity of R-22 with a 150 SUS, frigeration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue CFC naphthenic mineral oil (MO): presents mea- Conference, edited by D. R. Tree, Ray W. Herrick surements for mixtures of 10-40% R-22 by mass Laboratories, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, for 38-149 °C (100-300 °F) July 1990 (526 pages with 56 papers, RDB1140) Absorption of Ammonia into Water, research project 591-RP, American Society of Heating, Re- June 1990 frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- RAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1988 - June 1990 E. Johnson and J. Noble, A Survey of Alternatives (ASH0591) to Ozone-Destroying Technologies, Greenpeace International, Washington, DC, June 1990 (35 pages, The contractor for the project was Kansas State RDB1154) University (KSU) at Manhattan, led by D. L. Fenton and R. L. Gorton; it was sponsored by This report is a survey of innovations old and new ASHRAE Technical Committee 10.1, Custom that could provide the goods and services Engineered Refrigeration Systems. currently dependent on ozone-destroying chemicals. It is represented as an attempt to show the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete range of technologies that could be used as the Ozone Layer, working version, United Nations replacements without adverse impact on the Environment Programme (UNEP), June 1990 (28 ozone layer. The survey notes that the HCFC and pages, RDB1119) HFC alternatives have not been proven to be harmless to the ozone layer, but are greenhouse This text is an unofficial composite version of the gases and have serious toxicity problems. Montreal Protocol as amended in London in June 1990. This version has been superseded; see S. P. Manwell and A. E. Bergles (Rensselaer Poly- RDB2702. technic Institute, RPI), Gas-Liquid Flow Patterns in Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures, paper SL-90-1-4, NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, pub- Transactions (Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO, 9-13 lication 90-117, National Institute for Occupational June 1990), American Society of Heating, Refriger- Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S. Department of ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Health and Human Services, Cincinnati, OH, June Atlanta, GA, 96(2):456-464, 1990 (9 pages, rdb4971) 1990 (available from GPO for $7.00 as document #1992-322-002, 256 pages with 6 tables, RDB3903) J. R. Sand, E. A. Vineyard (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), and R. J. Nowak (Purdue Uni- This document lists safety information in tabular versity), Experimental Performance of Ozone Safe form for 398 chemicals found in the work envi- Alternative Refrigerants, paper 3399, Transactions ronment. Many of them are regulated by the U.S. (Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO, 9-13 June 1990), Occupational Safety and Health Administration American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and (OSHA). Each entry identifies the chemical by Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, name, synonym(s), trade name(s), structural or 96(2):173-182, 1990 (10 pages with 1 figure and 8 empirical chemical formula, Chemical Abstract tables, RDB4129) Service (CAS) and Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) numbers, and performance comparisons for R-12, R-22, R-32, assigned U.S. Department of Transportation R-114, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-142b, R- identification and guide numbers. It then gives the 143, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, and R-C318 at four National Institute for Occupational Safety and standard heat pump rating conditions Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL), ceiling REL (REL-C), Short Term Exposure N. A. Van Gaalen, M. B. Pate, and S. C. Zoz (Iowa Limit (STEL), carcinogenic identification or State University of Science and Technology), The cautions, and/or Immediately Dangerous to Life or Measurement of Solubility and Viscosity of Health (IDLH) value. It also indicates the OSHA Oil/Refrigerant Mixtures at High Pressures and Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), PEL ceiling Temperatures: Test Facility and Initial Results for value (PEL-C), or STEL. The entries also provide R-22/Naphthenic Oil Mixtures, Transactions physical descriptions and summary chemical and (Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO, 9-13 June 1990), physical properties, as available. They include American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- concentration conversion factors, molecular Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, weight, normal boiling point, solubility in water, 96(2):183-190, 1990 (8 pages, rdb2231) flash point, ionization potential, representative vapor pressure, melting or freezing point temperature, flammability limits, representative specific gravity, and relative density of gases referenced to air. Entries list incompatibilities, reactivities, and Page 230 Refrigerant Database

measurement methods for the chemicals along Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- with recommendations for personal protection, ceptability Study, program description, AFEAS, sanitation, and respirators. The entries conclude Washington, DC, 31 May 1990 (4 pages with 1 figure with health hazard summaries that identify body and 1 table, available from JMC as RDB1149) entry routes, symptoms, first aid measures, and impacted target organs. An introduction briefly This leaflet introduces the Alternative Fluorocar- describes these data and the codes used in the bons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), listings. Appendices provide recommendations on initiated in December 1988. The program was potential occupation carcinogens, identify 13 formed to assess the potential impacts of OSHA-regulated carcinogens, discuss supple- chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant alternatives mentary exposure limits, discuss exposure limits on the environment. AFEAS is a cooperative for certain substances without established RELs, research effort sponsored by 12 leading chemical and provide miscellaneous notes. They also pro- producers. Results were presented at the United vide indices by synonym and trade names as well Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) meeting as by CAS registry numbers. A number of histori- in Nairobi in August 1989, and were incorporated cal, current, and candidate refrigerants are cov- as an appendix to the Scientific Assessment ered. They include R-10, R-11, R-12, R-12B2, under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that R-13B1, R-21, R-30, R-40, R-112, R-113, R-114, Deplete the Ozone Layer. The study is being R-290 (propane), R-717 (ammonia), R-744 (car- expanded to conduct further related research. bon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), and others. One cited goal is to identify and help resolve the uncertainties regarding potential environmental effects of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and May 1990 hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). A second is to stimulate prompt dissemination of scientific V. D. Baxter, Report of Foreign Travel: 9-11 May information to the research community, 1990 [Application of Zeotropic Mixture Refrigerants in government decision makers, affected industries, Refrigerators and Use of the Lee-Kesler-Plöcker and the public. A table lists potential alternatives Equation of State], ORNL/FTR-3611, Oak Ridge to CFCs, including HCFCs R-22, R-123, R-124, National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 14 May 1990 R-141b, R-225ca, and R-225cb and HFCs R-125, (20 pages, RDB1153) R-134a, and R-152a. A figure contrasts the atmospheric lifetimes, global warming potentials This informal report summarizes the final working (GWPs), and ozone-depletion potentials (ODPs) meeting of the International Energy Agency (IEA) of CFCs and alternative HCFCs and HFCs. research project on State and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Working Fluids Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Ac- and Nonazeotropic Mixtures (Annex XIII). It also ceptability Study (AFEAS) Summaries, AFEAS, addresses research at the Universität Hannover, Washington, DC, 31 May 1990 (12 pages with 4 fig- funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection ures, available from JMC as RDB1150) Agency (EPA), on application of refrigerant blends in refrigerators and separate work to use the This series of six leaflets summarizes key AFEAS Lee-Kesler-Plöcker (LKP) equation of state to objectives and findings. A summary of predict refrigerant properties. Atmospheric Fluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone reviews the mechanisms of stratospheric S. Komatsuzaki and Y. Homma (Hitachi Limited, ozone depletion and provides values for ozone Japan), Antiseizure and Antiwear Properties of depletion potentials (ODPs). A sheet on UV-B Lubricating Oils Under Refrigerant Gas Envi- Radiation Measurements discusses the impor- ronments, paper 90-AM-6C-1 (45th Annual Meeting, tance of the ozone layer in shielding ultraviolet-B Denver, CO, 7-10 May 1990), Society of Tribologists (UV-B) radiation in sunlight and monitoring of and Lubrication Engineers (STLE), May 1990; intensity. A summary of Alternative Fluorocarbons republished in Lubrication Engineering, and Global Warming compares the global 47(3):193-198, 1991 (6 pages, rdb2213) warming potentials (GWPs) of CFCs to those of HCFCs and HFCs. It also contrasts the calculated B. Petersson and H. Thorsell (Kungliga Tekniska warming effects of these compounds to other Högskolan, KTH, Sweden), Comparison of the greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, Refrigerants HFC 134a and CFC 12, International methane, and nitrous oxide. A review of the Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 13:176-180, May 1990 Breakdown Products of Alternatives outlines the (5 pages, rdb4434) mechanisms and consequences of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon R-12, R-134a, comparative performance (HFC) breakdown, including the potential impacts of degradation products. A Glossary of Terms explains key terminology for Refrigerant Database Page 231

discussion of the atmospheric effects of alterna- IiedSignal Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, undated circa tive fluorocarbons. The last sheet briefly outlines May 1990 (2 pages with 5 tables, available from JMC the history and activities of both AFEAS and the as RDB0547) companion Programme for Alternative Fluoro- carbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). Physical property data, equation coefficients, and enthalpy and entropy reference points (Ho and 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoromethane (HFA-124) - So) are tabulated for R-32 in inch-pound (IP) units CAS Registry Number 2837-89-0, Joint Assess- of measure. The data include critical point ment of Commodity Chemicals (JACC) report 12, parameters (temperature, pressure, and density), European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology normal boiling point, and molecular mass. The Centre (ECETOC), Brussels, Belgium, May 1990 (28 coefficients enable calculation of equation of state pages, RDB3720) properties (pressure, enthalpy, and entropy) using a Martin-Hou equation, liquid density, vapor R-124; 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, envi- pressure, and ideal gas heat capacity. [The ronmental impacts, toxicity equations for these coefficients are presented in RDB0505, RDB0507, RDB0511, and RDB0506, Compatibility of Elastomers with CFC-12 and/or respectively.] Equations are presented to estimate Paraffinic Oil, report ARTD-16 (H-26830), DuPont transport properties, including liquid and vapor Chemicals, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 7 May viscosity and thermal conductivity. The 1990 (16 pages with 1 figure and 12 tables, available information presented is preliminary and from JMC as RDB3124) estimated.

This report summarizes an investigation of the Constants for AZ-20 (60% R-32, 40% R-125), pre- compatibility of 11 elastomers at 25 and 80 °C (77 liminary information bulletin, AlliedSignal Incorpo- and 176 °F) with R-12, an unidentified paraffinic rated, Buffalo, NY, undated circa May 1990 (1 pages mineral oil, and a 50/50 mixture of them. This with 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB0548) refrigerant-lubricant pair is widely used in automotive air conditioners; the measurements Physical property data, equation coefficients, and were made for comparison with similar data for enthalpy and entropy reference points (Ho and alternative refrigerants and lubricants. The data So) are tabulated for R-32/125 (60/40) in presented were taken after 27 days of immersion inch-pound (IP) units of measure. The data in- ("temporary") and also after subsequent drying in clude critical point parameters (temperature, air at 25 °C (77 °F) for 14 days ("final"). The pressure, and density), normal boiling point, and elastomers also are rated on a scale of 0 ("no molecular mass. The coefficients enable change") to 5 ("severe, unacceptable change") calculation of equation of state properties (pres- based on the "temporary" data. The "final" data sure, enthalpy, and entropy) using a Martin-Hou are suggested as a guide for seal replacement equation, liquid density, vapor pressure, and ideal after equipment tear down. The report outlines the gas heat capacity. [The equations for these experimental approach and presents a table with coefficients are presented in RDB0505, RDB0507, the ratings. Eleven subsequent tables present RDB0511, and RDB0506, respectively.] measured changes in length, weight, and Shore A AlliedSignal's product name for R-32/125 is hardness as well as elasticity and visual (both the Genetron(R) AZ-20 [the composition was liquid and the polymer) ratings. The elastomers subsequently reformulated from that described in tested include urethane (Uniroyal Adiprene(R) C), this document.] Buna N and S, butyl rubber, chlorosulfonated (R) polyethylene (DuPont Hypalon 48), natural Constants for AZ-50 (45% R-125, 55% R-143a), rubber, neoprene W, hydrocarbon rubber (DuPont preliminary information bulletin, AlliedSignal Nordel(R)), silicone, polysulfide (Morton Thiokol(R) (R) Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, undated circa May 1990 (1 FA), and fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton A). A pages with 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB- figure shows the scale used for swell and hard- 0549) ness ratings. The report cautions that the effects of refrigerants on elastomers depend on the Physical property data, equation coefficients, and nature of the polymer, the compounding enthalpy and entropy reference points (Ho and formulation used, the curing or vulcanizing con- So) are tabulated for R-125/143a (45/55) in dition, the presence of plasticizers or extenders, inch-pound (IP) units of measure. The data in- and other elastomer variables. While the data clude critical point parameters (temperature, serve as a guide, generalizations from the results pressure, and density), normal boiling point, and are difficult to make. molecular mass. The coefficients enable calculation of equation of state properties (pres- Constants and Estimated Transport Properties sure, enthalpy, and entropy) using a Martin-Hou for HFC-32, preliminary information bulletin, AI- equation, liquid density, vapor pressure, and Page 232 Refrigerant Database

ideal gas heat capacity. [The equations for these °F. Coefficients, based on measurements in the coefficients are presented in RDB0505, range of 25-70 °C (77-158 °F), are provided for RDB0507, RDB0511, and RDB0506, respec- R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, and R-134a. The tively.] AlliedSignal's product name for R-125/- information presented is identified as preliminary 143a is Genetron(R) AZ-50 [the composition was and estimated. subsequently reformulated from that described in this document.] Martin-Hou Equations of State, preliminary information bulletin, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Buffalo, 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoromethane (HFA-123) - NY, May 1990 (4 pages with 3 tables, available from CAS Registry Number 306-83-2, Joint Assessment JMC as RDB0505) of Commodity Chemicals (JACC) report 13, European Chemical Industry Ecology and Toxicology A Martin-Hou (MH) equation of state (EOS) and Centre (ECETOC), Brussels, Belgium, May 1990 (38 related equations to calculate the enthalpy and pages with 3 tables, RDB3719) entropy of refrigerants are presented. Reference points and coefficients are tabulated in consistent R-123, 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, envi- inch-pound units for R-123, R-123a, R-124, ronmental impacts, toxicity R-125, R-134, R-134a, and R-143a. Reference points (constants of Ho and So) also are Gas Heat Capacity, preliminary information bulletin, presented for of R-32/125 (60/40) and R-125/143a AlliedSignal Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, 23 May 1990 (45/55). [These blends were developmental (1 page with 1 table, available from JMC as versions (subsequently reformulated) of AZ-20 RDB0506) and AZ-50, respectively.] The information presented is identified as preliminary and esti- An equation is provided to calculate the gas heat mated. capacity of refrigerants in Btu/Ib·°R as a function of temperature in °R. Coefficients are provided for Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, Testing, program description, PAFT, Bristol, United and R-143a. The information presented is Kingdom, 31 May 1990 (4 pages with 1 figure and 1 preliminary and estimated. table, available from JMC as RDB1151)

Liquid Density, preliminary information bulletin, AI- This leaflet introduces the Programme for Alter- liedSignal Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, 1 May 1990 (1 native Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT), page with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB0507) initiated in December 1987. The program is designed to expedite the development of toxicology An equation is provided to calculate the liquid data for possible substitute fluorocarbons to density of refrigerants in lb/cf as a function of replace chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), or more critical properties. Coefficients are provided for broadly halogenated fluoroalkanes, that may be R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, catalyzing a decrease in stratospheric ozone and R-143a. The information presented is pre- levels. PAFT is a cooperative research effort liminary and estimated. sponsored by 15 of the leading CFC producers. Four PAFT program sectors are identified in- Liquid Viscosity Correlation, preliminary informa- cluding PAFT I to address R-123 and R-134a, tion bulletin, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, PAFT II for R-141b, PAFT III for R-124 and R- 23 May 1990 (1 page with 1 table, available from 125, and PAFT IV for R-225ca and R-225cb. The JMC as RDB0508) leaflet summarizes program objectives and schedules. It notes that there are nearly 100 in- A correlation is provided to calculate the viscosity dividual toxicology tests in the program, at a cost of refrigerants, in lb/hr·ft, in their liquid state as a of $3-5 million per compound. It also indicates function of temperature, in °R. Coefficients, based that 12 testing laboratories in Europe, Japan, and on measurements in the range of -20 to 80 °C (-4 the United States are performing tests, the results to 176 °F), are provided for R-123, R-123a, of which will be published in peer-reviewed R-124, R-125, and R-134a. An equation is journals and presented at scientific conferences. included to estimate the viscosity of R-134a in its The program comprehensively addresses acute, vapor state. The information presented is subchronic, developmental and chronic toxicity/- preliminary and estimated. carcinogenicity studies, and environmental studies. Liquid Thermal Conductivity Correlation, preliminary information bulletin, AlliedSignal Incorpo- Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity rated, Buffalo, NY, 23 May 1990 (1 page with 1 table, Testing (PAFT) Toxicology Summaries, PAFT, available from JMC as RDB0509) Bristol, United Kingdom, 31 May 1990 (10 pages, available from JMC as RDB1159) A correlation is provided to calculate the thermal conductivity of refrigerants, in Btu/hr·ft·°F, in their liquid state as a function of temperature, in Refrigerant Database Page 233

Five data sheets summarize the status and April 1990 findings of the Programme for Alternative Fluo- rocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT). They address J. M. Calm, Research of Alternative Refrigerants, HCFC-123 in Comparison with CFC-11, HFC- presentation charts, ARI Spring Meeting, Air-Con- 134a in Comparison with CFC-12, HCFC-141b in ditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, Comparison with CFC-11, Other PAFT Programs VA, 2-4 April 1990 (6 pages, RDB0310) (HCFC-124 and HFC-125 compared to CFC-114 and CFC-115, respectively), and a Glossary of D. A. Fisher, C. H. Hales, D. L. Filkin (E. I. duPont de Terms. The summaries outline studies of acute Nemours and Company, USA), M. K. Ko, N-D. Sze toxicity (short-term exposures to high concen- (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, In- trations, such as accidental leakages), geno- corporated, AER, USA), P. S. Connell, D. J. Wueb- toxicity (effects on genetic material, an early bles (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL, screen for possible carcinogenic activity), sub- USA), I. S. A. Isaksen, and F. Stordal (Institute of chronic toxicity (repeated exposure to determine Geophysics, Norway), Model Calculations of the any overall toxicological effect), developmental Relative Effects of CFCs and Their Replacements toxicity (teratology, assessment of the potential on Stratospheric Ozone, Nature, 344(6266):- for causing birth defects), and chronic 508-512, 5 April 1990 (5 pages with 3 figures and 4 toxicity/carcinogenicity (lifetime testing to assess tables, RDB5851) late-in-life toxicity or increased evidence of cancer). Interim results and program plans are alternative refrigerants, reactions and effects of summarized for R-123, R-134a, R-141b, R-124, hydrohalocarbons and specifically hydrochloro- and R-125. fluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) chemicals, ozone depletion potential Selected Physical Properties of HCFC-123, (ODP): calculated responses, depicted as HCFC-123a, HCFC-124, HFC-125, HFC-134, ground-level mixing ratios and ozone column HFC-134a, and HFC-143a, preliminary information change, for single releases of R-11, R-22, and R- bulletin, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, May 123; chemical rate data and ODP values (calcu- 1990 (1 page with 1 table, available from JMC as lated by four atmospheric modeling groups) for RDB0504) R-10, R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, R- 123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-140a, R-141b, R- The critical temperature in °F, critical pressure in 142b, R-143a, and R-152a; uncertainties psia, critical density in lb/cf, boiling point temperature in °F, and molecular weight (relative D. A. Fisher (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- molecular mass) are tabulated for R-123, R-123a, pany), C. H. Hales, W-C. Wang, M. K. W. Ko, and R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, and R-143a. The N-D. Sze (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, information presented is preliminary and Incorporated, AER), Model Calculations of the estimated. Relative Effects of CFCs and Their Replacements on Global Warming, Nature, 344(6266):513-516, 5 Vapor Thermal Conductivity Correlation, pre- April 1990 (4 pages, rdb3328) liminary information bulletin, AlliedSignal Incorpo- rated, Buffalo, NY, 23 May 1990 (1 page with 1 table, alternative refrigerants, global warming potential available from JMC as RDB0510) (GWP)

A correlation is provided to calculate the thermal M. Kauffeld, W. J. Mulroy, M. O. McLinden, and D. A. conductivity of refrigerants, in Btu/hr·ft·°F, in their Didion, An Experimental Evaluation of Two vapor state as a function of temperature, in °F. Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures in a Water- Coefficients, based on measurements in the to-Water Breadboard Heat Pump, report NISTIR range of 25-70 °C (77-158 °F), are provided for 90-4290, National Institute of Standards and Tech- R-123, R-123a, R-124, and R-134a. The infor- nology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, April 1990 (68 mation presented is preliminary and estimated. pages with 24 figures and 4 tables, available from NTIS, RDB4731) Vapor Pressure, preliminary information bulletin, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, 1 May 1990 R-22/114, R-13/12 (1 page with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB- 0511) Sealed-Tube Stability Tests: Ternary Blends (KCD-9430 and 9433), document ARTD-13, E. I. An equation is provided to calculate the vapor duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, pressure of refrigerants in psia as a function of Wilmington, DE, April 1990 (11 pages with 6 tables, temperature in °R. Coefficients are provided for available from JMC as RDB0542) R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, and R-143a. The information presented is preliminary and estimated. Page 234 Refrigerant Database

March 1990 lubricants tested included York C, Zerol(R) 300 alkylbenzene, and UCON LB-165 polyglycol. H. D. Baehr (Universität Hannover, Germany), New Aluminum, copper, and iron wires were included Refrigerants, Research into Their Thermody- as catalysts. R-E134 was found to be somewhat namic Property Data, Proceedings of the 3rd In- less stable than R-114. ternational Energy Agency Heat Pump Conference (Tokyo, Japan, 12-15 March 1990), edited by T. G. Herres and D. Gorenflo (Universität Paderborn, Saito and Y. Igarashi, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, Germany), Calculations of the Vapour-Liquid NY, 243-251, 1990 (12 pages with 1 figure and 3 ta- Equilibrium of Some Binary Systems of Refrig- bles, RDB0406) erants by Various Cubic Equations of State, Thermophysical Properties of Pure Substances and review of the research of research on thermo- Mixtures for Refrigeration (proceedings of the dynamic properties of refrigerants in Germany meeting of IIR Commission B1, Herzlia, Israel, March under the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 1990), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), (DFG) Schwerpunkt-Programm; status of ther- Paris, France, 169-176, 1990 (8 pages with 3 figures modynamic property data for R-22, R-123, R- and 4 tables, RDB5490) 134a, R-142b, R-152a, R-717, R-22/152a/142b, and R-134a/152a; thermophysical properties thermodynamic properties of R-22/114, R-22/115 [R-502], R-7146/12 (blend of SF6 and R-12), and I. Borde, M. Jelinek, and N. C. Daltrophe (Ben-Gu- R-7146/22: Redlich-Kwong-Soave (RKS), Peng- rion University of the Negev, Israel), Research on Robinson (PR), Trebble-Bishnoi (TB), Schreiner Thermophysical Properties of Absorption equations of state (EOS); thermophysical data Working Fluids at the Energy Laboratory of Ben- Gurion University, Thermophysical Properties of M. Jelinek, N. C. Daltrophe, and I. Borde (Ben-Gurion Pure Substances and Mixtures for Refrigeration University of the Negev, Israel), Prediction and (proceedings of the meeting of IIR Commission B1, Evaluation of the Thermophysical Properties of Herzlia, Israel, March 1990), International Institute of Monomethylamine and Dimethylamine, Thermo- Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 37-46, 1990 (10 physical Properties of Pure Substances and Mixtures pages with 9 figures, RDB5527) for Refrigeration (proceedings of the meeting of IIR Commission B1, Herzlia, Israel, March 1990), R-630 (methylamine, monomethylamine, MMA), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, dimethylamine (DMA), ethylene glycol (EG), France, 123-127, 1990 (5 pages, RDB5453) MMA/EG, DMA/EG, R-22/N-methylpyrolidone (R-22/NMP), thermodynamic data, cycle analysis, R-630 (methylamine), dimethylamine, thermo- absorption cycles dynamic data, specific volume, enthalpy, entropy

R. C. DeVault, Advanced Absorption Cycles: D. Naito (Daikin Industries, Limited), Alternatives to System Development and Supporting Research, CFC Refrigerants, Proceedings of the 3rd In- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, ternational Energy Agency Heat Pump Conference TN, March 1990 (48 pages, rdb1145) (Tokyo, Japan, 12-15 March 1990), edited by T. Saito and Y. Igarashi, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, D. A. Didion (National Institute of Standards and 713-720, 1990 (8 pages, RDB0407) Technology, NIST), R. Cohen, and D. R. Tree (Purdue University), The Role of R-22 in Refriger- M. Okada, T. Umayahara, M. Hattori (Nagaoka Uni- ating and Air-Conditioning Equipment, Interna- versity of Technology, Japan), and K. Watanabe tional Colloquium on Refrigeration and CFCs (Brus- (Keio University, Japan), Measurements of the sels, Belgium, March 1990), International Institute of Surface Tension of HCFC 123 and HFC 134a, Refrigeration, Paris, France; republished in Pro- Thermophysical Properties of Pure Substances and ceedings: Meeting Customer Needs with Heat Mixtures for Refrigeration (proceedings of the Pumps - 1991 (Dallas, TX, October 1991), report meeting of IIR Commission B1, Herzlia, Israel, March TR-101944, Electric Power Research Institute 1990), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, 5-1 - 5-19, December 1992 Paris, France, 69-75, 1990 (7 pages with 4 figures (19 pages with 6 figures and 3 tables, RDB0921) and 2 tables, RDB5629)

T. P. Gross, Sealed-Tube Tests - Grace Ether (E- R-123, R-134a, transport properties, thermo- 134), York International Corporation, York, PA, 28 physical data March 1990 (2 pages with 3 tables, available from JMC as RDB0904) I. R. Shankland, Transport Properties of CFC Al- ternatives, unpublished presentation (Symposium This memo summarizes sealed-tube tests to compare the stability of R-114 and R-E134 when aged for up to 72 hours with several lubricants at temperatures as high as 182 °C (360 °F). The Refrigerant Database Page 235

on Global Climate Change and Refrigerant Proper- K. Watanabe and H. Sato (Keio University, Japan), ties, AIChE Spring National Meeting, Orlando, FL, Thermophysical Properties Research on Envi- 18-22 March 1990), Buffalo Research Laboratory, ronmentally Acceptable Refrigerants, Ther- Allied Signal Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, March 1990 mophysical Properties of Pure Substances and (31 pages with 13 figures and 12 tables, available Mixtures for Refrigeration (proceedings of the from JMC as RDB0517) meeting of IIR Commission B1, Herzlia, Israel, March 1990), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), This paper provides transport property data for Paris, France, 29-36, 1990 (8 pages with 3 figures, alternative refrigerants. The data and correlations RDB3344) cover liquid viscosity for R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, R-134a, and R-141b; liquid thermal R-123, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, blends, thermo- conductivity for R-123, R-123a, R-124, R-125, dynamic properties, thermophysical data and R-134a; and vapor thermal conductivity for R-123, R-123a, R-124, and R-141b. Comparative Thermophysical Properties of Pure Substances data are provided for R-11, R-12, R-22, R-114, and Mixtures for Refrigeration, proceedings and R-502. The data and correlations are plotted (Meeting of IIR Commission B1, Herzlia, Israel, to facilitate comparisons and to illustrate the March 1990), International Institute of Refrigeration regression deviations. The paper describes the (IIR), Paris, France, 1990 (278 pages with 33 papers, experimental procedures and estimated RDB1103) accuracies. Thermal conductivity measurements were performed using a transient hot-wire thermodynamic data, transport properties apparatus. Liquid viscosity measurements were performed using an Ubbelohde suspended level February 1990 capillary type viscometer. The paper notes that the transport properties of the alternatives yield D. J. Alofs, M. M. Hasan, and H. J. Sauer, Jr. lower performance in some instances, such as (University of Missouri at Rolla), Influence of Oil on foam blowing, when compared to chlorofluoro- Pressure Drop in Refrigerant Compressor carbons. In other cases, the properties offer Suction Lines, Transactions (Winter Meeting, At- advantages, such as improved heat transfer lanta, GA, 10-14 February 1990), American Society characteristics for R-134a. One consequence is of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- the need to redesign and optimize systems that gineers, Atlanta, GA, 96(1), 1990 (rdb4603) utilize the new fluids. C. J. Andrews, Designing Strategically for the J. G. Smale (DuPont Canada, Incorporated), New Possibility of a Future Without R-22 and R-134a, Refrigerants and Mixtures for Heat Pump Op- Transactions (Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 10-14 portunities in Canada Proceedings of the 3rd In- , February 1990), American Society of Heating, Re- ternational Energy Agency Heat Pump Conference frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- (Tokyo, Japan, 12-15 March 1990), edited by T. RAE), Atlanta, GA, 96(1):1437-1445, 1990 (9 pages Saito and Y. Igarashi, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, with 3 figures, rdb5613) NY, 1990 (10 pages with 5 figures and 11 tables, RDB2A13) D. J. Bateman (DuPont Chemicals), Current De- velopment Status of HFC-134a for Automotive Air K. Stephan and R. Krauss (Universität Stuttgart, Conditioning, paper 900213 (SAE International Germany), A Database System for Thermophysi- Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, 26 February - 2 cal Properties of Pure Fluids and Fluid Mixtures , March 1990), Society of Automotive Engineers Thermophysical Properties of Pure Substances and (SAE), Warrendale, PA, February 1990 (15 pages Mixtures for Refrigeration (proceedings of the with 6 figures and 11 tables, RDB2201) meeting of IIR Commission B1, Herzlia, Israel, March 1990), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), R-134a Paris, France, 49-55, 1990 (6 pages with 2 figures and 4 tables, RDB5529) D. J. Bateman, D. B. Bivens, R. A. Gorski, W. D. thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data Wells (DuPont Chemicals), R. A. Lindstrom, R. L. Morse, and R. L. Shimon (Tecumseh Products Company), Refrigerant Blends for the Automotive Current K. Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), Air Conditioning Aftermarket, paper 900216 (SAE Status of Thermophysical Properties Research International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, 26 on CFC Alternatives, Proceedings of the 3rd In- February - 2 March 1990), Society of Automotive ternational Energy Agency Heat Pump Conference Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, PA, February 1990 (Tokyo, Japan, 12-15 March 1990) edited by T. Saito (14 pages with 12 figures and 8 tables, RDB2206) and Y. Igarashi, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY, 263-282, 1990 (22 pages, RDB0408)

thermodynamic and transport data Page 236 Refrigerant Database

KCD-9430 [R-22/152a/114 (36/24/40)], KCD- June 1990 (9 pages with 8 figures and 4 tables, 9433 [R-22/152a/124 (36/24/40)], KCD-9451 RDB2334) [R-22/152a/124 (31/24/45)], KCD-9452 [R-22/- 152a/114 (30/23/47)], R-12, R-134a thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data

S. J. Eckels and M. B. Pate (Iowa State University of T. G. Statt (U.S. Department of Energy), An Science and Technology), A Comparison of R-134a Overview of Ozone-Safe Refrigerants for Centri- and R-12 In-Tube Heat Transfer Coefficients fugal Chillers, Transactions (Winter Meeting, At- Based on Existing Correlations, Transactions lanta, GA, 10-14 February 1990), American Society (Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 10-14 February 1990), of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and gineers, Atlanta, GA, 96(1):1424-1428, 1990; repub- Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, lished in CFC Alternatives, technical data bulletin 96(1), 1990; republished in CFC Alternatives, 6(1), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and technical data bulletin 6(1), ASHRAE, 25-34, June Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1990 (10 pages with 16 figures and 2 tables, RDB- 35-39, June 1990 (5 pages with 2 figures and 5 2239) tables, RDB2335)

R-12, R-134a, heat transfer R. A. Struss, J. P. Henkes, and L. W. Gabbey (Mo- dine Manufacturing Company), Performance R. El-Bourini, K. Hayashi, and T. Adachi (Calsonic Comparison of HFC-134a and CFC-12 with Vari- Corporation), Automotive Air Conditioning System ous Heat Exchangers in Automotive Air-Condi- Performance with HFC-134a Refrigerant, paper tioning Systems, paper 900598 (SAE International 900214 (SAE International Congress and Exposition, Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, 26 February - 2 Detroit, MI, 26 February - 2 March 1990), Society of March 1990), Society of Automotive Engineers Automotive Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, PA, (SAE), Warrendale, PA, February 1990 (12 pages February 1990 (12 pages with 14 figures and 3 with 13 figures and 7 tables, RDB2A17) tables, RDB2252) This paper reviews vehicular wind tunnel tests R-134a that were carried out on two automotive air- conditioning systems. The test data compare S. G. Kandlikar, A General Correlation for Satu- performance of R-12 and R-134a with various rated Two Phase Boiling Heat Transfer Inside heat exchangers. The vehicles, heat exchangers, Horizontal and Vertical Tubes, Journal of Heat test facilities, approach, and findings are re- Transfer, 112:219-228, February 1990 (10 pages, viewed. R-12 was tested with a 525 SUS viscosity rdb3B44) mineral oil. R-134a was tested with a proprietary polyalkylene glycol, supplied by DuPont heat transfer Chemicals. The heat exchangers included both a serpentine and a parallel flow designs. Refrigerant M. C. MacCracken (Lawrence Livermore National charge requirements were determined by Laboratory, LLNL) et al., Energy and Climate comparative tests. R-134a resulted in higher head Change (Report of the DOE Multi-Laboratory pressures, but the same compartment temp- Climate Change Committee), Lewis Publishers, eratures as with R-12. Heat exchanger selection Chelsea, MI, USA, February 1990 (182 pages, rdb- was found to influence charge levels, indicated as 2313) important with use of the more expensive R-134a. An appendix describes the wind tunnel used. global warming, greenhouse gases, environmental impact: emissions, changing atmospheric Prospects for Future Climate. A Special US-USSR composition, atmospheric chemistry, radiative Report on Climate and Climate Change, edited by forcing of the atmosphere, climatic consequence M. C. MacCracken (Lawrence Livermore National of composition changes, impacts for the human Laboratory, LLNL), A. D. Hecht, M. I. Budyko, and Y. environment, technological options for response, A. Izrael, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, USA, National Energy Strategy (NES) February 1990 (270 pages, RDB3971)

C-C. Piao, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Univer- global warming, greenhouse gases, environ- sity, Japan), An Experimental Study for PVT mental impact: past changes, recent trends, Properties of CFC Alternative Refrigerant changes in atmospheric composition including 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), Transactions discussion of halocarbons, projections of future (Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 10-14 February 1990), concentrations, theoretical estimates of climate American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- change induced by greenhouse gas, empirical Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, estimating methods, impacts, prospects 96(1):132-140, 1990; republished in CFC Alterna- tives, technical data bulletin 6(1), ASHRAE, 1-9, Refrigerant Database Page 237

January 1990 This paper examines the effects of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer. It discusses K. Hearle, F. Riza, A. Whitfield, J. Hemby, J. S. Hoff- potential substitutes, including both ab- man, and S. Seidel, Analysis of the Environmental sorption-cycle chillers using water/lithium bromide Implications of the Future Growth in Demand for (W/LB) and reciprocating liquid chillers using R-22 Partially-Halogenated Chlorinated Compounds, and R-717 (ammonia). The paper also addresses report EPA 400/1-90-001, U.S. Environmental R-22 chillers supplemented by ice tank, thermal Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, January storage. Experience with this option is noted as 1990 (304 pages, RDB1113) favorable. For 1000 kW cooling capacity (284 tons), it reduces ozone depletion to less than 1% T. Sabusawa, Recent Developments in Refriger- of that with common R-11 and R-12 centrifugal ation Compressors and Lubrication, Japanese chillers. Journal of Tribology, 35(9):1061-1067, January 1990 (7 pages, RDB4B02) K. Bier, L. R. Oellrich, M. Türk, and J. Zhai (Univer- sität Karlsruhe, Germany), Untersuchungen zum REFPROP, A Program for the Calculation of the Phasengleichgewicht von neuem Kältemitteln Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants and und Kältemittelgemischen in einem großen Temperaturbereich Refrigerant Mixtures, description, National Institute [Investigations of the Equilibrium of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, Between Phases of New Refrigerants and Re- January 1990 (4 pages, RDB1104) frigerant Blends in a Wide Range of Temperatures], Bericht über die Kälte-Klima-Tagung [Proceedings of REFPROP calculates thermodynamic properties the Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference], of refrigerants, both single component and Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, mixtures. Tables produced by REFPROP can be German Association of Refrigeration and used in estimating the efficiency and capability for Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 17(2):233- a wide range of equipment with conventional and 260, 1990 (33 pages in German, RDB4B48) alternative refrigerants. This user friendly package generates saturation property tables at saturated conditions, vapor-liquid equilibrium, desired temperatures or pressures, as well as thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data tables of properties with the independent variables chosen from pressure, volume, tem- T. S. Brown, V. G. Niesen (National Institute of perature, entropy, and enthalpy. Dependent Standards and Technology, NIST), E. D. Sloan, and variables include those mentioned plus con- A. J. Kidnay, Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for the Binary stant-pressure and constant-volume heat ca- Systems of Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and pacities, and velocities of sound. Version 1.0 of n-Butane at Temperatures from 200-344 K, Fluid REFPROP calculates properties for 15 pure re- Phase Equilibria, 53:7-14, 1990 (8 pages, rdb9116) frigerants and 20 binary mixtures. The calculations are based on wide-ranging measurements, presents measured vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) including new data for refrigerants R-123, R-124, and density data for R-728/600, R-728/744, and R-134, and R-134a, as well as revised correla- R-744/600 for -73 to 71 °C (-100 to 160 °F) tions for R-11, R-13, R-13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-113, R-114, R-142b and R-152a. The Carna- Z. Y. Chen, P. C. Albright, and J. V. Sengers (Uni- han-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation of state versity of Maryland), Crossover from Singular (EOS) and ideal gas heat capacities are used. Critical to Regular Classical Thermodynamic REFPROP runs on IBM-compatible personal Behavior of Fluids, Phys. Rev. A, 41:3161-3177, computers. Future upgrades will include addi- 1990 (17 pages, rdb9510) tional refrigerants and ternary blends. equation of state (EOS) in the critical region

1990 (month not indicated) Z. Y. Chen, A. Abbaci, S. Tang, and J. V. Sengers (University of Maryland), Global Thermodynamic T. Aida, R. Higuchi, and H. Niyama, Chem. Letters, Behavior of Fluids in the Critical Region, Phys. 2247-2250, 1990 (4 pages, rdb5252) Rev. A, 42:4470-4484, 1990 (15 pages, rdb9508)

decomposition of R-12 over gold catalyst equation of state (EOS) in the critical region Reactions of Hydrofluorocar- H. U. Amberg (Gesellschaft Kältetechnik-Klimatech- D. L. Cooper et al., bons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons with the nik mbH, Germany), Atmospheric Consequences Hydroxyl Radical Atmospheric Environment of Chlorofluorocarbons, Ki Klima-Kälte-Heizung, , , Germany, 18(10):422-426, 1990 (5 pages in Ger- 24A(9):2417-2419, 1990 (3 pages, rdb5836) man, RDB3C13) alternative refrigerants, HFCs, HCFCs, lifetime, reactions Page 238 Refrigerant Database

K. Cornwell and J. G. Einarsson (Heriot-Watt Uni- eration (IIR), Paris, France, 197-226, 1990 (30 versity, Scotland), Influence of Fluid Flow on Nu- pages, rdb5618) cleate Boiling from a Tube, Experimental Heat Transfer, 3(2):101-116, 1990 (16 pages with 14 fig- properties, performance, and prospects for use of ures and 1 table, RDB5547) R-134a

R-113; mechanisms of nucleate boiling on the J. E. Hansen and A. A. Lacis, Sun and Dust versus outside of a horizontal tube differ fundamentally Greenhouse Gases: An Assessment of their from those on a flat plate; variations at the base, Relative Roles in Global Climate Change, Nature, top, and sides; influences of bubble formation 346:713-719, 1990 (7 pages, rdb7A76)

F. de Rossi, R. Mastrullo, S. Sibilio (Università di environmental impacts Napoli "Frederico II", Italy), P. Mazzei, and M. Sasso (Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy), EASY: R. Heide and H. Lippold, Thermophysical Proper- Exergetic Analysis of SYstems - Interactive ties of the Refrigerants R 134a and R 152a, Computer Code for Refrigerants Thermodynamic Progress in the Science and Technology of Refrig- Properties Evaluation and Exergetic Analysis of eration in Food Engineering (proceedings of the IIR Vapor Compression Systems, Thermophysical Conference, Dresden, Germany, 1990), International Properties of Pure Substances and Mixtures for Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, Refrigeration (proceedings of the meeting of IIR 237-240, 1990 (4 pages, rdb5487) Commission B1, Herzlia, Israel, March 1990), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, R-134a, R-152a, thermophysical data France, 95-101, 1990 (7 pages with 8 figures, RDB5630) J. S. Hoffman (U.S. Environmental Protection Agen- cy, EPA), Replacing CFCs: The Search for Alter- R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-21, R-22, R-23, R- natives, Ambio, 19(6-7):329-333, 1990 (5 pages, 113, R-114, R-114B2, R-115, R-124a [probably rdb5839) R-124], R-134a, R-142b, R-152a, R-C318, R-500, R-502, R-503, R-717, thermodynamic properties, alternative refrigerants thermophysical data International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), R. T. Ellington and M. Meo, Development of a Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons, Environ- Greenhouse Gas Emissions Index, Chemical En- mental Health Criteria (EHC) report 113, World gineering Progress, 86(7):58-63, 1990 (6 pages, Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland, rdb5830) 1990 (172 pages with 16 tables, rdb5367)

global warming R-11, R-12, R-13, R-112, R-112a, R-113, R-113a, R-114, R-114a, and R-115: identification; sum- J. F. Ely and M. L. Huber, NIST Thermophysical mary properties; analytical methods; sources of Properties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures (Super- human and environmental exposure; environ- trapp), Standard Reference Database (SRD) 4 ver- mental transport, distribution, and transformation; sion 1.0, National Institute of Standards and Tech- environmental levels and human exposure; nology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 1990 (software ecological effects; kinetics and metabolism; ef- and documentation available from NIST, rdb8225) fects on laboratory animals; in vitro tests; effects on humans; evaluation of human health risks and thermophysical properties of R-50, R-170, R-290, effects on the environment; recommendations for R-600, R-600a, and others as well as mixtures of protection of human health and the environment; them significant reduction in ventilatory lung capacity, bradycardia, and increased variability in heart rate H. R. Engelhorn and A. M. Reinhart, Investigations have been noted following exposures to on Heat Transfer in a Plate Evaporator, Chemical 2,300-21,400 ppm v/v R-114 for 15, 45, or 60 Engineering Proc., 28:143-146, 1990 (4 pages, rdb- seconds as reported in RDB5340 6434) V. V. Klimenko and M. Fyodorov, Prediction of Heat effects of flow distribution on performance of a Transfer for Two-Phase Forced Flow in Channels compact brazed-plate heat exchanger using R-22 of Different Orientation, Heat Transfer 1990 and R-22/114 (proceedings of the Ninth International Heat Transfer Conference, Jerusalem, Israel), Hemisphere D. Gorenflo (Universität Paderborn, Germany), K. Publishing Corporation, New York, NY, 5:65-70, 1990 Stephan, and R. Krauss (Universität Stuttgart, Ger- (6 pages, rdb4973) many), Prospects Concerning the Development of Substitute Refrigerants - An Example: R134a mechanistic method to predict the transition from (CH2FCF3), Proceedings of the International Col- stratified to unstratified flow during boiling loquium (Brussels), International Institute of Refrig- Refrigerant Database Page 239

H. H. Kruse and M. Kauffeld (Universität Hannover, This paper examines the refrigerating effect and Germany), Kaltluftkältemaschinen nach dem efficiency of R-134a as a replacement for R-12. Joule-Prozess [Air-Cycle Refrigeration Equipment R-134a is indicated to be suitable for use in home Based on the Joule Process], Ki Klima-Kälte-Heiz- refrigerators, but the efficiency is reduced in ung, 18(5):206-211, 1990 (6 pages in German, rdb- refrigerator/freezers. 6930) G. Morrison and J. S. Gallagher (National Institute of R-729 (air), air-cycle refrigeration Standards and Technology, NIST), REFPROP: A Thermodynamic Properties Software Program for A. A. Lacis, D. J. Wuebbles (Lawrence Livermore Refrigerants and Their Mixtures, publication National Laboratory, LLNL), and J. A. Logan, Radi- unknown, 1990 (12 pages with 2 figures, available ative Forcing of Climate by Changes in the Ver- from JMC as RDB0914) tical Distribution of Ozone, Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), 95:9971-9981, 1990 (12 pages, This paper introduces REFPROP, a computer rdb7A35) software package that produces tables of thermodynamic properties for 15 refrigerants and 20 stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate of their binary mixtures. It addresses the Car- change, interactions nahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation of state chosen for property calculations, the software P. A. LaRue, Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Measure- subroutines included, and sources used to obtain ments, technical report 664-DE00521, Centre de the incorporated property data. The paper Recherche Industrielle du Québec, Québec, Canada, compares output to source data for R-123. 1990 (rdb4206) S. Nakagawa, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data, versity, Japan), Specific Heat at Constant Pressure VLE for Liquid New Refrigerants, Proceedings of the 27th National Heat Transfer Symposium of Japan, D. A. Lashof and D. R. Ahuja, Relative Contribu- Nagoya, Japan, 421-423, 1990 (rdb5439) tions of Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Global Warming, Nature, 344:529-531, 1990 (3 pages, rdb- thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data 7C33) V. G. Niesen (National Institute of Standards and climate change, environmental impacts, global Technology, NIST), Critical Locus, (Vapor + Liquid) warming, role of fluorochemical refrigerants Equilibria, and Coexisting Densities of (Carbon Dioxide + Propane) at Temperatures from 311 to R. J. Lewis, Sr., Hazardous Chemicals Desk Ref- 361 K, Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, erence (second edition), Van Nostrand Reinhold 22:777-795, 1990 (19 pages, rdb9115) Publishers, New York, NY, 1990 (rdb5165) presents measured vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) flammability, toxicity, and other safety data and density data for R-744/290 for 38-88 °C (100-190 °F) C-C. Piao (Keio University, Japan), Y. Ikeya (Sumi- tomo Heavy Industries, Limited, Japan), H. Sato S. F. Pearson (Star Refrigeration Limited), Refrig- (Keio), and K. Watanabe (Keio), An Experimental eration after CFCs, Proceedings of the Low Tem- Study of Isobaric Specific Heats for CFC Alter- perature Engineering and Cryogenics Conference, natives, paper B106, Proceedings of the 11th Japan Southampton, 1990 (rdb2237) Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, 99-102, 1990 (4 pages with 8 figures, RDB4A57) R-403A and R-403B

isobaric specific heats of R-22 and R-134a in M. J. Prather (National Aeronautics arid Space Ad- their gaseous phases; thermodynamic properties; ministration, NASA), and C. M. Spivakosky, Tropo- thermophysical data spheric OH and the Lifetimes of Hydrochloroflu- orocarbons (HCFCs), Journal of Geophysical Re- B. Platzer, A. Polt, and G. Maurer, Thermophysical search (JGR), 95:18723-18729, 1990 (7 pages, rdb- Properties of Refrigerants, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 8108) Germany, 1990 (488 pages, rdb4C09) environmental impacts, scaling method to de- thermodynamic data, transport data termine the partial lifetime due to removal in the troposphere via reaction with the hydroxyl radical G. K. Lavrenchenko, M. G. Khmelnuk, G. Ya. Ruvin- skij, V. F. Vozniy (Kiev NPO "Vesta", Russia), En- W. Rott, Zum Wärmeübergang and Phasen- ergy Characteristics of Cycles for Small Refrig- gleichgewicht siedener R22/114-Kältemittel- erating Machines Using R-134a, Kolloidnyi Tekh- Gemische [On the Boiling Heat Transfer and nika [Refrigeration Technology], 7:14-18, 1990 (in Russian, rdb3C10) Page 240 Refrigerant Database

Phase Equilibrium of R-22/114 Refrigerant Mixtures], eration Center (ACRC), University of Illinois at Ur- dissertation, Universität Paderborn, Germany, 1990 bana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, August 1990 (141 (RDB5491) pages, rdb3B53)

R-22/114 heat transfer

H. Seiki, Recent Trend of Compressor Oils, Jour- J. Yata, Thermal Conductivity of Alternatives to nal of the Japanese Society of Tribologists, CFCs, Proceedings of the Eleventh Japan Sympo- 35(9):615-620, 1990 (6 pages, rdb4C36) sium on Thermophysical Properties, 143-146, 1990 (4 pages, rdb3920) P. Sokol, H. Schömann, W. Rott, and D. Gorenflo (Universität Paderborn, Germany), Heat Transfer R-123 and others: thermophysical data During Nucleate Boiling of New Refrigerants, DKV-Tagungsberichte (Heidelberg, Germany, No- S. M. You, T. W. Simon, A. Bar-Cohen, and W. Tong, vember 1990), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatech- Experimental Investigation of Nucleate Boiling nischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Refrig- Incipience with a Highly-Wetted Dielectric Fluid eration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Germany, (R-113), International Journal of Heat and Mass 17(2):323-339, 1990; translated by Quest Technol- Transfer, 33(1):105-117, 1990 (13 pages, rdb3B62) ogy, Incorporated (file QU0467), Arlington Heights, IL (24 pages with 8 figures and 4 tables, RDB3A18) 1990-1991 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment, 1990-1991 R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-123, R-134a, R- Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and 227ea Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, The American Conference of Government Industrial G. Stängl and F. Mayinger (Technische Universität Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1-49 and notes, München, TUM, Germany), Void Fraction Mea- 1990 (55 of 132 pages with 2 tables and 4 surement in Subcooled Forced Convective appendices, RDB2B05) Boiling with Refrigerant-12, Experimental Heat Transfer, 3(3):323-340, 1990 (18 pages with 17 fig- This book provides data for use as guidelines or ures, rdb6808) recommendations in the control of potential hazards. Threshold limit values (TLVs) are tab- void fraction and pressure drop of R-12 in forced, ulated for airborne concentrations of chemical convective boiling; prediction model based on substances to which workers may be exposed. drift flux These chemicals include common refrigerants based on both chronic and acute effects. The TLV K. H. U. Ström (Chalmers University of Technology, data refer to concentrations under which it is Sweden), A Study of Molar Volumes for Some believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly Pure Halogenated Hydrocarbons and their Binary exposed without adverse health effects subject to Mixtures, Canadian Journal of Chemical En- identified considerations. The TLVs are gineering, 68:645-651, 1990 (7 pages, rdb7C58) categorized as time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), short-term exposure limit (STEL or R-12/R-114, R-22/114, and others: thermody- TLV-STEL), and ceiling (TLV-C). Notes are pro- namic properties, thermophysical data, Thom- vided for interpretation, but the information is not son-Brobst-Hankinson (TBH), Lee-Kesler-Plöcker intended for use without training in industrial (LKP), Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) hygiene. The document also lists intended equations of state (EOS) changes and provides appendices addressing carcinogens, substances of variable composition, Y. Takaishi and K. Oguchi (Kanagawa Institute of mixtures, and sampling criteria for airborne Technology, Japan), Vapor Pressures of R12/Oil particulate matter. and R22/Oil Mixtures, Nippon Reito Kyokai Ron- bunshu [Transactions of the JAR], Nippon Reito Boundary Lubrication of Ternary Blends (KCD- Kyokai [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], 9430 and 9433), document ARTD-12, E. I. duPont de Tokyo, Japan, 7:75-84, 1990 (10 pages in Japanese, Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, rdb5435) DE, undated circa 1990 (3 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB0541) R-12, R-22, mineral oil This document summarizes a study to determine the lubricity of a 150 SUS viscosity alkylbenzene J. P. Wattelet, Design, Building, and Baseline (R) Testing of an Apparatus Used to Measure Evap- (Shrieve Zerol 150) lubricant with two oration Characteristics of Ozone-Safe Refriger- developmental refrigerants, KCD-9430 and ants, MS thesis (Department of Mechanical Engi- KCD-9433. Both are ternary zeotropic blends, neering), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 1990; republished with J. C. Chato as report TR-2, Air-Conditioning and Refrig- Refrigerant Database Page 241

R-22/152a/114 (36/24/40) and R-22/152a/124 and for proprietary lubricants with R-134a. The (36/24/40), respectively. Measurements were solubility of four unidentified polyalkylene glycols made using a modified Falex pin and v-block test (PAGs) with different viscosities, covering machine, with refrigerant bubbled through the appliance through automotive applications, are lubricant; the test procedure is outlined. Failure plotted for mixtures with R-134a. Their phase loads are tabulated for the lubricant alone, with separation indicates incomplete solubility, as R-12 for comparison, and with the two blends. contrasted to full solubility for mineral oils used Data are provided for the neat lubricant, with two with R-12. Implications on flow, heat transfer, and unidentified additives, and with both additives oil return are briefly mentioned. The results of together. The document concludes that the stability tests with aluminum, copper, and steel alkylbenzene lubricant with additives provides coupons are tabulated for R-12 with both acceptable lubrication with either blend. The naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oils and for R- refrigerant-lubricant mixtures were deemed 134a with a PAG. One test is included with nylon suitable for further compressor durability testing. also present. The results indicate that the R-134a and PAG system has acceptable stability. Plans Guide to Occupational Exposure Values - 1990, for ongoing and future tests are noted. Solubility The American Conference of Governmental Indus- and lubricity tests for mineral oils and trial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1990 (122 alkylbenzenes with ternary zeotropic blends, pages, RDB3902) comprising R-22/152a/114 (36/24/40) and R- 22/152a/124 (36/24/40), are briefly reviewed. They This reference document compares the most indicate that the mineral oils did not meet solubility recent toxicity exposure limits. It includes goals. The blend and alkylbenzene systems did Threshold Limit Values (TLV) from the American not perform favorably without additives, but Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists responded well with addition of extreme pressure (ACGIH), the 1989 amended Permissible (EP) additives already used in air-conditioning and Exposure Limits (PEL) from the Occupational refrigeration systems. Chemical stability test Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) results are tabulated for two paraffinic and one [subsequently vacated pursuant to a court order], naphthenic mineral oils and an alkylbenzene the Recommended Exposure Limits (REL) from lubricant (all unidentified) with R-12 and the two the National Institute for Occupational Safety and zeotropes. Qualitative findings are presented for Health (NIOSH), and the 1989 maximale liquid color, effect on metals, and copper plating; Arbeitsplatz Konzentrationen [maximum work- quantitative data are included for chloride and place concentration] (MAK) and biologischer fluoride ion content. The bulletin concludes that Arbeitsstoff-Toleranz-Wert [biological tolerance the blend-alkylbenzene combination is more value] (BAT) from the Deutsche For- stable than R-12/mineral oil systems and that the schungsgemeinschaft [German Research Asso- blend containing R-124 (KCD-9433) is more stable ciation] (DFG) Commission for the Investigation of than that containing R-114 (KCD-9430). Further Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the test needs are briefly summarized. Workplace. It also identifies carcinogens found in the workplace that are identified by the above PAFT Update, document H-24080-1, DuPont organizations, the International Agency for Chemicals, Wilmington, DE, undated, circa 1990 (4 Research on Cancer (IARC), and the U.S. pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as RDB- National Toxicology Program (NTP). The refrig- 1156) erants addressed include R-11, R-12, R-12B2, R- 21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-114, R-115, R-170 This bulletin outlines the Programme for Alter- (ethane), R-290 (propane), R-600 (butane), R- native Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT) and 611, R-630, R-631, R-717 (ammonia), R-744 summarizes both the testing schedule and interim (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), R-1130, findings. It indicates that PAFT is designed to R-7146 (sulfur hexafluoride), and others. expedite the development of toxicology data for possible substitute fluorocarbons. The programs Oils for Alternative Refrigerants, document integrate past and present toxicological ARTD-11, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, information to perform a careful risk assessment. Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1990 (4 The bulletin identifies the main types of studies pages with 1 figure and 2 tables, available from JMC conducted by PAFT. They include acute toxicity as RDB0540) by several different routes of exposure, genotoxicity, subchronic toxicity by inhalation, This bulletin reviews the properties desired in developmental toxicity by teratology and developmental lubricants, including acceptable inhalation, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity by solubility, lubricity, stability, compatibility, toxicity, inhalation, and environmental toxicity. A table and cost. Test results are reported for non- gives the schedule for testing, bro- proprietary oils with ternary zeotropic blends Page 242 Refrigerant Database

ken into phases the longest of which requires four acrylic, Nylclad nylon-coated polyvinyl, polyimide, years. Four programs are identified: PAFT I, polyurethane, and Formvar polyvinyl. which began in 1987, covers R-123 and R-134a. PAFT II, initiated in 1988, addresses R-141b. Ternary Refrigerant Blends, document ARTD-10, PAFT III, begun in late 1989, is studying R-124 E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Incorpo- and R-125. PAFT IV, established in May 1990, rated, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1990 (6 pages, will examine R-225 isomers for solvent cleaning. available from JMC as RDB0539) A table summarizes key results as of June 1990 for the fluids names as well as for R-11 and R-12 Ternary Refrigerant Blends for the Automotive for comparison. The data include ALC/LC50, oral Aftermarket, document ARTD-1, E. I. duPont de LD50, cardiac sensitization thresholds, Ames Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, assay, in vivo mutagenicity, subchronic no DE, undated circa 1990 (12 pages with 9 figures and observed effect level (NOEL), teratogenic, chronic 7 tables, available from JMC as RDB0535) inhalation, and flammability data. The completion schedule and recommended exposure limits are Test results for R-22/152a/114 (36/24/40) (blend included. KCD-9430) and R-22/152a/124 (36/24/40) (blend KCD-9433) for automotive use; concludes that the Policy Options for Stabilizing Global Climate, blends are not drop-in replacements for R-12, but Report to Congress, edited by D. A. Lashof and D. that technologies exist or can be developed to A. Tirpak, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, accomplish retrofit while maintaining acceptable U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), performance; topics covered include environ- Washington, DC, 1990 (rdb4363) mental impacts; toxicity; properties; flammability; compatibility data for hoses constructed of nylon, climate change, environmental impacts, global DuPont Hypalon® 48, nitrile; compatibility data for warming elastomers including epichlorohydrin, neoprene, nitrile; compatibility data for molecular-sieve Production, Sales and Calculated Release of desiccants; and solubility and lubricity data for CFCs 11 and 12 through 1989, Chemical Manu- BVM-100N, Idemitsu, and Mopar mineral oils and facturers Association (CMA), Washington, DC, 1990 Zerol® 500 alkylbenzene oils, the last with three (rdb3127) additives for the lubricity tests.

production and emission data for R-11 and R-12 Thermodynamic Properties of [H]FC-134a, report NIST-6, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Production, Sales and Calculated Release of Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1990 CFCs 113, 114 and 115 through 1989, Chemical (27 pages with 2 tables, available from JMC as Manufacturers Association (CMA), Washington, DC, RDB0302) 1990 (rdb3128) This report provides thermodynamic property data production and emission data for R-113, R-114, for R-134a in inch-pound (IP) units of measure and R-115 calculated with the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. A table presents pressure, volume, density, Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: enthalpy, and entropy at saturated conditions for 1989 (Appendix: AFEAS Report), report 20, World the temperature range of -73 to 100 °C (-100 to Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, 212 °F) in 0.6 °C (1 °F) increments and for the Switzerland, II, 1990 (536 pages, available from critical temperature of 100.6 °C (213.0 °F). A AFEAS, also available from JMC as RDB1117) second table presents volume, enthalpy, and entropy data for superheated vapor at constant Summary of Physical Property, Solubility, and pressure. Compatibility Data for [HC]FC-123, report NIST-9, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incor- porated, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1990 (11 pages with 3 figures and 4 tables, available from 1989 JMC as RDB0305) Liquid density, vapor pressure, viscosity, surface December 1989 tension, and Kauri-butanol number are provided for R-123. The solubility of water and various H. Honda, B. Uchima, S. Nozu, H. Nakata, and E. substances in R-123 also are given. Additionally, Torigoe (Okayama University, Japan), Film Con- the report qualitatively summarizes compatibility densation of Downward Flowing R113 Vapour on tests with various magnet wire varnishes, In-Line Bundles of Horizontal Finned Tubes, including Alkanex terephthalate polyester, enamel oleoresin, Ensolex acrylic, epoxy, Anavar isocyanate-modified polyvinyl, Lecton Refrigerant Database Page 243

Heat Transfer with Phase Change (Winter Annual Conditioning Engineers), Germany, 1989 (in German, Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 10-15 December 1989), rdb4A72) edited by I. S. Habib and R. J. Dallman, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, R-718 NY, HTD-108:117-125, 1989 (9 pages, rdb5733) L. M. Schlager, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Per- R-113, heat transfer, enhanced tubes formance of Micro-Fin Tubes with Refrigerant 22 and Oil Mixtures, ASHRAE Journal, 31(11):17-28, T. Suzuki, Y. Kai, S. Enomoto, and T. Sakai, Refrig- November 1989 (12 pages with 8 figures and 2 ta- erator Lubricating Oil, Kokai Tokkyo Kono, Japan, bles, rdb2243) December 1989 (rdb4B20) R-22, naphthenic mineral oil, copper tubes, micro November 1989 fin and low fin surface enhancement, heat transfer

T. Atwood (AlliedSignal Incorporated), The Need for H. O. Spauschus (Georgia Institute of Technology), Standardized Nomenclature for Refrigerants, Refrigerant Mixtures - Challenges and Opportu- ASHRAE Journal, 31(11):44-47, November 1989 (3 nities, ASHRAE Journal, 31(11):38-41, November pages with 1 table, RDB0545) 1989 (rdb4234)

J. M. Calm (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- Compatibility of Elastomers with the Ternary stitute, ARI), Composition Designations for Re- Blends of HCFC-22/HFC-152a/CFC-114 and frigerants, ASHRAE Journal, 31(11):48-51, Novem- HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, document ARTD-3, ber 1989 (3 pages, available from JMC as RDB0546) E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 7 November 1989 (26 This paper provides recommendations for con- pages, available from JMC as RDB0537) sistent use of prefixes for refrigerant designations. The need for uniform nomenclature and a survey, R-22/152a/114, R-22/152a/124 performed for the Technology Council and the Research and Technical Committee (R&T) of the October 1989 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), are summarized. The requirement surfaced with K. Bärnthaler, J. Fresner, and H. Schnitzer (Techni- Ethyl Chloride - A increasing regulatory and legislative actions to sche Universität Graz, Austria), limit production, use, and emission of refrigerants New Working Medium for Compression Heat Pumps with Low Ozone Depletion Potential of environmental concern. A variety of , Pro- composition-designating identifiers were ceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on introduced to distinguish between refrigerants, but Solar Energy, Heat Pumps, and Floor Heating, Is- nonuniform usage resulted in confusion rather tanbul, Turkey, 23-24 October 1989 (rdb4332) than clarification. [The recommendations of this paper were incorporated into ASHRAE Standard R-160 34-1992, see RDB2909] H. Kawahira, Y. Kubo, T. Yokoyama (Tokyo Electric J. E. Hansen, A. A. Lacis, and M. J. Prather (National Power Company, Japan), and J. Ogata (Mitsubishi Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA), Heavy Industries, Limited, Japan), The Effect of an Greenhouse Effects of Chlorofluorocarbons and Electric Field on Boiling Heat Transfer of Refrig- Other Trace Gases, Journal of Geophysical Re- erant-11 - Boiling on a Single Tube, paper IUSD search (JGR), 94(D13):16417-16421, November 87-61, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 1989 (5 pages, rdb5557) (Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, At- lanta, GA, 19-23 October 1989), Institute of Electrical environmental impacts and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 26(2):359-365, March/April 1990 (7 pages with 9 figures, rdb3C20) J. Paul (Integral Technologie GmbH, Germany), Wasser als Kältemittel [Water as a Refrigerant], This paper summarizes an experimental investi- Bericht über die Kälte-Klima-Tagung [Proceedings of gation of the effect of an electric field on pool the Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference] boiling of R-11 on a single, smooth tube with (Hannover, Germany, 22 November 1989), several rows of electrodes. It reviews prior studies Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, and describes, and illustrates the experimental German Association of Refrigeration and Air- apparatus. The paper discusses the influences of 0-2% (by weight) mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) 4GS), the surface roughness of the test tube, and the strength and polarity of an Page 244 Refrigerant Database

applied voltage. The paper concludes that: 1) the Isotron 12 (CFC-12) Toxicology Data Summary, number of boiling bubbles decreases but the heat Elf Atochem North America, Incorporated, King of transfer coefficient increases as the applied Prussia, PA, October 1989 (RDB5146) voltage increases; 2) the polarity of the applied voltage affects the boiling heat transfer (a R-12, toxicity negative direct current electric field yields better heat transfer with neat refrigerant), and 3) a Report to the Secretary of Energy on Ozone-De- negative field does not adversely affect heat pleting Substances, U.S. Department of Energy, transfer for a refrigerant-oil mixture, but enhanced Washington, DC, October 1989 (63 pages, RDB- transfer results in a positive field. 1112)

S. C. McDonald, International Aspects of Restric- analysis of the energy and economic effects of tions on Ozone-Depleting Substances, report phasing out certain organic chlorine and bromine PNL-7163, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, products WA, October 1989 (72 pages with 7 tables, available from NTIS, RDB2B06) September 1989 This report summarizes international efforts re- J. L. Boot (Whirlpool Corporation), An Overview of lated to protection of stratospheric ozone as well CFC Alternatives for Domestic Refrigerators and as implications for the United States. It includes a Freezers, CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's discussion of activities in other countries to meet Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC Technology restrictions in production and use of Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 27-28 September ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Data are 1989), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, presented on use of controlled ODSs in these and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, countries. The document concludes with GA, 75-80, 1990; republished in International Journal presentation of trade and international competi- of Refrigeration (IJR), 13(2):100-105, February 1990 tiveness issues relating to transition to alterna- (6 pages with 8 figures and 4 tables, RDB3121) tives to the regulated chlorofluorocarbons and halons. Information is provided on foreign chemical manufacture and the search for alter- alternative refrigerants natives to regulated substances. Appendices identify participants in the Vienna Convention and D. A. Didion (National Institute of Standards and Montreal Protocol, a draft declaration from the Technology, NIST) and D. B. Bivens (DuPont Helsinki meeting in May 1989 of parties to the Chemicals), The Role of Refrigerant Mixtures as Montreal Protocol, and the 1987 text of the Alternatives to CFCs, CFCs: Today's Options Protocol itself. -Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC Technology Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, L. A. Weber (National Institute of Standards and 27-28 September 1989), American Society of Technology, NIST), Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Binary Systems of Chlorotrifluoromethane with neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 57-69, 1990; Interna- n-Butane and Isobutane, Journal of Chemical and tional Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 13(5):163-175, Engineering Data, 34:452-455, October 1989 (4 May 1990 (13 pages with 33 figures, RDB2C04) pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, RDB6706) azeotropic and zeotropic blends thermodynamic properties of R-13/600 and R- 13/600a fit to Peng-Robinson (PR) equations of F. C. Hayes (The Trane Company), Centrifugal state (EOS): measurements of the vapor-liquid Water Chillers, CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's equilibrium (VLE) phase compositions at 38, 77, Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC Technology and 127 °C (100, 170, and 260 °F); presents Conference, Gaithersburg, MD 27-28 September derivations of Henry's constants, an indicator of 1989), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, gas solubility in the liquid; compares their tem- and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, perature behavior with predicted values GA, 71-73, 1990 (3 pages with 4 tables, RDB3120)

Investigation of Horizontal Tube Falling-Film R-11, R-12, R-22, R-114, R-123, R-134a, R-290, Absorbers, research project 405-RP, American R-500, R-717, usage, emissions, new designs, Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- conversions, environmental impacts tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, Septem- ber 1985 - October 1989 (ASH0405) D. Jung (University of Maryland), M. O. McLinden (National Institute of Standards and Technology, The contractor for the project was the University NIST), R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland), of Texas at Austin, led by G. C. Vliet; it was and D. A. Didion (NIST), A Study of Flow-Boiling sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.3, Heat Transfer with Refrigerant Mixtures, Interna- Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines. Refrigerant Database Page 245

tional Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, M. J. Kurylo (National Aeronautics and Space Ad- 32(9):1751-1764, September 1989 (14 pages, rdb- ministration, NASA, and National Institute of Stan- 2348) dards and Technology, NIST), The Chemistry of Stratospheric Ozone: Its Response to Natural and flow boiling of zeotropic blends inside smooth Anthropogenic Influences, CFCs: Today's Options - tubes; prediction correlations Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC Technology Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 27-28 W. L. Kopko (York International Corporation), Be- September 1989), American Society of Heating yond CFCs: Extending the Search for New Re- Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers frigerants, CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 5-15, 1990 (11 pages with 1 Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE's CFC Tech- figure and 3 tables, RDB2110) nology Conference, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, September M. O. McLinden (National Institute of Standards and 1989), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Properties of and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, CFC Alternatives - A Survey of Available Data, GA, 39-46, 1990; republished in International Journal CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's Solutions of Refrigeration (IJR), 13(3):79-85, March 1990 (8 (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC Technology pages 6 figures and 3 tables, RDB2304) Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 27-28 September 1989), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), CFC and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, Research Activities in Europe, CFCs: Today's GA, 17-31, 1990; republished in International Journal Options - Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of of Refrigeration (IJR), 13(3):149-162, May 1990 (15 ASHRAE CFC Technology Conference, Gaithers- pages with 29 figures and 5 tables, available from burg, MD, 27-28 September 1989), American Society JMC as RDB0912) of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 97-106, 1990; Thermodynamic properties, from a variety of republished in International Journal of Refrigeration sources including unpublished data, are sum- (IJR), 13(3):122 ff, March 1990 (10 pages with 11 marized for ten potential substitutes for CFC re- figures and 3 tables, RDB3123) frigerants. The fluids include R-22, R-23, R-32, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-134a, R-142b, R-143a, L. J. M. Kuijpers (Phillips Research Laboratories, and R-152a. The data include triple-point, normal The Netherlands), UNEP Assessment of the Mon- boiling point, and critical point parameters, and treal Protocol: Refrigeration within the Frame- the temperature dependence of the vapor work of the Montreal Protocol, CFCs: Today's pressure saturated liquid density, and ideal-gas Options - Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of data heat capacity. Also considered are single- ASHRAE CFC Technology Conference, Gaithers- phase PVT data. The saturation and ideal-gas burg, MD, 27-28 September 1989), American Society data are fit to simple correlations. of Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1-4, 1990 (4 E. B. Muir (Copeland Corporation), Commercial pages, RDB2109) Refrigeration and CFCs, CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC This paper outlines the process for assessment of Technology Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 27-28 the Montreal Protocol under the auspices of the September 1989), American Society of Heating, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers The introduction identifies both the panels (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 81-86, 1990 (6 pages with involved and their chairmen, including that on 19 figures and 1 table, RDB3122) "Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Heat Pumps." It is chaired by the paper's author and is K. Ushimaru (Energy International, Incorporated), a part of the larger Technology Review Panel. Impact of CFC Curtailment on Refrigeration and The paper reviews the drafting process and Mitigation Research in Japan, CFCs: Today's schedule for a Technical Options Committee Options - Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of (TOC) report, a peer reviewed document ASHRAE's 1989 CFC Technology Conference, prepared by approximately 50 experts in the area. Gaithersburg, MD, 27-28 September 1989), Ameri- It then summarizes its key conclusions. The can Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- paper concludes that chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 107- consumption can be substantially reduced by 117, 1990; republished in International Journal of following good practices and substituting other Refrigeration (IJR), 13(3):131-141, March 1990 (10 products or processes. It suggests that a pages with 10 figures and 2 tables, RDB1205) reduction of 85-90% referenced to 1986 consumption levels is feasible by 2000, assuming This paper focuses on efforts in Japan to develop availability of substitutes by 1994. technical options for reducing CFC emissions. Alternative refrigerants for R-12 (used in Page 246 Refrigerant Database

automobile air-conditioners and residential re- CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's Solutions frigerators) and R-113 (used extensively as a (proceedings of 1989 ASHRAE CFC Technology solvent and cleaning agent) are presented. CFC Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, September 1989), mitigation options are discussed for control American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- technologies, work practices and economics, Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, chemical substitutes, and product substitutes. 1990 (128 pages with 13 papers, RDB1139) Japan's usage profile and historical background on its environmental responsiveness are ad- August 1989 dressed. The article notes that R-113 recovery and recycling equipment are already marketed in P. A. Domanski, EVSIM - An Evaporator Simulation Japan and that the demand for this equipment is Model Accounting for Refrigerant and One projected to grow to $15 billion by 1998. Dimensional Air Distribution, report NISTIR 89- Additionally, leading Japanese chemical pro- 4133, National Institute of Standards and Technology ducers are moving forward with plans for the (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, August 1989 (148 pages production of R-134a as a substitute for R-12. with 15 figures and 6 tables, available from NTIS, RDB4729) I. R. Shankland (AlliedSignal Incorporated), CFC Alternatives for Thermal Insulation Foams, heat and mass transfer CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE's CFC Technology Con- Y. You (Yangzhou Industrial Institute, China), Y. T. ference, National Institute of Standards and Tech- Ma, and C. R. Lu (Tianjin University, China), A New nology, Gaithersburg, MD, September 1989), Heat Pump System of Continuous Capacity American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Control with Nonazeotropic Mixtures, paper Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 87- 899420, proceedings of the 24th Intersociety Energy 95, 1990; republished in International Journal of Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC, Refrigeration (IJR), 13(2):113-121, February 1990 (9 Washington, DC, 6-11 August 1989), publication pages, RDB0518) CH2781-3, Institute of Electrical and Electronic En- gineers (IEEE), New York, NY 6:2117-2119, 1989 (3 H. O. Spauschus (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- pages with 2 figures, RDB3C18) rated), Compatibility Requirements for CFC Al- ternatives, CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's This paper presents a conceptual approach to Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC Technology continuously modulate the capacity of a heat Conference, Gaithersburg, MD, 27-28 September pump, without performance loss, by controlling 1989), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, the composition of the zeotropic mixture used as and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, its refrigerant. The concept is compared to GA, 33-38, 1990; International Journal of systems proposed by others. The authors con- Refrigeration (IJR), 13(3):73-78, March 1990 (6 clude that the new scheme is comparatively pages, RDB1101) simple in structure, convenient to operate, and has a wide range of modulation. The new system This paper reviews the materials compatibility and can automatically control the composition based fluid property information required for design and on changes in the indoor-air or return water successful commercial application of temperature. No specific zeotropes are cited, but air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. a schematic of the heat pump and a generic Information on alternative refrigerants, including temperature-composition diagram, showing the leading candidates, future prospects, and dew-point and bubble-point curves, are given. long-term possibilities, are summarized. Methods of predicting compatibility based on structural Impact of a CFC Ban on the Cost and Perfor- information and modeling are proposed. mance of Household Refrigerators, Centrifugal Chillers, and Commercial/Industrial Systems, W. F. Stoecker (University of Illinois at Urbana- technical memorandum to U.S. Department of En- Champaign), Expanded Applications of Ammonia ergy, Arthur D. Little, Incorporated, Cambridge, MA, - Coping with Releases to the Atmosphere, August 1989 (82 pages, RDB1110) CFCs: Today's Options - Tomorrow's Solutions (proceedings of ASHRAE CFC Technology Confer- This report assesses the potential response of ence, Gaithersburg, MD, 27-28 September 1989), and impacts on the refrigeration industry to a American Society of Heating Refrigerating, and Air- regulatory ban on the production of CFC working Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 47- fluids by the year 2000. The primary focus is on 55, 1990 (9 pages with 18 figures, RDB2111) the most likely alternatives, in each application category, and their impact on the design and R-717, venting, dispersion performance of new equipment. Refrigerant Database Page 247

Potential Costs of Restricting Chlorofluorocar- Conference on Foundations of Computer-Aided bon Use, report SR/ESD/89-01, Energy Information Process Design, FOCAPD, Snowmass, CO, 10-14 Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, July 1989), Elsevier, New York, 363-387, 1989 (22 Washington, DC, August 1989 (88 pages with 33 pages with 7 figures and 13 tables, RDB7702) figures, 10 tables, and 2 appendices, RDB1111) strategy for computer-aided molecular design This report analyzes economic costs for the (CAMD) to identify or develop refrigerants with United States to phase out production of chloro- desired properties, by optimizing the influences of fluorocarbons (CFCs) by the year 2000. CFCs are selected structural groups: illustrates a search for divided into two groups for the study, one R-12 replacements for automotive air conditioners comprising foams, solvents, and fire extinguish- ants and one for application in refrigeration and J. R. Sand, E. A. Vineyard (Oak Ridge National air conditioning. The latter is addressed by an- Laboratory, ORNL), and R. J. Nowak (Purdue Uni- alyzing the phase out costs for new equipment, versity), Comparable Refrigerant Performance impacts on energy efficiency and the economy, Data, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak and premature obsolescence of existing equip- Ridge, TN, July 1989 (8 pages with 1 figure and 5 ment. The report reviews CFC uses, substitutes, tables as RDB0543) problems associated with phase out, the assessment of impacts, and comparison with a performance comparisons for R-12, R-22, R-32, separate but related study. The report concludes R-114, R-124, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-142b, R- that substitutes will increase costs by 2% in new 143, R-143a, R-152a, R-218, and R-C318 at four equipment, equating to an increase of $6.4-12.5 standard heat pump rating conditions [also see billion in 1989 dollars. It also found a 1.2% RDB4129] decrease in energy efficiency, leading to 30-90 TWh (0.1-0.3 quadrillion Btu) higher primary Assessment of the Impacts Associated with a energy use. The largest impact would result from Total CFC Phase Out, final report, Putnam, Hayes premature obsolescence costs, as high as $13-2 and Bartlett, Incorporated, Washington, DC, July billion with 75% attributable to automobile air 1989 (60 pages, RDB1118) conditioners. Compatibility of Elastomers with HFC-134a at Research Needs for Energy Efficient Alternatives About 25 °C, report NIST-2, Freon(R) Products to Chlorofluorocarbons, request for proposals Laboratory, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, DE-RP01-89ER30155, U.S. Department of Energy Incorporated, Wilmington DE, 17 July 1989 (15 pages (DOE), Washington, DC, August 1989 (170 pages, with 13 tables, available from JMC as RDB0532) RDB1141) A broad range of elastomers were tested to July 1989 compare compatibility with R-134a to that with R-12. The tests were performed at approximately H. B. Ginder, R-123 versus R-11 Performance 25 °C (77 °F), for consistency with historic data. Test, York International Corporation, York, PA, 19 The influences of the refrigerant were measured July 1989 (2 pages with 1 table, available from JMC after immersion for 27 days and again after 14 as RDB0008) days of drying in air. Length, weight, Shore A hardness, appearance and physical properties are The performance of a 200-ton chiller, designed tabulated, the last based on qualitative for R-11 operation, is compared at nominal rating observations for stretching, bending, squeezing, and flexing. The elastomers tested include conditions for R-123 and R-11 with a naphthenic (R) oil. The chiller employs a single-stage centrifugal urethane (Uniroyal Adiprene C), Buna N and S, compressor with an open drive and air-cooled butyl rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene (DuPont Hypalon(R) 48), natural rubber, neoprene motor. The results at full load indicate a 16.3% (R) reduction in capacity and an increase of 9.2% in W, hydrocarbon rubber (DuPont Nordel ), silicone, polysulfide (Morton Thiokol(R) FA), and kW/ton (8% lower efficiency. Although testing at (R) loads of 20-100% capacity and varied evaporator fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton A). For R-134a, and condenser conditions are indicated, part-load Adiprene L, Buna N, butyl rubber, Hypalon 48, performance is not reported. natural rubber, neoprene W, and Nordel were judged to be preferred and Thiokol FA K. G. Joback and G. Stephanopoulos (Massachu- recommended, but not preferred. For R-12, setts Institute of Technology, MIT), Designing Adiprene L, Buna N, and Hypalon 48 were pre- Molecules Possessing Desired Physical Property ferred, and neoprene W, Nordel, Thiokol FA Values, Foundations of Computer-Aided Process recommended, but not at the preferred level. Design (proceedings of the Third International Page 248 Refrigerant Database

Buna S, silicone, and Viton A were not recom- fluoroelastomeric (DuPont Viton(R) B) o-rings are mended for either R-12 or R-134a. given. In each investigation, R-142b exhibited characteristics comparable to, or better than, R-22. June 1989 L. M. Schlager, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, De- L. J. M. Kuijpers et al., Refrigeration, Air Condi- sign Equations for Predicting Heat Transfer and tioning, and Heat Pumps (Technical Options Pressure Drop Performance with Refrigerant-Oil Report), Technical Progress on Protecting the Mixtures in Smooth and Internally Finned Tubes, Ozone Layer, United Nations Environment Pro- technical paper 3293 (469-RP), Transactions (Annual gramme (UNEP), Paris, France, 30 June 1989 (172 Meeting, Vancouver, BC, 24-28 June 1989), pages with 13 figures and 24 tables, available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- JMC as RDB2317) Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 95(2), 1989 (rdb2245) This report is one of five Technical Options committee (TOC) reports prepared to assess the R-22 status of technologies impacted by the Montreal Protocol and to identify options for achieving H. O. Spauschus and D. R. Hurst, New Stability compliance. The report was prepared by an Test Methods for Alternative Refrigerants and international panel of 48 individuals, pursuant to Mixtures, presentation slides and abstract (seminar Article 6 of the Protocol. It addresses the Protocol on Ozone/CFC - Alternative Studies Update), ASH- and reassessment procedure, refrigerants, RAE 1989 Annual Meeting (Vancouver, BC, Canada, domestic refrigeration (including refrigerators and 24-28 June 1989) Spauschus Associates, Atlanta, other appliances), retail refrigeration (including GA, June 1989 (15 pages, available from JMC as commercial uses), transport refrigeration, cold RDB0544) storage, industrial refrigeration, comfort air conditioning, mobile air conditioning, heat pumps, compatibility test methods and refrigerant recycling. T. G. Statt (U.S. Department of Energy, DOE), En- D. Parent and P. A. LaRue (Centre de Recherche ergy Implications of Global Climate Change, Industrielle du Québec, Canada), Testing and presentation charts, 1989 ASHRAE Annual Meeting Modeling of a Water-to-Air Heat Pump Operating (Vancouver, BC, 24-28 June 1989), U.S. Department with a Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixture, of Energy Washington, DC, June 1989 (16 pages, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, 24- RDB1109) 28 June 1989), American Society of Heating, Re- frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- E. A. Vineyard, J. R. Sand, and W. A. Miller (Oak RAE), Atlanta, GA, 95(2):405-410, 1989 (6 pages Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), Refrigerator- with 19 figures and 5 references, RDB5611) Freezer Energy Testing with Alternative Refrig- erants, Transactions (ASHRAE Annual Meeting, R-13B1/152a, R-22/114, R-23/22, zeotropic Vancouver, BC, Canada, 24-28 June 1989), Ameri- blends, Simpac program, simulation can Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 95(2), K. S. Sanvordenker, Materials Compatibility of R- 1989; republished in ASHRAE Special Publication, 142b for Hermetic Units, Tecumseh Products CFCs: Time of Transition, ASHRAE, 205-210, 1989 Company, Ann Arbor, MI, June 1989 (7 pages with 2 (6 pages with 2 figures and 3 tables, RDB2121) figures and 5 tables, available from JMC as RDB- 0002) R-134a, R-22/142b, R-12/DME, R-500

Two figures compare the miscibility of R-142b L. Weitzman (Acurex Corporation), Evaluation of and R-22 with Capella B and Calumet R015 Refrigerant from Mobile Air Conditioners, project mineral oils. The miscibility of R-142b with Zerol(R) summary EPA/600/S2-89/009, U.S. Environmental 150 alkylbenzene lubricant also is discussed. Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, Quantitative data on two magnet wire insulations NC, June 1989 (4 pages with 1 table, available from (polyester-imide and polyester enamel JMC as RDB5444) overcoated with amide-imide) with R-142b and R-22 are given for refrigerant absorption, refrigerant purity softening, blistering, and retained dielectric strength. R-142b and R-22 effects on the core- IEA Heat Pump Center Newsletter, issue on Heat bond tensile strength of two unidentified sol- Pumps and the Environment, International Energy vent-based epoxy-type varnishes also are pre- Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Center (HPC), Sittard, The sented. Additionally, swell tests of R-142b with Netherlands, 7(2), June 1989 (64 pages, RDB0925) four elastomeric (neoprene, EPR, nitrile, and Refrigerant Database Page 249

This issue focuses primarily on refrigerant envi- at Purdue University in July 1988, with general ronmental impacts of refrigerants. remarks on selected papers

J. R. Sand and E. A. Vineyard, Report of Foreign May 1989 Travel: 2-5 May 1989 [Zeotropic Blends in Re- frigerators], ORNL/FTR-3251, Oak Ridge National D. Jung (National Institute of Standards and Tech- Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 18 May 1989 (14 pages, nology, NIST), Horizontal-Flow Boiling Heat available from JMC as RDB1135) Transfer Using Refrigerant Mixtures, report ER- 6364, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo This informal report summarizes meetings on Alto, CA, May 1989 (236 pages with 62 figures, 14 refrigerator/freezer testing with zeotropic blends of tables, and two appendices, RDB2B08) refrigerants (nonazeotropic mixtures of refrigerants or NARMs) at the Universität Hannover This report documents a study of horizontal, (Hannover, FRG). The research investigated a convective, boiling heat transfer, including ex- freezer, modified with a polystyrene block to form periments to measure two-phase heat transfer separate freezer and fresh-food compartments, coefficients of refrigerant mixtures. The report operating with an R-22/142b refrigerant blend. reviews the properties of mixtures, including those The simulation program, testing protocol, unique to azeotropes, and associated heat instrumentation, and plans for testing other blends transfer. It then describes experimental apparatus were reviewed. Also addressed is a visit to AEG designed to simulate evaporator conditions in GmbH (Kassel, FRG), a major manufacturer of heat pump and refrigeration systems. domestic appliances, to discuss research on Measurement approaches are presented both for alternative refrigerants. Compressor components heat transfer and composition determination. were reviewed after 1000 hours accelerated life Measured data are summarized for zeotropic testing in R-134a and in R-22/142b. Parts from mixtures of R-12 and R-114, both an azeotropic the R-134a compressor looked very good, and zeotropic mixtures R-12 and R-152a, and whereas parts from the R-22/142b test unit their pure components for ranges of heat flux and showed much more thermal breakdown. Some mass flow rates. Differences in bubble growth are AEG engineers favor R-152a, or blends of R-152a discussed between pure and mixed fluids. The with R-22 or R-134a, as an alternative to R-12. results indicate two distinct regions of heat transfer, namely partial boiling and convective G. D. Short (CPI Engineering Services, Incorpo- evaporation, the former governed by suppression rated), Synthetic Lubricants and their Refrigera- of nucleate boiling. The report reviews analytical tion Applications, paper 89-AM-7A-1 (44th Annual studies to predict the transition quality. Measured, Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 1-4 May 1989), Lubrication local heat transfer coefficients were as much as Engineering, 46(4):239-247, April 1990 (12 pages 36% lower than the weighted average of the with 9 figures and 1 table, RDB2221) components for mixtures in the convective region. The study attributes this reduction to observed This paper reviews the requirements and use of differences in composition in the annular liquid synthetic fluids as lubricants for refrigeration film for mixtures with large difference in systems. R-12, R-13, R-22, R-114, R-134a, R- component volatilities, such as R-22/114. An 502, R-503, propane (R-290), and ammonia (R- approach is proposed to account for mixture 717) are addressed. Requirements are discussed effects based on phase-equilibrium information. for thermal and chemical stability, miscibility, solubility, and viscosity. Failure mechanisms L. J. M. Kuijpers (Phillips Research Laboratories, including improper viscosity, dilution, loss or The Netherlands) and S. M. Miner (Consultant), The breakdown of lubricant, failure of hydrodynamic CFC Issue and the CFC Forum at the 1988 Purdue lubrication, foaming, and starvation related to IIR Conference, International Journal of solubility and miscibility characteristics are Refrigeration (IJR), 12(3):118-124, May 1989 (8 reviewed for rotary screw, reciprocating piston, pages with 4 figures and 2 tables, RDB1108) and rotary vane (both fixed and rotating) compressors. Petroleum-based, including both review of refrigerant substitutes including R-22, naphthenic and high-viscosity index (HVI) R-32, R-125, R-134, R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, R- paraffinic mineral oils, and synthetic lubricants are 143, R-143a, R-152, R-152a, R-161, and R-717; discussed. The synthetics are grouped as performance comparisons for R-12, R-134, R- polyalphaolefin (PAO), alkylbenzene, and poly- 134a, and R-152a and for R-114, R-142b, and R- alkylene glycol (PAGs) synthetic hydrocarbon 143; international standards and research activi- (SHC) oils. They also include esters such as di- ties; summary of forum on chlorofluorocarbon esters (or dibasic acid esters), neopentyl (or (CFC) replacement held during the IIR meeting polyol) esters, and modified complex esters. The chemical structures and characteristics of Page 250 Refrigerant Database

these lubricants are reviewed, and viscosity and Isotron 22/142b Blends for Refrigeration: Material miscibility plots are provided for representative Compatibility, preliminary information bulletin, Elf refrigerant-lubricant systems. Typical properties Atochem North America, Incorporated (provided by are tabulated for complex esters of ISO 150 and the former Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, 320 viscosity. The unique requirements for R- PA, May 1989 (1 page with 1 table, available from 134a, propane (R-290), and ammonia (R-717) are JMC as RDB0520) outlined, concluding that the synthetic lubricants described offer a major contribution for system This bulletin summarizes the procedure and advancement. findings for two-week exposures of selected refrigeration system materials both to R-12 and to a Comments on the Manufacture, Use, and Dis- blend of R-22/142b (55/45). The materials tested posal of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals (CFCs) to included copper wire, polyimide insulation, and the Subcommittee on Environmental Protection of several plastics and elastomers. The plastics the Committee on Environment and Public Works of included nylon (DuPont Zytel(R) 101), the United States Senate, Motor Vehicle Manu- polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), FEP, PVDF (Ky- facturers Association (MVMA), Detroit, MI, 19 May nar), PVC, low-density polyethylene, polypropyl- 1989 (RDB1155) ene, polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene, and high-gloss ABS. The elastomers included neo- Compatibility of Nonmetallic Materials with Re- prene, Butyl(TM), Buna(TM) N, and fluoroelastomer frigerants and Lubricants, ICI Chemicals and (DuPont Viton(R)). Swell (length increase Polymers Limited, Runcorn, Cheshire, UK, 16 May percentage), weight gain (percentage), and ap- 1989 (3 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as pearance (including qualitative observations on RDB0004) hardness and embrittlement) are tabulated.

A table summarizes the swell (dimensional Isotron R-141b Foam Blowing Agent: Material change) and weight gain of various elastomeric Compatibility, preliminary information bulletin, Elf and plastic materials immersed in R-134a. The Atochem North America, Incorporated (provided by materials included Buna(TM), Butyl(TM), DuPont the former Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, Hypalon(R), NBR, Garlock neoprene, nitrile, nitrile PA, May 1989 (1 page with 1 table, available from Dunlop, nylon, Oilite and M229 rubber asbestos, JMC as RDB0519) polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polypenco Nylatron, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Reinz A table provides quantitative and qualitative data Thermolit K, terylene braid, and fluoroelastomer on weight change and swelling for common (DuPont Viton(R)). Quantitative results are elastomers, plastics, refrigerator liner materials, presented for refrigerant-lubricant mixtures with and roofing membrane materials after a two week 10% polyalkylene glycol (PAG); the lubricants, exposure to R-11 and R-141b. The elastomeric ranging in viscosity from ISO 33 to 120, are not materials include neoprene, Butyl(TM), Buna(TM) N, specifically identified. Some results also are given and fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton(R)). The with 100% refrigerant. plastics and refrigerator liner materials include ABS polymer, FEP, Kynar PVDF, polyethylene, Flammability Characteristics of Isotron 142b, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoro- preliminary information bulletin, Elf Atochem North ethylene (PTFE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). America, Incorporated (provided by the former The ABS polymer, Buna N, Viton, and PVC Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, PA, May materials exhibited much greater swelling and 1989 (1 page, available from JMC as RDB0525) weight gain after exposure to R-141b than to R-11. The other materials exhibited results lower Lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and than, or comparable to, R-11 after R-141b UFL), as a volume percentage of refrigerant in exposures. humid air, are given for R-142b based on ASTM E681 tests. The LFL cited is 7.8% at 21 °C (70 Results of Testing: Flashpoint of Isotron 141b, °F) using a fuse wire as the ignition source. The preliminary information bulletin, Elf Atochem North cited LFL and UFL, using a match as the ignition America, Incorporated (provided by the former source, are 6.9-17.0% at 21 °C (70 °F) and 6.1- Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, PA, May 17.8% at 120 °C (250 °F). The maximum explo- 1989 (1 page, available from JMC as RDB0523, sion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise picture missing) are tabulated for the same temperatures. Flammability characteristics of ethyl alcohol and The procedure and results of measuring the flash R-290 (propane) are presented for comparison. A point of R-141b are summarized based on ASTM higher concentration of R-142b is required for D1310 tests using a Fisher/Tag open cup flammability. Additionally, R-142b exhibits sig- apparatus. No flash point was observed for this nificantly lower rates of pressure rise and lower fluid even though it has lower and upper heats of combustion. flammability limits. The nature of the liquid is such that it does not produce a vapor layer that Refrigerant Database Page 251

will flash according to the standard test method. space above the liquid neither flashed nor burned The document notes that similar behavior has away from the test flame. been observed for chlorinated solvents such as R-30 (methylene chloride) and R-140a (methyl Results of Testing: Limits of Flammability for chloroform). Isotron 142b, preliminary information bulletin, Elf Atochem North America, Incorporated (provided by Results of Testing: Limits of Flammability for the former Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, Isotron 141b, preliminary information bulletin, Elf PA, May 1989 (4 pages, available from JMC as Atochem North America, Incorporated (provided by RDB0526, picture missing) the former Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, PA, May 1989 (4 pages with 5 figures and 1 table, Lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and available from JMC as RDB0522, picture missing) UFL), as a volume percentage of refrigerant in humid air, are given for R-142b based on ASTM Lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and E681 tests. The LFL cited is 7.8% at 21 °C (70 °F) UFL), as a volume percentage of refrigerant in using a fuse wire as the ignition source. The cited humid air, are given for R-141b based on ASTM LFL and UFL, using a match as the ignition E681-85 tests. The limits cited are 7.4-15.5% at source, are 6.9-17.0% at 21 °C (70 °F) and 6.1- 21 °C (70 °F) and 5.8-16.5% at 120 °C (250 °F). 17.8% at 120 °C (250 °F). Comparative data are Comparative data are presented for R-600a (iso- presented for R-600a (isobutane) and ethanol, butane) and ethanol, 1.86-8.5% and 3.46-18.4% 1.86-8.5% and 3.46-18.4% respectively. A mod- respectively. A modified test procedure and the ified test procedure and the method of deter- method of determining flammability limits are mining flammability limits are presented. Addi- presented. Additionally, the effects of humidity, tionally, the effects of humidity, temperature, and temperature, and ignition source on flammability ignition source on flammability testing are testing are discussed. discussed.

Results of Testing: Maximum Rate of Pressure Results of Testing: Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise - Maximum Explosion Pressure of Isotron Rise - Maximum Explosion Pressure of Isotron 141b, preliminary information bulletin, Elf Atochem 142b, preliminary information bulletin, Elf Atochem North America, Incorporated (provided by the former North America, Incorporated (provided by the former Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, PA, May Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, PA, May 1989 (2 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as 1989 (2 pages with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB0524, picture missing) RDB0528, picture missing)

The procedure and results of measuring the The procedure and results of measuring the maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum explosion pressure of R-141b are summarized. explosion pressure of R-142b are summarized. The rate of pressure rise is reported as 262 and The rate of pressure rise is reported as 606 and 220 kPa/s (38 and 32 psi/s) at 21 °C (70 °F) and 634 kPa/s (88 and 92 psi/s) at 21 °C (70 °F) and 120 °C (250 °F), respectively, in a 0.37 m3 (13.1 120 °C (250 °F), respectively, in a 0.37 m3 (13.1 cf) vessel. The maximum pressure is reported as cf) vessel. The maximum pressure is reported as 78 and 57 psig at corresponding conditions. A 88 and 68 psig at corresponding conditions. A comparison of normalized rates of pressure rise comparison of normalized rates of pressure rise (the Kg) shows R-141b to be approximately 230 (Kg) shows R-142b to be approximately 100 times times less severe than R-290 (propane) and 50 less severe than R-290 (propane) and 23 times times less severe than ethanol. less severe than ethanol.

Results of Testing: Flashpoint of Isotron 142b, State of Knowledge Summary of Chlorofluoro- preliminary information bulletin, Elf Atochem North carbon Handling Technologies: Destruction, America, Incorporated (provided by the former Recycling, and Encapsulation, draft report for U.S. Pennwalt Corporation), King of Prussia, PA, May Department of Energy, E. A. Mueller Consulting 1989 (1 page with 1 figure, available from JMC as Engineers, Baltimore, MD, May 1989 (65 pages, RDB0527, picture missing) RDB1107)

The procedure and results of measuring the flash point of R-142b are summarized based on ASTM D1310 tests using a Fisher/Tag open cup apparatus. No flash point was observed for this fluid. An upward extension of a test flame was observed when passed over a sample of the refrigerant. The extension grew with increasing temperature of the refrigerant, but the vapor Page 252 Refrigerant Database

April 1989 stitutes); 2) a fallback scenario relying on available compounds with more product development; 3) a worst case in which no new chemicals March 1989 become available, chlorine-containing compounds (e.g., R-22) cannot be used, and fiberglass insulation is used in place of CFC-blown foams; W. F. Stoecker (University of Illinois at Urbana- and 4) an advanced technology using highly Champaign), Growing Opportunities for Ammonia efficient insulation and refrigeration systems. Refrigeration, Technical Papers of the 11th Annual Energy use will not increase significantly if near Meeting (12-15 March 1989, Austin, TX), drop-in compounds (principally R-134a, R-123, International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration and R-141b) are used. If they do not become (IIAR), Washington, DC, March 1989; republished in available, national energy use will increase by 1-2 CFCs: Time of Transition, ASHRAE, 128-139, 1989 quad (1015 Btu) per year. Development of (12 pages with 3 figures and 7 tables, RDB4236) advanced technologies could reduce annual energy use by about 0.83 quad. The major R-717 impacts are in applications using foam insulations blown with CFCs (e.g., refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, roofs of commercial buildings, and February 1989 insulated building foundations). The penalty associated with refrigeration equipment is smaller, D. J. Bateman (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- but is contingent upon attaining the high pany, Incorporated), Performance Comparison of compressor efficiencies for alternative refrigerants HFC-134a and CFC-12 in an Automotive Air- that are available for CFCs. Conditioning System, paper 890305 (SAE Interna- tional Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, 27 Possible Environmental Effects of Chlorofluoro- February - 3 March 1989), Society of Automotive carbons, position statement and paper, American Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, PA, February 1989 Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- (10 pages with 9 figures and 2 tables, RDB4231) tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 2 Febru- ary 1989 (12 pages, RDB1115) summarizes comparative tests of R-12 and R- 134a in a pickup truck based on testing in a wind tunnel: discusses the effects of ambient January 1989 conditions, speed, operating conditions, and passenger compartment temperatures; concludes R. Krauss and K. Stephan (Universität Stuttgart, that R-134a is the best alternative for R-12 for Germany), Thermal Conductivity of Refrigerants mobile air-conditioning system (MAC) ap- in a Wide Range of Temperature and Pressure, plications, but that significant development and Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, redesign will be required to optimize its use 18(1):43-76, January 1989 (34 pages, rdb5533)

D. B. Bivens, R. A. Gorski, W. D. Wells, A. Yokozeki thermophysical properties, transport data (DuPont Chemicals), R. A. Lindstrom, and R. L. Shimon (Tecumseh Products Company), Evaluation L. M. Schlager, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Heat of Fluorocarbon Blends as Automotive Air Transfer and Pressure Drop During Evaporation Conditioning Refrigerants, paper 890306 (SAE and Condensation of R-22 in Horizontal Micro-Fin International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, Tubes, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 27 February - 3 March 1989), Society of Automotive 12(1):6-14, January 1989 (9 pages, rdb2244) Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, PA, February 1989 (rdb4232) R-22, heat and mass transfer

S. K. Fischer and F. A. Creswick, Energy-Use Im- E. A. Vineyard, J. R. Sand (Oak Ridge National pact of Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives, report Laboratory, ORNL), and T. G. Statt (U.S. Department ORNL/CON-273, Oak Ridge National Laboratory of Energy, DOE), Selection of Ozone-Safe, (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, February 1989 (138 pages, Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures for Capacity available from NTIS, RDB0924) Modulation in Residential Heat Pumps, paper 3199, Transactions (Winter Meeting, Chicago, IL, 28 This study estimates energy-use impacts of January -1 February 1989), American Society of phase out of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refriger- Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- ants under the Montreal Protocol. Major en- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 95(1):34-46, 1989; ergy-related applications of the fully halogenated republished in ASHRAE Special Publication, CFCs: CFCs (R-11, R-12, R-113, R-114, and R-115) were identified. Four groups of alternative refrigerants then were considered: 1) chemicals with very similar properties (near drop-in sub- Refrigerant Database Page 253

Time of Transition, ASHRAE, 149-161, 1989 (13 T. Atwood (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Refrigerant pages with 6 figures and 2 tables, RDB1136) Tables and Charts, ASHRAE Handbook - Funda- mentals (published in separate editions with inch- pound and SI metric units), American Society of 1989 (month not indicated) Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, chapter 17, 17.1- 17.71, 1989 (71 pages with 33 figures and 34 tables, T. Atwood (AlliedSignal Incorporated), E. M. Clark (E. RDB0037) I. duPont de Nemours and Company), R. C. Downing (Consultant), and M. O. McLinden (National Institute This chapter provides pressure-enthalpy (Mollier) of Standards and Technology, NIST), Refrigerants, diagrams and tabulates thermodynamic and ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (published in thermophysical properties for R-11, R-12, R-13, separate editions with inch-pound and SI metric R-13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-50, R-113, R-114, units), American Society of Heating Refrigerating, R-142b, R-152a, R-170, R-290, R-500, R-502, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, R-503, R-600, R-600a, R-717, R-744, R-1150, GA, chapter 16, 16.1-16.10, 1989 (10 pages with 2 and R-1270. The tabular data include figures and 15 tables, RDB0036) temperature, pressure, vapor volume, liquid density, enthalpy, entropy, viscosity, thermal This chapter summarizes information on common conductivity, specific heat, and the velocity of refrigerants, including designations, physical and sound. Temperature-entropy (ts) diagrams and electrical properties, performance, safety data, properties are provided for cryogenic fluids in- leak detection methods, and effects on cluding R-702, R-702p, R-704, R-720, R-728, R- construction materials. The refrigerants ad- 729, R-732, and R-740. An enthalpy-concentration dressed include R-10, R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, diagram and tabular data for the specific volume R-14, R-20, R-21, R-22, R-23, R-30, R-31, R-32, at saturation are presented for ammonia/water for R-40, R-41, R-50, R-110, R-111, R-112, R-112a, absorption cycles. Enthalpy equilibrium and R-113, R-113a, R-114, R-114a, R-114B2, R-115, concentration diagrams are similarly provided for R-116, R-120, R-123, R-124, R-124a, R-125, R- water/lithium bromide solutions. 133a, R-134a, R-140a, R-142b, R-143a, R-150a, R-152a, R-160, R-170, R-218, R-290, R-C316, R- C317, R-C318, R-500, R-501, R-502, R-503, R- H. D. Baehr and S. Kabelac (Universität Hannover, 504, R-505, R-506, R-600, R-600a, R-610, R-611, Germany), Vorläufige Zustandsgleichungen für R-630, R-631, R-702, R-704, R-717, R-718, R- das ozonunschädliche Kältemittel R 134a [Preli- 720, R-728, R-729, R-732, R-740, R-744, minary Equations of State for the Ozone-Safe Re- R-744A, R-764, R-1112a, R-1113, R-1114, frigerant R-134a], Ki Klima-Kälte-Heizung, Germany, R-1120, R-1130, R-1132a, R-1140, R-1141, 17(2):69-71, 1989 (3 pages, in German, rdb5214) R-1150, and R-1270. Molecular mass, normal (atmospheric) boiling point, freezing point, critical R-134a, thermodynamic properties, thermo- properties, surface tension, and refractive index physical data are tabulated for most of these fluids. Dielectric constants, volume resistivity, velocity of sound, la- C. Baroncini, G. Giuliani, and F. Polonara (Università tent heat of vaporization, safety classifications, degli Studi di Ancona, Italy), Experimental and explosive limits are presented for the more Evaluation of the Vaporization Enthalpy of Sev- common fluids. Swell data are tabulated for R-11, eral Refrigerant Fluids, Proceedings of the Fourth R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, International Conference on Thermodynamics of R-113, R-114, R-502, and R-600 for eight elas- Solutions of Nonelectrolytes, Santiago de Com- tomers. They include nitrile butyl rubber (Buna(TM) postela, Spain, 1989 (rdb4B47) N), butadiene styrene (Buna(TM) S, GR-S), Butyl(TM) (GR-1), natural rubber, neoprene GN, latent heat of vaporization, thermodynamic polysulfide rubber (Thiokol(R) FA), fluoroelastomer properties, thermophysical data (DuPont Viton(R) B), and silicone. Diffusion data are tabulated for water, R-12, and R-22 through C. Baroncini, S. Berti, G. Lucarini, and F. Polonara neoprene, Buna N, synthetic rubber (DuPont (Università degli Studi di Ancona, Italy), Un apparato Hypalon(R) 40), Butyl, Viton, polyethylene, and per la determinazione sperimentale del natural rubber. Mass density, specific heat, and comportamento P-v-T dei fluidi frigorigeni [An viscosity are plotted for water/lithium bromide Apparatus to Experimentally Determine the PVT solutions (for absorption cycles) as functions of Properties of Refrigerant Fluids], Il Freddo [Refrig- the mass fraction of lithium bromide. eration], Italy, (2):189-200, 1989 (12 pages, RDB- 4B46)

thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data Page 254 Refrigerant Database

D. B. Bivens, R. A. Gorski, W. D. Wells (E. I. duPont D. L. Harmon, W. R. Rhodes (U.S. Environmental de Nemours and Company, Incorporated), R. A. Protection Agency, EPA), and L. Weitzman (Acurex Lindstrom, and R. L. Shimon (Tecumseh Products Corporation), Mobile Air Conditioner Refrigerant Company), Evaluation of Fluorocarbon Blends as Evaluation, report EPA/600/D-89/064 (AEERL-P- Automotive Air Conditioning Refrigerants, CFCs: 527), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Time of Transition, ASHRAE, 184-190, 1989 (7 Washington, DC, 1989 (rdb3962) pages with 10 figures and 4 tables, RDB3741) mobile air conditioner (MAC) alternative refrig- R-22/152a/114, R-22/152a/124 erants

A. C. Brown, C. E. Canosa-Mas, J. M. T. Pierce, A. Y. Homma and S. Komatsuzaki (Hitachi Limited, D. Parr, and R. P. Wayne, Tropospheric Lifetimes Japan), Friction and Wear Characteristics in a of Halogenated Anesthetics, Nature, 341:635-637, Freon Atmosphere, Proceedings of the 34th Na- 1989 (4 pages, rdb8314) tional Conference of the Japanese Society of Tri- bologists, 185 ff, 1989 (in Japanese, rdb4B02) lifetime of hydrofluoroether (HFE) and other compounds under consideration as anesthetics lubricants and as alternative refrigerants; atmospheric reactions M. Högberg, L. Vamlingh, and T. Berntsson (Chal- mers University, Sweden), Possible New Working F. A. Creswick, S. K. Fischer, and J. R. Sand (Oak Fluids in High Temperature Heat Pumps, Pro- Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), Potential Im- ceedings of the Workshop on High Temperature Heat pacts of CFC Restrictions on Refrigeration and Pumps (Hannover, 1989), IEA Heat Pump Center, Air-Conditioning Equipment, International Journal Sittard, The Netherlands, 1989 (rdb5A16) of Refrigeration (IJR), 11:217-221, 1989 (5 pages with 3 tables, RDB4204) alternative refrigerants

F. de Rossi, R. Mastrullo (Università di Napoli "Fre- R. T. Jacobsen and R. B. Stewart (University of derico II", Italy), and P. Mazzei (Università degli Studi Idaho), Thermodynamic Properties of Argon from di Salerno, Italy), Caratterizzazione termodinamica the Triple Point to 1200 K with Pressures to 1000 di fluidi di lavoro per cicli inversi a compressione MPa, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference [Thermodynamic Characteristics of Working Fluids Data, 18(2):639-798, 1989 (160 pages, rdb7A22) for Reversed Compression Cycles], Gli Impianti nelle Grandi Infrastrutture (proceedings of the AICARR R-740 (argon): thermodynamic properties from Meeting, Rome, Italy, 1989), AICARR [Italian the triple point to 927 °C (1700 °F) and pressures Association of Air-Conditioning, Heating, and to 1000 MPa (145,000 psia), thermophysical data Refrigeration], Milan, Italy, 1989 (rdb5632) J. A. Jones and A. Lund, Low-Ozone Damaging thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data Fluid Mix Substitutes for Refrigerant 12, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of F. de Rossi, R. Mastrullo (Università di Napoli "Fre- Technology, Pasadena, CA, 1989 (rdb2338) derico II", Italy), P. Mazzei, M. Sasso, and S. Sibilio (Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy), R13B1 and blends R114 Exergy-Enthalpy Charts and their Efficiency in a Refrigerating-Heating Process Analysis, D. Jung and R. K. Radermacher (University of Proceedings of the International Symposium on Maryland), Prediction of Pressure Drop During Thermodynamic Analysis and Improvement of Horizontal Annular Flow Boiling of Pure and Energy Systems (Beijing, People's Republic of Mixed Refrigerants, International Journal of Heat China), 90 ff, 1989 (rdb5634) and Mass Transfer, 32(12):2435-2446, 1989 (12 pages, rdb3B50) R-13B1, R-114, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data D. Jung (University of Maryland), M. O. McLinden (National Institute of Standards and Technology, E. Hahne and Y. W. Song (Universität Stuttgart, NIST), R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland), Germany), Messung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit von and D. A. Didion (NIST), Horizontal Flow Boiling R115 bei hohen Drücken mit der Heißdraht- Heat Transfer Experiments with a Mixture of R- Methode [Measurements of the Thermal Conduc- 22/114, International Journal of Heat and Mass tivity of R-115 at High Pressures by the Transient Transfer, 32(1):131-145, 1989 (15 pages, rdb2903) Hot-Wire Method, Wärme- und Stoffübertragung [Heat and Mass Transfer], Germany, 24:79-85, 1989 D. Jung (University of Maryland), M. O. McLinden (7 pages in German, rdb5642) (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST), R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland), thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data Refrigerant Database Page 255

Measurement Techniques for Horizontal Flow heat transfer coefficient (HTC) analyses of re- Boiling Heat Transfer with Pure and Mixed Re- frigerant-lubricant (RL) influences frigerants, Experimental Heat Transfer, 2(3):237- 255, 1989 (19 pages with 10 figures and 1 table, M. O. McLinden (National Institute of Standards and RDB6424) Technology, NIST), Physical Properties of Alternatives to the Fully Halogenated Chloro- R-12, R-22, R-114, R-152a, R-12/152a [R-500], fluorocarbons, International Journal of Thermo- R-22/114; pressure, composition, and tempera- physics, 10:563-576, 1989 (14 pages with 9 figures ture measurement; flow boiling of pure and mixed and 14 tables, preprint available from JMC as RDB- refrigerants in a horizontal, tube 0906)

H. Kubota, T. Yamashita, Y. Tanaka, and T. Makita, The properties of nine halogenated hydrocarbons Vapor Pressures of New Fluorocarbons, Interna- are collected from a variety of sources, including tional Journal of Thermophysics, 10(3):629-637, unpublished data. These data are evaluated and 1989 (9 pages, rdb4120) correlated. Considered are the triple point, normal boiling point, and critical point parameters and the thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data temperature dependence of the vapor pressure, saturated liquid density, solubility in water, and A-D. Leu and D. B. Robinson (University of Alberta, hydrolysis rates. The fluids, which are potential Canada), Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Selected alternatives to the fully halogenated chlorofluoro- Binary Systems, paper 271, AIChE Symposium carbons, are R-22, R-123, R-124, R-125, R-124, Series, American Institute of Chemical Engineers R-134a, R-141b, R-142b, and R-152a; also (AIChE), New York, NY, 85:44-50, 1989 (7 pages included is the solvent R-140a (methyl with 6 figures and 6 tables, RDB4C51) chloroform).

This paper presents experimental vapor-liquid B. A. Nagengast (Consulting Engineer), A History of equilibrium (VLE) data on six binary mixtures at Refrigerants, CFCs: Time of Transition, American pressures from 24 to 2736 kPa (3-400 psia). They Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- include R-22/218 for 0 and 25 °C (32 and 77 °F), Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 3- R-116/22 for -10 and 25 °C (14 and 77 °F), 15, 1989 (13 pages with 13 figures, RDB2113) R-E170 (dimethyl ether) with methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) for 25 and 75 °C (77 and 167 °F), R-10 (carbon tetrachloride), R-11, R-12, R-13, R- tertiary butanol with propionaldehyde, tertiary 21, R-22, R-30 (methylene chloride), R-40 (methyl butanol with acrolein, and acetone with iso- chloride), R-114, R-115, R-152a, R-160 (ethyl butyraldehyde. The data were developed to im- chloride), R-160B1 (ethyl bromide), R-E170 prove the performance and efficiency of industrial (methyl ether), R-290 (propane), R-500, R-502, plants, primarily those involved in petroleum or R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-601 petrochemical processing. The paper notes that (pentane), R-611 (methyl formate), R-630 (methyl the data also may be used to refine equations of amine), R-631 (ethyl amine) R-717 (ammonia), state and property prediction methods for the R-728 (air), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-744A blends examined. The paper reviews the (nitrous oxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), R-1120 experimental apparatus (based on a pistoned (trichloroethylene, trieline), R-1130 (dielene), sapphire cell), instrumentation, and procedures R-1270 (propylene), R-12/764 (92/8) (DL-8), used. Measured equilibrium properties are tab- alcohol, caoutchoucine, chymogene, gasoline, ulated and plotted as pressure versus composi- isobutylene, methyl acetate, methylic ether, tion. The VLE plot for R-22/218 reveals azeotropic naphtha, petroleum distillates, sulfuric (ethyl) behavior at both temperatures. ether, and others; historical contributions of John Beath, David Boyle, Frederic Bramwell, R. A. H. Lippold, Die thermodynamischen Stoffwerte Brookman, Willis H. Carrier, Edmund Copeland, T. von R 134a [The Thermodynamic Properties of R- R. Crampton, Francis De Coppet, Harry Edwards, 134a], Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, (4):182-185, John Enright, Oliver Evans, J. Gamgee, John 1989 (4 pages in German, rdb5536) Gorrie, John Hague, James Harrison, Albert L. Henne, Daniel L. Holden, B. S. Lacy, Maurice thermophysical properties LeBlanc, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, Robert R. McNary, George Mertz, Thomas Midgley, Jr., A. J. Masson, An Investigation into the Effects of Andrew Muhl, Eugene Nicolle, Cassius C. Palmer, Lubricating Oil on Evaporator Performance and Jacob Perkins, Raoul Pictet, Fredrich Schipper, D. Possible Improvements Utilizing a Regenerative Siebe, Julius Sedlacek, Charles Tellier, Alexander Expansion Process, D.Phil. thesis, University of Twinning, P. H. Van der Weyde, Karl von Linde, Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK, 1989 (rdb- C. Vincent, H. J. West, Franz Windhausen, Fred 8439) Wolf, and others Page 256 Refrigerant Database

V. G. Niesen (National Institute of Standards and K. H. U. Ström, U. B. Grén, and K. Lundqvist (Chal- Technology, NIST), (Vapor + Liquid) Equilibria and mers University of Technology, Sweden), Rep- Coexisting Densities of (Carbon Dioxide + resentation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data for n-Butane) from 311 to 395 K, Journal of Chemical Binary Refrigerant Mixtures, Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 21:915-923, 1989 (9 pages, rdb- and Engineering Data, 34:252-257, 1989 (6 pages, 6869) rdb8444)

presents measured vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data and density data for R-744/600 for 38-122 °C (100-251 °F) K. Srinivasan, Saturated Liquid Densities of Cryogenic Liquids and Refrigerants, International C-C. Piao, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Univer- Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 12:194-197, 1989 (4 sity, Japan), Thermodynamic Properties of HFC- pages, rdb8511) 134a, Proceedings of the Second Asian Thermo- physical Properties Conference (Sapporo, Japan), R-22 and others, thermodynamic properties, 531-536, 1989 (6 pages with 9 figures and 2 tables, thermophysical data RDB5461) B. Sukornic [possibly Sukornick], Potentially Ac- presents property measurements and a 23 term, ceptable Substitutes for Chlorofluorocarbons: virial equation of state (EOS) for R-134a; ther- Properties and Performance Features of HFC- modynamic data 134a, HCFC-123, and HCFC-141b, International Journal of Thermophysics, 10(3):553-561, 1989 (9 B. Platzer and G. Maurer, Ein Programmpacket zur pages, rdb4319) Berechnung thermodynamischer Zustands- größen reiner Fluide mit Hilfe der Zustands- R-123, R-134a, R-141b, thermodynamic proper- gleichung von Bender [Software for Thermody- ties, thermophysical data namic Property Calculations of Pure Fluids by the Bender Equation of State], DKV Jahrestagung [Pro- Y. Tanaka, H. Kawachi, C. Takata, H. Kubota, and T. ceedings of the DKV Annual Meeting] (Hannover, Makita (Kobe University, Japan), Solubility of Germany, 1989), Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatech- 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) in Refrigeration nischer Verein (DKV, German Association of Re- Oils, Proceedings of the Second Asian Ther- frigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), 1989 (in mophysical Properties Conference (Sapporo, Japan), German, rdb5619) 375-379, 1989 (6 pages with 6 figures, available from JMC as RDB2B11) thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data This paper discusses the solubility of R-134a in R. G. Richard and I. R. Shankland (AlliedSignal In- lubricants at temperatures of 303-363 K (86-194 corporated), A Transient Hot-Wire Method for °F) and pressures up to 2.5 MPa (360 psia). It Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Gases describes experimental apparatus, procedures, and Liquids, International Journal of Thermophys- and calculations to determine solubility. The lu- ics, 10(3):673-686, 1989 (11 pages with 1 figure and bricants tested included a naphthenic mineral oil 1 table, RDB5620) (Witco Suniso(R) 4GS), perfluoropolyether (Daikin Demnum(R) S-65), polyethylene glycol (Wako), thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data and polypropylene glycol (Wako). R-134a was found to be completely miscible with the S. L. Roan, Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution perfluoropolyether, partially miscible with the two of a Sudden Global Emergency, John Wiley and polyglycols, and almost immiscible with the Sons, Incorporated, NY, New York, 1989 (292 naphthenic oil. Solubility plots are presented. pages, RDB1208) S. Tanikawa, Y. Kabata, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe This book reviews the 15-year history of action (Keio University, Japan), Measurements of the and reaction to the ozone-depletion problem. The Vapor-Liquid Coexistence Curve in the Critical text specifically addresses the intervention of Region of HCFC-123, Proceedings of the Second politics, and the control both it and economic Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference pressures had over the scientific community. (Sapporo, Japan), 513-518, 1989 (8 pages, rdb4320)

A. Saitoh, H. Sato, and K. Watanabe (Keio Univer- thermodynamic properties of R-123; thermo- sity, Japan), A New Apparatus for the Measure- physical data ments of the Isobaric Heat Capacity of Liquid Refrigerants, International Journal of Thermophys- K. Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), A Challenge ics, 10:649-660, 1989 (12 pages with 1 figure and 1 to the CFC Problems - Thermophysical Properties table, RDB5336) of Promising Alternatives, Proceedings of the Second Asian Thermophysical Properties Confer- property measurement, thermophysical data Refrigerant Database Page 257

ence (Sapporo, Japan), 45-56, 1989 (12 pages, CFCs: Time of Transition, American Society of RDB3123) Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1989 (274 pages with thermodynamic and transport data 32 papers, RDB1138)

L. A. Weber (National Institute of Standards and Compatibility of Alternative Refrigerants with Technology, NIST), Simple Apparatus for Vapor- Elastomers, report NIST-11, E. I. duPont de Ne- Liquid Equilibrium Measurements with Data for mours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, the Binary Systems of Carbon Dioxide with n- undated circa 1989 (3 pages available from JMC as Butane and Isobutane, Journal of Chemical and RDB0307) Engineering Data, 34:171-175, April 1989 (5 pages with 5 figures and 5 tables, RDB6868) This report summarizes an investigation to determine the compatibility of two elastomers, (TM) describes the design, construction, and testing of Neoprene W and Buna N, with R-123 and R- a test apparatus to control and measure the 124. Swell data are tabulated after immersions for temperature, pressure, and composition of fluids 1 hour and 1, 2, and 3 days at room temperature. in the range of 27-227 °C (80-440 °F) at pres- Qualitative observations on discoloration of the sures up to 15 MPa (2200 psia); presents data refrigerant also are reported. Based on a criterion along with excess Gibbs functions and excess of swell substantially exceeding 10%, both enthalpies for the binary blends of R-744/600 and elastomers were deemed incompatible with R-123 R-744/600a and Buna N was judged incompatible with R-124. The experimental procedure is outlined. T. Yamashita, H. Kubota, Y. Tanaka, T. Makita, and H. Kashiwaga, Physical Properties of New Halo- Current Development Status of HFC-134a for genated Hydrocarbons, Proceedings of the Tenth Automotive Air Conditioning, document ARTD-2, Japan Symposium on Thermophysical Properties E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorpo- (20-22 September 1989), Shizuoka University, rated, Wilmington, DE, undated circa 1989 (16 Japan, 75-78, 1989 (4 pages, rdb4323) pages, available from JMC as RDB0536)

R-123 and others: thermodynamic properties, mobile air conditioner (MAC) alternative refrig- thermophysical data erants

(R) S. Yoshida, T. Matsunaga, H-P. Hong, and M. Miya- Genetron 1113 CTFE Monomer, product bulletin zaki (Kyushu University, Japan), An Experimental 525-301, AlliedSignal Incorporated, Morristown, NJ, Investigation of Oil Influence on Heat Transfer to 1989 (12 pages with 9 figures and 5 tables, a Refrigerant Inside Horizontal Evaporator Tubes, RDB4B10) Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu (Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, JSME), R-1113, properties, application, handling and JSME, Tokyo, Japan, B55(513):1410-1416, 1989 (in storage Japanese); republished in Heat Transfer - Japanese Research, Scripta Technica, Incorporated (Wiley Oil Quantity Measurements in Smooth and Mi- Company), 20(2):113-129, May 1991 (17 pages with cro-Fin Tubes During Evaporation and Conden- 14 figures, in English, rdb2905) sation in Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures, research project 469-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, evaporative heat transfer of R-22 inside smooth and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, copper tubes; measurement of average and local GA, circa 1989 (ASH0469) heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) The contractor was Iowa State University of Sci- H. Zhimai, Z. Yeeng, and H. Jianfen, Measurements ence and Technology led by A. E. Bergles and M. of the Critical Parameters and the Vapor-Liquid B. Pate. Coexistence Curve for Chlorofluoromethane, Proceedings of the Second Asian Thermophysical Progress in Japan with Substitutes for CFC Re- Properties Conference (Sapporo, Japan), 519-523, frigerants: Report on Trip to Japan (17 November 1989 (5 pages, rdb9119) - 2 December 1989), Air-Conditioning and Re- frigeration Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1989 (17 thermodynamic properties of R-31: thermo- pages including 2 tables, RDB0C04) physical data This report summarizes observations made during Alternative Refrigerant Blends, E. I. duPont de a trip to Japan to investigate progress with Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, substitutes for chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants, DE, 1989 (18 pages, available from JMC as RDB- with emphasis on materials compatibility and 0530) lubricant research issues. The report summarizes status of refrigerants, research, and Page 258 Refrigerant Database

testing techniques; an itinerary and list of contacts nal, 30(11):37-39, November 1988 (3 pages, rdb- are included. The substitutes being addressed 2114) match those being pursued in the United States, but the effort and depth of analysis are greater. R. Pool, The Elusive Replacements for CFCs, Science, 242:666-668, 4 November 1988 (3 pages Report on Alternatives to Currently-Used with no figures or tables, Rdb3133) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants, report USNC181 Project 89NK14414, Underwriters Labo- briefly summarizes the status of chlorofluoro- ratories, Incorporated, Northbrook, IL, 1989 (RDB- carbons (CFCs) and potential replacements; identifies R-134a as the leading candidate for 4A06) refrigeration, R-123 and R-141b as possible blowing agents; indicates that R-132b, investi- flammability gated as a solvent to replace R-113, was dis- qualified based on finding of reproductive toxicity; Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: comments on the added complexity and costs to 1989, chaired by D. L. Albritton (National Oceanic manufacture the alternatives; notes that R-134a and Atmospheric Administration, NOAH) and R. T. cannot be made by a single-step process as for Watson (National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- the common CFCs tration, NASA), report 20, World Meteorological Or- ganization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland, 1989 (534 HCFC-123 Refrigerant Analyses, report NIST-9, pages, RDB1116) Chemistry Laboratory, The Trane Company, La Crosse, WI, 24 November 1988 (1 page with 1 table, available from JMC as RDB0030)

1988 A table compares the purity of new, used, and distilled-used specimens of R-123. No change from new R-123 was found by gas chromatog- December 1988 raphy after use in model CVHE hermetic centrifugal chillers. Quantitative results are compared for moisture content and high-boiling residue. The high-boiling residues increased from 6 to 1591 November 1988 ppm in use, but dropped to 1 ppm after redistillation. Moisture content decreased from 36 to 21 ppm, but increased to 31 ppm after R. S. Basu, I. R. Shankland, and R. G. Richard redistillation. (AlliedSignal Incorporated), Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) - An Alternative CFC Substitute in Re- October 1988 frigeration and Air Conditioning, presented paper (AIChE Winter Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, Measures of Rationalization of Use and Control of 1988), Buffalo Research Laboratory, AlliedSignal Emission for Specified CFCs, interim report, Ozone Incorporated, Buffalo, NY, November 1988 (26 Layer Committee, Chemical Product Council, Ministry pages, RDB0515) of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo, Japan, 26 October 1988 (34 pages, RDB1131) thermophysical data September 1988 S. K. Fischer and F. A. Creswick (Oak Ridge Na- tional Laboratory, ORNL), How Will CFC Bans K. E. Hickman (York International Corporation), Affect Energy Use?, ASHRAE Journal, 30(11), Property Data Needs for Centrifugal Chillers, November 1988; republished in CFCs: Time of NIST Workshop on Property Data for Ozone-Safe Transition, ASHRAE, 29-34, 1989 (6 pages with 4 Refrigerants, National Institute of Standards and figures and 1 table, RDB2258) Technology (NIST), 22 September 1988 (RDB3345)

impacts on U.S. energy use for near-drop-in substitutes, fallback options, worst-case substitutes, and advanced technology alternatives for building equipment, building envelopes, and transportation; impacts on refrigeration systems (specific alternatives are not identified)

B. A. Nagengast (Consulting Engineer), A Historical Look at the CFC Refrigerants, ASHRAE Jour- Refrigerant Database Page 259

August 1988 proceedings of the meetings of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2 (Purdue University, West Lafayette, July 1988 IN), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 2:91-99, July 1988 (9 pages with 5 figures, RDB2442) Z. H. Ayub (E. L. Nickell Company, Incorporated), Design Techniques for R-717, R-22, and R-12 W. Mulroy, M. Kauffeld, M. O. McLinden, and D. A. Shell-and-Coil Subcoolers and Intercoolers, Stat- Didion (National Institute of Standards and Tech- us of CFCs - Refrigeration Systems and Refrigerant nology, NIST), An Evaluation of Two Refrigerant Properties (proceedings of the meetings of IIR Mixtures in a Breadboard Air Conditioner, Status Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2, Purdue Uni- of CFCs - Refrigeration Systems and Refrigerant versity, West Lafayette, IN), International Institute of Properties (proceedings of the meetings of IIR Refrigeration, Paris, France, 63-71, July 1988 (9 Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2, Purdue University, pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, RDB4406) West Lafayette, IN), International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, 27-34, July 1988 (8 heat exchangers, heat transfer pages with 21 figures and 1 table, RDB4401)

J. C. Blaise, T. Dutto (Électricité de France, ÈDF, R-22/114, R-13/12 France), and J. L. Amrosino (Institut Français du Pétrole, IFP, France), The First Industrial Appli- H. O. Spauschus (Georgia Technical Research In- cation of Nonazeotropic Mixture, Status of CFCs - stitute, GTRI), HFC-134a as a Substitute Refriger- Refrigeration Systems and Refrigerant Properties ant for CFC-12, Status of CFCs - Refrigeration (proceedings of the meetings of IIR Commissions Systems and Refrigerant Properties (proceedings of B1, B2, E1, and E2, Purdue University West Lafa- the meetings of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2, yette, IN), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 18-21 July Paris, France, 35-43, July 1988; republished in 1988), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 11:255- Paris, France, 397-400, 1988; republished in 258, February 1990 (9 pages with 8 figures and 4 International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), tables, RDB4402) 11(6):389-392, November 1988; republished in CFCs: Time of Transition, American Society of zeotropic blends, performance Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 123-127, 1989 (4/5 K. D. Gerdsmeyer and H. H. Kruse (Universität Han- pages, RDB1102) nover, Germany), Comparison of Equations of State for Application to Nonazeotropic Refriger- This paper discusses compressor and refrigera- ant Mixtures, Status of CFCs - Refrigeration Sys- tion system requirements and information gaps for tems and Refrigerant Properties (proceedings of the R-134a applications. It summarizes the reasons meetings of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2, R-134a is viewed as a leading candidate for Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN), International replacement of R-12. The paper reviews some of Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, 53-62, July the basic properties of R-134a, including stability, 1988 (10 pages with 10 figures, RDB4405) system chemistry, solubility, and lubricity. Additional information that is system specific will thermodynamic properties need to be developed for each major application: automotive, home appliance, or centrifugal chillers. D. Gorenflo, P. Blein, G. Herres, W. Rott, H. Schö- mann, and P. Sokol (Universität Paderborn, Ger- Stan- many), Heat Transfer at Pool Boiling of Mixtures S. G. Sundaresan (Copeland Corporation), dards for Acceptable Levels of Contaminants in with R22 and R114, Status of CFCs - Refrigeration Refrigerants International Journal of Refrigeration Systems and Refrigerant Properties (proceedings of , the meetings of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and (IJR), 11(4), July 1988; republished in ASHRAE CFCs: Time of Transition E2, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN), Interna- Special Publication, , tional Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- 387-395, July 1988; republished without discussion Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, pages in the International Journal of Refrigeration 220-223, January 1989 (4 pages with 1 table, RDB- (IJR), 11(6):257-263, July 1988 (9 pages with 9 fig- 5554) ures and 2 tables, RDB3449) ARI Standard 700P, refrigerant purity, moisture, R-22/114 mineral acids, total organics, organic acids, solids, boiling point and range, high boiling residue, other refrigerants, noncondensables M. O. McLinden and D. A. Didion (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, then the Na- tional Bureau of Standards, NBS), The Search for Alternative Refrigerants - A Molecular Approach, Page 260 Refrigerant Database

Y. Yoshida, S. Suzuki, Y. Mukai, K. Nakatani, and K. J. J. Baustian, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Mea- Fujiwara (Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, suring the Concentration of a Flowing Oil-Re- Limited, Japan), Development of Rectifying Circuit frigerant Mixture with a Vibrating U-Tube Den- with Mixed Refrigerants, Status of CFCs - simeter, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Ottawa, Refrigeration Systems and Refrigerant Properties Ontario, Canada, 25-29 June 1988), American So- (proceedings of the meetings of IIR Commissions ciety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning B1, B2, E1, and E2, Purdue University, West Lafa- Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 94(2):571-587, yette, IN), International Institute of Refrigeration, 1988 (17 pages with 12 figures and 1 table, Paris, France, 45-52, July 1988 (8 pages with 10 RDB2407) figures, RDB4404) R-12 and R-22 with naphthenic mineral oil, R-502 Status of CFCs - Refrigeration Systems and Re- with an alkylbenzene lubricant frigerant Properties, proceedings of the meetings of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2 (Purdue J. J. Baustian, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Mea- University, West Lafayette, IN), International Institute suring the Concentration of a Flowing Oil-Re- of Refrigeration, Paris, France, July 1988 (438 pages frigerant Mixture with an Acoustic Velocity Sen- with 51 papers, RDB1142) sor, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 25-29 June 1988), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- June 1988 gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 94(2):602-615, 1988 (14 pages with 10 figures, RDB2408) M. R. Ally, Computer Simulation of Absorption Heat Pump Using Aqueous Lithium Bromide and R-12 and R-22 with naphthenic mineral oil, R-502 Ternary Nitrate Mixtures, report ORNL/TM-10392, with an alkylbenzene lubricant Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, June 1988 (52 pages, available from NTIS, RDB- J. J. Baustian, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Mea- 1143) suring the Concentration of a Flowing Oil-Refrig- erant Mixture: Instrument Test Facility and Initial This report presents the results of a computer Results, paper 3122 (356-RP), Transactions, simulation study aimed at comparing the potential American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- performance of lithium bromide (LiBr) and ternary Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, nitrate aqueous mixtures in a heat pump. The 94(1):167-177, 1988 (11 pages with 6 figures, RDB- falling-film heat transfer coefficient for the ternary 2247) nitrate mixture is estimated to be lower than that for LiBr by about one-third. Due to a lack of L. J. M. Kuijpers (Phillips Research Laboratories, The measured thermophysical properties, the Netherlands), The Influence of Refrigerant Charge estimates relied on extrapolations. The results on the Functioning of Small Refrigerating show that the ternary nitrate mixture may be Appliances, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Ottawa, operated up to 260 °C (500 °F) boost tem- Ontario, Canada, 25-29 June 1988), American perature, which is approximately 80 °C (176 °F) Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- higher than what has been demonstrated with ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 94(2):- LiBr. In higher temperature regimes, the nitrates 813-828, 1988 (16 pages with 11 figures and 1 table, show the potential for 10% higher COPs and a RDB5553) marginally greater absorber capacity than LiBr. Experimental measurements of the falling film optimum charge, capacity, efficiency, void fraction heat transfer coefficient, subcooling, and ther- correlation mophysical properties are required to make a more definitive investigation. L. M. Schlager, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Evaporation and Condensation of Refrigerant-Oil J. J. Baustian, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Mea- Mixtures in a Low-Fin Tube, Transactions (Annual suring the Concentration of a Flowing Oil-Re- Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 25-29 June frigerant Mixture with a Bypass Viscometer, 1988), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, Canada, 25-29 June 1988), American Society of GA, 94(2):1176-1194, 1988 (19 pages with 14 figures Heating Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- and 3 tables, RDB2343) neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 94(2), 1988 (RDB- 2406) R-22 with naphthenic mineral oil

R-12 and R-22 with naphthenic mineral oil, R-502 Methods of Measuring the Solubility and Vis- with an alkylbenzene lubricant cosity of Lubricating Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures at High Discharge Pressures and Temperatures, research project 580-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Refrigerant Database Page 261

neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, June 1988 (ASH- mercial products, as well as XH-7, a develop- 0580) mental item; all three were tested as 8x12 mesh beads. These desiccants were exposed to R-134a The contractor for the project was Iowa State and a polyalkylene glycol lubricant (Union Carbide University of Science and Technology, led by M. UCON LB-525) at 82 °C (180 °F) and then tested B. Pate. The project was sponsored by Technical for fluoride content, water capacity, crush Committees 3.4, Lubrication, and 8.1, Positive strength, and attrition. Plots of fluoride uptake and Displacement Compressors. [see RDB2344 and water-retention capacity, as functions of RDB2345 for findings] equivalent exposure time, are provided along with plots of water capacity, crush strength, and attrition versus fluoride content. Isotherms were May 1988 generated for the three desiccants in R-134a. The document recommends against use of 4A-XH-5, currently used for R-12 drying, with R-134a. It Mixture Effects on Horizontal Convective D. Jung, suggests that the choice between the remaining Boiling Heat Transfer, doctoral dissertation, types be based on the cost versus required Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of performance, especially with respect to their Maryland, College Park, MD, May 1988 (rdb2346) relative strength characteristics. Significant build-up of fluoride was detected on the 4A-XH-5 L. J. M. Kuijpers, J. A. de Wit, and M. J. P. Janssen molecular sieve, due to chemical reaction (Phillips Research Laboratories, The Netherlands), between R-134a and the desiccant. Further Possibilities for the Replacement of CFC 12 in information on a long-term test of a 4A-XH-6 Domestic Equipment, International Journal of Re- sample addressed is provided in document frigeration (IJR), 11(4):284-291, May 1988 (8 pages, RDB0309. rdb2258)

R-12 alternatives March 1988 H. H. Kruse and U. Hesse (Universität Hannover, Germany), Possible Substitutes for Fully Halo- [R-]123 Refrigerant Analyses, report NIST-1, genated Chlorofluorocarbons Using Fluids Al- Chemistry Laboratory, The Trane Company, La ready Marketed, International Journal of Refriger- Crosse, WI, 14 March 1988 (1 page with 1 table, ation (IJR), 11(4):276-283, May 1988; republished in available from JMC as RDB0022) Status of CFCs - Refrigeration Systems and Refrig- erant Properties (proceedings of the meetings of IIR A table compares the chemical purity of R-123 Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2, Purdue University, samples, from AlliedSignal and DuPont Chemi- West Lafayette, IN), IIR, Paris, France, July 1988 (8 cals, with distilled R-11. Results are tabulated for pages, rdb2305) chloride-ion content, high boiling temperature impurities, neutralization value, moisture content, M. O. McLinden, Working Fluid Selection for and organic purity determined by gas Space-Based Two-Phase Heat Transport Sys- chromatography. The moisture content in the tems, report NBSIR 88-3812, National Institute of R-123 samples was higher than expected, but not Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly the Na- judged to be significant. tional Bureau of Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, May 1988 (80 pages with 3 figures and 13 tables, available from NTIS, RDB4728) February 1988

S. C. Bhaduri (Indian Institute of Technology, India) April 1988 and H. K. Varma, Thermodynamic Properties of R22 - Cyclohexanone Combination for Vapour A. P. Cohen, S. R. Dunne, and J. J. Seman, Des- Absorption Refrigeration System, Proceedings of iccants for Drying R-134a in Refrigeration Sys- the Vlllth National Symposium on Refrigeration and tems, UOP Research and Molecular Sieve Tech- Air-Conditioning (Indian Institute of Technology, nology, Tarrytown, NY, April 1988 (16 pages with 8 Kanpur, India, 26-27 February 1988), 129 ff 1988 figures and 4 tables, available from JMC as RDB- (rdb6315) 0003) R-22/absorbent, properties This document summarizes tests of the effectiveness, compatibility, and physical strength of R. E. Kauffman and W. E. Rhine (University of three Union Carbide Molecular Sieves for use as Dayton Research Institute), Development of a desiccants for R-134a. The molecular sieves Useful Lubricant Life Evaluation Technique, Part tested were 4A-XH-5 and 4A-XH-6, both com- Page 262 Refrigerant Database

I: Differential Scanning Calorimetric Techniques, istry. The results were not published, but partial Lubrication Engineering, 44(2):154-161, February documentation is available from the ASHRAE 1988 (8 pages, RDB3961) Manager of Research (+1-404/636-8400)

C-C. Piao, A Study of Thermodynamic Properties of CFC Alternative Refrigerants, masters thesis 1988 (month not indicated) (Department of Mechanical Engineering), Keio Uni- versity, Yokohama, Japan, 1988 (rdb3748) S. C. Bhaduri (Indian Institute of Technology, India) and H. K. Varma, Heat of Mixing of R22 - Absorb- thermodynamic properties of R-123, R-134a, and ent Mixtures, International Journal of Refrigeration others; thermophysical data (IJR), 11:92 ff, 1988 (rdb6314)

Real-Time Determination of Concentration of Oil R-22/absorbent, properties Dissolved in a Refrigerant Flow Stream without Sample Removal, research project 356-RP, Ameri- K. R. Bjorn, Linear Least-Squares Regression Al- can Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- gorithm for the Optimization of Thermodynamic ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April Equations of State, thesis, University of Idaho, 1984 - February 1988 (ASH0356) Moscow, ID, 1988 (rdb8C51)

The contractor was the Iowa State University of thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data, Science and Technology, led by A. E. Bergles; it equation of state (EOS) was sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.2, Instruments and Measurements. Y. S. Chilipenok et al., Heat Transfer in the Con- densation of R12/R11 Freon Mixture in a Finned Plate Condenser, Heat Transfer - Soviet Research, January 1988 20(5):676-683, 1988 (8 pages, rdb6447)

G. Angelino (Politecnico di Milano, Italy) and C. In- experimental data on condensation of R-12/11 in vernizzi (Università di Brescia, Italy), General a vertical plate condenser: The diffusion layer Method for the Thermodynamic Evaluation of decreases condensation for mixtures with a large Heat Pump Working Fluids, International Journal of difference in component boiling temperatures. Refrigeration (IJR), 11(1):16-25, January 1988 (10 pages with 10 figures, RDB3338) F. de Rossi, O. Manca, R. Mastrullo (Università di Napoli "Frederico ll", Italy), and P. Mazzei (Università general method to evaluate the performance of degli Studi di Salerno, Italy), Exergy-Enthalpy different classes of molecules as refrigerants for Diagrams of R502 and R503 and their Application, high-temperature heat pumps in the absence Transactions (Annual Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, measured thermodynamic properties: identifies Canada, 25-29 June 1988), American Society of cycle quality, defined as the ratio of actual to ideal Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- coefficient of performance (COP), as a function of gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 94(2), 1988 (rdb- the complexity of the molecular structure, reduced 5634) temperature for evaporation, and ratio of the temperature lift to the critical temperature; R-502, R-503, thermodynamic properties, ther- technical feasibility and efficiency are mophysical data unsatisfactory for complex molecules, due to condensation during compression, unless re- P. E. DiNenno, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection generative precooling (e.g., by a suction- Engineering, National Fire Protection Association line/liquid-line heat exchanger) is applied prior to (NFPA), Quincy, MA, 1988 (RDB4C54) expansion of the refrigerant; evaporating reduced temperature (ration of the evaporating flammability, flame limits, LFL, UFL, com- temperature to the critical temperature) should be bustibility, ignition moderate and preferably less than 0.7 J. S. Gallagher, M. O. McLinden, and G. Morrison Aluminum Corrosion in CFC Refrigeration, re- (National Institute of Standards and Technology, search project 425-RP, American Society of Heating NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Thermodynamic Diagrams for Refrigerant Mix- (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April 1984 - January 1988 tures, paper OT-88-20-5, Transactions (Annual (ASH0425) Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 25-29 June 1988), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, The contractor for the project was Duke Univer- and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, sity, led by F. Cocks; it was sponsored by Tech- GA, 94(2):2119-2136, 1988 (18 pages with 10 figures nical Committee 3.2, Refrigerant System Chem- and 3 tables, RDB5114) Refrigerant Database Page 263

provides pressure-enthalpy (PH) diagrams for T. Makita, Protection of Stratospheric Ozone and R-13/12 (40/60) and (60/40), R-22/11 (40/60) and Alternative Refrigerants, Kagaku Kogaku, 52(8):- (60/40), and R-22/114 (40/60) and (60/40) based 601-606, 1988 (6 pages, rdb5972) on Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equations of state (EOS): also provides temperature- environmental effects entropy (TS) diagrams for the R-22/114 blends and for R-22 and R-114 individually; describes R. Mastrullo (Università di Napoli "Frederico II", Italy) the CSD EOS and preparation of the diagrams; and P. Mazzei (Università degli Studi di Salerno, zeotropic blends; thermodynamic properties; Italy), Programma Interattivo per il calcolo della includes discussion by T. Z. Mazur (National proprietà di refrigeranti e I'analisi di cicli inversi Research Council, Canada, NRCC) and S. A. [Interactive Computer Program for Calculation of Sherif (University of Miami) Refrigerant Properties and Analysis of Reversed Cycles], II Freddo [Refrigeration], Italy, 42(1):61 ff M. Goto, Condensation on Single Horizontal Tube and 42(2):203 ff, 1988 (rdb5631) of Freon Refrigerants and Their Mixtures, Scientific Achievement Reports on Phase Change in R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-21, R-22, R-23, R- Multicomponent Systems, Japan, 66-67, 1988 113, R-114, R-114B2, R-115, R-124a [probably (RDB6204) R-124], R-134a, R-142b, R-152a, R-C318, R-500, R-502, R-503, R-717, thermodynamic properties, R-114/11, R-12/114, zeotropic blends, method to thermophysical data correlate experimental data for condensation on a tube in a uniform filmwise manner based on M. C. MacCracken, Greenhouse Warming: What two-phase boundary-layer theory Do We Know?, report UCRL-99998, Lawrence Liv- ermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, B. Kruppa, P. Jany, and J. Straub (Technische Uni- 1988 (rdb7A36) versität München, TUM, Germany), Experimental Apparatus for Measuring the Thermal Diffusivity global warming, greenhouse gases, environ- of Pure Fluids at High Temperatures, International mental impact, atmospheric chemistry, radiative Journal of Thermophysics, 9:911-921, 1988 (11 forcing of the atmosphere, climatic consequence pages, rdb5628) of composition changes, impacts

transport properties, thermophysical data M. O. McLinden (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST), Thermodynamic Evaluation of R. E. Lenga, The Sigma-Aldrich Library of Refrigerants in the Vapour Compression Cycle Chemical Safety Data (second edition), Sigma- Using Reduced Properties, International Journal of Aldrich Corporation, 1988 (rdb5162) Refrigeration (IJR), 11:134-143, May 1988 (10 pages with 8 figures and 3 tables, RDB3212) flammability, toxicity, and other safety data analyzes the effects of refrigerant properties on G. Lorentzen (Norgest Tekniska Högskole, NTH, performance; shows that most involve a tradeoff Norway), Ammonia: An Excellent Alternative, In- between a high coefficient of performance (COP) ternational Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 11:248- and high capacity; shows that there is an optimum 252, 1988 (5 pages, rdb4235) heat capacity, and that high critical pressure increases system capacity with no penalty on R-717 COP; concludes that the critical temperature is the most important factor in determining E. E. A. Lund, R. G. Richard, and I. R. Shankland performance; also concludes that the approaches (AlliedSignal Incorporated), A Performance Eval- presented may lead to improved refrigerants for uation of Environmentally Acceptable Foam high-temperature (condensing temperatures Blowing Agents, Polyurethanes 1988 (proceedings above 100 °C, 212 °F) applications, but that of the 31st Annual Technical and Marketing Con- superior refrigerants to those presently used are ference), Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI), New not likely for lower temperatures York, NY, 290-296, 1988 (7 pages, RDB0502) J. T. McMullan, N. Murphy, and D. W. Hughes Y. T. Ma, C. R. Lu, J. X. Cui, X. L. Hu, and G. L. (University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK), The Zhang (Tianjin University, China), Experimental Effect of Oil on the Performance of Heat Pumps Research of a Water-to-Water Heat Pump Cycle and Refrigerators - Part 1. Experimental Test Using Nonazeotropic Mixture R-22/142, Experi- Facility, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 8(1):53- mental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics, and Ther- 68, 1988 (16 pages, rdb7816) modynamics, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1988 (rdb3C17) refrigerant-lubricant: performance reduction in soluble refrigerant-oil systems Page 264 Refrigerant Database

J. T. McMullan, N. Murphy, and D. W. Hughes Liquid Halogenated Ethanes under High Pres- (University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK), The sure, International Journal of Thermophysics, Effect of Oil on the Performance of Heat Pumps 9:465-479, 1988 (15 pages, rdb8436) and Refrigerators - Part 2. Experimental Results, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, 8(2):95-124, 1988 transport properties or R-123 and others; ther- (30 pages, rdb7817) mophysical data

refrigerant-lubricant: performance reduction in R. Thiele and T. Hackensellner, Industriewärme- soluble refrigerant-oil systems pumpen mit Kältemittel und Wasser als Arbeits- medium [Industrial Heat Pumps Using Refrigerants S. K. Naidu, E. E. Klaus, and J. L. Duda, Thermal and Water as the Working Fluid], Rationelle Ener- Stability of Esters Under Simulated Boundary gietechnik in der Lebensmittelindustrie [Efficient Lubrication Conditions, Wear, 121:211-222, 1988 Energy Technologies in the Food Processing In- (12 pages, rdb4930) dustry], report 675, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) [Association of German Engineers] (München, polyolester, POE Germany), VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf, Germany, 261-275, 1988 (15 pages, rdb5A17) N. H. Proctor, J. P. Hughes, and M. L. Fischman, Chemical Hazards of the Workplace (second edi- R-718 tion), J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1988 (rdb5C50) E. A. Vineyard (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), Laboratory Testing of a Heat Pump Sys- reference for toxicity and other safety data [ref- tem Using an R-13B1/152a Refrigerant Mixture, erenced in RDB5C46] paper 3130 Transactions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 94(1), 1988 (11 pages R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland) and J. with 8 figures and 4 tables, RDB2329) Lavelle (Elf Atochem North America, Incorporated), Comparison of R-12 with the Blend of R-22/142b, Proceedings of the ASME Winter Annual Meeting R. T. Watson for the Ozone Trends Panel, M. J. (Chicago, IL), American Society of Mechanical Prather for the Ad Hoc Theory Panel, and M. J. Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, 22-30, 1988 (9 Kurylo for the Panel for Data Evaluation Present pages, rdb2339) State of Knowledge of the Upper Atmosphere 1988: An Assessment Report, reference publication 1208, National Aeronautics and Space Administration R-22/142b (NASA), Washington, DC, 1988 (rdb3135) V. Ramanathan, The Greenhouse Theory of Cli- recognized assessment that challenged the ad- mate Change: A Test by an Inadvertent Global equacy of the original Montreal Protocol and Experiment, Science, 240:293-299, 1988 (7 pages, suggested the need for more aggressive mea- rdb7A32) sures global warming, greenhouse gas effect N. Yada, M. Uematsu, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- versity, Japan), Study of the PVTx Properties for S. Solomon, The Mystery of the Antarctic Ozone Binary R-152a + R-114 System, Nippon Reito Hole, Reviews of Geophysics, 26:131-148, 1988 (18 Kyokai Ronbunshu [Transactions of the JAR], Nippon pages, rdb4151) Reito Kyokai [Japanese Association of Refrigeration, JAR], Tokyo, Japan, 5(1):107-115, 1988 (9 pages in ozone depletion, environmental impacts Japanese, rdb4230)

K. Stephan and T. Heckenberger (Universität Stutt- R-152a/114 blends, thermodynamic properties, gart, Germany), Thermal Conductivity and Vis- thermophysical data cosity Data of Fluid Mixtures, Chemistry Data Se- ries X, Deutsche Gesellschaft für chemisches Appa- T. Yamashita, H. Kubota, Y. Tanaka, T. Makita, and ratewesen e.V. (DECHEMA), Frankfurt am Main, H. Kashiwaga, Measurement of Physical Proper- Germany, 1988 (rdb5530) ties of New Fluorocarbons, Proceedings of the Ninth Japan Symposium on Thermophysical Prop- blends, transport properties, thermophysical data erties, 227-230, 1988 (4 pages, rdb4324)

Y. Takizawa and H. Muto, Determination of Fluo- thermodynamic properties or R-134a and others; rocarbons Obtained by the Photochlorination, thermophysical data Fluoride, 21(4):201-209, 1988 (9 pages, rdb5C03) A Comprehensive Evaluation of Alternative CFC environmental effects Refrigerants from the Molecular Structure, re-

Y. Tanaka, A. Miyake, H. Kashiwagi, and T. Makita (Kobe University, Japan), Thermal Conductivity of Refrigerant Database Page 265

search project 561-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration Equipment and Heat Pumps Using Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers CFCs/HCFCs: The Refrigerants Order and (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, circa 1988 (ASH0561) Comments, Swedish National Environmental Pro- tection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, 1988 (71 The contractor for the project was the National pages, RDB1130) Bureau of Standards (NBS, now the National In- stitute of Standards and Technology, NIST), led Specifications for Fluorocarbon Refrigerants, ARI by D. A. Didion and M. O. McLinden; it was Standard 700-88, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.1, Institute (ARI), Arlington, VA, 1988 (12 pages with Refrigerants and Brines. two tables and 1 appendix, RDB3103)

Disassembly and Inspection of Compressor in The intent of this standard is to define a level of Laboratory Refrigerator Charged with R-134a, quality for new, reclaimed, and/or repackaged report NIST-13, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- refrigerants for use in new and existing refriger- pany, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, undated circa ation and air-conditioning products. Specified 1988 (40 pages with 50 figures and 3 tables, avail- contaminant levels were chosen to be within the able from JMC as RDB0309) sensitivity of recommended test methods, to be economically achievable, and to provide satis- This report documents a detailed inspection of a factory performance. The standard does not apply hermetic compressor, operated for 8.7 years with where refrigerant captured from a particular R-134a and a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant, system is returned on site to the same system. It Union Carbide UCON LB-525. An unmodified defines and classifies contaminants based on Frigidaire refrigerator was charged with R-134a in standard test methods. It also specifies November 1977, but the compressor failed a acceptable purity requirements for various month later. The failure analysis was not located, fluorocarbon refrigerants, regardless of source. but the cause is believed to have been a These refrigerants include R-11, R-12, R-13, R- manufacturing defect. The compressor was 22, R-113, R-114, R-500, R-502, and R-503. It replaced and the refrigerator returned to service addresses the boiling point and range as well as in July 1978; it operated without incident until allowable content of vapor-phase contaminants, March 1987. The refrigerator was functioning and water, chloride ion, acidity, high-boiling normally when shut down for compressor residues, particulates and solids, and other re- disassembly, to determine the long term effects of frigerants. It identifies accepted industry test this refrigerant-oil system. This report provides a procedures for these determinations. photographic record of the disassembly, summarizes detailed chemical and metallurgical analyses, and includes profilometer readings to evaluate the effect of slight copper plating on 1987 steel bearing surfaces. A hardened steel vane spring, which broke when dropped, had been severely fatigued during service. The polyethylene slot liner insulation showed December 1987 embrittlement, but was not analyzed. Very limited refrigerant decomposition was found, and the Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases that Can report concludes that R-134a use had very little Modify the Stratosphere, report EPA-400/1-87/001, effect on the metal parts of the compressor. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Particles trapped in the oil produced slight scars Washington, DC, December 1987 (rdb3745) on metallic contact surfaces. The molecular sieve drier contained 5% residual water, compared to a fluorocarbon refrigerants, environmental impacts saturation value of 19-20%. Unanswered questions remain concerning the refrigerant- lubricant stability; addition of an oil stabilizer or November 1987 use of a different oil may be indicated. General Electric Company and Tecumseh Products R. J. Denny (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration In- Company assisted in disassembling the stitute, ARI), The CFC Footprint, ASHRAE Journal, compressor and interpreting the visual evidence. 29(11), November 1987; republished in CFCs: Time Further examination of the desiccant used, Union of Transition, ASHRAE, 23-28, 1989 (6 pages with 13 Carbide molecular sieve type 4A-XH-6, is figures and 1 table, RDB2257) reported in document RDB0003. alternative refrigerants, ozone depletion potential (ODP), comparative efficiencies, "drop-in" refrigerants, refrigerant use Page 266 Refrigerant Database

M. O. McLinden (National Institute of Standards and tria, 24-29 August 1987), International Institute of Technology, NIST) and R. K. Radermacher Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 8:140-145, August (University of Maryland), Methods for Comparing 1987 (6 pages, rdb4109) the Performance of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants in the Vapor Compression Cycle, International thermodynamic properties of blends; thermo- Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 10(8):318-325, physical data November 1987 (8 pages with 8 figures and 2 tables, RDB2508) M. Küver and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), Thermodynamic Data of the Binary October 1987 Mixture R22/R114, Development in Refrigeration, Refrigeration for Development (proceedings of the H. O. Spauschus (Spauschus Associates, Incorpo- XVllth International Congress on Refrigeration (Vi- rated), Developments in Refrigeration: Technical enna, Austria, 24-29 August 1987), International In- Advances and Opportunities for the 1990s, stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 13:152- International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 9:263- 158, August 1987 (7 pages, rdb4110) 270, October 1987 (8 pages, rdb2731) R-22/114 blends, thermophysical properties September 1987 M. O. McLinden, D. A. Didion (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, then the National Y. A. Repin, Method for Raising the Wear Resis- Bureau of Standards, NBS), and C. D. MacCracken tance of the Cylinder Surface of a Reciprocating (Calmac Manufacturing Company), Refrigerant Compressor, Soviet Engineering Research, Mixture of Trichlorofluoromethane and Dichloro- 7(9):33-34, September 1987 (2 pages, RDB4C28) hexafluoropropane, U.S. patent 4,687,588, 18 Au- gust 1987 (3 pages, RDB6814) August 1987 use of R-11/216aa, R-11/216ba, R-11/216ca, or D. Arnaud and J. C. Tanguy (Atochem Groupe Elf R-11/216cb to improve the pressure lift capabil- Aquitaine), Propriétés Thermophysiques des ities and operating range of centrifugal com- Réfrigérants R 124 et R 134a [Thermophysical pressors; R-11 and the four R-216 isomers form Properties of Refrigerants R-124 and R-134a], De- an azeotrope in a 74/11 blend velopment in Refrigeration, Refrigeration for De- velopment (proceedings of the XVllth International R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland), Vapor- Congress on Refrigeration (Vienna, Austria, 24-29 Compression Heat Pump Cycle with Desorber- August 1987), International Institute of Refrigeration Absorber Heat Exchange, Development in Refrig- (IIR), Paris, France, 159-166, 1987 (8 pages, rdb- eration, Refrigeration for Development (proceedings 5534) of the XVllth International Congress on Refrigeration (Vienna, Austria, 24-29 August 1987), International R-124, R-134a, thermophysical data Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, August 1987 (rdb6414) Y. Higashi, Y. Kabata, and K. Watanabe (Keio Uni- versity, Japan), Thermodynamic Behavior of the Y. Takaishi and K. Oguchi (Kanagawa Institute of Vapor-Liquid Coexistence Curve for Binary Re- Technology, Japan), Measurements of Vapor frigerant Mixtures, Development in Refrigeration, Pressures of R22/Oil Solutions, Development in Refrigeration for Development (proceedings of the Refrigeration, Refrigeration for Development (pro- XVIIth International Congress on Refrigeration ceedings of the XVllth International Congress on (Vienna, Austria, 24-29 August 1987), International Refrigeration (Vienna, Austria, 24-29 August 1987), Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 13:128- International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, 133, 1987 (6 pages, rdb4108) France, B:217 ff, August 1987 (rdb5438)

thermodynamic properties of blends; thermo- R-22, mineral oil physical data L. C. Tan and J. M. Yin, Thermodynamic Analysis Y. Kabata, Y. Higashi, and M. Uematsu (Keio Uni- of R22/R114 Refrigeration Cycle, Development in versity, Japan), Correlation of the Vapor-Liquid Refrigeration, Refrigeration for Development (pro- Coexistence Curve for Binary Refrigerant Mix- ceedings of the XVllth International Congress on tures, Development in Refrigeration, Refrigeration Refrigeration (Vienna, Austria, 24-29 August 1987), for Development (proceedings of the XVllth Inter- International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, national Congress on Refrigeration (Vienna, Aus- France, 13:670-675, 1987 (6 pages, rdb4111) R-22/114 Refrigerant Database Page 267

July 1987 February 1987

Influence of Oil on Pressure Drop in Refrigerant Lines, research project 336-RP, American Society of January 1987 Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1983 - G. Alefeld, What Needs to be Known About July 1987 (ASH0336) Working Fluids to Calculate COPs, Proceedings of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump The contractor was the University of Missouri at Conference (Orlando, FL, January 1987), 1987 Rolla, led by R. Howell; it was sponsored by (rdb8363) ASHRAE Technical Committee 10.3, Refrigerant Piping. sensitivity of performance to refrigerant selection and properties; calculation of the coefficient of performance (COP) June 1987 S. Komatsuzaki, T. Tomobe, and Y. Homma (Hitachi H. O. Spauschus and L. M. Speaker (Georgia In- Limited, Japan), Additive Effects on Lubricity and stitute of Technology), A Review of Viscosity Data Thermal Stability of Refrigerator Oils, Lubrication for Oil-Refrigerant Solutions, technical paper 3094 Engineering, 43(1):31-36, January 1987 (6 pages, (444-RP), Transactions (Annual Meeting, Nashville, rdb2423) TN, 27 June - 1 July 1987), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning refrigerant-lubricant chemistry; compatibility; lu- Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 93(2):667-681, bricity; additives 1987 (15 pages, RDB2224)

lubricants, properties of refrigerant-lubricant 1987 (month not indicated) mixtures D. E. Briggs and E. H. Young, Modified Wilson Plot Techniques for Obtaining Heat Transfer May 1987 Correlations for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers, Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), April 1987 New York, NY, 65:35-45, 1987 (11 pages, rdb4657)

D. Gorenflo and V. Bieling (Universität Paderborn, March 1987 Germany), Heat Transfer at Pool Boiling of Mix- tures with R22 and R115, Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer K. E. Güngör and R. H. S. Winterton, Simplified in Cryoengineering and Refrigeration, 243-257, 1986 General Correlation for Saturated Flow Boiling or 1987 (15 pages, rdb6411) and Comparisons of Correlations with Data, Chemical Engineering Research and Design (Journal R-22/115, R-502 of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK), 65:148-156, March 1987 (9 pages, rdb5247) R. Heide, Properties of Refrigerating Machine Oil Lüfrigöl XK 30 and its Mixtures with Refrigerants, heat transfer Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, 23(3):160-162, 1987 (3 pages in German, rdb4C33) R. P. Vallort, J. Sanchez, and W. V. Richards, Am- monia and Air Conditioning, Technical Papers of refrigerant-lubricant properties; vapor pressure, the Ninth Annual Meeting, International Institute of viscosity, and density plotted as functions of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR), Washington, DC, 89- temperature and pressure with R-13, R-13B1, and 98, March 1987 (10 pages, RDB4238) R-22

R-717 P. Jany and J. Straub (Technische Universität München, TUM, Germany), Thermal Diffusivity of Fluids in a Broad Region Around the Critical Point, International Journal of Thermophysics, 8:165-180, 1987 (16 pages, rdb5627)

transport properties, thermophysical data Page 268 Refrigerant Database

P. Jany and J. Straub (Technische Universität tration and interfacial temperature, data suggest München, TUM, Germany), Thermal Diffusivity of that full suppression of nucleate boiling is easier Five Pure Fluids, Chemical Engineering Commu- to achieve with mixtures than single compounds nications, 57:67-76, 1987 (rdb5626) P. A. Sanders (formerly E. I. duPont de Nemours and transport properties, thermophysical data Company) Handbook of Aerosol Technology, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL, A. Kanungo, T. Oi, S. Popowicz, and T. Ishida (State 1987 (rdb7294) University of New York), Vapor Pressure Isotope Effects in Liquid Methylene Difluoride, Journal of flammability and toxicity data for aerosol pro- Physical Chemistry, 91(15):4198-4203, 1987 (6 pellants, many of which also are used as refrig- pages, rdb4144) erants; flammability data for blends of R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22, R-114, R-123, R-124, R-133a with vapor pressures of isotopic R-32, thermodynamic R-142b or R-152a and with R-290, R-600, R- properties, thermophysical data 600a, R-601, or R-601a

I. L. Karol and V. V. Babanova, Global Dispersion K. Stephan, R. Krauss, and A. Laesecke (Universität of Chlorofluorocarbons in the Atmosphere, Me- Stuttgart, Germany), Viscosity and Thermal Con- teorol. Gidrol., (3):39-46, 1987 (8 pages in Russian, ductivity of Nitrogen for a Wide Range of Fluid rdb5269) States, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 16(4):993-1023, 1987 (11 pages, rdb5532) environmental effects transport properties for R-728 (nitrogen); ther- H. Lippold and S. Reinhold, Laboratory Tests of the mophysical data Tribological Characteristics of Refrigerating Machine Oils Under the Influence of Refrigerants, M. Takahashi, C. Yokoyama, and S. Takahashi, Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, 23(4):218-220, Viscosities of Gaseous R13B1, R142b, and 1987 (3 pages in German, rdb4C34) R152a, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 32:98-103, 1987 (6 pages, rdb3931) load-bearing tests of steel-steel bearings with various lubricants with R-12 and R-22 transport properties for R-13B1, R-142b, and R- 152a; thermophysical data M. J. Prather (National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration, NASA), M. McElroy, S. Wofsy, G. Rus- A. Valtz, S. Laugier, and H. Richon, Bubble Pres- sel, and D. Rind, Chemistry of the Global Tropo- sures and Saturated Liquid Molar Volumes of sphere: Fluorocarbons as Tracers of Air Motion, Trifluorotrichloroethane-Fluorochlorohydrocar- Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), 92:6579- bon Mixtures. Experimental Data and Modeliza- 6613, 1987 (35 pages, rdb5904) tion, Journal of Chemical Engineering, 32:397-400, 1987 (4 pages, rdb7C48) environmental impacts R-113 blends with fluorochemicals, thermody- V. Ramanathan, L. Callis, R. Cess, J. E. Hansen, I. namic properties, thermophysical data; R- Isaksen, L. Kuhn, A. A. Lacis, F. Luther, J. D. Mahl- 12/152a/113 as reported in RDB7945 man, R. Reck, and M. Schlesinger, Climate-Chem- ical Interactions and Effects of Changing Atmo- T. M. Vogel, C. S. Criddle, and P. L. McCarty, spheric Trace Gases, Reviews of Geophysics, Transformations of Halogenated Aliphatic Com- 25:1441-1482, 1987 (42 pages, rdb7A34) pounds Environmental Science and Technology, 21:722-736, 1987 (15 pages, rdb8448) R-11, R-12, and others, environmental impacts hydrolysis rates, environmental fate H. D. Ross (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, then the National Bureau of Oil-Flooded Propylene Refrigeration Screw Standards, NBS), R. K. Radermacher, M. di Marzo Compressor, Kobelco Technology, Japan, 2(2):63 ff, (University of Maryland), and D. A. Didion (NBS), 1987 (rdb4C18) Horizontal Flow Boiling of Pure and Mixed Re- frigerants, International Journal of Heat and Mass R-1270, propene Transfer, 30(5):979-992, 1987 (14 pages in German, rdb5115) The Ozone Layer, document 2, Environment Mon- itoring System (GEMS), United Nations Environment R-13B1, R-152a, R-13B1/152a (18/82), (37/63), Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya, 1987 (limited (58/42), and (80/20), experimental determination copies available from JMC as RDB2703) of heat transfer coefficients (HTCs): blends yielded sharply lower HTCs than either component tested as a single-compound refrigerant, attributed to circumferential gradient in concen- Refrigerant Database Page 269

Thermophysical Properties of Freons, Part 2, November 1986 edited by T. B. Selover, Jr., for the lzdatel'stvo Standartov [National Standard Reference Data Ser- vice of the USSR (NSRDS)], Hemisphere Publishing October 1986 Company, New York, 1987 (rdb9130)

thermodynamic and transport properties, thermophysical data September 1986

1986 August 1986

December 1986 G. Morrison and M. O. McLinden, Application of a Hard Sphere Equation of State to Refrigerants R. C. Castro-Gomez, G. A. Inglesias-Silva, W. R. and Refrigerant Mixtures, NBS Technical Note Lau, J. C. Holste, K. N. Marsh, K. R. Hall, and P. T. 1226, National Institute of Standards and Technology Eubank (Texas A&M University), Experimental (NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Enthalpies and Densities of Compressed Liquid Gaithersburg, MD, August 1986 (156 pages, Refrigerants, paper 86-WA/HT-57 (Winter Annual available from JMC as RDB0911) Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 7-12 December 1986), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), The Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD) equation New York, NY, 1986 (rdb8206) of state is applied to halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants and their mixtures. A set of thermo- thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data dynamic functions is derived from the PVT equation of state and the ideal gas heat capaci- J. A. Tichy, N. A. Macken, W. M. B. Duval and C. K. ties. Reference states are discussed for both pure Kong, Heat Transfer in Forced-Convective Con- materials and mixtures. Although the model densation and Evaporation of Oil-Refrigerant exhibits a critical point, it does not quantitatively Mixtures, Heat Transfer in Air-Conditioning and represent properties in the critical region. Despite Refrigeration Equipment (Winter Annual Meeting, this limitation, this model can represent both liquid Anaheim, CA, 7-12 December 1986), edited by J. A. and gaseous mixtures away from their own critical Kohler and J. W. B. Lu, American Society of Me- points, even at conditions near to and above the chanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, HTD65, critical points of their components. Algorithms and 1986 (rdb6740) Fortran routines for the use of this model are presented along with the numerical coefficients for heat transfer, effect of lubricants 11 pure refrigerants and 7 mixtures. Routines for evaluating the coefficients from saturation data An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of are included. Several examples of the application Refrigerant-Oil Mixture on Condensation Heat of this equation of state are presented to demon- Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop in Water- strate its versatility. The average deviation from Cooled Shell-and-Tube Condensers, research the tabulated saturation properties of the 11 pure project 378-RP, American Society of Heating, Re- refrigerants is 0.54% for pressures, 0.09% for frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- liquid volumes, and 0.50% for vapor volumes. RAE), Atlanta, GA, December 1982 - December 1986 (ASH0378) H. D. Ross, An Investigation of Horizontal Flow Boiling of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants, report The contractor for the project was Concordia NBSIR 86-3450, National Institute of Standards and University, Canada, led by J. Wang; it was Technology (NIST, then the National Bureau of sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, August 1986 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. (376 pages with 68 figures and 13 tables, available from NTIS, rdb4727)

heat transfer, blends

July 1986

J. C. Blaise and T. Dutto (Électricité de France, EDF, France), Some Practical Results Obtained Page 270 Refrigerant Database

with Nonazeotropic Mixture of Refrigerants in JSME, Tokyo, Japan, 52(479):2581-2587, July 1986 High Temperature Heat Pump, Proceedings of the (7 pages in Japanese, rdb4C30) Meeting of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2 (Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, July 1986), flow characteristics of mineral oil lubricant in R-22, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, comparison of predicted and measured data 1986 (rdb4403)

zeotropic blends, performance June 1986

R. L. Cox, Improvements and Enhancements of R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland), Ad- the ABSORB Computer Program for Modeling vanced Versions of Heat Pumps with Zeotropic Chemical Absorption Heat Pump Systems, report Refrigerant Mixtures, Transactions (Annual Meet- ORNL/TM-9957, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ing, Portland, OR, 22-25 June 1986), American So- Oak Ridge, TN, July 1986 (56 pages, available from ciety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning NTIS, RDB1144) Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 92(2A):52-59, 1986 (8 pages, rdb4880) This report provides documentation for updates to ABSORB, a simulation program for modeling Study to Increase the State of the Art of Solubility chemical absorption heat pump systems of and Viscosity Relationships for Lubricating varying configuration. A number of improvements Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures, research project 444-RP, and enhancements have been incorporated to American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- improve the robustness, flexibility, and Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April applicability of this code; these modifications 1985 - June 1986 (ASH0444) include: 1) a revised strategy of solving the system equations, 2) increased modularization of The contractor for the project was the Georgia the program, and 3) the first efforts to employ the Tech Research Institute, led by H. O. Spauschus; code to determine an optimum economic design it was sponsored by Technical Committee 3.4, of a heat pump system. A listing of the Fortran Lubrication. source code for ABSORB is included as an appendix. The listing excludes the optimizing package NPSOL, which is proprietary and must May 1986 be separately obtained. User documentation to run ABSORB is published separately in report ORNL/Sub/43337/2. April 1986 T. H. Kuehn and R. E. Gronseth, The Effect of a Nonazeotropic Binary Refrigerant Mixture on the Performance of a Single Stage Refrigeration Cy- March 1986 cle, Proceedings of the Meeting of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2 (Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, July 1986), International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, 119, 1986 (rdb7A24) February 1986

zeotropic blends, performance L. M. Speaker and H. O. Spauschus (Georgia In- A Study to Increase the T. Yanagisawa and T. Nomura (Daikin Industries, stitute of Technology), State-of-the-Art Solubility and Viscosity Rela- Limited, Japan), Application of Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures in Multi-Zone Heat Pump tionships for Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures, final report Room Air Conditioner with Hot Water System, for 444-RP, American Society of Heating, Refriger- Proceedings of the Meeting of IIR Commissions B1, ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), B2, E1, and E2 (Purdue University West Lafayette, Atlanta, GA, 20 February 1986 (RD82504) IN, July 1986), International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, 61-69, 1986 (9 pages with 8 figures and 2 tables, RDB5513) January 1986

performance of R-13B1/12, R-22/114; zeotropic J. J. Baustian, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Prop- blends erties of Oil-Refrigerant Liquid Mixtures with Ap- plications to Oil Concentration Measurement: T. Shimizu, Study of the Flow Characteristics of Part I - Thermophysical and Transport Properties, Refrigerating Oil Dissolved with Refrigerant, Transactions (Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu (Transactions of the 19-22 January 1986), American Society of Heating, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, JSME), Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Refrigerant Database Page 271

neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 92(1A):55-73, 1986 tion Systems, paper 86-WA/HT-60 (ASME Winter (19 pages, rdb3B59) Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 7-12 December 1986), American Society of Mechanical Engineers refrigerant-lubricant (RL) properties (ASME), New York, NY, 1986 (rdb5528)

J. J. Baustian, M. B. Pate, and A. E. Bergles, Prop- R-22/N-methylpyrolidone (R-22/NMP), thermo- erties of Oil-Refrigerant Liquid Mixtures with Ap- physical data, absorption cycles plications to Oil Concentration Measurement: Part II - Electrical and Optical Properties, Trans- D. P. Degrush, Measurements of Heat Transfer actions (Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 19-22 Coefficients of Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mix- January 1986), American Society of Heating, Re- tures Inside Horizontal Tubes, MS thesis (Depart- frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- ment of Mechanical Engineering), University of Illinois RAE), Atlanta, GA, 92(1A):74-92, 1986 (19 pages at Urbana-Champaign, 1986 (172 pages, rdb5559) with 16 figures and 3 tables, RDB4924) zeotropes, blends This paper presents an investigation of electrical and optical properties of liquid oil-refrigerant R. E. Dickinson and R. J. Cicerone (University of mixtures as possible bases for real-time mea- California, Irvine, UCI), Nature, 319:109 ff, 1986 surement of lubricant concentrations. It rec- (rdb3C43) ommends measurement of capacitance and refractive index as two options, but also addresses role of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in strato- light absorption and dielectric constant. spheric ozone depletion

M. P. Bertinat, Fluids for High Temperature Heat P. A. Domanski, Modelling of a Heat Pump Pumps, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), Charged with a Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mix- 9(1):43-50, January 1986 (8 pages, rdb7723) ture, NBS Technical Note 1218, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, then the National refrigerants for high temperature conditions Bureau of Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, 1986 (408 pages with 28 figures and 12 tables, available J. B. Chaddock and G. Buzzard (Duke University), from GPO, also available from JMC as RDB6856) Film Coefficients for In-Tube Evaporation of Am- monia and R-502 with and without Small Percen- analysis of the vapor compression cycle and the tages of Mineral Oil, Transactions (Winter Meeting, main components of an air-to-air heat pump San Francisco, CA, 19-22 January 1986), American charged with R-13B1/152a for steady-state op- Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- eration: includes the User's Manual and a listing of Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, the source code for the simulation model, named 92(1A):22-40, 1986 (19 pages, rdb8517) HPBI, and validation with experimental data; cycle analysis for a zeotropic blend measurements and correlations of local heat transfer coefficients inside horizontal tubes for J. F. Ely, An Equation of State Model for Pure CO2 (R) R-502 with a mineral oil (MO, Witco Suniso and CO2-Rich Mixtures, Proceedings of the 65th 3GS) and R-717 with Capella WF68 oil; effect of Annual Gas Processors Association Convention, Gas lubricants; concentrations of 0-10% lubricant Processors Association, Tulsa, OK, 185-192, 1986 (6 decreased heat transfer pages, rdb7A31)

T. Yanagisawa and T. Shimizu, Foaming of Refrig- R-744 (carbon dioxide) thermodynamic data: erating Oil in a Rolling Piston Type Compressor, equation of state (EOS), thermophysical prop- International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 9(1):17- erties 20, January 1986 (4 pages, rdb4C31) P. H. Gamlen, B. C. Lane, P. M. Midgley, and J. M. Steed, The Production and Release to the Atmo- 1986 (month not indicated) sphere of CCl3F and CCI2F2 (Chlorofluorocarbons CFC 11 and CFC 12), Atmospheric Environment, 20(6):1077-1085, 1986 (9 pages, RDB5504) S. C. Bhaduri (Indian Institute of Technology, India) and H. K. Varma, P-T-X Behavior of R22 with Five Different Absorbents, International Journal of Re- R-11, R-12, production and emission data frigeration (IJR), 9:362 ff, November 1986 (rdb6313) V. Z. Geller, Thermophysical Properties of R-22/absorbent, thermodynamic properties Working Fluids for Refrigerants, Publ. High Edu- cation, Ukraine, Russia, 1986 (rdb6329) I. Borde and M. Jelinek (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel), Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Fluid Mixtures for Absorption Refrigera- Page 272 Refrigerant Database

thermodynamic and transport data, refrigerants diative Balance of the Stratosphere, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 43:1525-1534, 1986 (10 J. L. Glajch and W. G. Schindel, Column Packing pages, rdb7649) for On-Line GC Analysis of Fluorocarbons in the Presence of Reactive Gases, LC-GC, 4(6), 1986 environmental impact, fluorochemical refrigerants, (rdb3512) GWP

R-12, R-22, R-134a, separation of refrigerant V. A. Isidorov and B. V. loffe, Nonanthropogenic mixtures Sources of Halocarbons in the Earth's Atmo- sphere, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R., Russia, then A. Golombek and R. G. Prinn, A Global Three-Di- USSR), 287(1):86-90, 1986 (5 pages, rdb5267) mensional Model of the Circulation and Chem- istry of CFCI3, CF2Cl2, CH3CCl3, CCI4, and N2O, natural sources of fluorocarbons, environmental Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), 91:3985- effects 4001, 1986 (17 pages, rdb5905) R. T. Jacobsen, R. B. Stewart, and M. Jahangiri R-11, R-12, R-140a, R-10, R-744A, environ- (University of Idaho), Thermodynamic Properties of mental impacts Nitrogen from the Freezing Line to 2000 K with Pressures to 1000 MPa, Journal of Physical and U. Gropp and E. Schlunder, The Influence of Liq- Chemical Reference Data, 15(2):735-909, 1986 (175 uid-Side Mass Transfer and Sensitivity During pages, rdb7A20) Surface and Nucleate Boiling of Liquid Mixtures in a Falling Film, Chemical Engineering Process., R-728 (nitrogen): thermodynamic properties from 20(2):103-114, 1986 (12 pages, rdb6412) the freezing line to 1727 °C (3140 °F) and 1000 MPa (145,000 psia), thermophysical data, nucleate boiling of liquid, azeotropic and equation of state (EOS) zeotropic blends M. Jahangiri, R. T. Jacobsen, R. B. Stewart, and R. K. E. Güngör and R. H. S. Winterton, A General D. McCarty, Thermodynamic Properties of Ethyl- Correlation for Flow Boiling in Tubes and Annuli, ene from the Freezing Line to 450 K with Pres- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, sures to 260 MPa, Journal of Physical and Chemical 29(3):351-358, 1986 (8 pages, rdb5248) Reference Data, 15(2):593-734, 1986 (142 pages, rdb7A16) heat transfer R-1150 (ethylene): thermodynamic properties up J. K. Hammitt (Rand Corporation), Product Uses to 177 °C (350 °F) and up to 260 MPa (38,000 and Market Trends for Potential Ozone-Depleting psia), thermophysical data Substances, report EPA/R-3386, U.S. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, P. Jany, Die Temperaturleitfähigkeit reiner Fluide DC, 1986 (rdb8146) im weiten Zustandsbereich um den kritischen Punkt [Thermal Diffusivity of Pure Fluids in a Broad fluorochemical refrigerants and others, statistics, Region Around the Critical Point], thesis, Technische applications Universität München (TUM), Germany, 1986 (rdb5625) Y. Higashi, M. Uematsu, and K. Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), Measurements of the Vapor- transport properties, thermophysical data Liquid Coexistence Curve and Critical Locus for Several Refrigerant Mixtures, International Journal M. K. Jensen and H. P. Bensler, Saturated Forced of Thermophysics, 7:128-133, 1986 (11 pages, Convective Boiling Heat Transfer with Twisted- rdb4125) Tape Inserts, Journal of Heat Transfer, 108:93-99, 1986 (7 pages, rdb6415) thermodynamic properties of blends; thermophysical data blend heat transfer

H. Honda, B. Uchima, S. Nozu and T. Fujii Y. Kanome and I. Fujita, BS thesis (Department of (Okayama University, Japan), Effect of Vapour Mechanical Engineering), Keio University, Yoko- Velocity on Film Condensation of R113 on Hori- hama, Japan, 1986 (rdb8449) zontal Tubes in a Crossflow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 29:429-438, 1986 (10 density of R-152a: thermodynamic properties, pages, rdb5734) thermophysical data

R-113, heat transfer R. S. Katti, R. T. Jacobsen, R. B. Stewart, and M. Jahangiri, Thermodynamic Properties for Neon for J. T. Kiehl and S. Solomon (National Oceanic and Temperatures from the Triple Point to 700 K Atmospheric Administration, NOAA), On the Ra- Refrigerant Database Page 273

at Pressures to 700 MPa, Advances in Cryogenic V. A. M. Soares, B. J. V. S. Almeida, I. A. McLure, Engineering, 31:1189-1197, 1986 (9 pages, rdb- and R. A. Higgins, Surface Tension of Pure and 7A19) Mixed Simple Substances at Low Temperature, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 32:9-16, 1986 (8 pages, rdb- R-720 (neon): thermodynamic properties from the 7A10) triple point to 426 °C (800 °F) and up to 700 MPa (102,000 psia), thermophysical data, equation of R-14 and others: surface tension for single- state (EOS) compound refrigerants and blends, transport properties, thermophysical data G. Morrison and M. O. McLinden (National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Application of the Carnahan- T. N. Tandon, H. K. Varma, and C. P. Gupta, Gen- Starling-DeSantis Equation of State to Refriger- eralized Correlation for Condensing of Binary ants and Refrigerant to Mixtures of Refrigerants, Mixtures Inside a Horizontal Tube, International paper 86-WA/HT-59 (ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 9:, 1986 (rdb5117) Anaheim, CA, 7-12 December 1986), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, heat transfer, condensation, blends, azeotropic, NY, 1986 (rdb3508) zeotropic

describes a modification to the Carnahan-Starling H. C. Ünal, Prediction of Nucleate Boiling Heat (CS) equation of state (EOS) to describe the Transfer Coefficients for Binary Mixtures, Inter- properties of refrigerant materials and their binary national Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 29(4):- and ternary mixtures: discusses application to 637-640, 1986 (4 pages, rdb4422) R-22 and R-22/114; thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data blends, heat transfer

W. J. Mulroy and D. A. Didion, The Performance of A. Valtz, S. Laugier, and H. Richon, Bubble Pres- a Residential Sized Heat Pump Operating with a sures and Saturated Liquid Molar Volumes of Di- Nonazeotropic Binary Refrigerant Mixture, report fluoromonochloroethane-Fluorochloroethane Bi- NBSIR 86-3422, National Institute of Standards and nary Mixtures, International Journal of Refrigeration Technology (NIST, then the National Bureau of (IJR), 9:282-295, 1986 (4 pages, rdb4207) Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, 1986 (available from NTIS, RDB6413) R-142b/21, R-21, R-142b, blends, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data; vapor pressure zeotropic blends and density of R-142b as reported in RDB7945

S. Pourezza-Djourshari and R. K. Radermacher T. Yokoyama (Tokyo Electric Power Company, (University of Maryland), Calculation of the Perfor- Japan), The Effect of an Electric Field on Boiling mance of Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps with Heat Transfer of Fluorocarbon R-11, XVII Interna- Solution Circuits Using the Mixture R22/DGEDME, tional Conference for Heat and Mass Transfer, International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 9:, 1986 Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 1986 (rdb3C19) (rdb4444) heat transfer, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) en- R-22/DGEDME hancement Product Uses and Market Rand Corporation, V. P. Zhelezny (Odessa State Academy of Refriger- Trends for Potential Ozone-Depleting Sub- ation, Ukraine then USSR), J. A. Kachurka, and L. D. stances. 1985-2000 , report EPA/R-3386, U.S. En- Lasota, Scaling Principles in Predicting Ther- vironmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, modynamic Properties of Nonassociated [possibly DC, 1986 (rdb4568) Immiscible] Liquids and their Binary Mixtures in Saturation, Novosybirsk (proceedings of the Seventh J. V. Sengers (University of Maryland) and J. M. H. All-Union Conference on Thermophysical Properties Levelt Sengers (National Bureau of Standards, NBS), of Substances), ABOK, Moscow, USSR, 31-32, 1986 Thermodynamic Behavior of Fluids Near the (2 pages in Russian, rdb6C26) Critical Point, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 37:189-222, 1986 (34 pages, rdb9512) thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data equation of state (EOS) in the critical region M. J. Zion, Lubricating Oils for Refrigeration Sys- tems, Technical Papers of the Eighth Annual P. G. Seybold et al., On the Physical Properties of Meeting, International Institute of Ammonia Refrig- Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Acta Pharmaceutica eration (IIAR), Washington, DC, 137-154, 1986 (18 Jugoslavica, Yugoslavia, 36(2):253-266, 1986 (14 pages, rdb3340) pages, rdb5837) R-717, lubricants alternative refrigerants Page 274 Refrigerant Database

Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values 1985 (fifth edition), American Conference of Gov- ernmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1986 (rdb4150) December 1985 This book documents the bases for threshold limit values (TLVs) for airborne concentrations of chemical substances to which workers may be November 1985 exposed. These chemicals include some commonly or historically used as refrigerants, based on their chronic and/or acute toxicity. The October 1985 TLV data refer to concentrations under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects subject to identified considerations. The September 1985 TLVs are categorized as time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), and ceiling (TLV-C). The refrigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, R- August 1985 12B2, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-113, R-114, R- 115, R-170 (ethane), R-290 (propane), R-600 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Condensing (butane), R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 (ammo- and Evaporating Multicomponent Flow, research nia), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur diox- project 221-RP, American Society of Heating, Re- ide), R-1130, R-7146 (sulfur hexafluoride), and frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- others. RAE), Atlanta, GA, December 1980 - August 1985 (ASH0221) Present State of Knowledge of the Upper Atmo- sphere: An Assessment Report, National Aero- The contractor for the project was Rensselaer nautics and Space Administration (NASA), Wash- Polytechnic Institute (RPI), led by J. A. Tichy; it ington, DC, 1986 (rdb5565) was sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. atmospheric concentrations of fluorochemicals, environmental impacts July 1985 Refrigerant Property Tables (I-P Units), research project 407-RP, American Society of Heating, Re- June 1985 frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- RAE), Atlanta, GA, completed in 1986 (ASH0407) T. Berntsson, K. M. Berntsson, and H. Panholzer (Chalmers University, Sweden), Heat Transfer of The contractor for the project was the University Nonazeotropic Mixtures in a Falling Film Evapo- of Idaho, led by R. B. Stewart; it was sponsored rator, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI, by ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.1, Refriger- 23-26 June 1985), American Society of Heating, ants and Brines. Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 91(2B):1337-1350, 1985 (14 pages, RDB6416)

zeotropic blends

J. M. Calm (Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI) and D. A. Didion (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Research and Development of Heat Pumps Using Nonazeotropic Mixture Refrigerants, Advances in Nonazeotropic Mixture Refrigerants for Heat Pumps, technical data bulletin 1(9), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 132-139, June 1985 (8 pages with no figures or tables, RDB2353)

zeotropes, blends, research needs, status Refrigerant Database Page 275

G. Morrison and M. O. McLinden (National Bureau of April 1985 Standards, NBS), Two Refrigerant Mixtures and the Hard Sphere Fluid, paper HI-85-18-3, Transactions (ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Honolulu, March 1985 HI, June 1985), American Society of Heating, Re- frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- Freon(R) Fluorocarbons Properties and Applica- RAE), Atlanta, GA, 91(2):929-935, 1985 (14 pages tions, bulletin G-1 (document E-03528-1), E. I. with 9 figures and 1 table, available from JMC as duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, RDB3509) Wilmington, DE, March 1985 (12 pages with 1 figure and 8 tables, RDB3511) binary blends, azeotropes, zeotropes, equation of state (EOS) This brochure summarizes physical, thermodynamic, safety, and application data for R-11, R-12, U. W. Schulz (Carrier Corporation), The Charac- R-13, R-13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-113, R-114, terization of Fluid Mixtures and Their Utilization R-115, R-116, R-500, R-502, and R-503. Key in Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems, physical parameters are tabulated for application Transactions (Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI, 23-26 of these refrigerants. The brochure reviews safety June 1985), American Society of Heating, Refriger- considerations for refrigerant use, noting that none ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), of the compounds addressed are flammable or Atlanta, GA, 91(2B), 1985; republished in Advances explosive though mixtures with other gases may in Nonazeotropic Mixture Refrigerants for Heat be flammable. Health effects are reviewed with Pumps, technical data bulletin 1(9), ASHRAE, 12-22, attention to relative toxicity and exposure limits, 1985 (11 pages, RDB6418) dermal effects (skin and eye contact), oral toxicity, central nervous system (CNS) effects, and cardiac azeotropic and zeotropic blends, predicted versus sensitization. The brochure briefly discusses measured performance thermal decomposition products and handling of major spills and releases. Stability and W. F. Stoecker and E. Kornota (University of Illinois decomposition data are provided for R-11, R-12, at Urbana-Champaign), Condensing Coefficients R-13, R-22, R-113, R-114, and R-115. Hydrolysis When Using Refrigerant Mixtures, Transactions data with water, alone and in solution with sodium (ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Honolulu, HI, June 1985), hydroxide, are presented for R-22 and R-23. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and brochure discusses compatibility with commonly- Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, used construction metals including aluminum, cast 91(2B):1351-1367, 1985 (17 pages with 20 figures iron, brass, copper, lead, steel, and tin. It notes and 4 tables, RDB5116) that some of the metals may act as catalysts for refrigerant breakdown at high temperatures. Al- heat transfer, condensation kali, and alkaline earth metals (sodium, potas- sium, barium, etc.), magnesium, and finely ground E. G. Wright (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- or powdered aluminum may be reactive with some pany, Incorporated), Prediction of Refrigerant or all refrigerants. Swell data with elastomers are Ternary Mixture Properties Using the Redlich- tabulated for R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-22, Kwong-Soave Equation of State, Advances in R-30 (methylene chloride), R-40 (methyl chloride), Nonazeotropic Mixture Refrigerants for Heat Pumps, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-140a (methyl chloroform), technical data bulletin 1(9), American Society of and R-502 with neoprene GN, butadiene Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning acrylonitrile (Buna(TM) N), butadiene styrene Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 37-52, June 1985 (Buna(TM) S), isoprene isobutylene (Butyl(TM)), and (16 pages, RDB2331) polysulfide and natural rubbers. Compatibility data are discussed with lubricants and plastics. A vapor Redlich-Kwong-Soave (RKS) equation of state pressure-temperature chart is included. (EOS), thermodynamic properties of blends, thermophysical data February 1985

May 1985 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Limited, Prevention of Oxidative Degradation of Lubricating Oils for C. Nolden, Synthetic Lubricants, Plant Engineering, Refrigeration Compressors, Kokai Tokkyo Kono, 39(9):30-41, May 1985 (12 pages, rdb4C27) Japan, February 1985 (rdb4B19)

lubricant stability Page 276 Refrigerant Database

January 1985 1985 (month not indicated)

G. Morrison (National Bureau of Standards, NBS), T. Adamek, Rechenmodelle der Filmkondensation The Importance of Including the Liquid Phase in an engberippten Kondensatorrohren [Calculation Equations of State for Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Model for Film Condensation for Tightly Spaced Mixtures, Transactions (Winter Meeting, Chicago, Condenser Tubes] in Wärme- und Stoffübertragung IL, 27-30 January 1985), American Society of [Heat and Mass Transfer], Germany, 19:145-157, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- 1985 (13 pages in German, rdb4733) neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 91(1B):260-273, Jan- uary 1985 (14 pages, rdb6431) heat exchangers, heat transfer

equation of state (EOS), thermodynamic prop- V. V. Altunin, V. Z. Geller, E. A. Kremenevskaya, I. L. erties, thermophysical data, zeotropic blends Perelshtein, and E. K. Petrov, Thermophysical Properties of Freons, Methane Serie, Part 2, Na- K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), tional Standard Reference Data Service of the USSR Mechanism of Oil-R12 Reactions - the Role of (NSRDS), Moscow, USSR, 2:31-76, 1985; Iron Catalyst in Glass Sealed Tubes, paper 2881, republished by Hemisphere Publishing Company, Transactions (Winter Meeting, Chicago, IL, 27-30 New York, 1987 (rdb5449) January 1985), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers transport properties, thermophysical data (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 91(1A):356-369, January 1985 (14 pages with 7 figures and 1 table, RDB2217) R. Camporese, G. Bigolaro (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR, Italy), and L. Rebellato (Insti- This frequently cited paper presents the chemistry tuto per la Tecnica del Freddo del CNR, Italy), Cal- of oil and R-12 reactions in sealed-tube tests in culation of the Thermodynamic Properties of detail. The paper reviews the mechanisms Refrigerants by the Redlich-Kwong-Soave postulated in earlier publications [see RDB2326 Equation of State, International Journal of Refrig- and RDB2526] and observations based on eration (IJR), 8(3):147-151, 1985 (5 pages, rdb8443) infrared absorbance. The paper concludes that iron acts as a participant in the reaction, rather RKS equation of state (EOS), thermophysical than as a catalyst. Large amounts can be data solubilized, and the process of solubilization begins early. The iron-oil molecule and R-12 react M. W. Chase, C. A. Davies, J. R. Downey, D. J. with the glass; this reaction also starts much Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverd (National earlier than previously indicated. The reaction Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST) JANAF forms boron-hydrogen and silicone fluorine Thermochemical Tables (Third Edition), Journal of compounds, while precipitating out the solubilized Physical and Chemical Reference Data, iron. Based on gas analysis by infrared, a criterion 14(supplement 1):1-1856, 1985 (1856 pages, rdb- is defined to identify the entry of glass in 7A12) sealed-tube reactions. The paper traces through the postulated reactions and experiments chemical properties, thermophysical data conducted, to identify actual reactions by elimination of participating materials. Based on D. H. Enhalt and U. Schmidt, The Effect of Man- the finding that reactions involving glass start at Made Halocarbons on Stratospheric Ozone, an early stage in systems containing R-12, oil, Pollutants - Their Ecotoxicological Significance, and steel, data in prior publications that show 97-118, 1985 (22 pages, rdb6289) large amounts of reaction products need to be reexamined. ozone depletion J. A. Tichy, N. A. Macken, and W. M. B. Duval, An Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in N. Enjo and M. Noguchi, Refrigerant and Lubri- Forced-Convection Condensation of Oil-Refrig- cating Oil, Reito [Refrigeration], Japan, 60(694):38- erant Mixtures, Transactions (Winter Meeting, 44, 1985 (7 pages, rdb4329) Chicago, IL, 27-30 January 1985), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning E. Fernandez-Fassnacht and F. del Rio, Vapor Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 91(1A):297-309, Pressures of CCI3F, CCI2F2, and CCIF3, Cryogenics, 1985 (13 pages with 5 figures and 2 tables, rdb3B52) 25:204-207, 1985 (4 pages, rdb7A73)

R-12, mineral oil, heat transfer R-11, R-12, and R-13: thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data

G. Grossman and E. Michelson, Absorption Heat Pump Simulation and Studies, Part I: A Modular Computer Simulation of Absorption Systems, Refrigerant Database Page 277

report ORNL/Sub/43337/2, Oak Ridge National ing, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1985 Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, circa 1985 (available (rdb6419) from NTIS, rdb0926) single-compound refrigerants, azeotropic and N. Hasegawa, M. Uematsu, and K. Watanabe (Keio zeotropic blends, heat transfer in tubes University, Japan), Measurements of p, v, T, x Properties of the R22 + R114 System, Journal of R. H. Schlosberg, A. Kurs, G. D. Dupre, and R. J. Chemical and Engineering Data, 30:32-36, 1985 (5 Pancirov, Thermal Chemistry of Esters and Ke- pages, rdb4124) tones, Liquid Fuel Technology, 3(4):465 ff, 1985 (rdb4356) thermodynamic properties of R-22/114: measurements of pressure, volume, temperature, and thermal degradation of ester lubricants quality; thermophysical data R. Schmidt and W. Wagner, A New Form of the I. Jonsson, Plate Heat Exchangers as Evaporators Equation of State for Pure Substances and its and Condensers for Refrigerants, Australian Application to Oxygen, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, and Heating, 19:175-200, 1985 (26 pages, RDB7965) 39(9):19-31, 1985 (13 pages, rdb6435) R-732 (oxygen), equation of state (EOS), ther- use of compact brazed-plate heat exchangers modynamic properties, thermophysical data [the fundamental equation (FEQ) presented is H. H. Kruse and M. Schroeder (Universität Hanno- identified by some other authors as the ver, Germany), Fundamentals of Lubrication in Schmidt-Wagner EOS] Refrigeration Systems and Heat Pumps, Interna- tional Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 8:347-355, 1985 M. Schroeder, Development and Test of a Low (9 pages with 9 figures and 5 tables, rdb3461) Cost Screw Compressor for Refrigerants R-12 and R-114, dissertation, Universität Hannover, revision to RDB3411 Hannover, Germany, 1985 (rdb4285)

J. T. McMullan, D. W. Hughes, and R. Morgan (Uni- K. Shinsaka, N. Gee, and G. R. Freeman, Densities versity of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK), A Suite of Against Temperature of 17 Organic Liquids and Computer Programs for Calculating Refrigerant of Solid 2,2-Dimethylpropane, Journal of Chemical Properties, Heat Recovery Systems and CHP, Thermodynamics, 17:1111-1119, 1985 (9 pages, 5(2):143-180, 1985 (38 pages, rdb5273) rdb7B18)

thermodynamic properties of R-12 and others; thermodynamic properties of R-14, R-23, R-32, thermophysical data R-601b (neopentane), and others; thermophysical data N. E. Murphy, Effects of Lubricating Oil on Evap- orator Performance, D.Phil. thesis, University of Y. W. Song, J. L. Yu, and S. Y. Fu, KDR-1 Thermal Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK, 1985 (rdb- Conductivity Instrument for Liquid and Solid by 8441) Transient Hot-Wire Method, Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrumentation, 6:369-381, 1985 (13 lubricant influences on heat transfer pages, rdb5640)

V. Ramanathan, R. J. Cicerone, H. B. Singh, and J. measurement, instrumentation, thermophysical T. Kiehl, Trace Gas Trends and their Potential properties Role in Climate Change, Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), 90:5547-5566, 1985 (20 pages, G. van der Waal (Unichema Chemie BV, The Neth- rdb3136) erlands), The Relationship Between the Chemical Structure of Ester Base Fluids and their Influence R-11, R-12, and others, environmental impacts on Elastomer Seals, and Wear Characteristics, Journal of Synthetic Lubricants, 1:280-301, 1985 (22 A. Rojey, Practical Use of Non-Azeotropic Re- pages with 20 figures and 4 tables, RDB2233) frigerant Mixtures in Heat Pumps and Air Condi- tioners, Institut Français du Pétrole, Rueil Malmai- Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of son, France, 1985 (30 pages with 8 figures and 4 Flammability of Chemicals, standard E681-85, tables, RDB5521) American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, 1985, reapproved in 1991 R-22/11, R-290/600, R-290/600a, zeotropic (RDB2919) blends, early field test of refrigerant mixtures flammability limits, LFL, UFL H. D. Ross, An Investigation of Horizontal Flow Boiling of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants, doctoral dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineer- Page 278 Refrigerant Database

1984 J. N. Friedman, Experimental Evaluation of Alaskan Air Conditioning Company's Mixed Re- L. Brodsky, J. Zielinski, G. Perrault, and R. Schmaus, frigerant R-176, Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, NY, Commercial Experience with Diester Based 17 August 1984 (13 pages with 2 figures and 4 Synthetic Industrial Lubricants, Iron and Steel tables, available from JMC as RDB1B01) Engineer, 61(12):41-46, December 1984 (6 pages, rdb4C19) The measured performance of a zeotropic ternary blend, R-22/12/142b (25/15/60) is compared to polyolester, POE that of R-22 for two residential heat pumps. The units tested included an air-to-water heating-only D. A. Didion, unpublished letter report on the energy model and an air-to-air heating and-cooling model. The charge and expansion device orifice performance potential of "R-176", National Bureau of (R) Standards (NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, 29 November (Accurator piston size) were optimized for 1984 (20 pages with 6 figures and 4 tables, available capacity and efficiency. The heating capacity and from JMC as RDB2320) coefficient of performance (COP) were approximately 52 and 15% lower, respectively, with the refrigerant blend than with R-22 in the This letter report summarizes an investigation of air-to-water heat pump. The heating and cooling the performance potential of a ternary zeotropic capacities were approximately 35 and 46% lower, blend, namely R-22/12/142b, commercially respectively, in the air-to-air heat pump, but the identified as "R-176". The document addresses efficiency increased by approximately 10% in the the blend's characteristics, to determine if an cooling mode and was nearly the same for azeotrope exists within the temperature and heating. The test procedures and conditions are composition ranges of interest. It also presents an described in the report. The study concluded that evaluation of potential capacity and efficiency the mixture is not a viable replacement in Carrier benefits, relative to those for R-22, in an unaltered heat pump systems operating in the heating (except for the expansion device) heat pump. The mode. Additional testing is recommended to document provides a generic discussion of determine if increases in efficiency can be azeotropic behavior and determination. A figures achieved with the mixture in the cooling mode, illustrates the phenomena of both positive and based on further capillary tube and refrigerant negative azeotropes. Composition measurements, charge optimization, despite the decreased as liquid and vapor mole fractions, are tabulated cooling capacity. for the specific blend at -15 and 0 °C (5 and 32 °F) and illustrated relative to the R-22/12 binary azeotrope on a composition diagram. The K. Fushimi, Heat Pump with Nonazeotropic Re- document provides a liquid saturation (bubble frigerant Mixture, Daikin Industries, Limited, Osaka, point) plot for -35 to 60 °C (-31 to 140 °F) and Japan, 25 July 1984 (13 pages with 6 figures and 5 reviews thermodynamic cycle predictions for the tables, rdb2356) blend. The document presents the experimental evaluation approach, including determination of R-22/114, zeotropic blends expansion device sensitivity. Performance measurements are tabulated at standard rating R. C. Downing (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- conditions (-8.3 and 8.3 °C for heating and 27.8 pany), Development of Chlorofluorocarbon Re- and 35 °C for cooling, 17, 47, 82 and 95 °F frigerants, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Kansas respectively). Composition shifts, their City, MO, 17-20 June 1984), American Society of determination, and their impacts are discussed. Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- The document concludes that no azeotrope exists neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 90(2B):481-491, for this ternary mixture for any combination of 1984; republished in CFCs: Time of Transition, components where the mole fraction of R-142b is ASHRAE, 16-22, 1989 (11/7 pages with 2 figures and 0.05-0.93 for the temperature range of interest for 1 table, RDB2436) heat pumps, air conditioning, and refrigeration. The blend resulted in a 40-50% decrease in D. J. Glova (Chevron Research Company), High- capacity in both the heating and cooling modes, Temperature Solubility of Refrigerants in Lubri- 5-13% decrease in cooling coefficient of cating Oil, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Kansas performance (COP), and 10-25% decrease in City, MO, 17-20 June 1984), American Society of heating COP. The document notes that some Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- COP increase may be observed in certain neers, ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 90(2B):806-824, systems, particularly where heat exchangers are 1984; republished in ASHRAE Journal, 26(5), 1984 undersized. [The designation "R-176" is a trade (19 pages with 8 figures and 3 tables, RDB2211) name, derived by summing the component designation numbers, rather than a refrigerant R-12, R-22, R-502, alkylbenzene lubricant number conforming to ASHRAE Standard 34]. R. K. Radermacher (University of Maryland), Heat Pump Cycles with Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Refrigerant Database Page 279

Mixtures in Thermodynamic Diagrams, Trans- in evaporators are described. R-12 and Shell actions (Annual Meeting, Kansas City, MO, 17-20 Clavus 68 oil were used. Efforts were made to June 1984), American Society of Heating, Refriger- model actual operation as closely as possible. ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), The oil was found to have a significant effect on Atlanta, GA, 90(2A):166-174, 1984 (9 pages with 4 refrigerant flow and pressure drop. Measurements figures, RDB3519) made on the heat transfer coefficient indicated that the oil had different effects depending on the zeotropic blends fluid flow regime. No effect was apparent for annular-wavy regimes, but the presence of oil K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), significantly reduced the heat transfer coefficient Lubrication by Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures: Behavior for annular-film flows. in the Falex Tester, paper KC-84-14-3, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Kansas City, MO, H. H. Kruse and M. Schroeder (Universität Hannover, 17-20 June 1984), American Society of Heating, Germany), Fundamentals of Lubrication in Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Refrigeration Systems and Heat Pumps, paper (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 90(2):799-805, 1984; re- KC-84-14-1, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Kansas published in ASHRAE Journal, 26:59 ff, 1984 (7 City, MO, 17-20 June 1984), American Society of pages with 2 figures and 3 tables, RDB2422) Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 90(2B):763-783, 1984 The effects of test parameters, with reference to (21 pages); republished in ASHRAE Journal, 26(5), the fundamentals of boundary lubrication, are May 1984 (17 pages with 8 figures and 7 tables, discussed for Falex pin and v-block tests. Such rdb3411) tests are widely used by equipment manufacturers and lubricant suppliers to simulate R-11, R-12, R-13, R-14, lubricants: overview, lubrication in refrigerant compressors and to common lubrication problems screen refrigeration lubricants. When modified to provide a closed, pressure-tight chamber, the W. F. Stoecker (University of Illinois at Urbana- Falex machine permits laboratory simulation of Champaign), Selecting the Size of Pipes Carrying lubricants in hermetic compressors. The paper Hot Gas to Defrost Evaporators, International review fundamental theories of boundary lubri- Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 7(4):225-228, May cation and wear to explain laboratory data that 1984 (4 pages, rdb4633) may appear to be anomalous. In doing so, the paper explains that trouble-free operation of pipe sizing hermetic compressors under high-oil dilution conditions of liquid feedback has been simulated. T. J. Clancey and S. R. Dunne, Methods of Testing The unanticipated result is explained on the basis Desiccants for Refrigerant Drying, Transactions of dissipation of frictional heat from the rubbing (Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 29 January - 1 Febru- surfaces. The behavior of additive-free lubricants ary 1984), American Society of Heating, Refrig- is described and compared to that with antiwear erating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), additives, such as tricresyl phosphate (TCP). Atlanta, GA, 90(1):164-178, 1984 (15 pages, rdb- 2431) H. O. Spauschus (Georgia Institute of Technology), Evaluation of Lubricants for Refrigeration and R. R. R. Scharf, V. W. Goldschmidt, and L. White Air-Conditioning Compressors, Transactions (An- (Purdue University), Measurement of Refrigerant nual Meeting, Kansas City, MO, 17-20 June 1984), Leakage in Reversing Valves, Transactions (Winter American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 29 January - 1 February 1984), Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and 90(2B):784-798, 1984; republished in ASHRAE Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, Journal, 26(5):59 ff, 1984 (15 pages with 4 figures, 90(1A):185-195, 1984 (11 pages with 7 figures and 1 rdb2225) table, RDB5614)

R-12, R-22, petroleum-based and synthetic lu- describes a test method and measurements of bricants, bench and compressor tests flow leakage in heat pump reversing valves

D. W. Hughes, J. T. McMullan, K. A. Mawhinney, and Y. C. Y. Wang, M. Truaga, S. Lin, and P. Fazio, The R. Morgan, Influence of Oil on Evaporator Heat Effects of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures on Conden- Transfer (Results for R-12 and Shell Clavus 68), sation Heat Transfer on External Surfaces of International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), Horizontal Tubes in Shell-and-Tube Condensers, 7(3):150-158, May 1984 (10 pages, rdb0923) Transactions (Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 29 January - 1 February 1984), American Society of Experiments to investigate the influence of lu- Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning bricating oil on heat transfer and refrigerant flow Page 280 Refrigerant Database

Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 90(1B):26-38, Curve for the Binary R12 + R22 System in the 1984 (20 pages, rdb5617) Critical Region, Journal of Chemical and Engi- neering Data, 29:31-36, 1984 (6 pages, rdb7C38) heat transfer, effects of lubricants thermodynamic properties of R-12, R-22, R-501, R. L. Webb (Pennsylvania State University), Shell- and other R-22/12 blends: thermophysical data Side Condensation in Refrigerant Condensers, Transactions (Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 29 Jan- M. K. Jensen and D. L. Jackman, Prediction of Nu- uary - 1 February 1984), American Society of cleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures, Journal of Heat Transfer, neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 90(1B):5-25, 1984 106(1):184-190, 1984 (7 pages, rdb3B24) (20 pages, rdb5616) effects of lubricants on heat transfer; refrigerant- R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22, R-113, R-717 lubricant interactions (ammonia), R-718 (water, steam), heat transfer, effects of noncondensable gases and lubricants, R. Masui, W. M. Haynes, R. F. Chang, H. A. Davis, tube bundle design, tube surface enhancement and J. M. H. Levelt Sengers (National Bureau of Standards, NBS, now the National Institute of Stan- L. Batt, The Role of Freons in the Chemistry of the dards and Technology, NIST), Density in Com- Upper Atmosphere, report Eur 9436, Commu- pressed Fluids by Combining Hydrostatic nications of the European Communities, 293-295, Weighing and Magnetic Levitation, Review of 1984 (3 pages, rdb5843) Scientific Instruments, 55:1132-1142, 1984 (11 pages, RDB4311) fluorocarbon refrigerants, environmental reactions, physical and chemical behavior of atmo- J. T. McMullan, Implications of Oil Refrigerant spheric pollutants Interactions for Heat Pump Performance, Energy Developments: New Forms, Renewables, and T. Berntsson, K. Lundkvist (Chalmers University, Conservation, Pergamon Press, Canada, 337-342, Sweden), F. Moser, and H. Schnitzer (Graz Univer- 1984 (6 pages, rdb4627) sity, Austria), High-Temperature Working Fluids and Nonazeotropic Mixtures in Compressor F. Moser and H. Schnitzer (Technische Universität Driven Heat Pumps, report on IEA HPC Annex VI, Graz, Austria), Mixture of Two or Three Refriger- International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump ants as Working Fluids for Compression Heat Centre (HPC), Sittard, The Netherlands (then in Pumps, ORC-HP Technology, Verein Deutscher In- Karlsruhe, Germany), 1984 (rdb5517) genieure (VDI) Verlag, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1984 (in German, rdb4431) zeotropic blends binary and ternary blends, zeotropes E. S. Domalski, W. H. Evans, and E. D. Hearing, Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Com- National Research Council (NRC), Causes and pounds in the Condensed Phase, Journal of Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: Up- Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 13(supple- date 1983, National Academy of Sciences (NAS), ment 1), 1984 (286 pages, rdb7971) National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1984 (rdb3132) thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data environmental impacts E. Fernandez-Fassnacht and F. del Rio, The Vapor Pressure of CCl3F from 218 to 291 K, Journal of Y. Takizawa and H. Muto, Formation of Fluorocar- Chemical Thermodynamics, 16:1003-1006, 1984 (4 bons by Ultraviolet Rays, Chemosphere, 13(7):- pages, rdb7A70) 739-749, 1984 (11 pages, rdb5842)

R-11, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical environmental effects data Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, H. Guesten et al., Prediction of the Abiotic Degra- Gases, and Volatile Solids, publication 325M, Na- dability of Organic Compounds in the Tropo- tional Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Quincy, sphere, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2(1):83- MA, 1984 (rdb4C56) 93, 1984 (11 pages, rdb5831) flammability data fluorocarbons, atmospheric reactions Freon(R) Fluorocarbons Properties and Applica- Y. Higashi, S. Okazaki, Y. Takaishi, M. Uematsu, and tions, bulletin B-2E, E. I. DuPont de Nemours Inter- K. Watanabe (Keio University, Japan), Mea- national S.A., Geneva, Switzerland, undated circa surements of the Vapor-Liquid Coexistence Refrigerant Database Page 281

1984 (12 pages with 1 figure and 10 tables, RDB- Compressors, Ibaraki, 319-322, 1983 (4 pages, 2433) rdb4613)

This brochure summarizes physical, thermody- P. Kirschmer et al., Pollution of Lower Tropo- namic, safety, and application data for R-11, R- sphere by C1-C6 Organo Halogens, Chemosphere, 12, R-13, R-13B1, R-14, R-22, R-23, R-113, R- 12(2):225-230, 1983 (6 pages, rdb5268) 114, R-115, R-116, R-152a, R-500, R-502, and R- 503. Stability and decomposition data are pro- environmental effects vided for R-11, R-12, R-13, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, and R-502. Hydrolysis data with water, N. S. Nathoo and W. G. Gottenberg, A New Look at alone and in the presence of steel, are presented Performance Analysis of Centrifugal Com- for R-11, R-12, R-22, R-30 (methylene chloride), pressors Operating with Mixed Hydrocarbon R-40 (methyl chloride), R-113, R-114, and R-502. Gases, Journal of Engineering for Power, 105(4):- Swell data with elastomers are tabulated for R-11, 920-926, 1983 (7 pages, rdb4630) R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-140a (methyl chloroform), and R. K. Radermacher, H. D. Ross (University of Mary- R-502 with neoprene GN, butadiene acrylonitrile land), and D. A. Didion (National Institute of Stan- (Buna(TM) N), butadiene styrene (Buna(TM) S), (TM) dards and Technology, NIST, then the National Bu- isoprene isobutylene (Butyl ), and polysulfide reau of Standards, NBS), Experimental Determi- and natural rubbers. Compatibility data are nation of Forced Convection Evaporative Heat discussed with lubricants, plastics, and metals. Transfer Coefficients for Nonazeotropic Refrig- erant Mixtures, paper 83-WA/HT-54 (Winter Annual Meeting), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, 1983 (rdb6420)

1983 heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of zeotropic blends D. A. Nissen and D. C. Macmillan (Sandia National Laboratories), Apparatus for the Precise Mea- S. Sakaguchi, Y. Akatsu, and S. Komatsumaki, Cor- surement of the Physical Properties of Liquids at relation of Experimental Data on Thermophysical Elevated Temperature and Pressure, Review of Properties of the Oil-Fluorocarbon R-113 Mixture, Scientific Instruments, 54(7):861-867, July 1983 (7 Reito [Refrigeration], Japan, 58(670):775-784, 1983 pages with 7 figures and 4 tables, RDB2818) (10 pages in Japanese, rdb4282)

This paper describes an instrument designed for V. I. Sazpronov and N. V. Gladkaya, Study of the measuring the viscosity, surface tension, and Properties of Mixtures of Lubricants for Refrig- density of liquids at temperatures up to 900 °C erating Machines, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration (1650 °F) and pressures up to 10 atm (147 psia). Technology], (12):22-26, 1983 (5 pages in Russian, The theoretical principles, details of construction rdb4645) and operation, and response of the instrument are discussed in detail. The thermodynamic H. Schnitzer (Technische Universität Graz, Austria), properties of a molten salt mixture was measured The Potential for Heat Pumps Working with Fluid for 250-450 °C (482-842 °F) in argon to test its Mixtures for the Industrial Process Heating, Le accuracy. The results are shown to be in excellent Froid au Service de I'Homme [Refrigeration for agreement with published data from prior studies. Service of Man] (proceedings of the XVlth Interna- tional Congress of Refrigeration, Paris, France, H. A. Connon (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- 1983), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), pany), A Generalized Computer Program for Paris, France, 5:539-544, 1983 (6 pages with 3 fig- Analysis of Mixture Refrigeration Cycles, Trans- ures and 1 table, rdb5519) actions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, R-400 (R-12/114), R-501 (R-22/12), R-22/114, GA, 89(2A):628-639, 1983 (12 pages); republished in R-290/601 (propane/pentane), R-600/601 (bu- the International Journal of Refrigeration tane/pentane), azeotropic and zeotropic blends 7(4):167-172, May 1984 (6 pages with 2 figures and 1 table, RDB3214) L. C. Singal, C. P. Sharma, and H. K. Varma, Exper- imental Heat Transfer Coefficient for Binary Re- zeotropic blends, Cycle Program, properties frigerant Mixtures of R13 and R12, Transactions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Y. Homma and S. Komatsuzaki (Hitachi Limited, Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, Japan), Problems in Lubrication of Refrigerating 175-188, 1983 (14 pages, rdb6425)

R-12, R-13 Page 282 Refrigerant Database

L. C. Singal, C. P. Sharma, and H. K. Varma, Pres- refrigerants addressed include R-11, R-12, R- sure Drop During Forced Convection Boiling of 12B2, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-40, R-113, R-114, R- Binary Refrigerant Mixtures, International Journal 115, R-170 (ethane), R-290 (propane), R-600 of Multiphase Flow, 9:309-323, 1983 (15 pages, (butane), R-611, R-630, R-631, R-717 (ammonia), rdb5122) R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), R-1130, R-7146 (sulfur hexafluoride), and others. heat transfer, fluid flow, blends Investigation of the Effect of Oil on Heat Transfer H. B. Singh, L. J. Salas, and R. E. Stiles, Selected and Pressure Drop in Refrigerant Evaporators, Man-Made Halogenated Chemicals in the Air and research project 224-RP, American Society of Oceanic Environment, Journal of Geophysical Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Research (JGR), 88(C6):3675-3683, 1983 (9 pages, neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1978 - rdb8173) December 1983 (ASH0224)

emissions and concentrations in the atmosphere; The contractor for the project was Duke Univer- environmental impacts sity, led by J. B. Chaddock; it was sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.4, Air-to-Re- H. Vakil (General Electric Company), New Concepts frigerant Heat Transfer Equipment in Capacity Modulation Using Nonazeotropic Mixtures, Le Froid au Service de I'Homme Influence of Noncondensibles on Performance of [Refrigeration for Service of Man] (proceedings of the Shell and Tube Refrigerant Condensers, research XVlth International Congress of Refrigeration, Paris, project 225-RP, American Society of Heating, France, 1983), International Institute of Refrigeration Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (IIR), Paris, France, 1983 (rdb6427) (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1978 - Novem- ber 1983 (ASH0225) use of zeotropic blends The contractor for the project was Pennsylvania H. Vakil (General Electric Company), Thermody- State University, led by R. L. Webb; it was spon- namics of Heat Exchange in Refrigeration Cycles sored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.5, with Mixtures, Part I, Le Froid au Service de Liquid to Refrigerant Heat Exchangers. I'Homme [Refrigeration for Service of Man] (proceedings of the XVlth International Congress of Re- L. Domke and J. Carney, Ammonia and Air Con- frigeration, Paris, 1983), International Institute of ditioning, Technical Papers of the Fifth Annual Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1983 (rdb6428) Meeting, International Institute of Ammonia Refrig- eration (IIAR), Washington, DC, March 1983 (rdb- use of zeotropic blends 4239)

H. Vakil (General Electric Company), Thermody- R-717 namics of Heat Exchange in Refrigeration Cycles with Mixtures, Part II, Le Froid au Service de P. L. Dhar and V. K. Jain, On Prediction of Heat I'Homme [Refrigeration for Service of Man] (pro- Transfer Coefficient in Flow Boiling of Refriger- ceedings of the XVlth International Congress of Re- ants Inside Horizontal Tubes, Proceedings of the frigeration, Paris, 1983), International Institute of 16th International Congress of Refrigeration (The Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1983 (rdb6429) Hague, The Netherlands), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 609-615, 1983 (7 use of zeotropic blends pages, rdb6909)

Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values boiling heat transfer, evaporator (fourth edition), American Conference of Gov- ernmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, G. Grossman and K. W. Childs, Computer Simula- OH, 1983 (rdb3974) tion of a Lithium Bromide-Water Absorption Heat Pump for Temperature Boosting, Transactions This book documents the bases for threshold limit (Winter Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, 23-26 January values (TLVs) for airborne concentrations of 1983), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, chemical substances to which workers may be and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, exposed. These chemicals include some GA, 89(1), 1983 (rdb4443) commonly or historically used as refrigerants, based on their chronic and/or acute toxicity. The performance analyses for cooling and heating on TLV data refer to concentrations under which it is R-718 (water) / lithium bromide (LiBr) systems believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health K. Hashizume, Flow Pattern and Void Fraction of effects subject to identified considerations. The Refrigerant Two-Phase Flow in a Horizontal TLVs are categorized as time-weighted average (TWA or TLV-TWA), short-term exposure limit (STEL or TLV-STEL), and ceiling (TLV-C). The Refrigerant Database Page 283

Pipe, Bulletin of the Japan Society of Mechanical on two-phase boundary-layer theory, influence of Engineers (JSME), 26(219):1597-1602, 1983 (6 air and buoyancy; heat transfer coefficients pages, rdb6395) K. Stephan (Technische Universität Berlin, Ger- heat transfer, refrigerant flow: modified Baker flow many), Heat Transfer in Boiling Mixtures, paper pattern map based on adiabatic horizontal flow for RK14, Heat Transfer 1982 (proceedings of the Sev- R-12 and R-22 enth International Heat Transfer Conference, Munich, Germany, 6-10 September 1982), Deutsche A Guide to Good Practices for Operation of an Gesellschaft für chemisches Apparatewesen e.V. Ammonia Refrigeration System, bulletin R1, In- (DECHEMA), Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, ternational Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR), New York, NY, 1:59-81, 1982 (23 pages, rdb4423) Washington, DC, 1983 (28 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, RDB4758) azeotropic and zeotropic blends

This guide identifies suggested practices for the K. Stephan and J. Mitrovic (Technische Universität operation of an ammonia refrigeration system. It Berlin, Germany), Heat Transfer in Natural Con- contains general information on the chemical, its vective Boiling of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures, Heat production, properties, safety, and uses. A flow Transfer 1982 (proceedings of the Seventh Interna- diagram shows the components of a typical tional Heat Transfer Conference, Munich, Germany, system. A section on operators' responsibilities 6-10 September 1982), Deutsche Gesellschaft für covers what operators should know (compressor chemisches Apparatewesen e.V. (DECHEMA), safety controls, automatic control valves, isolating Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY, valves, pressure relief valves, electrical controls, 4:73-87, 1982 (15 pages, rdb3B63) temperature or pressure changes, and pump out), preventative maintenance, and observation of R. L. Webb, S. T. Keswani, and T. M. Rudy (Penn- systems to prevent incidents. A section on sylvania State University), Investigation of Surface treatment of ammonia with respect covers effects Tension and Gravity Effects in Film Condensa- on the human body, ammonia's self-alarming tion, Heat Transfer 1982 (proceedings of the Sev- odor, and effects of exposure to both anhydrous enth International Heat Transfer Conference, Munich, ammonia gas and pure liquid ammonia. The Germany, 6-10 September 1982), Deutsche effects of ammonia on unprotected workers are Gesellschaft für chemisches Apparatewesen e.V. tabulated by concentration level. Three sections (DECHEMA), Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, cover first aid, protective equipment, and safety New York, NY, 5:175-180, 1982 (6 pages, rdb4664) programs and training. A final section covers piping and valve identification. R-12, spine-fin circular tube

Merck Index (tenth edition), edited by M. Windholz, D. W. Hughes, J. T. McMullan, and R. Morgan (New Merck Company, Rahway, NJ, 1983 (rdb5166) University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK), Deter- mination of the Thermodynamic Properties of widely cited reference for toxicity and other safety Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures, Proceedings of the 1982 data Purdue Compressor Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 214-221, July 1982 (8 pages with 7 figures, RDB3323)

1982 thermophysical data

M. Goto (Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, H. O. Spauschus (Georgia Institute of Technology), Japan) and T. Fujii (Kyushu University, Japan), Film Factors Affecting the Reliability of Hermetic Condensation of Binary Refrigerant Vapors on a Compressors, Proceedings of the 1982 Purdue Horizontal Tube, Heat Transfer 1982 (proceedings Compressor Conference, Purdue University, West of the Seventh International Heat Transfer Lafayette, IN, July 1982 (rdb3514) Conference, Munich, Germany, 6-10 September 1982), Deutsche Gesellschaft für chemisches R-12, R-22, refrigerant-lubricant stability Apparatewesen e.V. (DECHEMA), Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY, 5:71-76, F. Wrede and H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, 1982 (6 pages, rdb6205) Germany), Computer Simulation of Lubrication Conditions of Trunk Pistons in Refrigeration R-114/11, R-12/114, zeotropic blends, method to Compressors, Proceedings of the 1982 Purdue correlate experimental data for condensation on a Compressor Conference, Purdue University, West tube in a uniform filmwise manner based Lafayette, IN, 155 ff, July 1982 (rdb4559)

lubricants Page 284 Refrigerant Database

Effect of 'Freon' Compounds on Plastics, bulletin M. P. Bertinat, F. G. Drakesmith, and B. J. Taylor B-41 (document E-29946), E. I. duPont de Nemours (Electricity Council Research Centre, ECRC, UK), and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, April The Selection of a Working Fluid / Lubricant 1982 (8 pages with 3 tables, RDB5372) Combination for a High Temperature Heat Pump Dehumidifier, Proceedings of the International tabular findings of swell when immersed in liquid Symposium on the Industrial Application of Heat refrigerant at room temperature and weight Pumps (University of Warwick, UK, 24-26 March change after drying in air for two weeks following 1982), BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford, immersions for eight refrigerants and 16 plastics; UK, 261-271, 1982 (11 pages, rdb4915) the refrigerants included R-11, R-12, R-13B1, R-21, R-22, R-112, R-113, and R-114; the plastics G. Daniel, M. J. Anderson, W. Schmid, and M. included acetal resin (DuPont Delrin(R)), cellulose Tokumitsu (Mobil Oil), Performance of Selected acetate, cellulose nitrate, chlorotrifluoroethylene Synthetic Lubricants in Industrial Heat Pumps, polymer, acrylic resin (Lucite(R)); polyester film paper B3, Proceedings of the International Sympo- (DuPont Mylar(R)), polyamide 6/6 nylon (DuPont sium on the Industrial Application of Heat Pumps Zytel(R) 101), phenol formaldehyde resin, (University of Warwick, UK, 24-26 March 1982), polyethylene, linear polyethylene, polypropylene, BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford, UK, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, 41-53, 1982; republished in Heat Recovery Systems, polyvinylidene chloride, and tetrafluoroethylene 2(4):359-368, 1982 (12 pages with 3 figures and 4 resin (TFE, DuPont Teflon(R)); data also are tables, RDB2210) tabulated for immersion tests of 14 plastics in R-11, R-112, and R-113 for five minutes at their This paper reviews lubrication requirements at boiling points; the plastics tested included linear high condensing temperatures (120-130 °C, 248- polyethylene resin (Alathon(R) 7050), poly- 266 °F), typical of those encountered in industrial propylene resin (Alathon(R) 9140), acetal resin heat pumps. Potential limitations of mineral oils (DuPont Delrin(R)), epoxy resin, ethyl cellulose, are examined and physical data are reviewed for ABS polymer (USS Chemicals Kralastic(R)), synthetic lubricants, particularly synthetic polycarbonate (General Electric Lexan(R)), cast hydrocarbon fluids (SHF) of the polyalphaolefin methylmethacrylate resin (Lucite(R)), polyvinyl type and selected polyglycols. Viscosity, vapor alcohol, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, pressure, and stability data are reviewed for polystyrene (Dow Chemical Styron(R) 475), selected synthetic lubricants with halogenated lonomeric resin (Surlyn(R) A), TFE (DuPont refrigerants. The field results in several Teflon(R), and polyamide 6/6 nylon (DuPont installations with R-12 and R-114 are examined, Zytel(R) 101); permeability data are tabulated for to document satisfactory operation under the R-11, R-12, R-13, R-21, R-22, R-114, R-732 severe conditions encountered. The viscosity and (oxygen), and R-728 (nitrogen) with 19 plastic solubility data are presented as plots films; limited data also are reported for R-116 and [subsequently referred to by other researchers as R-C318; the films tested included chlorinated Daniel Charts.] polyether, polyester (DuPont Mylar(R) and Hostaphen(R)), aluminized polyester, nylon, J. R. Barker, W. B. Kay, and A. S. Teja, A Study of polyethylene (unspecified, Suprathen(R) N, V56, the Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Binary and V57), polypropylene (unspecified and PP11), Systems, Part I: Critical Properties of Propane- polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride (Genotherm(R) Perfluorocyclopropane Mixtures, AIChE Journal, UG), polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene chloride 28(1):134-138, 1982 (7 pages, rdb5706) (Saran(R)), TFE (DuPont Teflon(R) 100-X FEP), and polyester urethane; bulletin concludes that most thermodynamic properties of R-C216, R-290, and plastics are not appreciably affected by the tested R-290/C216 blends: thermophysical data refrigerants, that the effect on plastics becomes less as the amount of fluorine in the molecule is F. Giolito and M. de Moncuit, A Synthetic Lubricant increased (except for fluorinated polymers which for High Temperature Heat Pumps, Proceedings of tend to swell slightly in highly fluorinated the International Symposium on the Industrial refrigerants), and that plastic materials should be Application of Heat Pumps (University of Warwick, tested for compatibility for each application UK, 24-26 March 1982), BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford, UK, 55-63, 1982 (9 pages, Y. Almin, J. R. Fenga, and L. Vuillane, Experiments rdb4914) with R-133 - A New Refrigerant for High Temper- ature Heat Pumps, Proceedings of the International S. Mooz et al. (Rand Corporation), Technical Op- Symposium on the Industrial Application of Heat tions for Reducing Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Pumps (University of Warwick, UK, 24-26 March Emissions, report EPA/R-2879 (68-01-6231), U.S. 1982), BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedford, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Wash- UK, 31-41, 1982 (11 pages, rdb4917) ington, DC, March 1982 (rdb2444) Refrigerant Database Page 285

W. D. Cooper (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- Thomson-Brobst-Hankinson (TBH) equation of pany), The Use of Mixed Refrigerants in Air-to-Air state (EOS) for vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) Heat Pumps, paper HO-82-11-2, Transactions thermodynamic properties (Semiannual Meeting, Houston, TX, 24-28 January 1982), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, O. B. Tsvetkov (Saint Petersburg State Academy of and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, Refrigeration and Food Technologies, USSR), A GA, 88(1):1159-1169, 1982 (11 pages, rdb4327) Transient Method for Measuring the Thermal Conductivities of Fluids at Low Temperatures, zeotropic blends Proceedings of the Eighth Thermophysical Properties Symposium (Gaithersburg, MD, 15-18 June 1981), M. M. Shah, Chart Correlation for Saturated edited by J. V. Sengers, American Society of Boiling Heat Transfer: Equations and Further Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, Study, paper 2673, Transactions (Semiannual 1:273-276, 1982 (4 pages, rdb8264) Meeting, Houston, TX, 24-28 January 1982), Ameri- can Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- transport properties; thermophysical data ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 88(1):- 185-196, 1982 (12 pages, rdb3B46) O. B. Tsvetkov and Y. A. Laptev (Saint Petersburg State Academy of Refrigeration and Food Tech- K. Badrinarayana, S. S. Murthy, and M. V. Krishna- nologies, Russia), Thermal Conductivities of Fre- murthy, Thermodynamic Analysis of R21-DMF ons and their Binary Mixtures, Proceedings of the Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System for Eighth Thermophysical Properties Symposium Solar Energy Application, International Journal of (Gaithersburg, MD, 15-18 June 1981), edited by J. V. Refrigeration (IJR), 5:115 ff, 1982 (rdb6312) Sengers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, 2:396-401, 1982 (6 pages, R-21 /DMF rdb8263)

R. Brodzinsky and H. B. Singh, Volatile Organic transport properties; thermophysical data Chemicals in the Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data, report on contract 68-022-3452, L. J. Van Poolen and W. M. Haynes (National Insti- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Re- tute of Standards and Technology, NIST, then the search Triangle Park, NC, 1982 (rdb8130) National Bureau of Standards, NBS), New Approach for Analysis and Prediction of Liquid-Vapor review of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentra- Coexistence Densities Including the Critical tions in the atmosphere Region, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 27:839 ff, 1982 (rdb9122) A. L. Horvath, Halogenated Hydrocarbons: Solu- bility-Miscibility with Water, Marcel Dekker, In- method of determining thermodynamic properties; corporated, 1982 (rdb7B29) thermophysical data

D. L. Jackman and M. K. Jensen, Nucleate Pool D. D. Wagman, W. H. Evans, V. B. Parker, R. H. Boiling of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures, paper 82- Schumm, I. Halow, S. M. Bailey, K. L. Churney, and WA/HT-45, American Society of Mechanical Engi- R. L. Nuttall (National Bureau of Standards, NBS), neers (ASME), New York, NY, 1982 (rdb2403) The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Selected Values for Inorganic and C1 2 R. W. James and T. C. Welch, An Investigation into and C Organic Substances in SI Units, Journal of Oil Miscibility and Recovery for R12/R22 Flooded Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 11 Evaporators, The Institute of Refrigeration, London, (supplement 2), 1982 (394 pages, rdb7970) UK, 78:53-60, 1982 (8 pages, rdb4623) thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data R-12, R-22, R-22/12, R-501 V. P. Zhelezny (Odessa State Academy of Refriger- W. J. Lyman, W. F. Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt, ation, Ukraine), V. R. Kamenetsky, and V. K. Ro- Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation manov, Calculation of Normal Liquids in Satu- Methods, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, rated State, Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimiii [Journal of NY, 1982 (rdb7A47) Physical Chemistry], Russia, 56(1):103-105, 1982 (3 pages in Russian, rdb6C27) reference on physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties; thermophysical data thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data

G. H. Thomson, K. R. Brobst, and R. W. Hankinson, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology (third An Improved Correlation of Densities of Com- edition), edited by G. D. Clayton and F. E. Clayton, pressed Liquids and Liquid Mixtures, AIChE John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1981-1982 Journal, 28(4):671-676, 1982 (6 pages, rdb7853) (rdb5167) Page 286 Refrigerant Database

reference for toxicity and other safety data presence of lubricants in circulating refrigerants [referenced in RDB5C46] raises the boiling point; refrigerant-lubricant (RL) properties

1981 B. Toekes (Sperry Research Center), Dichlorotet- rafluoroethane Sensitivity of Various Elastomers in Geothermal Energy Conversion Applications, R. D. McCarty and R. T. Jacobsen, An Equation of I&EC Product Research & Development, American State for Fluid Ethylene, Technical Note 1045, Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 20(1):190-193, National Institute of Standards and Technology 1981 (4 pages, RDB7204) (NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, July 1981 (available from GPO, R-114, compatibility with a copolymer of ethylene rdb3957) and methyl acrylate with a third monomer for curing (DuPont Vamac 91680-187 and ON- R-1150, ethene, thermodynamic properties, PVT, 0803-47), fluoroelastomer (3M Fluorel Cpd C), thermophysical data polysulfide rubber (Thiokol FA), NBR (Polysar Krynac 50.75), filled polytetrafluoroethylene Y. Takaishi, N. Kagawa, M. Uematsu, and K. Wata- (PTFE, Dixon Rulon A, described as DuPont Tef- nabe (Keio University, Japan), Volumetric Proper- lon(R) with undisclosed fillers), ethylene-propyl- ties of the Binary Mixtures Dichlorodifluoro- ene-diene terpolymer (EPDM, Goodrich Epcar), methane + Chlorodifluoroethane, Proceedings of methyl trifluoropropyl silasene (Dow Corning Si- the Eighth Thermophysical Properties Symposium lastic LS 2249 and LS2332), and phosphonitrilic (Gaithersburg, MD, 15-18 June 1981), edited by J. V. fluoroelastomer (Firestone PNF); dimensional Sengers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers stability (swell), hardness, and thermal stability (ASME), New York, NY, 2:387-395, 1982 (9 pages, tests rdb7B35) Frigen(R) Primer for Refrigeration, Air Condi- R-12/142b, blends of R-12 and R-142b, thermo- tioning and Energy Technology, product bulletin dynamic properties, thermophysical data AFK1479E/46, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, December 1981 (104 pages with K. Buhner, G. Maurer, and E. Bender, Pressure 4 figures and 22 tables, RDB4779) Enthalpy Diagrams of Methane, Ethane, Propane, Ethylene, and Propylene, Cryogenics, 21(3):- This bulletin provides information on the prop- 157-164, 1981 (8 pages, rdb5707) erties, application, and handling of R-11, R-12, R-12B1, R-13, R-13B1, R-22, R-23, R-113, R-50, R-170, R-290, R-1150, R-1270, thermody- R-114, R-115, R-500, R-502, and R-503 in metric namic properties, thermophysical data (SI) units of measure. Chemical names, formulae, container data, and valve information are dis- R. G. Derwent and A. R. Curtis, Stratospheric cussed. The bulletin then reviews stability, Ozone Depletion Estimates for Global Halocar- moisture effects, compatibility with metals, seal bon Usage Estimated by the Linear Superposi- materials, lubricants, safety precautions, and tion of Contributions from Individual Halocar- toxicity indicators for the subject refrigerants. It bons, report AERE-R 10168, AERE, Harwell, UK, also discusses evacuation, leak detection, 1981 (available from Her Majesty's Stationary Office charging, leakage replenishment, moisture re- (HMSO), London, UK; rdb6491) moval, and uses. A table summarizes physical and thermodynamic property data including the refrigerants, greenhouse effect chemical formula and name, molecular mass, normal boiling point, freezing point, and critical J. E. Goodson, Jr., D. F. Nowicki, R. J. Thibeau, B. parameters (temperature, pressure, and density). Toekes (Sperry Research Center), and D. P. Wilson It also gives the heat of vaporization, surface (Allied Chemical), System Component Compati- tension, liquid specific heat, liquid density, specific bility and R-114 Stability, report DOE/ET/27125-T4 heat ratio, solubility of water, liquid refractive volume 2 (also designated as SRC-CR-81-75 Vol. 2), index, relative dielectric strength, and dielectric U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Washington, DC, constant at selected conditions. A plot compares 1981 (available from NTIS, rdb4335) the pressure-temperature curves. 13 tables provide thermodynamic property data at saturated thermal stability (wet vapor) conditions. They indicate the saturation vapor pressure; liquid and vapor K. Mawhinney, On the Performance of Vapour- specific volumes and enthalpies; and the heat of Compression Heat Pumps vaporization. Hoechst Chemicals identifies its , D.Phil. thesis, New (R) University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK, 1981 refrigerants with the trade name Frigen (rdb8440) Refrigerant Database Page 287

and those that are chlorine free, and meet eco- imide, amide-imide/ester-imide, and ester- logical and technical requirements, as Reclin(R). imide/amide-imide

H. A. Connon and D. W. Drew (E. I. duPont de M. M. Shah, Heat Transfer During Film Conden- Nemours and Company), Estimation and Appli- sation in Tubes and Annuli - A Review of the Lit- cation of Thermodynamic Properties for a Non- erature, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Chica- azeotropic Refrigerant Mixture, paper presented at go, IL, 25-29 January 1981), American Society of the meeting of IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1, and E2 Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- (Essen, Germany, September 1981), International neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 87(1):1086-1105, Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1981; 1981 (20 pages with 2 figures and 5 tables, RDB- republished in the International Journal of 3638) Refrigeration (IJR), 6:203-208, 1983 (6 pages, rdb- 4205) heat exchanger, heat transfer, design, simulation

T. Lemmons and R. Bradow, Refrigerant 12 Leak- L. C. Singal, C. P. Sharma, and H. K. Varma, Ther- age in Automobile Air Conditioner Systems, pa- modynamic Property Charts and Cycle Analysis per 810506, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures, Transactions Warrendale, PA, February 1981 (rdb2443) (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 25-29 January 1981), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, R-12 and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 87(1):80-93, 1981 (14 pages with 7 figures and 3 C. Y. Chan and G. G. Haselden (University of Leeds, tables, RDB5555) UK), Computer-Based Refrigerant Ther- modynamic Properties, Part I: Basic Equations, blends, thermodynamic properties, thermo- International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 4(1):7-12, physical data January 1981 (6 pages, rdb5459) F. Lockwood and E. E. Klaus, Ester Oxidation -The R. D. Ellison, F. A. Creswick, S. K. Fischer, and W. L. Effect of an Iron Surface, Transactions, American Jackson (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL), A Society of Lubricating Engineers (ASLE), Computer Model for Air-Cooled Refrigerant 25(2):236-244, 1981 (9 pages, rdb4929) Condensers with Specified Refrigerant Circuiting, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, lubricant chemistry and compatibility 25-29 January 1981), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers J. Menashe and W. A. Wakeham, Absolute Mea- (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 87(1):1106-1124, 1981 (19 surements of the Thermal Conductivity of Liquids pages with 8 figures and 1 table, RDB3637) at Pressures up to 500 MPa, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 85:340-347, 1981 (8 pages, rdb5B65) heat exchanger, heat transfer, design, simulation measurement, instrumentation, thermophysical R. T. Jacobsen, R. B. Stewart, and C. J. Teng, The properties Thermodynamic Properties of Argon from the Triple Point to 1200 K with Pressures to 1000 C. J. Teng, Thermodynamic Properties of Neon MPa, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 1981 (RDB- from the Triple Point to 700 K with Pressures to 3956) 700 MPa, MS thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 1981 (rdb3951) R-740 (argon): thermodynamic properties from the triple point to 927 °C (1700 °F) and pressures R-720, neon, thermophysical data, equation of to 1000 MPa (145,000 psia), thermophysical data state (EOS)

S. Okada, K. Asano (Hitachi Cable Limited, Japan), D. J. Wuebbles, The Relative Efficiency of a Y. Mukoyama, and Y. Osada (Hitachi Chemical Number of Halocarbons for Destroying Strato- Limited, Japan), A New Class 200°C Enameled spheric Ozone, report UCID-18924, Lawrence Liv- Wire, paper CH1717-8/81, Institute of Electrical and ermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, January 1981 (16 pages with 4 tables, RDB5522) 121-125, 1981 (5 pages with 8 figures and 6 tables, RDB6665) This report examines the relative efficiencies of R-11, R-12, R-13, R-21, R-22, R-112, R-113, R- R-12, R-22, compatibility, motor materials: 114, R-115, R-140a, R-142b, R-500, R-502, and properties of polyester (terephthalic), ester-imide, R-503 to reduce stratospheric ozone concentra- ester-imide THEIC, amide-imide, poly- tions. The efficiencies are expressed per unit of mass, per molecule, and per chlorine atom emitted. They are normalized to those of R-11, Page 288 Refrigerant Database

identified as the most efficient for ozone de- Low Boiling Substances, Chemistry Data Series VI, struction. The report describes the calculations, Deutsche Gesellschaft für chemisches Apparate- which used a one-dimensional (1-D), transport wesen e.V. (DECHEMA), Frankfurt am Main, Ger- kinetics model. The decomposition reactions and many, 1981 (rdb4360) kinetic reaction rates are tabulated for the 14 compounds and azeotropic blends. The results blends, thermodynamic properties, thermophys- indicate that there is no direct correspondence ical data between atmospheric lifetime and the calculated change in total column ozone. This finding refutes H. H. Kruse (Universität Hannover, Germany), The earlier suggestions that the change in ozone Advantages of Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mix- would be proportional to the product of lifetime, tures for Heat Pump Applications, International the number of chlorine atoms, and the emission Journal of Refrigeration (IJR), 4(3):119-125, 1981 (7 rate. The departure is greatest for halocarbons pages, rdb3216) with long atmospheric lives, including R-13 and R-115. The underlying mechanisms are zeotropes discussed. They include chlorine that is not dissociated in molecules with long lives and Y. Makide and F. S. Rowland (University of Cali- tropospheric attack, by hydroxyl radicals, for fornia, Irvine, UCI), Tropospheric Concentrations those containing hydrogen. [The ozone depletion of Methyl Chloroform, CH3CCI3, in January 1978 potential (ODP) index originated from this report.] and Estimates of the Atmospheric Residence Times for Hydrohalocarbons, Proceedings of the D. M. Aviado and M. S. Micozzi, Fluorine-Con- National Academy of Science (NAS), Washington, taining Organic Compounds, Patty's Industrial DC, 78(10):5933-5937, 1981 (5 pages, rdb5833) Hygiene and Toxicology (third revised edition), edited by G. D. Clayton and F. E. Clayton, John Wiley and R-140a, atmospheric lifetimes Sons, New York, NY, 2B (Toxicology), chapter 42, 3071-3115, 1981 (45 pages, RDB6284) T. Makita, Y. Tanaka, Y. Morimoto, M. Noguchi, and H. Kubota, Thermal Conductivity of Gaseous summary toxicity data and outline of toxicological Fluorocarbon Refrigerants R12, R13, R22, and considerations for fluorocarbons using R-11 as a R23 Under Pressure, International Journal of prototype; also addresses comparative toxicity of Thermophysics, 2:249-268, 1981 (20 pages, RDB- R-12, R-21, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-142b, 4B38) R-152a, R-C318; animal models for evaluation of fluorocarbon toxicity R-12, R-13, R-22, R-23, thermophysical properties M. Chavez, R. Tsumura, and F. del Rio, Speed of Sound in Saturated Liquid Trichlorofluorometh- T. Mang, Lubricating Oils for Refrigeration Ma- ane, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, chinery and Heat Pumps, Schmierungstechnik 26:1-2, 1981 (2 pages, rdb7A72) [Tribology], Germany, 28(56):176-181, 1981 (6 pages in German, rdb4270) R-11, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data S. Mori, Refrigerants and Refrigeration Cycle, Reito [Refrigeration], Japan, 56(649):892-902, 1981 J. E. Hansen, D. Johnson, A. A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, (11 pages, RDB5516) P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell, Climate Impacts of Increasing Carbon Dioxide Science , , 213:957-966, azeotropic and zeotropic blends 1981 (10 pages, rdb3139)

environmental impacts, atmospheric science, E. Reile, Messung der Temperaturleitfähigkeit background on global warming, role of carbon reiner Fluide and binärer Gemische mit Hilfe der dioxide emissions in climate change dynamischen Lichtstreuung in der weiteren Um- gebung des kritischen Punktes [Measurements of Thermal Diffusivity of Pure Fluids and Binary R. Heide, Concerning the Viscosities of Liquid Mixtures in a Wide Region around the Critical Point Refrigerants and Mixtures of Refrigerants, Luft by Means of Dynamic Light Scattering], thesis, und Kältetechnik, Germany, 16(1):7-10, 1981 (4 Technische Universität München (TUM, Germany, pages in German, rdb4611) 1981 (in German, rdb5624) transport properties, thermophysical data thermophysical property measurement and ap- H. Knapp, R. Döring (Fachhochschule Münster, paratus Germany), L. R. Oellrich, U. Plöcker, and J. M. Prausnitz, Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for Mixtures of H. M. Roder, A Transient Hot Wire Thermal Con- ductivity Apparatus for Fluids, Journal of Research of the NBS, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, then the National Bureau of Refrigerant Database Page 289

Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, 86:457-493, by ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.1, Refriger- 1981 (37 pages, rdb5639) ants and Brines.

measurement, instrumentation, thermophysical R. C. Downing and V. H. Waldin (E. I. duPont de properties Nemours and Company), Phase-Change Heat Transfer in Solar Hot Water Heating Using R-11 I. V. Skrivan, Some Problems with Oils for Refrig- and R-114, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Los erating Machines, Rotravin Chlad. Tech., Czecho- Angeles, CA, 3-7 February 1980), American Society slovakia, 282.88-282.94, 1981 (7 pages, RDB4557) of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 86(1):848-856, 1980 R. B. Stewart, R. T. Jacobsen, J. H. Becker, and M. (9 pages, rdb2731) J. Zimmerman, A Survey of the Thermodynamic Property Data for the Halocarbon Refrigerants, H. L. Emmons (A. O. Smith Corporation), Hermetic report 81-2, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 1981 Magnetic Wire Coating Adherence to Conductor (rdb4228) After Heat Cycling in R-22 and Oil, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, 3-7 February 1980, Los An- W. F. Stoecker and D. P. Degrush (University of Illi- geles, CA), American Society of Heating, Refriger- nois at Urbana-Champaign), Measurements of Heat ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Transfer Coefficients of Nonazeotropic Re- Atlanta, GA, 86(1):287-292, 1980 (6 pages with 4 frigerant Mixtures Inside Horizontal Tubes, report figures and 3 tables, RDB3742) ORNL/Sub/817762/6, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1981 (available from compatibility, motor materials NTIS, rdb7459) A. P. Altshuller, Comments on the Lifetimes of heat and mass transfer, zeotropic blends Organic Molecules in Air, Proceedings of the Conference on Methyl Chloroform and Other Halo- carbon Pollutants (1-10 January 1980), report EPA- 600/9-80-003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1980 (EPA), Washington, DC, 1980 (RDB5841) fluorocarbon refrigerants, environmental reactions Metrication of Aqua-Ammonia Data for 1981 Handbook of Fundamentals, research project Transport Properties 271-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, R. Afshar and S. C. Saxena, of Freon 152a and Freon 142b in the Temperature and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, Range of 280-510 K International Journal GA, March-August 1980 (ASH0271) , of Thermophysics, 1:51-59, 1980 (9 pages, rdb4A37) The contractor for the project was the Helipump Corporation, led by N. C. Gardner; it was spon- transport properties of R-142b and R-152a; sored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.3, thermophysical data Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines. D. L. Bennett and J. C. Chen, Forced Convective Boiling in Vertical Tubes for Saturated Pure D. W. Hughes, J. T. McMullan, K. A. Mawhinney, R. Components and Binary Mixtures AIChE Journal Morgan, and B. L. Sutcliffe (New University of Ulster, , , Northern Ireland, UK), Lubricant-Related Problems 26(3):454-461, 1980 (18 pages, rdb5222) with Heat Pumps, Proceedings of the 1980 Purdue Compressor Conference, Purdue University, West heat exchanger, heat transfer, evaporator Lafayette, IN, 156-163, July 1980 (8 pages, rdb3340) J. Burkhardt and E. Hahne, Surface Tension of Lubricity Determination Apparatus for Lubricat- Refrigeration Oils, Sci. Tech. Froid, 1:111-119, 1980 ing Oils Used in Refrigerators, report JP55-55255, (9 pages, rdb4246) Tokyo Shikaura Electric Company, Limited, Japan, 23 April 1980 (in Japanese, rdb4667) lubricants

Metrication of Refrigerant Properties, research S. Chongrungreong and H. J. Sauer, Jr. (University of project 240-RP, American Society of Heating, Re- Missouri at Rolla), Nucleate Boiling Performance of frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- Refrigerants and Refrigerant Oil Mixtures, Journal RAE), Atlanta, GA, May 1979 - March 1980 (ASH- of Heat Transfer, 102(4):701-705, 1980 (rdb2401) 0240) heat transfer The contractor for the project was the University of Idaho, led by R. B. Stewart; it was sponsored Page 290 Refrigerant Database

J. H. Dymond and E. B. Smith, The Virial Coeffi- D. Kremser and A. Lebar, Study of the Relation cients of Pure Fluids and Mixtures, Clarendon Between the Lifetime of Refrigerant Compressors Press, Oxford, UK, 1980 (rdb4921) and Operating Conditions of Refrigerant Systems: I, Determination of Factors Responsible R-32 and others, thermodynamic properties, for the Stability of Oil Mixtures and Refrigerant thermophysical data Mixtures, Kem. Ind., 29(6):283-286, 1980 (3 pages in Slovenian, rdb4625) R. E. Eibeck and W. H. Mears, Sulfur Hexafluoride, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology R-22, R-22/12, mineral oil (Shell Clavus) (third edition), John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York, 10:799 ff, 1980 (rdb5A40) L. Z. Meltser, V. T. Cheilyakh, and A. A. Chek (Odessa Technological Institute, USSR), Study of R-7146, properties, applications Oil Transfer Processes in Suction and Discharge Pipes of Freon Refrigerating Machines, Kolloidnyi J. V. Fitzgerald, F. J. Matusik, and P. C. Scarana, Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], 4:41-46, 1980 Jr., Viscometer for Energy Saving, Measurements (6 pages in Russian, rdb4628) and Control (M&C), 1980 (rdb4343) D. A. Nissen, A Single Apparatus for the Precise V. Z. Geller, E. G. Porichanskii, P. I. Svetlichnyi, and Measurement of the Physical Properties of Liq- Y. G. Edkin, Density and Equation of State of uids at Elevated Temperature and Pressure, report Liquid Freons F-13, F-22, F-23, F-152a, Kolloidnyi SAN080-8034, Sandia National Laboratories, Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], 29:43-48, 1980 Albuquerque, NM (then Livermore, CA), 1980 (30 (6 pages in Russian, rdb7C50) pages with 9 figures and 7 tables, available from JMC or NTIS, RDB2248) R-13, R-22, R-23, and R-152a, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data, EOS This report describes an instrument designed for measuring the viscosity, surface tension, and V. Z. Geller, E. G. Porichanskii, P. I. Svetlichnyi, and density of liquids at temperatures up to 900 °C Y. G. Edkin, Density of Some Liquid Freons on (1650 °F) and pressures up to 10 atm (147 psia). the Saturation Line, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrig- The theoretical principles, details of construction eration Technology], 2:42-44, 1980 (3 pages in and operation, and response of the instrument are Russian, rdb4A48) discussed in detail. The thermodynamic properties of a molten salt mixture was measured thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data for 250-450 °C (482-842 °F) to test its accuracy. The results are shown to be in excellent R. Heide, Pressure-Resistant Viscometer to Mea- agreement with published data from prior studies. sure the Viscosity of Low Viscosity Liquids, Exp. Tech. Phys., 28(5):477-483, 1980 (7 pages in Ger- I. I. Perelshtein, Working Substances for Com- man, rdb4612) pression Refrigeration Machines, Thermophysical Basis of Refrigeration, Handbook, Pishevaya measurement, instrumentation, thermophysical Promieshlennost, Moscow, Russia (then USSR), properties 69-85, 1980 (17 pages probably in Russian, rdb8243)

F. Kaufman, Elementary Atmospheric Reactions: thermodynamic data for R-11 and others; critical Laboratory Measurements and Their Interpreta- point parameters; thermophysical data tion, Atmospheric Ozone, Various Human Influences (proceedings of the North Atlantic Treaty A. P. Perekrestov, M. A. Lyustig, and I. V. Gerasi- Organization, NATO, Advanced Studies Institute, mova, Determination of the Viscosity of an Oil - ASI, AD A088889), report FAA-EE-80-20, U.S. Fed- Freon Mixture of New Synthetic Oils Under Ther- eral Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, 397- modynamic Equilibrium Conditions, Kolloidnyi 408, 1980 (12 pages, rdb5832) Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], 31:57-59, 1980 (3 pages in Russian, rdb4278) fluorocarbons, atmospheric reactions refrigerant-lubricant properties P. M. Kesselman, I. V. Onofriev, and N. M. Sigal, On Criteria of Similarity of the Thermodynamic N. Rosahl and W. Ecknig, A Gas Chromatographic Properties of Liquids. Thermal Properties of Method for Determining Oil Remaining in a Liquid Freons F-11, F-12, F-13, F-14, Kolloidnyi Compressor, Chem. Tech., Germany, 32(11):- Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], 31:59-66, 1980 589-593, 1980 (5 pages in German, rdb4644) (8 pages in Russian, rdb7C57)

R-11, R-12, R-13, R-14, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data Refrigerant Database Page 291

T. B. Selover, Jr., Thermophysical Properties of 1979 Freons, Part 2, Teplofizicheskie Svoistva Vesh- chestv i Materialov [Thermophysical Properties of W. D. Cooper and H. Borchardt (E. I. duPont de Substances and Materials], Izdatel'stvo Standartov, Nemours and Company, Incorporated), The Use of Moscow, Russia, 2:, 1980 (in Russian, rdb9129) Refrigerant Mixtures in Air-to-Air Heat Pumps, Proceedings of the XVth International Congress on thermodynamic and transport properties, ther- Refrigeration (Venice, Italy, 23-29 September 1979), mophysical data 1979 (rdb6430)

G. Soave, Rigorous and Simplified Procedures for use of zeotropic refrigerant blends Determining the Pure Component Parameters in the Redlich-Kwong-Soave Equation of State, J. S. Duffield and D. L. Hodgett, The Choice of Chemical Engineering Science, (35):1725-1729, Working Fluids for Heat Pumps Condensing at Up 1980 (5 pages, rdb5460) to 120 °C [248 °F], Proceedings of the XVth In- ternational Congress on Refrigeration (Venice, Italy, RKS equation of state (EOS), thermodynamic 23-29 September 1979), II:259-265, 1979 (7 pages, properties, thermophysical data rdb6438)

B. E. Smart, Fluorinated Aliphatic Compounds, selection among alternative refrigerants Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology R. W. Hankinson and G. H. Thomson, A New Cor- (third edition), John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, relation for Saturated Densities of Liquids and New York, 10:856-870, 1980 (rdb8175) their Mixtures, AIChE Journal, 25:653-663, 1979 (11 pages, rdb8958) fluorochemicals: uses (including as refrigerants), properties, and safety COSTALD density equation, thermophysical data

K. Stephan and M. Abdelsalam (Technische Uni- H. H. Kruse and F. Wrede (Universität Hannover, versität Berlin, Germany), Heat Transfer Corre- Germany), Possibilities of Energy Saving in lations for Natural Convection Boiling, Interna- Compressors for Refrigeration Systems, Pro- tional Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 23:73-87, ceedings of the XVth International Congress on 1980 (15 pages, rdb4424) Refrigeration (Venice, Italy, 23-29 September 1979), 7-15, 1979 (9 pages, rdb4626) heat transfer prediction lubricant impacts performance M. Stolarski and M. Zak, A New Compression Cy- cle for Refrigerant-Oil Solution, Sci. Tech. Froid, D. K. Miller (York International Corporation), Sizing 1:187-193, 1980 (rdb4558) Dual-Suction Risers in Liquid Overfeed Refriger- ation Systems, Chemical Engineering, 24 Septem- L. J. Van Poolen, Analysis of Liquid Volume and ber 1979 (rdb4560) Liquid Mass Fractions at Coexistence for Pure Fluids, report NBSIR 80-1631, National Institute of pipe sizing Standards and Technology (NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Boulder, CO, 1980 R. Stirling and F. G. Drakesmith (Electricity Council (rdb9120) Research Centre, ECRC, UK), Refrigerant 114: Viscosity and Solubility Measurements in Hy- method of determining thermodynamic properties; drocarbon and Synthetic Lubricants, paper B1-38, thermophysical data Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Refrigeration (Venice, Italy, 23-29 September 1979), W-C. Wang, J. P. Pinto, and Y. L. Yung, Climate International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, Effects Due to Halogenated Compounds in the 1979 (6 pages with 8 figures and 1 table, RDB4287) Earth's Atmosphere, Journal of Atmospheric Sci- ence, 37:333-338, 1980 (6 pages, rdb3137) R-114, naphthenic mineral oil, polyperfluoroether, fluorosilicone R-11, R-12, and others, environmental impacts K. Unterleutner, H. Huemer, and F. Moser, Search Freon Fluorocarbons Properties and Applica- for Optimal Working Fluids in High-Temperature tions, technical bulletin B-2, E. I. duPont de Heat Pumps, Proceedings of the XVth International Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, Congress on Refrigeration (Venice, Italy, 23-29 DE, 1980 (rdb8140) September 1979), II:483-490, 1979 (8 pages, rdb- 8362)

refrigerant selection for high temperatures Page 292 Refrigerant Database

R. D. Goodwin, Isobutane: Provisional Thermo- Refrigeration], Stockholm, Sweden, 317-322, 1979 (6 dynamic Functions from 114 to 700 K at Pres- pages, rdb5455) sures to 700 Bar, report NBSIR 79-1612, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, then thermophysical data the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Gaithers- burg, MD, July 1979 (available from GPO, rdb3947) J. J. Lorenz and D. Yung, A Note on Boiling and Evaporation of Liquid Films on Horizontal Tubes, thermodynamic properties of R-600a (isobutane) Journal of Heat Transfer, 101:178-180, 1979 (3 for -159 to 427 °C (-254 to 800 °F) at pressures pages, rdb8A12 up to 70 MPa (10,150 psia); thermophysical data; equation of state (EOS) heat transfer model for combined film evaporation and nucleate boiling in liquid films flowing over H. J. Borchardt and R. C. Gilbaugh, Hazard of horizontal plain tubes FC22/142b Flammability, report KSS-8274, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, U. Sasaki, K. Mifaji, and M. Tsunemi, Physical Wilmington, DE, 1979 (RDB4A02) Properties of Refrigerator Oils Under Freon At- mosphere, Nisseki Rebyu, Japan, 21(2):129-133, R-22/142b 1979 (5 pages in Japanese, rdb4284)

J. B. Chaddock and H. K. Varma (Duke University), K. P. Schug, H. G. Wagner, and F. Zabel, Berichte An Experimental Investigation of Dry-Out with R- der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie, 22 Evaporating in a Horizontal Tube, Transactions, 83(2):167-175, 1979 (9 pages, rdb6834) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, decomposition kinetics of various chlorofluoro- 85(2), 1979 (rdb3321) carbons (CFCs), formation of free radicals as a halocarbon breakdown mechanism S. Angus, K. M. de Reuck, B. Armstrong, and R. T. Jacobsen, International Thermodynamic Tables of S. Shiono, J. Enomoto, K. Shimamura, and S. the Fluid State - 6: Nitrogen, Chemical Data Series Watanabe (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), Number 20, International Union of Pure and Applied Polyethylene Terephthalate Oligomers in Her- Chemistry (IUPAC), Pergammon Press, Oxford, UK, metic Refrigeration Compressors, paper 2533, 1979 (rdb3952) Transactions, American Society of Heating, Refrig- erating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), R-728 (nitrogen): thermodynamic properties, Atlanta, GA, circa 1979 (RDB6C38) thermophysical data, equation of state (EOS) PET dissolved in refrigerant-oil mixtures, deposits R. Atkinson, monograph 1, Journal of Physical and at discharge valves of hermetic, reciprocating Chemical Reference Data, 1979 (rdb5937) piston compressors: oligomer chemistry; extraction rates; method for determination of PET R-125 oligomer dissolution in lubricants; effects of temperature, refrigerant, PET film thickness, and H. J. Borchardt (E. I. duPont de Nemours and lubricant; data for R-12 and R-22 with naphthenic Company), The Reaction of Fluorohydrocarbon and paraffinic mineral oils and with alkylbenzene Refrigerants with Refrigeration Machinery Oils, Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, 7(9):345-347, 1979 (3 H. B. Singh, L. J. Salas, H. Shigeishi, and E. Scrib- pages, rdb3515) ner, Atmospheric Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, and Sulfur Hexafluoride Global Distributions, compatibility, lubricants Sources, and Sinks, Science, 203:899-903, 1979 (5 pages, rdb8174) M. A. A. Clyne and P. M. Holt, Reaction Kinetics Involving Ground and Excited Hydroxyl Radicals, emissions and concentrations in the atmosphere; Part 2. Rate Constants for Reactions of OH with environmental impacts Halogenomethanes and Halogenoethanes, Journal of the Chem. Society - Faraday Transac- R. Thévenot, A History of Refrigeration Through- tions, UK, 2(75):582 ff, 1979 (rdb5846) out the World, translated from French by J. C. Fid- ler, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, methane and ethane series halocarbons, alter- France, 1979 (RDB2115) native refrigerants, atmospheric reactions

I. Ekroth (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH, Swe- den), Termodynamiska Egenskaper for Kold- medier [Thermodynamic Properties for Refrigerants], Institutionen for Mekanisk Varmeteori och Kyltechnik [Institution for Mechanical Heating and Refrigerant Database Page 293

1978 Messen Atm., Germany, 45(5):161 ff, 1978 (in Ger- man, rdb4252) V. Gustafsson (Danfoss Compressors GmbH, Ger- many), Decomposition of Refrigerant in House- K. H. Kloos, E. Broszeit, and F. J. Hess, Tribological hold Refrigerators, Proceedings of the 1978 Purdue Action of Refrigerants, Zeitschrift Werkstofftechnik Compressor Technology Conference, Purdue [Journal of Materials Technology], 9(12):445-451, University, West Lafayette, IN, 105 ff, July 1978 1978 (7 pages in German, rdb4624) (rdb4907) J. R. LeBlanc, Jr., S. Maohoven, and R. E. Porter, R-12, mineral oil Ammonia, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (third edition), John Wiley and Sons, K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), Incorporated, New York, 2:470-515, 1978 (46 pages, System Chemistry (TC 3.3) + Lubrication (TC 3.4) rdb6242) = Bedrock of Reliability in Refrigerant Systems, ASHRAE Journal, 20(1):91 ff, January 1978 R-717, properties, applications, safety (flamma- (rdb4283) bility and toxicity)

A. Ali, F. Lockwood, J. L. Duda, and E. J. Tewksbury, A. Kumagai and H. Iwasaki, Pressure-Volume- The Chemical Degradation of Ester Lubricants, Temperature Relationships of Several Polar Liq- Transactions, American Society of Lubricating uids, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Engineers (ASLE), 22(3):267 ff, 1978 (rdb6376) 23:193-195, 1978 (3 pages, rdb7A74)

polyolester (POE) lubricants thermodynamic properties of R-12, R-22, and others: PVT, thermophysical data J. C. G. Calado, I. A. McLure, and V. A. M. Soares, Surface Tension for Octafluorocyclobutane, n- J. J. Lorenz and D. Yung, Combined Boiling and Butane and their Mixtures from 233 K to 254 K, Evaporation of Liquid Films on Horizontal Tubes, and Vapour Pressure, Excess Gibbs Function Proceedings of the 5th OTEC Conference, 3:46-70, and Excess Volume for the Mixture at 233 K, Fluid 1978 (25 pages, rdb8A13) Phase Equilibria, 2:199-213, 1978 (15 pages, rdb7951) heat transfer model for combined film evaporation and nucleate boiling in liquid films flowing over R-C318, R-600, R-C318/600: surface tension for horizontal plain tubes -40 to -19 °C (-40 to -2 °F); vapor pressure, excess Gibbs function, and excess volume for the D. R. Pesuit, Binary Interaction Constants for blend at -40 °C (-40 °F) transport properties, Mixtures with a Wide Range in Component thermophysical data Properties, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Fun- damentals, 17:235-242, 1978 (8 pages, rdb2355) N. J. Dembi, P. H. Dhar, and C. P. Aurora, Statisti- cal Analysis of Heat Transfer Data for Convective zeotropes, interaction coefficients, equation of Boiling of Refrigerants in a Horizontal Tube, state (EOS) International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 5:287-296, 1978 (10 pages, rdb6422) U. Plöcker, H. Knapp, and J. Prausnitz, Calculation of High-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibria from a J. Enomoto, S. Shiono, T. Imamura, K. Shimamura, Corresponding-States Correlation with Emphasis and Y. Tokida, A Chemical Method for Evaluating on Asymmetric Mixtures, Industrial Engineering Refrigerants and Refrigerant Oils During the Re- Chemical Process Design Development, 17(3):- frigerating Cycle, Mitsubishi Denki Giho, Japan, 324-332, 1978 (9 pages, rdb2337) 52(6):151-154, 1978 (4 pages, rdb4339) H. Reimer, Behavior of Cold Engine Oils with R- L. Haar and J. S. Gallagher, Thermodynamic 12B1 Refrigerant, Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, Properties of Ammonia, Journal of Physical and Germany, 31(2):58, 60, and 63, 1978 (3 pages in Chemical Reference Data, 7(3):635-792, 1978 (158 German, rdb4279) pages, rdb3237) S. Shiono, J. Enomoto, K. Shimamura, and K. Aiba R-717, thermophysical data, equation of state (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), Application (EOS) of Gel Permeation Chromatography to Re- frigeration Oil Analysis, Reito [Refrigeration], 53:23 H. P. Jaeger, Design of a Viscometer for Mea- ff, 1978 (rdb4A23) suring the Viscosity of Multiple Component Blends with High Vapor Pressure, Technisches lubricants, test methods, effects of dissolved oligomers on compressors Page 294 Refrigerant Database

W. F. Stoecker (University of Illinois at Urbana- the former. Tests were performed at six tem- Champaign), Improving the Energy Effectiveness peratures from -40 to 38 °C (-40 to 100 °F) with of Domestic Refrigerators by the Application of 11-56 °C (20-100 °F) of superheat; the oil fraction Refrigerant Mixtures, report ORNL/Sub/7855463/1, ranged from 0.1 to 5% by weight. Figures show Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN the solubility of the refrigerants in the lubricants, (available from NTIS, rdb2445) the viscosity of the mixtures, and defined Lockhart-Martinelli and Chisholm correlations for zeotropic blends the horizontal and vertical pressure drops. Four tables provide refrigerant capacities in tons that F. L. Swinton, Mixtures Containing a Fluorocar- result in a 1.1 °C (2 °F) pressure drop per 30 m bon, Chemical Thermodynamics, edited by M. L. (100') equivalent length of piping for horizontal McGlashan, The Chemical Society, London, UK, suction and discharge lines and for suction and 2:147-198, 1978 (52 pages, rdb4C10) hot gas risers. They cover 12.7-105 mm (½-4¼") pipes for 1% oil. The paper concludes that oil azeotropes, blends, zeotropes causes a significant and predictable increase in the pressure drop, which can be estimated with G. Tischer, Studies on the Chemical-Thermal the data and correlations provided. Stability of Refrigerator Oil/R12 Mixtures, Luft- Kältetechnik, Germany, 14(3):148-151, 1978 (4 Line Sizing with Refrigerants 12, 22, 502, and 717, pages in German, rdb4666) research project 185-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- R-12, lubricants, refrigerant-lubricant properties neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, July 1975 - June 1977 (ASH0185)

The contractor for the project was D. D. Wile, Consulting Engineer. This research project was 1977 sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.9. V. V. Altunin and V. Z. Geller, Thermophysical S. Olund (Shrieve Chemicals), Solubility of Refrig- Properties of Freons, Hemisphere Publishing erants in Compressor Crankcases, ASHRAE Company, New York, NY, 1977 (rdb6328) Journal, 19(12):34 ff, December 1977 (rdb4641) thermodynamic and transport data, refrigerants F. C. Scheideman (Carrier Corporation), M. L. Ja- cobs (Union Carbide Corporation), S. M. Kazem R. Döring, Thermodynamische Eigenschaften des (Kabul University, Afghanistan), and N. A. Macken Kältemittels R114B2 [Thermodynamic Properties of (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, RPI), Pressure Refrigerant R-114B2], Die Kälte- und Klimatechnik, Loss of Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures in Suction and Germany, 1977 (in German, rdb4975) Discharge Lines, paper 2463 (109-RP), Transac- tions (Annual Meeting, Halifax, NS, Canada, 26-30 R-114B2, thermophysical data June 1977), American Society of Heating, Refriger- ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), T. Fukushima, A. Arai, et al., Simulation of Refrig- Atlanta, GA, 83(2), 1977 (18 pages with 15 figures eration Cycle for Air Conditioners, Reito [Refrig- and 5 tables, RDB5209) eration], Japan, 52(593):19 ff, 1977 (rdb6855) This paper documents research of pressure drops cycle analysis for refrigerants for suction and discharge lines for R-12 and R-22 with mineral oil. It also presents correlations and tabular data to allow use of the results in system R. Heide, Concerning the Viscosities of Refriger- design. The paper describes and schematically ant-Oil Mixtures for Refrigeration Machines, Luft illustrates the test apparatus. It entailed a closed und Kältetechnik, Germany, 13(1):34-37, 1977 (4 refrigerant loop with oil injection and separation pages in German, rdb4251) means as well as both horizontal and vertical test sections. The loop was an oil-vapor system with refrigerant-lubricant properties pressure and flow maintained by a 37.3 kW (50 hp) compressor. The horizontal test sections H. P. Jaeger, Calculation of the Viscosity of Oil comprised three parallel tubes, 3 m (10') in and Refrigerant Mixtures, II Freddo [Refrigeration], length, of 12.7, 25.4, and 76.2 mm (½, 1, and 3") Italy, 31(5):376-386, 1977 (11 pages in Italian, diameter, with valves to enable selection. The rdb4614) vertical test section was a 25.4 mm (1") tube. The paper explains the test procedure, refrigerant-lubricant properties instrumentation, and theoretical derivation for the form of the correlations used. R-12 was tested with both 150 and 300 SUS mineral oil (unidentified) and R-22 with Refrigerant Database Page 295

R. L. McCarthy, F. A. Bower, and J. P. Jesson, The Standards, NBS), Analysis of Property Data in the Fluorocarbon-Ozone Theory - 1. Production and Critical Region Using the Function Liquid Volume Release: World Production and Release of CCl3F Fraction, Transactions, American Society of Heating, and CCI2F2 (Fluorocarbons 11 and 12), Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Atmospheric Environment, 11:491-497, 1977 (7 (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 83:222 ff, 1977 (rdb9121) pages, rdb5505) method of determining critical point thermody- R-11, R-12, production and emission data namic properties; thermophysical data

L. Z. Meltser, T. S. Dremluh, S. K. Chernyshev, L. B. R. B. Stewart and R. T. Jacobsen, A Thermody- Silina, B. V. Gunchuk, A. A. Chek, and A. P. Voloshin namic Property Formulation for Oxygen for (Odessa Technological Institute, USSR), Temperatures from 55 K to 3000 K and Pressures Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerator Oils to 34 MPa, Proceedings of the Seventh and Their Solutions with Freon 12, Teplofiziches- Thermophysical Properties Symposium, American kie Svoistva Veshchestv i Materialov [Thermophysi- Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, cal Properties of Substances and Materials], Izda- NY, 549-563, 1977 (15 pages, rdb3955) tel'stvo Standartov, Moscow, Russia, 11:99-118, 1977 (20 pages in Russian, rdb4629) R-732 (oxygen): thermodynamic data for -218 to 2727 °C (-360 to 4940 °F) and pressures to 34 R-12, lubricants, refrigerant-lubricant properties MPa (4930 psia), thermophysical data, equation of state (EOS) S. R. Orfeo, D. F. Harnish, and H. Magid (AlliedSig- nal Incorporated, then Allied Chemical Corporation), W. Wagner, A New Correlation Method for Ther- Chlorofluorocarbons in the Atmosphere - A modynamic Data Applied to the Vapour-Pressure Manufacturer's View, paper 770021, Society of Curve of Argon, Nitrogen, and Water, report PC/T Automotive Engineers (SAE), Warrendale, PA, 1977 15, International Union of Pure and Applied (13 pages with 8 figures and 3 tables, RDB5834) Chemistry (IUPAC) Thermodynamic Tables Project Centre, 1977 (rdb8226) reviews the status of (then) fluorocarbon-ozone depletion theory based on theoretical calculations R-718. R-728, R-740, thermodynamic properties, and experimental observations; summarizes the thermophysical data activities of the Fluorocarbon Technical Panel (FCTP) of the Manufacturing Chemists D. D. Wile, Refrigerant Line Sizing, publication Association (MCA) to determine the scientific 90250, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, validity of ozone depletion; outlines industry ef- and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, forts to identify alternative refrigerants, aerosol GA, 1977 (48 pages, RDB4635) propellants, and foam blowing agents This document provides charts to simplify sizing of U. Plöcker, Berechnung von Hochdruck-Phasen- refrigerant lines. It covers suction, discharge, and gleichgewichten mit einer Korrespondenz- liquid lines for both copper tubes and steel pipes methode unter besonderer Berücksichtigung with R-12, R-22, and R-502 as well as for steel asymmetrischer Gemische [Calculation of High- pipes with R-717 (ammonia). Pressure Phase Equilibria by Means of a Corre- spondence Method Under Special Consideration of Asymmetric Mixtures], doctoral dissertation, Tech- 1976 nische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 1977 (181 pages in German, rdb3342) J. B. Chaddock (Duke University), Two-Phase pressure Drop in Refrigerant Liquid Overfeed see RDB3343 for translation Systems-Design Tables, paper 2409 (134-RP), Transactions (Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 27 June W. Rathjen and J. Straub (Technische Universität - 1 July 1976), American Society of Heating, München, TUM, Germany), Temperature Depen- Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers dence of Surface Tension, Coexistence Curve, (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 82(2):107-133, 1976 (27 and Vapor Pressure of CO2, CCIF3, CBrF3,and pages with 6 figures and 7 tables, RDB7722) SF6, Heat Transfer in Boiling, Academic Press, New York, NY, chapter 18, 425-451, 1977 (27 pages, line sizing for liquid overfeed systems, Hughmark rdb7955) and Dukler constant-slip calculation method, design tables for refrigerant recirculation systems R-13, R-13B1, R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-7146: for R-12, R-22, R-502, and R-717 thermodynamic and transport properties, thermophysical data

L. J. Van Poolen (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, then the National Bureau of Page 296 Refrigerant Database

M. L. Jacobs (Carnegie-Mellon University, CMU), F. This report provides thermodynamic property data C. Scheideman (Carrier Corporation), F. C. Kazem for R-123 in inch-pound (IP) units of measure. (Kabul University, Afghanistan), and N. A. Macken Measured physical and estimated critical (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, RPI), Oil Trans- properties are tabulated. Four basic equations for port by Refrigerant Vapor, paper 2423, Transac- vapor pressure, the Redlich-Kwong equation of tions (Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 27 June -1 July state (EOS), density of the saturated liquid, and 1976), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, heat capacity of the vapor are presented. A table and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, presents pressure, volume, density, enthalpy, and GA, 82(2):318-327, 1976 (10 pages with 8 figures entropy at saturated conditions for the and 2 tables, RDB4631) temperature range of -73 to 184 °C (-100 to 363 °F) in 0.6 °C (1 °F) increments and for the critical This paper presents correlations to determine the temperature of 184 °C (363.2 °F). A second table flow velocity needed for oil entrainment by presents volume, enthalpy, and entropy of refrigerant vapor in suction and hot gas risers. Oil superheated vapor at constant pressure. The transport was determined in vertical tubes, for report concludes with a pressure enthalpy R-12 with 150 and 300 SUS naphthenic mineral diagram. oils and for R-22 with 150 SUS oil. The tests were conducted in an all-vapor loop driven by a Technical Panel of Fluorocarbon Research The reciprocating-piston compressor. The paper effect of Fluorocarbons on the Concentration of summarizes the experimental apparatus and atmospheric Ozone, Manufacturing Chemists As- procedures, flow theory involved, and analysis of sociation, 1 March 1976 (rdb3525) the data. Figures depict the apparatus and test section. The findings are reduced to correlations investigation of the role of fluorochemicals in and for the minimum mass flux and tonnage for the potential for stratospheric ozone depletion; entrainment. Calculated values based on the environmental impacts refrigerant saturation temperature and common pipe sizes, from 13-105 mm (½ to 4 1/8"), are tabulated. N. A. Macken, F. C. Scheideman, M. L. Jacobs, and S. M. Kazem (Carnegie-Mellon University, CMU), An Experimental Study of Pressure Drop and Liquid A M. M. Shah (Gilbert/Commonwealth Company), Transport of Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures, final report New Correlation for Heat Transfer During Boiling for 109-RP Phases II and III, American Society of Flow Through Pipes Transactions , paper 2407, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning (Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 27 June - 1 July Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, dated both De- 1976), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, cember 1975 and January 1976 (96 pages with 39 and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, figures and 7 tables, RDB4A09) GA, 82(2):66-86, 1976 (21 pages with 15 figures and 3 tables, RDB3B47) This report describes a study of two-phase graphical method of solution, identified as pressure drop and liquid transport in refrigerant- CHART, to determine the heat transfer coefficient lubricant mixtures. (HTC) for refrigerant evaporation: tabular summary of published heat transfer data from Transport of Oil in Pipes by Refrigerant Vapor, other studies; heat and mass transfer data for R- research project 109-RP, American Society of 11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-718 (water), and cyclo- Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- hexane neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, September 1970 - January 1976 (ASH0109) B. K. Sthapak, H. K. Varma, and C. P. Gupta , Heat Transfer Coefficients in the Dry-Out Region of a The contractor for the project was Carnegie- Horizontal-Tube, Water-Heated, R-12 Evaporator, Mellon University (CMU), led by S. W. Gouse; it Transactions (Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 27 June was sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee - 1 July 1976), American Society of Heating, 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 82(2), 1976 (rdb3320) P. J. Cox, R. G. Derwent, A. E. J. Eggleton, and J. E. Lovelock, Photochemical Oxidation of Halo- heat transfer carbons in the Troposphere, Atmospheric Envi- ronment, 10:305-308, 1976 (4 pages, rdb8132) S. H. Stradley, H. E. Phillips, and H. J. Borchardt, Thermodynamic Properties of [HC]FC-123, report refrigerant decomposition, destruction, disposal, NIST-5, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, environmental fate Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1 April 1976 (44 pages with 1 figure and 3 tables, available from JMC R. DeSantis, F. Gironi, and L. Marrelli, Vapor-Liquid as RDB0301) Equilibrium from a Hard-Sphere Equation of State, Industrial Engineering Chemistry Funda- mentals, 15:183-189, 1976 (7 pages, rdb2354) Refrigerant Database Page 297

EOS, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical Study of the Kinematic Viscosity Coefficient of data, VLE Oil-Freon Solutions, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrig- eration Technology], 22:73-76, 1976 (4 pages in A. G. Dickson and J. P. Riley, The Distribution of Russian, rdb4271) Short-Chain Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Some Marine Organisms, Marine Pollution This paper describes a capillary viscometer, Bulletin, 7:167-169, 1976 (3 pages, rdb7229) immersed in a temperature controlled liquid, to determine the viscosity of refrigerant-lubricant refrigerant decomposition, destruction, fate, en- solutions. It presents plots of the viscosities of vironmental impacts R-12 with KhF-12-18 oil and R-22 with KhF-22S- 16 at -30 to 80 °C (-22 to 176 °F). V. Z. Geller, Viscosity of Freon 21, Freon 22, and Freon 23, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration Tech- National Research Council (NRC), Halocarbons: nology], 22:41-45, 1976 (5 pages in Russian, rdb- Effects on Stratospheric Ozone, National Academy 4A49) of Sciences (NAS), National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1976 (rdb3131) R-21, R-22, R-23, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data environmental impacts

L. P. Gorlina, N. E. Zaev, and N. S. Zakharkina, In- C. A. Nieto de Castro (Universidade de Lisboa, frared Spectroscopic Study of the Stability of Portugal), J. C. G. Calado, W. A. Wakeham, and M. KF-22-24 Cooling Oil During Thermal Aging, Dix, An Apparatus to Measure the Thermal Con- Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], ductivity of Liquids, Journal Phys. E. Sci. Instr., 8:19-21, 1976 (3 pages, in Russian, RDB4607) 9:1073-1079, 1976 (7 pages, rdb5637)

R-22 thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data

J. H. Grim, Lubrication Requirements for the Re- D. Y. Peng and D. B. Robinson, A New Two-Con- frigeration and Air-Conditioning Industry, Trans- stant Equation of State, Industrial Engineering actions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Chemistry Fundamentals, 15(1):59-64, 1976 (6 and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, pages, rdb4876) GA, 82(II):567-571, 1976 (5 pages, rdb2528) thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data, G. Hackstein, A Contribution on the Experimental Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EOS) Determination of the Values of Thermodynamic Properties for Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Es- K. Raznjevic, Handbook of Thermodynamic Tables pecially for Their Mixtures with Refrigerating and Charts, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Oils, dissertation, Technische Universität Dresden, Washington, DC, and McGraw-Hill Book Company, Dresden, Germany, 1976 (in German, RDB4248) New York, NY, 1976 (RDB3211)

H. J. M. Hanley, Prediction of the Viscosity and R-11, R-12, R-13, R-22, R-40, R-170 (ethane), R- Thermal Conductivity Coefficients for Mixtures, 290 (propane), R-717 (ammonia), R-718 Cryogenics, 16:643-651, 1976 (9 pages, rdb8506) (water/steam), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), thermodynamic properties, transport properties of blends, thermophysical thermophysical data data S. Shiono, T. Imamura, J. Enomoto, and K. Kuyama J. J. Healey, J. D. De Groot, and J. Kestin, The (Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan), A Study of Theory of the Transient Hot-Wire Method for the Reaction Rate of Refrigerant 12 and Re- Measuring Thermal Conductivity, Physica A, frigerant Oils and the Effect of Aluminum on the 82C:392-408, 1976 (17 pages, rdb5638) Reaction as a Catalyst, Reito [Refrigeration], Japan, 51(583):361-368, 1976 (8 pages, rdb6C37) measurement, instrumentation, thermophysical properties R-12, mineral oil

J. Kestin and W. A. Wakeham, A Contribution to Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, the Theory of the Transient Hot-Wire Technique American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- for Thermal Conductivity Measurements, Physica Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, A, 92A:102-116, 1976 (15 pages, rdb5B64) 1976 (252 pages with 42 tables, RDB3210)

measurement, instrumentation, thermophysical This reference provides viscosity, thermal con- properties ductivity, and specific heat data for refrigerants, along with empirical or semi-empirical property L. Z. Meltser, Z. I. Geller, and B. V. Gunchuk (Odes- sa Technological Institute, USSR), Experimental Page 298 Refrigerant Database

equations, in inch-pound (IP) units. Conversion releases of fluorochemicals are a legitimate cause tables are provided for other units of measure. for concern and that unless scientific evidence is The fluids addressed include R-11, R-12, R-13, found to dispel this concern, it is necessary to R-13B1, R-14, R-21, R-22, R-23, R-40 (methyl restrict uses of R-11 and R-12 to replacement chloride), R-50 (methane), R-113, R-114, R-115, fluids in existing air-conditioning and refrigeration R-142b, R-152a, R-170 (ethane), R-290 (ACR) equipment and to closed recycled systems (propane), R-C318, R-500, R-502, R-503, R-504, and other uses not involving atmospheric release; R-600 (butane), R-600a (isobutane), R-702 report comprises an executive summary, (hydrogen), R-702a (p-hydrogen), R-704 (helium), conclusions on federal actions, and sections on R-717 (ammonia), R-718 (water), R-720 (neon), stratospheric effects, biological effects of ozone R-728 (nitrogen), R-729 (air), R-732 (oxygen), reduction, human health effects of ozone R-740 (argon), R-744 (carbon dioxide), R-1150 reduction, the fluorocarbon industry, and federal (ethene), and R-1270 (propene). More than 1000 authorities references are cited. B. I. Lee and M. G. Kesler (Mobil Research and De- velopment Corporation), A Generalized Thermo- dynamic Correlation Based on Three-Parameter Corresponding States, AlChE Journal, 21(3):510- 1975 527, May 1975 (18 pages with 6 figures and 14 tables, RDB3341) N. A. Macken (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, RPI), F. C. Scheideman (Carrier Corporation), and modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equation M. L. Jacobs (Carnegie-Mellon University, CMU), An of state (EOS) Experimental Study of Pressure Drop and Liquid Transport of Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures, paper K. Benke and J. Reichelt, Synthetische Flüssig- 75-WA/HT-26 (Winter Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, schmiermittel für Tieftemperatur-Kälteanlagen 30 November - 4 December 1975), American Society [Synthetic Lubricants for Low-Temperature Refrig- of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, eration Installations], Die Kälte- und Klimatechnik, 1975 (12 pages with 16 figures, RDB5206) Germany, (5):172-176 and (6):208-214, 1975 (12 pages in German, rdb4918) R. Foon and K. P. Schug, symposium paper E3, Molecular Rate Processes, Royal Australian refrigeration oils Chemical Institute, Warburton, Australia, August 1975 (possibly 1995) (rdb5213) H. J. Borchardt, New Findings Shed Light on Re- actions of Fluorocarbon Refrigerants, DuPont In- decomposition kinetics of various chlorofluoro- novation, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, carbons (CFCs), formation of free radicals as a Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 6(2), Winter 1975; halocarbon breakdown mechanism republished as bulletin RT-58, DuPont, May 1979 (6 pages with 4 figures and 2 tables, RDB3731) H. M. Roder and R. D. McCarty, Modified Bene- dict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State for Parahy- R-11 (decomposes into chlorine and R-112); R-12 drogen-II, report NBSIR 75-814, National Institute of (forms chlorine and R-114 when initially pyro- Standards and Technology (NIST, then the National lyzed, then R-11 and R-13 a "disproportionation" Bureau of Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, June reaction; the final products of long-term pyrolysis 1975 (available from GPO, rdb3949) are R-13, chlorine, and carbonaceous solids); R-13 (decomposes into chlorine and R-116); R-22 R-702p, p-hydrogen, parahydrogen, thermody- (described as "one of the least stable" namic properties, thermophysical data fluorocarbon refrigerants based on experimental tests; pyrolysis of R-22 to manufacture (R) Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) of the tetrafluoroethylene, the DuPont Teflon ) mono- Federal Council for Science and Technology (FCST), mer); R-114 (decomposes, in part, into R-12); and Fluorocarbons and the Environment, report R-115 (decomposes, in part, into R-13); reactions 75-403, National Science Foundation (NSF), with oil; reactions of aluminum with R-12 and oil; Arlington, VA (then Washington, DC), June 1975 stabilization with 1% R-744A (nitrous oxide) (122 pages, Rdb7C65) S. S. Chen, A. S. Rodgers, J. Chao, R. C. Wilhoit, report of the U.S. Federal Interagency Task Force and B. J. Zwolinski, Ideal Gas Thermodynamic on Inadvertent Modification of the Stratosphere Properties of Six Fluoroethanes, Journal of (IMOS): assessment of the potential for and Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 4:441-456, actions to avoid atmospheric modifications from 1975 (16 pages, rdb4241) human activities, referred to as the "fluorocarbon- ozone question"; concludes that thermophysical data for R-134a and others Refrigerant Database Page 299

R. C. Downing, Viscosity of Oil-Refrigerant Solu- national Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, tions, bulletin X-223B, E. I. duPont de Nemours and August 1975 (rdb3217) Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1975 (rdb4247) J. E. Lovelock (University of Reading, UK), Natural Halocarbons in the Air and in the Sea, Nature, transport properties for R-22 and R-502; ther- 256:193 ff, 1975 (rdb3521) mophysical data potential for stratospheric ozone depletion; ex- N. Enjo and H. Fujiwara, R22/R115/R290 Mixture amination of sources for chlorine and bromine Refrigerant, Reito [Refrigeration], Japan, 50(576):- 14-17, 1975 (4 pages, rdb4328) S. G. Kandlikar, C. A. Bijlani, and S. P. Sukhatme (Indian Institute of Technology, India), Predicting the R-290/22/115 Properties of Mixtures of R22 and R12: Part 1 - Thermodynamic Properties, paper 2343, H. Finger, C. Staege, B. Lilly, R. Stoeffgen, G. Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, Koeppert, Demands on Oils for Hermetic Refrig- 26-30 January 1975), American Society of Heating, erating Machines and Testing of a New, Fully Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Synthetic Oil, Schmierungstechnik [Tribology], (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 81(1):266-284, 1975 (19 Germany, 6(12):372-377, 1975 (6 pages in German, pages with 1 figure and 7 tables, rdb5515) rdb4338) R-501, R-22/12: equilibrium pressure, temper- R-13, R-13B1, R-22, R-502, oil XK-27 ature, and liquid and vapor phase compositions; density, enthalpy, specific heat, and entropy of the V. Z. Geller and V. G. Peredrii, Thermal Conduc- saturated liquid; specific volume enthalpy, specific tivity of Freon 13 and Freon 23, Izvestiya Vysshikh heat, and entropy of the saturated vapor Uchebnykh Zavedenii Energetika, 18:113-116, 1975 (5 pages in Russian, rdb4A50) S. G. Kandlikar, C. A. Bijlani, and S. P. Sukhatme (Indian Institute of Technology, India), Predicting the R-13, R-23, thermophysical properties, data Properties of Mixtures of R22 and R12: Part II - Transport Properties, paper 2343, Transactions L. E. Heidt, R. Lueb, W. Pollack, and D. H. Ehhalt, (Semiannual Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, 26-30 January 1975), American Society of Heating, Re- Stratospheric Profiles of CCl3F and CCI2F2 , Geo- physical Research Letters, 2:445 ff, 1975 (rdb3524) frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- RAE), Atlanta, GA, 81(1):285-294, 1975 (10 pages concentrations of R-11 and R-12 in the atmo- with 2 tables, rdb5560) sphere, environmental impacts R-501, R-22/12: viscosity and thermal conductivity H. P. Jaeger, Calculation of the Viscosity of Fluid of both the liquid and vapory, diffusion coefficient Oil-Coolant Mixtures, Kälte., Germany, 28(9):332- in liquid 340, 1975 (9 pages in German, rdb4615) D. G. Murcray, F. S. Bonomo, J. N. Brooks, A. refrigerant-lubricant properties Goldman, F. H. Murcray, and W. J. Williams, Detec- tion of Fluorocarbons in the Stratosphere, Geo- physical Research Letters, 2:109-112, 1975 (4 pages, E. A. Kremenevskaya and S. L. Rivkin, Saturation rdb3244) Curve of Freon 11, Thermophysical Properties of Matter and Substances, Moscow, Russia (then early confirmation of fluorochemical presence in USSR), 1975 (rdb7A71) the stratosphere and potential for destruction of ozone R-11, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data A. Nagashima, J. Harada, and I. Tamashita, Experi- mental Studies on the Viscosity of Freon Refrig- D. Lillian, H. B. Singh, A. Appleby, L. Lobban, R. erant, 1st Report: Experimental Method and Arnts, R. Gumpert, R. Hague, J. Toomey, J. Kazazis, Measurement of R-11, Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ron- M. Antell, D. Hansen, and B. Scott, Atmospheric bunshu (Transactions of the Japan Society of Me- Fates of Halogenated Compounds, Environmental chanical Engineers, JSME), JSME, Tokyo, Japan, Science and Technology, 9(12):1042-1048, 1975 (7 841:656-661, 1975 (6 pages in Japanese, rdb8268) pages, rdb8161) transport properties of R-21; thermophysical data halochemical refrigerant decomposition, destruction, fate, environmental impacts

A. Lorenz and K. Meutzner, On Application of Nonazeotropic Two Component Refrigerants in Domestic Refrigerators and Home Freezers, Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Refrigeration (Moscow, USSR, August 1975), Inter- Page 300 Refrigerant Database

R. E. Rebbert and P. J. Ausloos, Photodecomposi- flow during boiling in a horizontal tube: mea- tion of CFCl3 and CF2Cl2, Journal of Photochem- surements and observations of R-717 with an istry, 4:419-434, 1975 (16 pages, rdb8169) immiscible lubricant (Mobil Arctic(R) 300 mineral oil); lubricant decreases heat transfer; high lu- R-11, R-12, environmental effects, fate bricant concentrations result in flow appearance described as "a tar-like sludge" F. C. Scheideman (Carrier Corporation) and N. A. Macken (Carnegie-Mellon University, CMU), Pres- P. W. Wilkniss, J. W. Swinnerton, R. A. Lamontagne, sure Loss of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures in Hori- and D. J. Bressan, Trichlorofluoromethane in the zontal Pipes, paper 2341 (109-RP), Transactions Troposphere, Distribution and Increase, (Semiannual Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, 26-30 Jan- 1971-1974, Science, 187:832-833, 1975 (2 pages, uary 1975), American Society of Heating, Refriger- rdb3245) ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 81(1):235-241, 1975 (12 pages with 11 early confirmation of R-11 presence in the at- figures, RDB4A10) mosphere and potential for destruction of ozone

mass flow, oil return Report on the Problem of Halogenated Air Pol- lutants and Stratospheric Ozone, report EPA- Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) of the 600/9-75-008, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Federal Council for Science and Technology (FCST), (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, 1975 (RDB- The Possible Impact of Fluorocarbons and 2448) Halocarbons on Ozone, report ICAS 18a, National Science Foundation (NSF), Arlington, VA (then fluorocarbon refrigerants, environmental impacts Washington, DC), 1975 (rdb7C66)

scientific report of the U.S. Federal Interdepart- mental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences 1974 (ICAS) on Inadvertent Modification of the Stratosphere (IMOS): assessment of the strato- A. Cavellini and J. Zecchin (Università e Laboratorio spheric effects from human activities and per la Tecnica del Freddo del CNR, Italy), A Di- specifically form release of fluorochemicals mensionless Correlation for Heat Transfer in Forced Convection Condensation, Heat Transfer R. D. McCarty, Hydrogen: Technological Survey - 1974 (proceedings of the Fifth International Heat Thermophysical Properties, report SP-3089, Na- Transfer Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 3-7 September tional Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 1974), Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 1975 (available from GPO, rdb3948) (JSME) and the Society of Chemical Engineers, Tokyo, Japan, 3:309-313, 1974 (5 pages, rdb6446) R-702 thermodynamic and transport data: equation of state (EOS), thermal conductivity, R-11, R-21, R-114, heat transfer viscosity, and others W. D. Cooper, R. C. Downing, and J. B. Gray (E. I. L. Z. Meltser, T. S. Dremluh, B. V. Gunchuk, Y. G. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated), Zatvornskii, and A. A. Chek (Odessa Technological Alkyl Benzene as a Compressor Lubricant, Pro- Institute, USSR), Properties of a Solution of KhA- ceedings of the 1974 Purdue Compressor Tech- 30-Oil and Freon 22, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refriger- nology Conference (10-12 July 1974), Purdue Uni- ation Technology], 21:27-29, 1975 (3 pages with 6 versity, West Lafayette, IN, 88-94, July 1974 (7 figures, in Russian, rdb4272) pages with 8 tables, rdb4350)

This paper presents data on the solubility, vis- comparative properties of alkylbenzene and cosity, and density of KhA-30/R-22 mixtures as mineral oil lubricants; solubility relationships with well as data on R-22. It also compares the R-12, R-22, and R-502; thermal stability with R-12 foaming tendency and thermal stability of KhA-30 and R-22; foaming; lubricity; oil analyses following and other lubricants. KhA-30 is described as a use in a range of refrigeration systems lubricant for use in compressors with severe mechanical stresses and in refrigerators. G. W. Gatecliff (Tecumseh Products Company) and E. R. Lady (University of Michigan), Explicit Repre- M. M. Shah (Gilbert/Commonwealth Company), Vi- sentation of the Thermodynamic Properties of sual Observation in an Ammonia Evaporator, Refrigerants 12 and 22 in the Superheat Region, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Atlantic City, NJ, Proceedings of the 1974 Purdue Compressor 26-30 January 1975), American Society of Heating, Technology Conference (10-12 July 1974), Purdue Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers University, West Lafayette, IN, 287-290, July 1974 (4 (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 81(1):295-306, 1975 (12 pages with 3 tables, rdb6908) pages, rdb8516) Refrigerant Database Page 301

R-12, R-22, temperature-pressure correlations, R-22/21, zeotropic blends, performance, cost thermophysical data implications

K. S. Sanvordenker and W. J. Gram (Tecumseh J. B. Chaddock and H. Lau, and E. Skuchas, Pres- Products Company), Laboratory Testing Under sure Drop in Two-Phase Flow Application of Re- Controlled Environment Using a Falex Machine, frigerant Recirculation Systems, report DME/TR Proceedings of the 1974 Purdue Compressor 75-01, Duke University, Durham, NC, 1974 (rdb5105) Technology Conference (10-12 July 1974), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 67-75, July 1974 (9 line sizing for liquid overfeed systems, Hughmark pages, rdb2527) and Dukler constant-slip calculation method, design tables for refrigerant recirculation systems modification of the Falex tester for evaluation of for R-12, R-22, R-502, and R-717; report for bearing materials, surface treatments, and lubri- ASHRAE research project 134-RP cants; tests with R-12, R-22, and combinations with mineral oil N. S. C. Chari, Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Tetrafluoride, PhD dissertation, University R. C. Downing (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, year unknown - before pany), Refrigerant Equations, paper 2313, Trans- 1974 (rdb7A58) actions (Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, 23-27 June 1974), American Society of Heating, Refriger- thermodynamic properties of R-14; thermophys- ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), ical data Atlanta, GA, 80(2):158-169, 1974 (12 pages with 6 tables, RDB3913) P. Crutzen, A Review of Upper Atmospheric Photochemistry, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, assembles the equations and constants for cal- 52:1569-1581, 1974 (13 pages, rdb3242) culation of liquid density, vapor pressure, pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) relationships of P. Crutzen, Estimates of Possible Future Ozone the vapor (Martin-Hou, MH, equation of state, Reductions from Continued Future Use of Fluo- EOS), and heat capacity of the vapor for R-11, rochloromethanes, Geophysical Research Letters, R-12, R-13, R-14, R-21, R-22, R-23, R-113, 1:202-220, 1974 (19 pages, rdb3243) R-114, R-C318, R-500, and R-502: demonstrates simplifications that do not affect the region of role of fluorochemicals and specifically chloro- interest for air conditioning and refrigeration; pro- fluorocarbons (CFCs) in stratospheric ozone de- vides derived equations for the latent heat of pletion vaporization, enthalpy of vapor, entropy of vapor; thermodynamic properties; thermophysical data J. D. De Groot, J. Kestin, and H. Sookiazian, In- strument to Measure the Thermal Conductivity of Two-Phase Pressure Drop in Refrigerant Liquid Gases, Physica A, 75:454-482, 1974 (29 pages, Recirculating Systems, research project 134-RP, rdb5636) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, July measurement, instrumentation, thermophysical 1972 - June 1974 (ASH0134) properties

The contractor for the project was Duke Univer- J. Doucet, P. Sauvageau, and C. Sandorfy, The sity, led by D. Niederer. This research project was Photoelectron and Far Ultraviolet Absorption sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 8.4, Spectra of Chlorofluoro Derivates of Ethane, Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment. Journal of Chemical Physics, 62(2):355-359, 1974 (5 pages, rdb8137) K. Bier, G. Ernst, and G. Maurer, Journal of Chemi- cal Thermodynamics, 6(11):1027-1037, 1974 (11 identification of fluorochemicals, properties, pages, RDB9136) quantification of environmental impacts

R-22; thermodynamic properties; thermophysical R. Heide, H. Lippold, and G. Hackstein (Technische data Universität Dresden, Germany), Physical Properties of a New Refrigerating Oil and its Mixtures with P. S. Burr and G. G. Haselden (University of Leeds, Refrigerants R-22 and R-502, Luft- und Kälte- UK), A Non-Isothermal Mixed Refrigerant Cycle technik, Germany, 10(1):44-48, 1974 (5 pages, in for Air Conditioning Duties, Proceedings of the German, RDB4250) Institute of Refrigeration, 71:18-23, 1974 (6 pages with 4 figures and 1 table, rdb5514) refrigerant-lubricant properties

H. P. Jaeger, Synthetic Oils for Refrigerating Ma- chines, Klima-Kältetechnik, Germany, 16:, 1974 (in German, rdb4616) Page 302 Refrigerant Database

lubricants for R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-22, R. J. L. Andon, J. F. Counsell, D. A. Lee, and J. F. and others Martin, Thermodynamic Properties Aliphatic Halogen Compounds, Part 2 - Heat Capacity of R. S. Kuliev, K. D. Shironov, and M. M. Masirov, The 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Journal of the Chem. Society Viscosity-Temperature Properties and Viscosity - Faraday Transactions, UK, 69:1721-1726, 1973 (6 Anomalies of Oils and Composites of Group pages, rdb8452) Hydrocarbons, Int. Chem. Eng., 14(3):443-447, 1974 (5 pages, rdb4259) thermodynamic properties of R-140a; thermophysical data A. S. Rodgers, J. Chao, R. C. Wilhoit, and B. J. Zwolinski, Ideal Gas Thermodynamic Properties of F. A. Bower, Nomenclature and Chemistry of Flu- Eight Chloro- and Fluoromethanes, Journal of orocarbon Compounds, National Technical Infor- Physical Chemistry Reference Data, 3:117-140, 1974 mation Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA, 1973 (avail- (24 pages, rdb4315) able from NTIS as document AD-751423, rdb8129)

thermophysical data fluorochemical refrigerant designations

P. S. Burr, Optimised Design of a Mixed Refriger- ant System, PhD thesis, University of Leeds, UK, 1973 1973 (rdb5518)

R. Bender, The Calculation of Phase Equilibria R-22/21, zeotropic blends, performance from a Thermal Equation of State Applied to the Pure Fluids Argon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Their J. Doucet, P. Sauvageau, and C. Sandorfy, Vacuum Mixtures, Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe, Germany, Ultraviolet and Photoelectron Spectra of 1973 (rdb3953) Fluoro-Chloro Derivates of Methane, Journal of Chemical Physics, 58:3708-3716, 1973 (9 pages, R-728, R-729, R-732, R-740, air, thermodynamic rdb8136) properties, thermophysical data, equation of state (EOS) identification of fluorochemicals, properties, quantification of environmental impacts W. Blanke, Messung der thermischen Zustand- größen von Luft im Zweiphasengeheit und seiner B. J. Eiseman, Jr. (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Umgebung, [Measurements of the Thermal Company, Incorporated), Stability of Power Fluid- Properties of Air in the Two-Phase and Surrounding Refrigerant in Heat Driven Cooling Systems, Regions], Dr.-Ing. dissertation, Universität Ruhr, Proceedings of the Xlllth International Congress of Bochum, Germany, December 1973 (rdb3954) Refrigeration, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, France, 2:643-653, 1973 (11 pages, rdb3517) thermodynamic properties of R-729 (air), thermophysical data, equation of state (EOS) compatibility

T. Fannin and J. Young, Lubricating Oil in Halo- L. V. Grishin, B. S. Medoev, A. P. Fedoseev, and I. E. carbon Refrigerators, paper to the Institute of Re- Furmer, Determination of the Concentration of frigeration, UK, 1 November 1973 (rdb4358) Lubricating Oils and Freon F-11 in the Lubricating Oil/F-11 System, Tr. Mosk. Khim.-Teknol. Inst., refrigerant-lubricant (RL) interactions 72:185-186, 1973 (2 pages in Russian, rdb4608)

E. G. Afanas'eva, Chemical and Thermal Stability R-11 of Freons, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration Tech- nology], 16:80-81, 1973 (2 pages in Russian, rdb- H. Häntzchel, Simulation of Physiochemical 3518) Conditions of the Refrigerating Circuit During the Study of Material Behavior, Luft- und Kältetechnik, compatibility Germany, 9(3):119-124, 1973 (6 pages in German, rdb4610) D. Ambrose, C. H. S. Sprake, and R. Townsend, Thermodynamic Properties Aliphatic Halogen W. M. Haynes (National Bureau of Standards, NBS, Compounds, Part 1 - Vapour Pressure and Criti- now the National Institute of Standards and Tech- cal Properties of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Journal of nology, NIST), Viscosity of Gaseous and Liquid the Chem. Society - Faraday Transactions, UK, Argon, Physica A, 67:440 ff, 1973 (rdb7A07) 69:839-841, 1973 (3 pages, rdb8451) transport properties of R-740 (argon): mea- thermodynamic properties of R-140a; thermo- surement of the viscosity; thermophysical data physical data Refrigerant Database Page 303

R. Heide (Technische Universität Dresden, Ger- matographic Methods for Evaluating the Stability many), Die Oberflächenspannung von Halogen- of Lubricating Oils, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrig- kältemitteln [The Surface Tension of Halogenated eration Technology], 16:93-98, 1973 (6 pages in Refrigerants], Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, Russian, rdb4A24) 9(3):125-127, 1973 (3 pages in German, rdb4A61) C. F. Spencer and R. P. Danner, Prediction of transport properties, thermophysical data Bubble-Point Density of Mixtures, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 18:230-234, 1973 (5 R. T. Jacobsen and R. B. Stewart (University of pages, rdb4C06) Idaho), Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen Including the Liquid and Vapor Phases from 63 K blends, thermodynamic properties, thermophys- to 2,000 K with Pressures to 10,000 Bar, Journal of ical data Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 2:757-778 (possibly 2:757-922), 1973 (22 or 166 pages, G. L. Stepakoff and A. P. Modica, The Hydrolysis of rdb7962) Halocarbon Refrigerants in Freeze Desalination Processes: Part I. Solubility and Hydrolysis Rates R-728 (nitrogen): thermodynamic properties for of Freon 114 (CCIF2CCIF2), Desalination, 12:85-105, -210 to 1,727 °C (-346 to 3,140 °F) and 100 MPa 1973 (21 pages, rdb8447) (14,500 psia), thermophysical data, equation of state (EOS) R-114, materials compatibility

H. P. Jaeger, Densities and Vapor Pressures of P. Tremaine and M. G. Robinson, The Static Di- Different Refrigerants, Die Kälte, (7):276-278, 1973 electric Constants of the Liquified Fluoro- (3 pages in German, rdb7A68) methanes, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 51(10):- 1497-1503, 1973 (7 pages, rdb5353) R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, and R-22: thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data R-14, R-23, R-32, R-41, physical properties

H. P. Jaeger (Technische Universität Braunschweig, W. Wagner, New Vapor Pressure Measurements Germany), The Pattern of Solubility Limits of for Argon and Nitrogen and a New Method for Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures in the Critical Range, Establishing Rational Vapor Pressure Equations, Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, Germany, 25(3):73-74, Cryogenics, 13:470-482, 1973, with corrigenda in 1973 (2 pages in German, rdb4253) 14:63 ff, 1974 (13+ pages, rdb4A41)

refrigerant-lubricant properties R-728, R-740, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data H. P. Jaeger (Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany), Empirische Methoden zur W. Wagner, Method for Rational Establishment of Vorausberechnung thermodynamischer Eigen- Thermodynamic Equations Shown by the Ex- schaften von Öl-Kältemittel-Gemischen [Empirical ample of the Vapor Pressure Curve for Pure Methods for Predicting Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids, annex to the Bulletin of the International In- Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures], Kältetechnik-Klimatisier- stitute of Refrigeration, 4:65 ff, 1973 (rdb5272) ung, Germany, 25(2):35-38, 1973 (4 pages in equation of state (EOS), thermodynamic prop- German, rdb4254) erties, thermophysical data refrigerant-lubricant properties

L. H. Horsley, Azeotropic Data (revision), report 116, Advances in Chemistry, American Chemical 1972 Society, Washington, DC, 1973 (rdb5558) D. F. Huttenlocher (General Electric Company), blend properties Accelerated Sealed-Tube Test Procedure for Refrigerant 22 Reactions, Proceedings of the 1972 Purdue Compressor Conference L. Z. Meltser, T. S. Dremluh, Y. P. Ram'yalg, and L. , Purdue University, B. Silina (Odessa Technological Institute, USSR), West Lafayette, IN, pages 469-474, July 1972 (6 Properties of Freon 502 Solutions Containing pages with 3 figures and 2 tables, RDB4927) KhF-22S-16 Oil, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], 19(8):16-19, 1973 (4 pages with 6 fig- results of sealed-tube compatibility tests with R-22 ures, in Russian, rdb4273) and discussion of their inferences on the validity of thermal acceleration tests: introduction notes R-502 that because R-22 is much less reactive that R-12, reaction rates even at elevated tem- L. Z. Meltser, T. S. Dremluh, L. B. Silina, and Y. P. Ram'yalg (Odessa Technological Institute, USSR), Uses of IR-Spectroscopic and Gas-Liquid Chro- Page 304 Refrigerant Database

peratures can be much lower; accordingly, the erature Survey and Proposed Analytical Model, temperature must be increased, sometimes in- paper 2246 (109-RP), Transactions (Annual Meeting, terfering with the validity of tests, or the period of Nassau, Bahamas, 25-29 June 1972), American testing prolonged; attempts to interpret findings Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- for shorter tests can be unreliable because some tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1972 (10 reactions do not proceed at uniform rates; paper pages with 11 figures, RDB5207) gives examples of aging at 150 and 200 °C (302 and 392 °F) for R-22 with and without mineral oil K. S. Sanvordenker and M. W. Larime (Tecumseh lubricants in the absence of metal catalysts and in Products Company), A Review of Synthetic Oils for the presence of zinc die cast, valve steel, carbon Refrigeration Use, Transactions (Annual Meeting, steel, zinc-chromate plated steel, brass, and lead Nassau, Bahamas, 25-29 June 1972), American specimens; figures and tables show the relative Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- reaction rates with these metals present and the tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 78(2), dependences on temperature 1972; republished in Lubricants, Refrigerants, and Systems - Some Interactions, symposium bulletin H. J. Borchardt (E. I. duPont de Nemours and NA-72-5, ASHRAE, 14-19, June 1972 (6 pages with Company, Incorporated), The Reaction of Alumi- 1 table, RDB2218) num with Refrigerant 12 and Oil, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Nassau, Bahamas, 25-29 June history of and opportunities for use of synthetic 1972), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, lubricants, with focus on synthetic hydrocarbons, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, alkylbenzenes, dibasic acid esters, neopentyl GA, 78(2), 1972; republished in Lubricants, Refrig- esters, phosphate esters, polyglycols, silicate erants, and Systems - Some Interactions, sympo- esters, and silicones: concludes that all but the sium bulletin NA-72-5, ASHRAE, June 1972; repub- phosphate esters seem suited for refrigeration use lished as Product Information Bulletin RT-61, E. I. and that the alkylbenzenes, polyglycols, dibasic duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, acid esters, and silicate esters are the most Wilmington, DE, 1972 (8 pages with 1 figure and 6 attractive for low temperature applications; tables, RDB3B64) suggests that these candidates have much to offer, but that their cost effectiveness has to be R-12, materials and experimental procedures, left to the individual system designer aluminum reactions at various temperatures, chemical reaction preceding aluminum attack, Refrigerant Forced Convection Condensation nature of the reaction, oil cracking, R-12 dispro- Inside Horizontal Tubes, research project 63-RP, portionation: reaction between aluminum and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- R-12 was reproducibly initiated at 149 °C (300 °F) Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, and higher, but the R-12/oil had to be degraded - September 1966 - March 1972 (ASH0063) resulting in high acid levels - before the reaction would start; partial removal of the protective The contractor for the project was the Mas- aluminum oxide layer by severely degraded sachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), led by J. refrigerant-lubricant mixture, permitting direct S. Maulbetsch; it was sponsored by ASHRAE contact between the refrigerant and the metal, Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid may be necessary; reaction products included Flow. aluminum halides, carbonaceous matter, and R-13; overall stability was limited by the stability K. W. Cooper and A. G. Mount, The Effect of Oil of the refrigerant oil mixture and not by the Circulation on Compressor Capacity, ASHRAE aluminum Journal, 39-42, October 1972 (4 pages, rdb3322)

K. P. Murphy (AlliedSignal Incorporated, then Allied N. F. Carnahan and K. E. Starling, Intermolecular Chemical Corporation), Oil and Refrigerants - Repulsions and the Equation of State for Fluids, Characteristics of Several New Refrigerants, AIChE Journal, 18:1184-1189, 1972 (6 pages, rdb- Transactions (Annual Meeting, Nassau, Bahamas, 2333) 25-29 June 1972), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 78(2), 1972; republished in Lubricants, Refrigerants, and Systems - Some In- Empirische Methoden zur Voraus- teractions, symposium bulletin NA-72-5, ASHRAE, H. P. Jaeger, June 1972 (rdb4276) berechnung thermodynamischer Eigenschaften von Öl-Kältemittel-Gemischen [Empirical Methods K. J. Riedle (Siemens AG, Germany), N. A. Macken, for Predicting the Thermodynamic Properties of and S. W. Gouse, Jr. (Carnegie-Mellon University, Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures], dissertation, Technische CMU), Oil Transport by Refrigerant Vapor: A Lit- Universität Braunschweig, Germany, 1972; published by Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI, Association of German Engineers) Verlag, Düsseldorf, Refrigerant Database Page 305

Germany, 115(15):1239 ff, 1973 (in German, rdb- R-22, compatibility, motor materials, test methods 4255) J. P. Hurtgen (General Electric Company), Hermetic refrigerant-lubricant properties Motor Life Tests, paper 71C38EI-36, Proceedings of the Tenth Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC, G. E. Millward and E. Tschuikow-Roux, Journal of Chicago, IL, 20-23 September 1971), Institute of Physical Chemistry, 76(3):292-298, 1972 (7 pages, Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New rdb6861) York, NY, 113-116, 1971 (4 pages with 7 figures and 3 tables, RDB6663) decomposition kinetics of various chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), formation of free radicals as a R-22, compatibility, motor materials, test methods halocarbon breakdown mechanism J. P. Hurtgen (General Electric Company), R22 Z. Nipkpi, Mutual Solubility of Freon 12 and Freon Blister Testing of Magnet Wire, Proceedings of the 22 in Refrigerating Oils and Its Effect on Tenth Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC, Chicago, Compressor Operation, Khranit Prom., 21(10):14 ff, IL, 20-23 September 1971), Institute of Electrical and 1972 (in Bulgarian, rdb4640) Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 183-185, 1971 (3 pages with 5 figures and 5 tables, RDB2917) R-12, R-22 R-22, compatibility with motor materials, varnish J. Osugi and Y. Kanbayashi, Measurement of the Solubility of Refrigeration Gas, Reito [Refrigera- R. P. Kokernak and C. L. Feldman, The Velocity of tion], Japan, 47(534):359-361, 1972 (3 pages in Sound in Liquid R12, ASHRAE Journal, 13:59 ff, Japanese, rdb4642) 1971 (rdb4B74)

R-115 R-12, thermophysical properties

J. Osugi and M. Takahashi, Measurement of the R. S. Olsen (General Electric Company), Sealed Solubility of Refrigeration Gas, Reito [Refrigera- Tube Techniques for Hermetic Enamel Evalua- tion], Japan, 47(534):363-365, 1972 (4 pages in tion, paper 71C38EI-38, Proceedings of the Tenth Japanese, rdb4643) Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC, Chicago, IL, 20-23 September 1971), Institute of Electrical and R-13B1, mineral oil (Witco Suniso(R) and 4GS) Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 119 ff, 1971 (rdb6626)

compatibility with motor materials, magnet wire, 1971 varnish R. D. Petry (A. O. Smith Corporation), Hermetic In- The De- M. M. Feiger (General Electric Company), sulation Tests Using Motorettes in Autoclave, termination of Varnish Bond Strength in Refrig- paper 71C38EI-37, Proceedings of the Tenth Elec- erant Atmospheres Insulation/Circuits , , 30-33, trical Insulation Conference (EIC, Chicago, IL, 20-23 December 1971 (4 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, September 1971), Institute of Electrical and RDB6667) Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 116-119, 1971 (4 pages with 4 figures and 4 tables, RDB6631) compatibility, motor materials, test method: describes method and equipment to determine bond R-22, compatibility with motor materials, hydrolytic strength of varnish to magnet wire in refrigerants stability, vibration, heat shock, rapid heat rise, at elevated temperatures and pressures; illustrative data for epoxy- and acrylic-type K. S. Sanvordenker and M. W. Larime (Tecumseh varnishes on urethane-modified, polyvinyl formal Products Company), Screening Tests for Hermetic enameled magnet wire splints and helical coils in Magnet Wire Insulation, paper 71C38EI-39, R-22 environments Proceedings of the Tenth Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), Institute of Electrical and Elec- G. J. Bich, J. R. Kweicinski, and F. A. Sattler (West- tronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 122-126, inghouse Electric Corporation), Effect of Compo- September 1971 (5 pages with 3 figures and 5 tables, sition of Polyester-Amide-Imide Wire Enamels on RDB2424) Refrigerant 22 Resistance, paper 71C38EI-40, Proceedings of the Tenth Electrical Insulation This paper examines both the test methods and Conference (EIC, Chicago, IL, 20-23 September results of testing, for magnet wire insulation for 1971), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 126-128, 1971 (3 pages with 6 figures and 2 tables, RDB6661) Page 306 Refrigerant Database

hermetic compressors using R-22. Abrasion re- gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, June 1971 (94 sults (average cycles to failure) are tabulated and pages with 36 figures, RDB5205) plotted as received and following exposures for 7-10 days, one month, and three months. The W. D. Cooper (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- insulations examined included two batches of pany, Incorporated), Influence of Oil-Refrigerant urethane modified polyvinyl formal (FU), two Relationships on Oil Return, Transactions (Semi- batches of polyester-imide (PEI), dual coat annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 24-28 January amide-imide topcoat on a polyester base (AI/PE), 1971), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, dual coat polyester (PE/PE), and polyimide (PI). and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, The temperature and elapsed time for burnout are GA, 77(1):6-10, 1971; republished in Effect of Oil on tabulated, for these five types of insulations, and the Refrigeration System, symposium bulletin PH- compared between environments of R-22 and air. 71-2, ASHRAE, 6-10, 1971 (5 pages, RDB4326) Data on retained dielectric strength are presented for FU, PEI, AI/PE, PE/PE, and for Formvar R. F. Goldman and D. D. Rudy, Permeation of Re- urethane and polyesteramide imide (PEAI); frigerants through Elastomeric and Plastic Hoses, blister, resistance is tabulated for all but PE/PE. paper 710039, Society of Automotive Engineers Because the interactions of enamels and R-22, (SAE), Warrendale, PA, January 1971 (rdb4364) the paper suggests that the rate of R-22 absorption be determined and exposures R-12, leakage from mobile air-conditioning (MAC) adjusted for complete saturation. Tests after and transport refrigeration systems saturation provide a common basis for comparisons and suitable screening approach for G. H. Green, The Effect of Oil on Evaporator Per- structurally-different enamels. formance, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 24-28 January 1971), American J. E. Hoffman (Sporlan Valve Company), Caution: Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- Alcohol at Work, Refrigeration Service and tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 77(1), Contracting (RSC), 18-20, August 1971 (3 pages 1971; republished in Effect of Oil on the Refrigeration with 1 figure, RDB6668) System, symposium bulletin PH-71-2, ASHRAE, 23-27, 1971 (5 pages, rdb8437) clean up of systems that have been saturated with water by flushing with methyl alcohol, cau- refrigerant heat transfer coefficient (HTC) may be tions for flammability, toxicity, and compressor improved or impaired by the presence of oil, damage depending on the lubricant concentration and on the flow pattern; refrigerant-lubricant (RL) Pressure Drop in Liquid Overfeed Suction Lines, properties research project 107-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- M. Soliman and N. Z. Azer, Flow Patterns During neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, March 1970 - July Condensation Inside a Horizontal Tube, Trans- 1971 (ASH0107) actions (Semiannual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 24- 28 January 1971), American Society of Heating, The contractor for the project was Duke Univer- Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers sity, led by J. B. Chaddock and D. P. Werner; it (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 77(1):210-224, 1971 (15 was sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Commit- pages, rdb7458) tee 9.1, Large-Building Air-Conditioning Systems. heat and mass transfer, annular flow model for Transport Properties of Refrigerants, research condensation inside tubes project 72-RP, American Society of Heating, Re- frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- S. P. Soling, Oil Recovery from Low Temperature RAE), Atlanta, GA, July 1968 - July 1971 (ASH0072) Pump Recirculating Halocarbon Systems, Trans- actions (Semiannual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, 24- The contractor for the project was Purdue Uni- 28 January 1971), American Society of Heating, versity, led by P. E. Liley; it was sponsored by Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 77(1), 1971; republished in and Fluid Flow. Effect of Oil on the Refrigeration System, symposium bulletin PH-71-2, ASHRAE, 19-22, 1971 (4 pages K. J. Riedle, N. A. Macken, and S. W. Gouse, Jr. with 6 figures, rdb4648) (Carnegie-Mellon University, CMU), Oil Transport by Refrigerant Vapor, report number CMU-40203-1, R. C. Downing, Freon Refrigerants and Lubricat- final report for 109-RP Phase I, American Society of ing Oils, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1971 (rdb4452) Refrigerant Database Page 307

solubility of refrigerants and the effect of tem- absorption, R-717, R-717/718, thermodynamic perature should be similar for a naphthenic min- properties, thermophysical data eral oil (MO) should be similar to those with a paraffinic oil; presents data for R-12 with a D. R. Stull and H. Prophet, JANAF Thermochemical naphthenic MO (Witco Suniso(R) 3GS) - as re- Tables, report NSRDS-NBS37, National Institute of ported in RDB4C21 Standards and Technology (NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, MD, 1971 H. Henrici and G. Hesse, Untersuchungen über (available from GPO, rdb4C07) den Wärmeübergang beim Verdampfen von R114 und R114-Öl-Gemischen an einem horizontalen chemical properties, thermophysical data Glattrohr [Investigation of the Evaporating Heat Transfer of R-114 and R-114/Oil Mixtures on a M. V. Thierry (Anaconda Wire and Cable Company), Horizontal Plain Tube], Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, Choice of a Magnet Wire for Hermetic Motors, Germany, 23:54-58, 1971 (5 pages in German, paper 71C38EI-54, Proceedings of the Tenth rdb4547) Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC, Chicago, IL, 20-23 September 1971), Institute of Electrical and heat transfer, lubricant effects Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 171-174, 1971 (4 pages with 2 figures and 6 tables, RDB6664) H. P. Jaeger and H. J. Löffler (Technische Univer- R-22, compatibility, motor materials, apparatus for sität Braunschweig, Germany), Concerning the adhesion twist test, test methods Behavior of R-22/Oil Mixtures, Kältetechnik-Kli- matisierung, 23(10):305-309, 1971 (5 pages in German, RDB4256) J. A. Zapp, Jr., Fluorocarbons, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, McGraw-Hill Book R-22, refrigerant-lubricant properties Company, New York, NY, for the International Labour Office, United Nations, I:560-562, 1971 (3 pages with 1 table, RDB5271) G. T. Kartsounes and R. A. Erth, Computer Cal- culation of the Thermodynamic Properties of brief review of the toxicity, hazards, safety, and Refrigerants 12, 22, and 502, Transactions (Annual health measures of fluorocarbons: provides a Meeting, Washington, DC, 22-25 August 1971), table of formulae, normal boiling points, uses, and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and the American Conference of Governmental Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit 77(II):88-103, 1971 (17 pages, rdb6B13) values (TLVs) for R-11, R-12, R-12B2, R-13, R- 13B1, R-21, R-22, R-112, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-12, R-22, R-502, thermodynamic properties, R-123B1, R-C318, R-1113, R-1114, R-1141, R- thermophysical data 1131, and R-1216; discussion notes that R-12 induces dizziness in humans if inhaled at 50,000 K. Mall, Studies on Aged Refrigerating Machine ppm v/v and loss of consciousness at 150,000 Oils and Gaseous Reaction Products from Motor ppm v/v, but has no narcotic effect at 1,000 ppm Compressors, Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, 23(2):- v/v; discusses the toxicity of R-1318 and notes a 58-63, 1971 (5 pages in German, rdb3513) 4-hr LC50 rat of 0.76 ppm R-22, lubricants

L. Z. Meltser, T. S. Dremluh, and Y. P. Ram'yalg, 1970 Fluidity of Refrigerating Oils and Their Mixtures with Agents at Low Temperatures, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], 12:49-52, 1971 T. W. Phillips and K. P. Murphy (AlliedSignal Incor- (4 pages in Russian, rdb4274) porated, then Allied Chemical Corporation), Liquid Viscosity of Halogenated Refrigerants, paper 2152, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Kansas City, R. W. Murphy and A. E. Bergles, Subcooled Flow MO, 28 June - 1 July 1970), American Society of Boiling of Fluorocarbons, report DSR/71903-72, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cam- neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 76(2):146-156, June bridge, MA, 1971 (rdb3B61) 1970 (12 pages with 5 figures and 3 tables, RDB- 2315) heat transfer Liquid viscosity data are tabulated for R-11, R-12, S. C. G. Schulz (possibly Schultz), Equations of R-13, R-22, R-114, R-115, R-133a, R-152a, R- State for the System Ammonia-Water for Use 500, R-502, R-31/114, R-115/152a, R-503, R-504, with Computers, Proceedings of the Xllth Interna- and R-32/12; transport properties, thermophysical tional Congress of Refrigeration, International In- data stitute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 2:431 ff, 1971 (rdb3234) Page 308 Refrigerant Database

T. W. Phillips and K. P. Murphy (AlliedSignal Incor- brommethan (R13B1) und Ölen [Thermodynamic porated, then Allied Chemical Corporation), Liquid Properties of Bromotrifluoromethane (R-13B1) with Viscosity of Halocarbons, Journal of Chemical and Oils], Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, Germany, 22(8):- Engineering Data, 15(2):304-307, February 1970 (4 259-263, 1970 (5 pages in German, RDB3734) pages with 5 figures and 5 tables, RDB2314) lubricants measurements of the saturated liquid viscosities or R-20, R-21, R-22, R-23, R-30, R-31, and R-32 H. P. Jaeger and H. J. Löffler (Technische Universität die 10-2000 kPa (1.5-290 psia): modified, sus- Braunschweig, Germany) Thermodynamischer pended level viscometer; transport properties; Eigenschaften von Öl-Kaltemittel-Gemischen thermophysical data [Thermodynamic Properties of Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures], Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, 22(8):246- J. A. Schofield, Computer Calculation of the The- 256, 1970 (11 pages with 10 figures and 38 tables, in oretical Performance Properties of Fluorocarbon German, RDB4257) Refrigerants, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 19-22 January 1970), American This paper provides solubility, density, vapor Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- pressure, viscosity, and specific volume data for tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 76(I):52 ff, mixtures of R-10, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, and R-22 1970 (rdb7A53) with five lubricants. They include naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oils, a synthetic lubricant, and a thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data mixture of a mineral oil and a synthetic. The paper summarizes the experimental methods used and T. Atwood and K. P. Murphy (AlliedSignal Incorpo- compares the findings to those from prior studies. rated), An Investigation of Refrigerants for Sin- gle-Stage Centrifugal Water Chillers, Transac- K. Mall, Messeinrichtung zur Ermittlung des tions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Dampfdruckes von Öl-Kältemittel Gemischen and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 76:81-95, 1970 (15 pages, RDB2441) [Measuring Apparatus for Determination of the Vapor Pressure of Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures], Kälte- M. Chaigneau and D. Barthes (Laboratoire Chimique technik-Klimatisierung, 22(8):257-259, 1970 (3 pages Anal. Fac. Pharm., France), Action of in German, rdb2502) Dichlorodifluoromethane on Nickel, Aluminum, and Raney Nickel, Compte Rendu de l'Académie de T. E. Morsy, Extended Benedict-Webb-Rubin Science, Paris, France, series C, 170(7):624-626, Equation of State - Application to Eight Fluorine 1970 (3 pages in French, rdb6683) Compounds, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 15(2):256-265, 1970 (10 pages, rdb5215) R-12 reactions, compatibility R-13B1, R-717, and others; Benedict-Webb-Ru- R. Heide (Forschungszentrum für Luft- und KäIte- bin (BWR) equation of state (EOS) technik, Dresden, Germany), Ein Beitrag zur Viskosität von Öl-Kältemittel-Gemischen [A Contribution on the Viscosity of Oil-Refrigerant 1969 Mixtures], Luft- und Kältetechnik, Germany, 6(6):308-310, 1970 (3 pages with 3 figures, in Ger- R. Hall, Magnet Wire in Hermetic Motors, Part II, man, rdb4249) ASHRAE Journal, 11(12):53 ff, December 1969 (rdb- 6649) This paper provides plots of and regressions to estimate the kinematic viscosities of three mix- compatibility, motor materials tures of synthetic lubricants with refrigerants. They included 51KM33 oil with R-11, 51KM33 J. P. Hurtgen (General Electric Company), Alu- with R-12, and KM30 with R-22 for 50-100% minum Magnet Wire in R12 Systems, ASHRAE concentrations for -40 to 60 °C (-40 to 140 °F). Journal, 11(11):45-47, November 1969 (3 pages with The refrigerants were obtained from VEB Fluor- 4 figures, RDB4112) werke Dohna and the three synthetic lubricants from VEB Leuna-Werke, both in the German This article presents materials compatibility Democratic Republic. The paper reviews prior findings for use of aluminum magnet wire for measurements by others and outlines the ex- hermetic compressor motors in R-12 refrigeration perimental approach using falling-ball and rotating systems. It focuses on wire coated with polyvinyl rheostat viscometers. formal phenolic resin in windings of motor stators. The article notes that the change from copper H. Henrici and K. Mall, Thermodynamische Eigen- magnet wire is complex, involving schaften von Gemischen aus Trifluormono- Refrigerant Database Page 309

both motor design and manufacturing techniques, decrease the thermal stability, but that corrosion but that aluminum has been used in rotor rates on commonly used metals are generally low windings, compressor parts, and evaporators. It when the decomposition rates are low. Tables cites aluminum incompatibility with R-14, R-40, summarize the decomposition data by the tests and uninhibited R-140a as well as rapid and performed and the corrosion rates with cast iron, destructive exothermic reactions of R-12 with mild steel, AOS stainless steel, and iconel metal. aluminum impellers where melting or abrasion A plot relates the decomposition fraction to could expose a fresh, film-free surface. The refrigeration oil concentration, but shows greatly document also reviews published studies of reduced reactivity with polychlorotrifluoroethylene aluminum chloride formation, and is function as (PCTFE) lubricants. The presence of steel is catalyst to convert R-12 into R-11 and R-13, fol- shown to influence the decomposition rates, but lowing R-12 reactions with oil. The article de- insufficient data were obtained to prove a relation scribes sealed-tube tests of enameled wire he- between exposed surface area and lixes with R-12 and oil. Tests at 150 and 170 °C decomposition rates. (302 and 338 °F) indicated that aluminum wire ages more rapidly than copper in R-12, as evi- S. Nishizaki and A. Muramoto, Evaluation of Her- denced by greater R-22 formation. The R-22 metic Motor Insulation Systems, Proceedings of formation and reaction rates are plotted. Tests by the Ninth Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC, other researchers are cited, for as long as 360 Boston, MA, 8-11 September 1969), Institute of days at 130 °C (266 °F) and at 170 °C (338 °C) Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New for more than two years; no significant differences York, NY, 250-253, 1969 (4 pages, rdb2918) between aluminum and copper wire systems were found. New tests of dielectric strength retention at compatibility, motor materials 170 °C (338 °C) for 14-450 days are described. The plotted results showed gradual decline, but W. Tauscher, Measurement of the Thermal Con- the author concludes that reactions will be very ductivity of Liquid Refrigerants by an Unsteady low and approximately equal for the two magnet State Hot Wire Method, ASHRAE Journal, 11(1):- wire types. Hermetic units tests performed for 97-104, 1969 (8 pages, rdb3917) verification are summarized. Complete analyses did not disclose significant differences between R-32 and others, thermophysical properties, the copper and aluminum units. Field trials, the conductivity data longest of which exceeded four years, support the findings. W. W. Wareham, New Standards and Tests for Hermetic Motor Wire, Proceedings of the Ninth J. A. Callighan (Union Carbide Corporation), The Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC, Boston, MA, Thermal Stability of Fluorocarbons 114 and 216, 8-11 September 1969), Institute of Electrical and ASHRAE Journal, 11(9):65-69, September 1969 (5 Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 250-253, pages with 5 figures and 4 tables, RDB3A02) 1969 (rdb6648)

This article presents stability tests of R-114 and compatibility, motor materials R-216. These fluids are noted as candidate turbine motive fluids [e.g., for organic Rankine cy- Freon(R) 112 - Tetrachlorodifluoroethane, product cles] based on cited characteristics: low toxicities, information bulletin B-1, E. I. duPont de Nemours and no appreciable odor, non-flammable, low freezing Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, September point, high liquid and vapor densities, and low 1969 (26 pages with 1 figure and 24 tables, corrosion rates in metal systems. Stability tests RDB5161) for 200-500 °C (392-932 °F) are described. The test approaches included thermal aging in a steel R-112, R-112a, R-112a/112, R-112/113, R- bomb, decomposition analyses after flow through 112a/112/113, properties, compatibility, stability, a heated quartz tube (with and without metal solubility, safety, toxicity, flammability coupons), and cycled vaporizing and condensing in steel dynamic test apparatus. Summary D. T. Gordon, J. F. Hamilton, and W. E. Fontaine, An physical properties are tabulated and Empirical Equation for Predicting the Viscosity of decomposition products indicated, based on Liquid Refrigerants, Transactions (Semiannual mass spectroscopic analysis of fragmentation Meeting, Chicago, IL, 27-30 January 1969), American patterns. The paper concludes that R-114 and Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- R-216 have about the same thermal stability, Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 40- which increases exponentially with decreasing 51, 1969 (12 pages, rdb4336) temperature in the range of 316-426 °C (600-800 °F). It further notes that the presence of oxygen, moisture, and hydrocarbon oils all E. L. Keating and R. A. Matula, Correlation and Prediction of Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Vapor Refrigerants, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 27-30 January 1969), Page 310 Refrigerant Database

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- in Horizontal Tubes], Kylteknisk Tidskrift, 28(5):3-12, Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1969 (10 pages in Swedish, rdb9824) 75(1), 1969 (rdb4632) flow boiling correlations for complete and in- transport properties, thermophysical data complete evaporation; heat transfer; heat exchanger; evaporator Equation of N. F. Carnahan and K. E. Starling, (R) State for Non-Attracting Rigid Spheres, Journal of Freon Compounds and Safety, bulletin S-16 (A- Chemical Physics, 51:635-636, 1969 (2 pages, 85178), E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, rdb3246) Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1969 and republished February 1978 (16 pages with 7 tables, RDB5906) equation of state (EOS), thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data flammability, reactivity, pressure, frostbite, effects on the eyes and skin, acute and chronic toxicity, R. L. Covington and H. L. Ravner, Interactions in anesthesia, decomposition, refrigerant safety Neopentyl Polyol Ester-Tricresyl Phosphate-Iron Systems at 500 °F, Transactions, American Society Stability of Several 'Freon' Compounds at High of Lubricating Engineers (ASLE), 12:280-286, 1969 Temperatures, technical bulletin XIA, E. I. duPont de (7 pages, rdb4563) Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1969 (rdb3867) polyolester, POE, TCP fluorocarbon refrigerants R. C. Downing (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- pany), General Equations and Constants for Thermodynamic Equations, bulletins X-88B1 and 1968 X-88F, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, In- corporated, Wilmington, DE, 1969 (rdb5635) H. O. Spauschus and R. A. Sellers (General Electric Company), Aging of Hermetic Motor Insulation, thermophysical properties, thermophysical data paper 68C6EI-89, Proceedings of the Eighth Elec- trical Insulation Conference (EIC, Los Angeles, CA, H. P. Jaeger (Technische Universität Braunschweig, 9-12 December 1968), Institute of Electrical and Germany), Thermodynamischer Eigenschaften Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 156-161, binärer Gemische aus Kältemischinenölen und 1968; republished in Transactions of Electrical Monofluortrichlormethan (R11) [Thermodynamic Insulation, IEEE, EI-4(4), December 1969 (6 pages Properties of Binary Mixtures of Mineral Oils and with 7 figures and 4 tables, RDB6627) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11)], Kältetechnik-Klimat- isierung, 21(10):302-306 and 21(12):367-369, 1969 compatibility, motor materials (8 pages in German, rdb4258) I. M. Wade, Accelerated Test Performance of refrigerant-lubricant properties Imide-Modified Magnet Wire Insulations for Hermetic Motors, Proceedings of the Eighth Elec- R. L. Jones, H. L. Ravner, and R. L. Cottington, In- trical Insulation Conference (EIC, Los Angeles, CA, hibition of Iron-Catalyzed Neopentyl Polyolester 9-12 December 1968), Institute of Electrical and Thermal Degradation Through Passivation of the Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 127-131, Active Metal Surface by Tricresyl Phosphate, 1968 (5 pages, rdb6647) American Society of Lubricating Engineers (ASLE) / American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) compatibility, motor materials Lubrication Conference (Houston, TX), 1969 (rdb4928) D. F. Huttenlocher (General Electric Company), A Bench Scale Test Procedure for Hermetic Com- POE, TCP pressor Lubricants, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Lake Placid, NY, 24-26 June 1968), American W. H. Mears, E. Rosenthal, and J. V. Sinka (Allied- Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- Signal Incorporated, then Allied Chemical Corpora- tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 74(2):, tion), Physical Properties and Virial Coefficients 1968; republished in ASHRAE Journal, 11(6):85-89, of Sulfur Hexafluoride, Journal of Physical Chem- June 1969 (5 pages with 3 figures and 3 tables, istry, 73:2254 ff, 1969 (rdb5A38) RDB2421)

R-7146, physical and thermodynamic properties, presents a method for and results of wear tests thermophysical data for compressor lubricants, using a pin-and-vee

B. Pierre, Värmeövergang vid kokande köldmed- ier i horisontella rör [Heat Transfer for Refrigerants Refrigerant Database Page 311

block apparatus, by saturating the lubricant (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 74(1):III.2.1 ff, 1968 (rdb- reservoir with R-22; classifies lubricants ac- 4638) cording to boundary conditions; correlates the bench test results with actual performance in R. C. Schwing, Polyisobutyl Benzenes and Re- equipment; results show that the presence of R- frigeration Lubricants, paper 2063, Transactions 22 improved the lubricant performance especially (Semiannual Meeting, Columbus, OH, 5-8 February as compared of operation in air and that use of an 1968), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, R-22 blanketing atmosphere excludes the gross and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, effects of air and moisture GA, 74(1):III.I.1 ff, 1968 (rdb4639)

F. F. Trunzo, G. J. Bich, and G. W. Hewitt (Westing- synthetic lubricants, polyisobutylbenzene house Electric Corporation), Repeated Scrape Abrasion Testing of Enameled Wires in Gaseous J. F. Wilson, Effect of Methanol on the Perfor- and Liquid Refrigerants, Transactions (Annual mance of Polyester Film in Reciprocating Re- Meeting, Lake Placid, NY, 24-26 June 1968), frigeration Compressors, ASHRAE Journal, 10(1):- American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- 43 ff, January 1968 (rdb2205) Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 74(2):675 ff, 1968 (rdb6653) compatibility

compatibility, motor materials, test methods J. T. Ashton et al., The Solubility of Certain Gase- ous Fluorine Compounds in Water, Journal of the K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), Chemical Society, Inorganic Physical Theory, 1793 ff, A Rapid Plant Scale Quality Control Test for 1968 (rdb5A36) Refrigeration Oils, Transactions (Annual Meeting, Lake Placid, NY, 24-26 June 1968), American Soci- solubility, compatibility ety of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 74(2), 1968; re- E. Chochorowski, Experimentelle and theoretische published in Today's Compressor Lubrication and its Untersuchungen über die Ölrückführung in Environmental Chemistry in Hermetic Lubrication, Kompressions-Kälteanlagen [Experimental and ASHRAE, 7-20, 1968 (14 pages with 3 and 5 tables, Theoretical Investigations of Oil Return in Vapor- RDB6713) Compression Refrigeration Installations], PhD thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany, 1968 (in presents a simplified, factory test method for German, rdb4C47) preliminary evaluation and acceptance of refrigeration lubricants; the procedure involves aging an oil sample with copper and steel catalysts and T. S. Dremluh, Experimental Study of the Tem- R-10 (carbon tetrachloride) in a screw-cap test perature-Pressure-Concentration Parameters of a tube for 16 hours at 107 °C (225 °F); results are Solution of Freon F-22 and the Oil KhF-22S-16, gauged by the acid number following titration; Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], summarizes tests and nominal properties and 6:48-50, 1968 (3 pages in Russian, rdb4334) refining methods of 11 commercial oils; provides plots and tables of measured results and R-22 dependence of acid number on the aging time and temperature; discusses repeatability and L. Haar, Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia influences of each test parameter; shows the as an Ideal Gas, report NSDS-NBS 19, National In- fraction of R-22 formed, measured by gas stitute of Standards and Technology (NIST, then the chromatography, in sealed-tube tests of the same National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Gaithersburg, lubricants and metals with R-12 at 175 °C (347 MD, 1968 (rdb3968) °F); discusses the roles of contaminants; includes discussion of the paper by C. M. Bosworth thermodynamic properties of R-717; thermo- (Carrier Corporation), L. C. Flowers, and H. M. physical data Elsey that notes the stabilizing influence of copper, versus steel alone, in decomposition H. J. Löffler, Density, Vapor Pressure, Dynamic reactions and Static Viscosity of a R-114 - Refrigeration Oil Mixtures, Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, 20(5), 1968 K. S. Sanvordenker (Tecumseh Products Company), (in German, rdb4260) Separation of Refrigeration Oil into Structural Components and their Miscibility with R-22, thermodynamic and transport properties of R- Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Columbus, OH, 114/lubricant mixtures; refrigerant-lubricant (RL) 5-8 February 1968), American Society of Heating, properties; thermophysical data Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers L. Z. Meltser, Z. I. Geller, and B. V. Gunchuk, Thermophysical Properties of Oil-Freon Solu- tions, Teplofiz. Svoistvam Zhidk., Teplofizik Konf. Page 312 Refrigerant Database

Svoistvam Veshchestv. Vys. Temp. (Third Meeting 123, R-214, R-215, R-216, R-C318, six com- 1968), 42-45, 1970 (4 pages in Russian, rdb4275) pounds identified as Freon E 1 through E 5 and E 9; transport properties, thermophysical data thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerant-lubricant (RL) mixtures; thermophysical data 1967 H. O. Spauschus and R. A. Sellers (General Electric Company), Effect of Atmosphere on Aging of H. L. Emmons (A. O. Smith Corporation), Latest Electrical Insulation, Annual Report of the Confer- Technology for Hermetic Motor Insulation Testing ence on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phe- - Part 4, Motorette-Autoclave for Systems nomena, publication 1578, National Academy of Evaluation, Insulation, 53-58, December 1967 (6 Sciences (NAS), Washington, DC, 132 ff, 1968 (rdb- pages with 7 figures and 3 tables, RDB6C39) 6659) compatibility, motor materials, test methods compatibility, motor materials D. J. David, Use of Thermal Analysis to Reduce K. Stephan and M. Körner (Technische Universität Magnet Wire Evaluation Time, Insulation, 38 ff, Berlin, Germany), Calculation of Heat Transfer for November 1967 (rdb6658) Vaporizing Binary Mixtures, summary translation by AlliedSignal Incorporated from German text compatibility, motor materials, test methods published in Chemie Ingenieur Technik, VCH Ver- lagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, Germany, 41(7):- H. L. Emmons (A. O. Smith Corporation), Latest 409-417, 1968; includes notes on the document Technology for Hermetic Motor Insulation Testing prepared by R. R. Singh, AlliedSignal Incorporated, - Part 3, Sheet and Integral Insulation Cut- 22 October 1990 (8 pages with 5 figures, available Through, Insulation, 53-56, November 1967 (4 from JMC as RDB0905) pages with 3 figures and 2 tables, RDB6657) Thermo- A. A. Vassermann and V. A. Rabinovich, compatibility, motor materials, test methods physical Properties of Air and its Components, Standard, Moscow, Russia (then USSR), 1968 (in Russian, rdb8470) K. L. Snider (Union Carbide Corporation), Thermal Stability of Several Fluorocarbons, ASHRAE thermodynamic properties of R-728 (nitrogen)„ Journal, 9(11):54-58, November 1967 (5 pages, R-732 (oxygen), R-729 (air), R-740 (argon), and rdb3A06) other components of air; thermophysical data reactivity M. P. Vulkalovich and V. V. Altunin, Thermophysi- cal Properties of Carbon Dioxide, Collet's Limited, H. O. Spauschus and R. A. Sellers (General Electric London, UK, 1968 (rdb7107) Company), Apparatus and Procedures for Evalu- ating Dielectric Properties of Wire Enamels in thermodynamic and transport properties of R- Controlled Environments, paper 32C79-66, Pro- 744; thermophysical data ceedings of the Seventh Electrical Insulation Con- ference (EIC, October 1967), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, M. Zander, Pressure-Volume-Temperature Be- Journal of Electrical havior of Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22) in the 191-193, 1967; republished in, Insulation, EI-3(3):82-87, August 1968 (6 pages with Gaseous and Liquid States, Proceedings of the 7 figures and 1 table, RDB6650) Fourth Thermophysical Properties Symposium, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), R-12, R-22, compatibility, dielectric properties, New York, NY, 114-123, 1968 (10 pages, rdb4325) motor materials, varnishes thermodynamic properties of R-22: PVT; ther- H. L. Emmons (A. O. Smith Corporation), Latest mophysical data Technology for Hermetic Motor Insulation Testing - Part 2, Magnet Wire Overload, Insulation, 57-61, Refractive Index of 'Freon' Compounds, technical September 1967 (rdb2510) bulletin B-32a, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, March compatibility, motor materials, test methods 1968 (4 pages with 1 table, RDB7C26)

calculation method using the Lorentz-Lorenz C. P. Aroa, Power Savings in Refrigerating Ma- equation and calculated refractive indices for R- chines Using Mixed Refrigerants, Progress in 11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-14, R-21, R-22, R-23, Refrigeration Science and Technology (proceedings R-112, R-113, R-114, R-114B2, R-115, R-116, R- of the Xllth International Congress of Refrigeration, Madrid, Spain, 30 August - 6 September Refrigerant Database Page 313

1967), International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Journal of Refrigeration, 9(9):211-215, 1967; repub- Paris, France, 11:397-409, 1969 (13 pages, lished in Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, 53:, rdb6410) 1967 (5 pages, rdb4337)

blends, performance R-22, addition of R-12 to R-22 in naphthenic mineral oil to improve lubricant solubility and heat H. O. Spauschus and R. A. Sellers (General Electric transfer Company), Electrical Properties of Wire Enamels in Refrigerant Environments, paper 3.04, Progress J. M. Chawla, Wärmeübergang und Druckabfall in in Refrigeration Science and Technology waagerechten Rohren bei der Stromung von (proceedings of the Xllth International Congress of verdampfenden Kältemitteln, Fortschritt-Berichte Refrigeration, Madrid, Spain, 30 August - 6 VDI, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf, Germany, 523:, 1967 September 1967), International Institute of Refriger- (rdb6423) ation (IIR), Paris, France, II:1153-1160, 1969 (8 pages with 2 figures and 2 tables including discus- heat transfer, pressure drop sion, RDB4A30) A. V. Kletskii, Thermodynamic Properties of Freon R-12, R-22, polyvinyl formal, isocyanate modified 11, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika [Refrigeration Technology], polyvinyl formal, polyamide-imide, polyes- 44(1):18-21, 1967 (4 pages in Russian, rdb7A69) ter-imide, polyimide thermodynamic properties of R-11; thermophys- H. L. Emmons (A. O. Smith Corporation), Latest ical data Technology for Hermetic Motor Insulation Test- ing - Part 1, Varnishes, Insulation, 42 ff, August H. J. Löffler and H. P. Jaeger, Wie Verhalten Sich 1967 (rdb6656) Öl-R23-Gemische in Kältemaschinen? [How Do R-23/Oil Mixtures Behave in Refrigeration Ma- compatibility, motor materials, test methods chines?], Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, Germany, 19(8):237-240, 1967 (4 pages in German, rdb4308) F. S. Palmer and J. I. Qureshi, Low-Temperature Refrigerants, ASHRAE Journal, 9(7):50-52, July R-23, lubricants 1967 (3 pages, rdb4936) H. J. Löffler (Technische Universität Berlin, Ger- refrigeration many), Thermodynamische Eigenschaften Binärer Gemische aus Kältemittel 502 und Kältema- Forced Convection Boiling of Refrigerants in schinenölen [Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Horizontal Tubes, research project 45-RP, Ameri- Mixtures of R-502 and Refrigeration Oils], Kälte- can Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- technik-Klimatisierung, 19(7):201-207, 1967 (7 pages ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, July in German, RDB4261) 1963 - July 1967 (ASH0045) This paper presents solubility, density, vapor The contractors for the project were Purdue pressure, viscosity, and fluidity data for R-502 and University and Duke University, led by J. B. mixtures of two naphthenic mineral oils and a Chaddock; it was sponsored by ASHRAE Tech- lubricant mixture comprising naphthenic mineral nical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid oil and a synthetic. It also presents new Flow. thermodynamic property data for R-502.

S. Manabe and R. T. Wetherald (Geophysical Fluid J. J. Martin, Equations of State, Industrial and En- Dynamics Laboratory, ESSA), Thermal Equilibrium gineering Chemistry, 59(12):34-52, 1967 (19 pages, of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of rdb4226) Relative Humidity, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 24(3):241-259, May 1967 (19 pages with EOS, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical 31 figures and 11 tables, RDB8B29) data

computation of the radiative convective equilib- I. W. Mills and J. J. Melchoire, Effect of Aromatics rium of the atmosphere; sensitivity to solar in- and Selected Additives on Oxidation Stability of tensity and to the atmospheric concentrations of Transformer Oils, Industrial and Engineering carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone, and humidity; Chemistry, 59(6):40 ff, 1967 (rdb4621) adjustment of atmospheric water vapor content with temperature variation of the atmosphere; one lubricant stability, use of additives of the early predictions of atmospheric temperature sensitivity to changes in CO2 content

R. D. Bennett, L. J. V. Earthy, and H. Heckmatt, Lubrication of Refrigerant 22 Refrigeration Plant, Page 314 Refrigerant Database

1966 tion), John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, New York, 9:664 ff, 1966 (rdb5A37) E. R. Larsen, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Anes- thetic, U.S. patent 3,261,748, 19 July 1966 (RDB- R-7146, properties, applications 2B12) J. C. Chen, A Correlation for Boiling Heat Transfer historic interest in R-134a as an anesthetic to Saturated Fluids in Convective Flow, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Process Design and Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Inside a Horizontal Development, 5(3):322-329, 1966 (8 pages, rdb5223) Tube Evaporator, research project 46-RP, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Con- heat exchanger, heat transfer, evaporator ditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1965 - September 1966 (ASH0046) R. C. Downing (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- pany), Fluorinated Hydrocarbons, Kirk-Othmer The contractor for the project was the Mas- Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (second sachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), led by edition), edited by A. Standen, John Wiley and Sons, Drs. Gouse and Coumou; it was sponsored by Incorporated, New York, 9:739-751, 1966 (13 pages, ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer rdb8138) and Fluid Flow. R. C. Downing (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- G. C. Doderer and H. O. Spauschus (General Elec- pany), History of the Organic Fluorine Industry, tric Company), A Sealed Tube Gas Chromato- Kirk-0ihmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology graph Method for Measuring Reaction of Refrig- (second edition), John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, erant 12 with Oil, paper 2003, Transactions (Annual New York, 9:704-707, 1966 (5 pages with 1 table, Meeting, Toronto, ON, Canada, 27-29 June 1966), available from JMC as RDB2440) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, This section of a popular reference outlines the 72(II):IV.4.1-IV.4.5, 1966 (5 pages, rdb2326) history of fluorocarbon refrigerants, starting with the assignment of Dr. Thomas Midgley to find a R-12 new refrigerant, through their status in the mid- 1960s. It recounts the 1928 events that led Dr. Condensing Refrigerants in Horizontal and In- Midgley and his associates A. L. Henne and R. R. clined Tubes, research project 1-RP, American McNary to identify and synthesize R-12. The Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi- document describes the initial toxicity test, which tioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, April 1966 might have delayed the birth of the organic (ASH0001) fluorine industry except for a fortuitous, but random selection of reactant specimens. It then This research developed correlations for heat describes the joint venture between the Frigidaire transfer in smooth tubes, both horizontal and Division of General Motors Corporation and E. I. inclined, for condensing of R-12. Annular, dis- duPont de Nemours and Company in 1930, to persed and annular-dispersed, and wave and begin commercial production of R-11 and R-12 wave-annular flow regimes were identified. The under Kinetic Chemicals, Incorporated. It notes heat transfer equations developed are applicable the introduction of other fluorocarbon refrigerants to condensation within the annular-flow regime. including R-114 in 1933, R-113 in 1934, and R-22 The contractor for the project was Kansas State in 1936; the development of related polymers; and University (KSU), led by R. G. Nevins; it was production expansion in World War II. The sponsored by ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, document then describes entrance of other Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. manufacturers, milestone developments in production methods, and the beginning of the aerosol industry based on fluorinated propellants. Berechnung der Molwärme der Fluor- W. Barho, The document, written around 1965, identifies six Chlor-Derivate von Methan und Äthan im Zustand producers of fluorocarbons in the USA and idealer Gase [Calculation of the Ideal Gas Molar mentions that more than 20 manufacturing plants Heats of Methane- and Ethane-Series Chloro- existed in other countries. It indicates that R-12 fluorocarbons], dissertation, Technische Universität accounted for half the entire output and that more Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1966 (in German, than 98% was confined to R-11, R-12, R-22, rdb5535) R-113, and R-114, with growing interest in plastics and elastomers. The document also notes related CFC compounds, chlorocarbons, fluorocarbons, development of organic fluorine compounds as chlorofluorocarbons; ideal gas heat capacity anesthetics, biocides, fire suppressants, sol-

J. A. Brown, Sulfur Hexafluoride, Kirk-Othmer En- cyclopedia of Chemical Technology (second edi- Refrigerant Database Page 315

vents, and blowing agents; statistics on fluoro- J. F. Hesselberth and L. F. Albright, Solubility of carbon sales are tabulated for the USA for 1958- Mixtures of Refrigerants 12 and 22 in Organic 1963. Solvents of Low Volatility, paper 1944, Transac- tions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and H. G. Hirschberg (Gebrüder Sulzer AG, Switzerland), Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, Kältemittel [Refrigerants], Verlag C. F. Müller, 71(II), June 1965 (rdb4935) Karlsruhe, Germany, 1966 (in German, rdb5712) R-12, R-22, refrigerant-lubricant properties refrigerant applications and data T. D. Armstrong, Chloride Analyses as a Measure L. M. Lagutina, Experimental Investigation of PVT for the Evaluation of Sealed Tube Tests, Trans- Properties of Freon-22, Kolloidnyi Tekhnika actions (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 25-28 [Refrigeration Technology], 43(12):25-28, 1966 (4 January 1965), American Society of Heating, Re- pages in Russian, rdb7C35) frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- RAE), Atlanta, GA, 71(I):150 ff, 1965 (rdb2325) R-22, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data H. M. Elsey, Small Sealed Tube Procedure for Quality Control of Refrigeration Oils, Transactions A. Michels, T. Wassenaar, G. J. Wolkers, C. Prins, L. (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 25-28 January V. D. Klundert, P-V-T Data and Thermodynamic 1965), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Properties of Freon-12 (CCI2F2) and Freon-13 and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, (CCIF3) Fluorocarbons Journal of Chemical and GA, 71(I):143-149, 1965 (7 pages, rdb2328) Engineering Data, 11:449-452, 1966 (4 pages, rdb- 7B37) D. E. Kvalnes, The Sealed Tube Test for Refriger- ation Oils, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, R-12 and R-13, thermodynamic properties, Chicago, IL, 25-28 January 1965), American Society thermophysical data of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 71(I):138-142, D. N. Seshadri, D. S. Vishwanath, and N. R. Kuloor, 1965 (5 pages, rdb2324) Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Tetra- chloride, Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, R-12, metal catalysts 48(2-3):65-80, 1966 (16 pages, rdb4934) H. M. Parmelee (E. I. duPont de Nemours and R-10, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical Company), Sealed-Tube Stability Tests on Re- data frigeration Materials, paper 1924, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 25-28 January H. Uchida and S. Yumaguchi, Heat Transfer in 1965), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Two-Phase Flow of Refrigerant 12 through Hori- and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, zontal Tubes, Proceedings of the Third International GA, 71(I):154-161 and 167-168, 1965 (10 pages with Heat Transfer Conference, V:69-79, 1966 (11 pages, 29 tables, RDB0013) rdb8442) This paper summarizes an investigation into the R-12 heat transfer stability of fluorocarbon refrigerants alone and in the presence of oils, metals, nonmetallic com- A. A. Vassermann, Y. Z. Kazavchinskij, and V. A. ponents of refrigeration systems, and residual Rabinovich, Thermophysical Properties of Air and cleaning and degreasing agents. It is based on its Components, Nauka, Moscow, Russia (then sealed-tube stability tests, performed at elevated USSR), 1966 (in Russian, rdb8471) temperatures, for periods as long as three years. Results are reported for R-11, R-12, R-13B1, thermodynamic properties of R-728 (nitrogen), R-22, R-113, R-114, R-115, R-124, R-216, R-732 (oxygen), R-729 (air), R-740 (argon), and R-C318, R-500, and R-502. The testing included other components of air; thermophysical data examination of decomposition products, specifically including the fraction converted into other refrigerants. The metals tested included aluminum, brass, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, 1965 magnesium, mercury, steel, and zinc. The effects of selected additives and inhibitors, including H. O. Spauschus (General Electric Company), Mi- phenyl alpha naphthylamine, molybdenum gration Rates for Refrigerant 22, ASHRAE Journal, disulfide, and tricresyl phosphate (TCP), also were 7(10):77 ff, October 1965 (rdb4233) examined. The paper concludes that the life of a system should be longer if made chemically R-22 simpler, because every added mate- Page 316 Refrigerant Database

rial provides a possibility of increased chemical [possibly R-E281], Kältetechnik, Germany, 17(9):- reactions. 266-271, 1965 (6 pages, in German, rdb4916)

S. Rosen, A. A. Sakhnovsky (University of Miami), R. R-22 blends, R-22/TGDME B. Tilney (Alco Valve Company), and W. O. Walker (University of Miami), A Method of Evaluating N. Sharpe, Oil Migration in R-12 and R-22 Sys- Filtration and Flow Characteristics of Liquid Line tems, ASHRAE Journal, 7:, 1965 (rdb4C46) Refrigeration Driers, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 25-28 January 1965), H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Prüfung American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- und Auswahl von Kunstoffen zur verwendung in Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, gekapselten Kältemaschinen [Test and Selection of 71(I), 1965 (6 pages with 6 figures and 5 tables, Plastics for Use in Hermetic Refrigeration Machines], RDB4A33) Kältetechnik, Germany, 16(11):334-341, 1965 (8 pages with 8 figures and 5 tables, in German, This paper describes a test method for evaluating RDB6643) the filtration capabilities of a liquid-line, filter- driers. The method is based on measurement of R-12, R-22, laboratory tests of plastics the flow and pressure drop of R-113 with added grit through test filters. The grit used is a silicon W. O. Walker (University of Miami), Sealed-Tube carbide abrasive grain, selected because it is Tests: A Comparison of Methods, Transactions inexpensive, inert, nonporous, readily available, (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 25-28 January and easy to see in the refrigerant. The paper 1965), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, discusses the need for a test method, the and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, rationale for use of R-113, the test loop, refriger- GA, 71(I):134-137, 1965 (RDB6712) ant circulation pump, and venturi flow meter. It describes the flow and pressure drop calibration, catalytic effects, refrigerant lubricant reactions, correlation of R-113 and R-22 flow data, selection compatibility of the grit, and the test procedure. A simplified schematic is provided for the apparatus. The M. G. Zabetakis, Flammability Characteristics of paper then presents results for six different types Combustible Gases and Vapors, bulletin 627, Bu- of driers. Measured pressure drops are tabulated reau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, for the driers with varied flow rates and grit Washington, DC, 1965 (rdb4976) quantities for three grit sizes. The conclusions indicate a need for a standard rating method. LFL, UFL, test methods

Fainberg and Miller, Molar Refractivity in Fluorine Toxicity Studies with 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluo- Containing Perhalo Compounds, Journal of Or- roethane, bulletin S-24, E. I. duPont de Nemours ganic Chemistry, 30:864 ff , 1965 (rdb7C27) and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1965 (rdb5564) refractive indices of fluorochemical refrigerants R-113, health effects, safety, toxicity R. B. Irmann, A Simple Correlation Between Water Solubility and Structure of Hydrocarbons and Halohydrocarbons, Chem. Ing. Tech., 37:789-798, 1965 (10 pages, rdb8473) 1964

materials compatibility H. O. Spauschus and G. C. Doderer (General Electric Company), Chemical Reactions of Refrigerant 22, C. M. Knobler and C. J. Pings, Saturated Liquid ASHRAE Journal, 54-58, October 1964; republished Density of Carbon Tetrafluoride from 90 to 150 K, in Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, Chicago, IL, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 25-28 January 1965), American Society of Heating, 10(2):129-130, 1965 (2 pages, rdb7B19) Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 71(I):162-168, 1965 (7 thermodynamic properties of R-14 from -183 to pages, rdb2327) -123 °C (-298 to -190 °F); thermophysical data R-22; stability; literature review on reactions; de- M. Kriebel and H. J. Löffler, Thermodynamische composition mechanisms; experimental study of Eigenschaften des binären Systems Difluor- decomposition in the presence of lubricants and monochlormethan (R22) - Tetraäthylenglycol- metals (aluminum, copper, and iron); effect of dimethyläther (E181) [Thermodynamic Properties of temperature Binary Mixtures of Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) and Tetraethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether (R-E181) H. L. Emmons (A. O. Smith Corporation), Motor- ette-Autoclave Method for Evaluating Hermetic Refrigerant Database Page 317

Motor Insulation Systems, Insulation, 10(3):30-32, R-22, motor cooling methods in reciprocating- March 1964 (3 pages, rdb6629) piston compressors, motor insulation materials

compatibility, motor materials H. M. Parmelee (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated), Viscosity of Refrigerant- H. G. Hirschberg (Gebrüder Sulzer AG, Switzerland), Oil Mixtures at Evaporator Conditions, Transac- Zur Ermittlung der Viskosität von Mineralöl- tions (Semiannual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 27-29 Kältemittel-Gemischen, Technische Rundschau January 1964), American Society of Heating, Re- Sulzer, Winterthur, Switzerland, 46(2):89-93, frigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH- February 1964; republished in English as Deter- RAE), Atlanta, GA, 70:173-180, 1964 (8 pages with mining the Viscosity of Mixtures of Mineral Oil 11 figures and 1 table, RDB2215) and Refrigerants, Sulzer Technical Review, Win- terthur, Switzerland, 46(2):89-92, February 1964; R-13 with naphthenic mineral oil and polybutyl republished in Modern Refrigeration, 711-713 (3 silicate; R-13B1 and R-502 with naphthenic min- pages with 4 figures, RDB2501) eral oil; R-22 with naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oil The viscosity of lubricating oils is substantially lowered by dissolved hydrocarbons. Determi- B. Pierre, Flow Resistance with Boiling Refriger- nation of viscosity for refrigerant-lubricant mix- ants, ASHRAE Journal, 6:58-77, 1964 (20 pages, tures, therefore, is very important in equipment rdb5113) and application design. The need is heightened by variations in the hydrocarbon content, related mass flow, heat transfer, heat exchanger, evap- to the origin of the crude oil used, and the way in orator which it is refined. This paper outlines calculation methods to determine the viscosity based on ring H. O. Spauschus (General Electric Company), Vapor analysis, mean molecular weight, viscosity-temp- Pressures, Volumes, and Miscibility Limits of erature relation, and density. The ring analysis Refrigerant 22-Oil Solutions, Transactions, determines the paraffins, cyclic paraffins American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- (naphthenic substances, and benzene derivatives Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, (aromatics) present in the oil. The molecular 70:306-311, 1964 (6 pages, rdb2226) weight is a measure of the size of the oil molecules. The viscosity index, or alternative R-22 viscosity pole height, may be obtained from manufacturer data. The paper discusses viscosity H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), De- equations developed by a number of in- velopment and Testing of Lubricants for Refrig- vestigators, including Arrhenius, E. R. Epperson erating Machines, paper 1879, American Society of and H. L. Dunlap, L. Grunberg and A. H. Nissan, Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning En- and H. Umstätter. It illustrates comparative results gineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 195-202; re- based on a mixture of R-114 and mineral oil. It published in ASHRAE Journal, 1964 (8 pages with 17 concludes that a modified version of the Grunberg figures, RDB6644) and Nissan equation is useful for representing and calculating the viscosities of refrigerant- history of mineral oil lubricant standards in lubricant mixtures. Germany, Philipp test for stability, copper plating, life test, wear test: high temperatures in E. Jones, Determining Pressure Drop and Re- compressor bearings, discharge valves, and frigerant Flow Capacities of Liquid Line Driers, motor windings promote chemical reactions of ASHRAE Journal, 6(2):70 ff, February 1964 (RDB- refrigerants and lubricants; the reactivity of oil 4A34) mixtures, metal corrosion, and copper plating are caused by oleoresins; DIN standard 51 503 filter-driers, test method prescribes tests for these phenomena; includes discussion by H. O. Spauschus (General Electric R. T. Divers and W. West (Carrier Corporation), Company, USA) Hermetic Compressors in Modern Applications, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, New Orleans, K. Stephan (Technische Universität Berlin, Germany), LA, 27-29 January 1964), American Society of Einfluß von Öl auf den Wärmeübergang von Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- siedendem Frigen 12 und Frigen 22 [The Effect of neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 70:, 1964; repub- Oil on Heat Transfer of Boiling R-12 and R-22], lished in ASHRAE Journal, 6(4):55-61, April 1964 (7 Kältetechnik, Germany, 16(6):162-166, 1964 (5 pages with 9 figures and 3 tables, RDB6634) pages in German, rdb3B25)

heat transfer, lubricant effects

Thermodynamic Properties of 'Freon' 22, technical bulletin T-22, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Page 318 Refrigerant Database

Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1964 H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Kälte- (rdb6866) machinenöle, Mindestanforderungen, Neufassung Juli 1963 [Refrigeration Machine Oils, Minimum R-12, thermophysical data Requirements, July 1963 Revision], Kältetechnik, Germany, 15(7):204 ff, 1963; republished in Erdöl und Kohle [Petroleum and Coal], Germany, 16(8):867 or 1867 ff, 1963 (in German, RDB6679) 1963 test methods, refrigeration lubricants H. O. Spauschus, G. C. Doderer, R. S. Olsen, and R. Heat Transfer Rates from a Submerged Rotating A. Sellers (General Electric Company), Material Stabilities in Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cylindrical Heater to an Evaporating Fluid, Systems, paper 111-3, Proceedings of the Xlth In- research project 14-RP, American Society of Heating, ternational Congress of Refrigeration (München, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Germany, 3 September 1963), International Institute (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, July 1962 - July 1963 (ASH- of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 685-691, 1963 0014) (7 pages, rdb4115) The contractor for the project was the University of Kentucky, led by M. Baker; it was sponsored by R-12, R-22 ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Examinations on the Behavior of Plastics in H. O. Spauschus (General Electric Company), Hermetic Units, paper III-8, Proceedings of the Xlth Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant-Oil International Congress of Refrigeration (München, Solutions, ASHRAE Journal, 5(4):47-52, April 1963 Germany, September 1963), International Institute of (6 pages, rdb4652) Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1963 (5 pages with 1 table, RDB6637) J. A. Brown, Physical Properties of Perfluoro- propane Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data R-12, R-22, compatibility tests with esters of , , terephthalic acid (Mylar(R), Hostaphan(R), Tera- 8(1):106-108, January 1963 (3 pages, rdb7C51) film(R), and Diolen(R)), polycarbonate (Makrolon(R)), polyamide (Durethan(R) BK 40 f), polyformalde- R-218, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical hydes (Delrin(R) Hostaform(R) C), and phenolic data resins (Bakelite(R), Resitex(R)) G. H. Green and F. G. Furse, Effect of Oil on Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Tube to Boiling Re- K. Stephan (Technische Universität Berlin, Ger- frigerant 12-Oil Mixtures ASHRAE Journal many), Influence of Oil on Heat Transfer of Boil- , , 63-68, ing Refrigerant 12 and Refrigerant 22, Proceed- 1963 (6 pages, rdb3B26) ings of the Xlth International Congress of Refriger- ation (München, Germany, September 1963), Inter- R-12, mineral oil, heat transfer national Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1963 (rdb3420) R. C. Johnston and J. B. Chaddock (Duke Univer- sity), Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Refrig- R-12, R-22, heat transfer, lubricant effects erants Evaporating in a Horizontal Tube, Trans- actions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, H. O. Spauschus (General Electric Company), and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant-Oil GA, 65:163-172, 1963 (10 pages, rdb8438) Solutions: Dichlorodifluoromethane (R12) and Petroleum Oil, ASHRAE Journal, 5(8):63-71, pressure drop in evaporators from frictional forces August 1963 (9 pages, rdb2227) in the two-phase flow region and from a momentum change from acceleration of the increasing vapor mass R-12 D. L. McClenahan, The Significance of Hydrolysis W. O. Walker (University of Miami), Latest Ideas in Tests on Film-Insulated Magnet Wire in Predicting Use of Desiccants and Driers Refrigerating Ser- , Suitability in Hermetically-Sealed Units, paper vice and Contracting (RSC), 24-30, August 1963 (7 CP63-500, IEEE Conference, Institute of Electrical pages with 4 figures, RDB4B58) and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, 1963 (rdb6636) desiccant types; water capacity and moisture equilibria curves for R-12 and R-22; removal of compatibility with motor materials, hydrolytic burn-out products stability Refrigerant Database Page 319

F. Möller, On the Influence of Changes in the CO2 Engineers Society (RSES), Des Plaines, IL, 1962; Concentration in Air on the Radiation Balance of republished as bulletin RT-40, E. I. duPont de the Earth's Surface and on Climate, Journal of Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, Geophysical Research (JGR), 68:3877-3886, 1963 DE, 1962 (rdb4351) (10 pages, rdb8B28) thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data, radiative equilibrium; sensitivity to solar intensity service and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2); one of the early predictions of atmospheric R. E. Gundarson and H. W. Millet, Polyglycols in temperature sensitivity to changes in CO2 Synthetic Lubricants, Synthetic Lubricants, edited content; greenhouse gas (GHG) effects; global by R. E. Gundarson and A. W. Hart, Reinholt Pub- warming lishing, New York, NY, 1962 (rdb4354)

M. Natarajan, Behavior of Oil 51KM45 (Polymer- J. M. Hamilton, Jr. (E. I. duPont de Nemours and ized Unsaturated Hydrocarbon) in the Presence Company, USA), The Organic Fluorochemicals of Refrigerant R-142, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Industry, Advances in Fluorine Chemistry, 3:117- der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, 180, 1962 (64 pages with 12 figures and 9 tables, Germany, 12(2):457-465, 1963 (9 pages in German, RDB7601) rdb4277) background, nomenclature, properties, handling, ? R-142b manufacture, and applications of fluorochemicals: addresses R-11, R-12, R-12B2, R-13, R-13B1, Roelands et al., The Viscosity-Temperature-Pres- R-14, R-21, R-22, R-23, R-112, R-113, R-114, sure Relationship of Lubricating Oils and its R-114B2, R-116, R-142b, R-152a, R-218, R- Correlation with Chemical Constitution, Journal of C318, R-1113, R-1114, R-1132a, R-1141, Basic Engineering, 601 ff, 1963 (rdb4280) R-1216, and others

W. P. Seeman and A. D. Shellard, Lubrication of G. G. Haselden (University of Leeds, UK) and P. Refrigerant 22 Machines, paper III-7, Proceedings Snowden, Equilibrium Properties of the Carbon of the IXth International Congress of Refrigeration Dioxide + Propylene and Carbon Dioxide + Cy- (Munich, Germany), International Institute of Re- clopropane Systems at Low Temperatures, frigeration, Paris, France, 697 ff, 1963 (rdb4647) Journal of the Chem. Society - Faraday Transactions, London, UK, 58(8):1515-1528, 1962 (14 pages, R-22 rdb7C56)

K. Stephan (Technische Universität Berlin, Ger- R-744/C270, R-744/1270, thermodynamic prop- many), Beitrag zur Thermodynamik des Wärme- erties, thermophysical data übergangs beim Sieden [Contribution on Thermo- dynamics of Boiling Heat Transfer], Abhandlung des L. H. Horsley, Azeotropic Data (revision), report 35, DKV [DKV Transactions], Deutscher Kälte- und Advances in Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, German Association Washington, DC, 1962 (rdb4604) of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe, Germany, 18:, 1963 R. L. Mays, Molecular Sieve and Gel-Type Desic- (in German, rdb6928) cants for Refrigerants 12 and 22, presented at the Semiannual Meeting of the American Society of boiling heat transfer, evaporator Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- neers (Miami, FL, 25-27 June 1962), ASHRAE, At- W. J. Swietoslawski, Azeotropy and Polyazeotro- lanta, GA, 68:330 ff, 1962 (rdb4922) py, edited by K. Ridgway, MacMillan Company, New York, NY, 1963 (rdb4606) R-12, R-22

azeotropes, blends I. I. Perelshtein, Thermodynamic Properties of the Azeotropic Mixture of R-124 and R-C318, Inzhen- erno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal [Journal of Engineering Physics], Minsk, Belarus (then USSR), 12:27-33, 1962 1962 (7 pages probably in Russian, rdb4901) thermodynamic properties of R-124/C318 blends; W. B. Gosney, A Survey of the Newer Refriger- thermophysical data ants, Journal of Refrigeration, 5:113 ff, September- October 1962 (rdb2435) U. K. Rombush, Ein erweiteres Korrespondenz- prinzip zur Bestimmung von Zustandgrößen [An R. C. Downing, Pressure-Enthalpy Charts and Extended Correspondence Principal for Determina- Their Use, Service Manual, Refrigeration Service Page 320 Refrigerant Database

tion of Properties], Allg. Wärmetechnik, 11:133-145, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- 1962 (13 pages, rdb6907) Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA; republished in ASHRAE Journal, 3(9):61-64, Septem- thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data ber 1961 (4 pages with 7 figures and 2 tables, RDB- 2301) T. R. Strobridge, Thermodynamic Properties of R-12, R-22, naphthenic mineral oil (Witco Nitrogen from 64 to 300 K, Between 0.1 and 200 (R) Atmospheres, NBS Technical Note 129, National Suniso 3GS) Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), L. Gardner, J. Lowe, and R. B. Whyte, Investigation Gaithersburg, MD, 1962 (available from GPO, rdb- of the Stability Test for Refrigerator Oils, 7A27) Mechanical Engineering Report MP-20A, National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), Ottawa, ON, thermodynamic properties of R-728 (nitrogen): Canada, March 1961 (rdb7108) measurements for -209 to 27 °C (-344 to 80 °F); equation of state (EOS); thermophysical data lubricants, compatibility, test methods

(R) W. O. Walker, S. Rosen, and S. L. Levy, Stability of H. Braunisch, Untersuchungen Über die Fri- Mixtures of Refrigerants and Refrigerating Oils, gen-Durchlässigkeit von Kunstoff-Folien [Investi- paper 1796, Transactions, American Society of gations of the Permeability of Plastic Films by Re- Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engi- frigerants], Kältetechnik, Germany, 13:59 ff, February neers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 68:360-389, 1962; 1961 (in German, rdb7644) republished in ASHRAE Journal, 4(8):59-72, 1962 (30/14 pages, rdb4650) permeability data are tabulated for R-11, R-12, R-13, R-21, R-22, R-114, and others with polyes- R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-114a, R-500, ter (Hostaphen(R)), polyethylene (Suprathen(R) N, naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oils, lubricants, V56, and V57), polyvinyl chloride (Genotherm(R) aluminum, copper, steel, metal catalysts, UG), and others - some of the data are reported in compatibility RDB5372

R. C. Gunderson et al, Synthetic Lubricants, 1962 H. O. Spauschus and G. C. Doderer (General Elec- (rdb7704) tric Company), Reaction of Refrigerant 12 with Petroleum Oils, ASHRAE Journal, 3(2):65-69, historical development and need for ester and February 1961 (5 pages, RDB2526) polyolester (POE) lubricants to replace mineral oils R-12, naphthenic mineral oil, valve steel as catalyst: identification of R-12-oil reactions H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Be- stimmung des Flockpunktes von Kältemaschin- A. Beerbower and D. F. Greene, The Behavior of enölen, Entwurf DIN 51351 [Determination of the Lubricating Oils in Inert Gas Atmospheres, Floc Point of Refrigeration Lubricants, Procedure Transactions, American Society of Lubricating En- DIN 51351], Kältetechnik, Germany, 14(4):126 ff, gineers (ASLE), 4(1):87 ff, 1961 (rdb4617) 1962 (in German, rdb6642) Y-T. Hwang, The Constant Volume Heat Capaci- oil floc points in refrigerants ties of Gaseous Tetrafluoromethane, Chlorofluo- romethane, Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, and Chloropentafluoroethane, PhD dissertation, Uni- versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1961 (rdb6809) 1961 R-14, R-31, R-114, R-114a, R-115, thermody- Solubility Relationships of the Freon Fluorocar- namic properties, thermophysical data bon Compounds, technical bulletin B-7, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, S. Manabe and F. Möller, On the Radiative Equi- September 1961 (rdb6624) librium and Heat Balance of the Atmosphere, Monthly Weather Review, 89:503-532, 1961 (30 R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22, R-113, R-114: solubility pages, rdb8B27) in and with water, organic compounds; liquid miscibility with other compounds radiative equilibrium of the atmosphere; sensitivity to solar intensity and atmospheric concentrations D. J. Bushouse (General Electric Company), of carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone, and humidity; one Degradation of Polyester Films by Alcohols when of the early predictions of atmospheric Used as Additives in Refrigeration Systems, temperature sensitivity to changes in CO2 content Annual Meeting (Denver, CO, June 1961), Refrigerant Database Page 321

R. C. McHarness and D. C. Chapman, Refrigerating P. Worsoe-Schmidt, Some Characteristics of Flow Capacity and Performance Data for Various Pattern and Heat Transfer of Freon 12 Refrigerants, Azeotropes, and Mixtures, Trans- Evaporating in Horizontal Tubes, Journal of Re- actions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, frigeration, 40:40-44, March/April 1960 (5 pages, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, rdb4972) GA, 67:, 1961; republished in ASHRAE Journal, ASHRAE, 4(1):49-58, January 1962 (10 pages, R-12; influences of added oil on the refrigerant- rdb3213) side flow regime

H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Zer- M. Altman, R. H. Norris, and F. N. Staub, Local and setzung der Kältemittel R 12 und R 22 in Berüh- Average Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for ung mit Linde-Molekularsieben A4 [Decomposition Refrigerants Evaporating in Horizontal Tubes, of Refrigerants R-12 and R-22 in Contact with Linde Journal of Heat Transfer, 82:189-198, 1960 (10 Molecular Sieve A4], Kältetechnik, Germany, pages, rdb6421) 13(4):150 ff, 1961 (in German, rdb6643) J. A. Brown, Effect of Propellants on Plastic Valve R-12, R-22, 4Å molecular sieve desiccants Components, Soap and Chemical Specialties, (3):87 ff, 1960 (rdb7A03)

1951-1960 R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22, R-30, R-113, and R-114a compatibility with plastics: cellulose acetate, Quality Specifications and Methods of Analysis cellulose nitrate, methyl methacrylate resin, nylon, for the Freon Fluorocarbon Refrigerants, technical phenol formaldehyde resin, polyethylene, bulletin B-8, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl Wilmington, DE, November 1960 (rdb6625) alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, and polyvinylidene chloride as reported in RDB7A01 R-11, R-12, R-22, R-113, R-114: specifications, water content, nonadsorbable gases, boiling L. D. Kaplan, The Influence of Carbon Dioxide range, high-boiling impurities, chloride ion con- Variations on the Atmospheric Heat Balance, tent, cloud point Tellus, 12:204-208, 1960 (5 pages, rdb8B25)

W. O. Walker, S. Rosen (University of Miami), and S. influence of increasing atmospheric concentra- L. Levy (Allied Chemical Corporation), A Study of tions of carbon dioxide (CO2) on the global the Factors Influencing the Stability of the temperature; greenhouse gas (GHG) effects; Mixtures of Refrigerant 22 and Refrigerating Oils, global warming; one of the early predictions of paper 1728, Transactions (Annual Meeting, climate sensitivity to changes in CO2 content Vancouver, BC, 13-15 June 1960), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning K. Y. Kondratiev and H. I. Niilisk, On the Question of Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 66:445-464, 1960 Carbon Dioxide Heat Radiation in the Atmo- (20 pages with 23 figures, rdb2323) sphere, Geofis. Pura Appl., 46-216-230, 1960 (15 pages, rdb8B26) R-22, compatibility, lubricants role of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in global temperature; greenhouse gas (GHG) effects; J. L. Ditzler (Westinghouse Electric Corporation), Better Methods for Evaluating Hermetic Motor global warming; one of the early predictions of climate sensitivity to changes in CO content Insulation, Air Conditioning, Heating, and Venti- 2 lating, 57:64-68, April 1960 (5 pages with 2 figures and 3 tables, RDB6651) H. J. Löffler, Einige Eigenschaften des Binären Systems Frigen 12 - Frigen 22 und des Ternären R-22, compatibility, motor materials, evaluation of Systems F 12 - F 22 - Naphthenbasisches Min- insulation systems for hermetic compressors, test eralöl [Some Properties of the Binary System R-12 / results for tested wire-twist samples in R-22 and R-22 and the Ternary System R-12 / R-22 / Naph- mineral oil: stressing of insulation systems under thenic Mineral Oil], Kältetechnik-Klimatisierung, starting conditions contributes to motor failures; 12(9):256-260, 1960 (5 pages with 6 figures and 3 R-22 may reduce the strength of insulated tables, in German, rdb4262) conductors; simulated starting conditions by frequent motor reversals correlate with actual This paper presents tabular data and a vapor- experience; short-time locked-rotor tests under pressure diagram for R-22/12 mixtures at low controlled conditions indicate the quality of motor temperatures based on new measurements and winding systems published data from other studies. It covers the temperature range of -80 to 50 °C (-112 to 122 °F). The paper also presents miscibility, low- temperature fluidity, viscosity, and vapor pres- Page 322 Refrigerant Database

sure data for high oil concentrations with R-501 Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe, Germany, 15:, 1960 [an azeotrope of R-22/12 (75/25)] and for up to (in German, rdb4665) 25% by weight R-12 in R-501. (R) KULENE 131, Bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br), A H. J. Löffler (Kältetechnischen Institut der Technis- New Low Temperature Refrigerant, technical chen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany), Die Vis- bulletin, Eston Chemicals, Incorporated, Los Angeles, kosität von Öl-Kältemittel-Gemischen [Viscosity of CA, circa 1960 (8 pages with 1 figure and 4 tables, Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures], Kältetechnik, Germany, RDB3743) 12(3):71-75, 1960 (5 pages with 12 figures in German, rdb4263) R-13B1, CBrF3, physical properties, application information, solubility in lubricants (Capella Oil D), This paper presents viscosity data for R-11, R-12, thermodynamic properties including tabular and R-22 with five different lubricants. The pressure-volume-temperature (PVT), density, experimental apparatus used to measure the latent heat, and entropy data; performance viscosities is described and shown schematically. comparisons to R-12, R-22, R-40, and R-717, Plots show the kinematic viscosity of oil pressure-temperature plot for the same refriger- refrigerant mixtures for the three refrigerants with ants 75-100% mineral oil by weight and for R-22 with a synthetic silicate lubricant (Bayer Fluisil(R) S 55 K), J. P. Hurtgen and A. R. Mounce (General Electric at temperatures of -20 to 70 °C (-4 to 158 °F). Company), New Insulation Systems for Hermetic Additional plots show the relationship between Refrigeration Motors, ASHRAE Journal, 1(7):60-62, solution vapor pressure and concentration for the July 1959 (3 pages, rdb6630) same temperatures. The results are compared with those published by other investigators. compatibility, motor materials Based on the comparisons, the paper presents a simple method to estimate the viscosities of R. C. Downing, Aluminum and the 'Freon' Refrig- oil-refrigerant mixtures containing R-11, R-12, or erants, bulletin D-52, E. I. duPont de Nemours and R-22. Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, June 1959 (rdb4113) D. Madinabeitia, The Effect of Pressure and Tem- perature on the Azeotropic Composition of the compatibility, metals R22 and R12 Binary System, MS thesis, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 1960 (rdb4C11) L. F. Albright (Purdue University) and J. D. Lawyer (University of Oklahoma), Viscosity-Solubility R-12, R-22, R-22/12, R-501, thermophysical Characteristics of Mixtures of Refrigerant-13B1 data, blends and Lubricating Oils, ASHRAE Journal, 1(4):67-70, April 1959 (4 pages with 12 figures and 1 table, I. Sauerbrunn, Elastomere in Kälteanlagen mit RDB2207) halogenierten Kohlenwasserstoffen als Kältemit- tel [Elastomers in Refrigeration Equipment with R-13B1, naphthenic mineral oil, paraffinic mineral Halogenated Hydrocarbons as Refrigerant], BBC- oil, viscosity reduction due to refrigerants Nachtrichten, Brown, Boveri und Cie AG, Mannheim, Germany, 1:10 ff, 1960 (in German, rdb6660) J. P. Harrington and R. J. Ward, Polyester Film In- sulation for Hermetic Motors, ASHRAE Journal, compatibility 1(4):75 ff, April 1959 (rdb2302)

H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH), Über der Ober- compatibility, motor materials flächenpannung von Kältemitteln, Kältema- schinenölen, und deren Gemischen [On the Sur- J. F. Harris and C. B. Sonnino, New Insulating face Tension of Refrigerants, Refrigeration Lubri- Media for Hermetic Motors Require New Tests, cants, and their Mixtures], Kältetechnik, Germany, ASHRAE Journal, 1:49 ff, 1959 (rdb6652) 12(11):334-339, 1960 (6 pages in German, RDB- 4913) compatibility, motor materials

A. Thelen and H. J. Löffler, Die Schmierung von C. Z. Kamien and O. W. Witzell (Purdue University), Effects of Pressure and Viscosity of Refrigerants zylindrischen Gleitlagern mit Öl-Kältemittel-Ge- in the Vapor Phase, paper 1693, Transactions mischen [Lubrication of Cylindrical Bearings with (Annual Meeting, Lake Placid, NY, 22-24 June 1959, Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures], Abhandlung des DKV [DKV American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Transactions], Deutscher Kälte- und Klima- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, technischer Verein (DKV, German Association of 65:663-674, 1959 (12 pages with 9 figures and 7 ta- Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), bles, RDB4A56) Refrigerant Database Page 323

viscosity measurements of R-12, R-13, R-14, R- Liquids, and Solids, American Society of Mechanical 21, R-22, R-23, R-114, R-115, and R-C318 with a Engineers (ASME), New York, NY, 110 ff. 1959 rolling ball, Hoeppler type viscometer for 30-90 °C (rdb7A57) (86-194 °F) and pressures up to 2000 kPa (290 psia); thermophysical data equations of state (EOS), thermodynamic and transport properties, thermophysical data H. Kelker, Determination of Inert Gas Compo- nents in Refrigerants by Means of Gas Chro- I. Sauerbrunn (Brown, Boveri und Cie AG, Germany), matography, Kältetechnik, Germany, 11:101-103, Methods of Testing and Selection of Non- 1959 (3 pages, rdb4746) cellulosic Insulating Materials to be Used in Her- metically-Sealed Refrigerating Machinery, Pro- W. McMahon, H. A. Birdsall, G. R. Johnson, and C. ceedings of the Xllth International Congress of Re- T. Camilli (Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorpo- frigeration (Copenhagen, Denmark), International rated), Physical Properties Evaluation of Com- Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 11:76 ff, pounds and Materials, Part II: Degradation 1959 (rdb6655) Studies of Polyethylene Terephthalate, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 4(1):57-69, January compatibility, motor materials 1959 (13 pages with 23 figures and 22 tables, rdb6628) B. H. Shoemaker, Synthetic Lubricating Oils, In- dustrial and Engineering Chemistry, 42(12):2414 ff, compatibility, motor materials, rates of hydrolysis, 1959 (rdb2219) oxidation, and thermal degradation of PET as functions of temperature, relative humidity, and discusses the manufacture of early synthetic lu- film thickness; hydrolysis found to be faster than bricants and identification of their potential for the other two reactions; provides a relation ice-making equipment in 1929 - as reported in between extents of chemical and physical RDB2218 degradation to determine the time required for the polymer to reach a given degree of degradation; H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Was- identifies materials and experimental methods (R) (R) sergleichgewichte in gekapselten Kältemaschin- with data for DuPont Mylar film and Dacron en [Water Equilibria in Hermetic Refrigeration Ma- yarn chines], Kältetechnik, Germany, 11(10):336 ff, 1959 (in German, rdb6639) H. J. Löffler (KäItetechnischen Institut der Technis- chen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany), Die Kälte- moisture effects on the electrical insulating ma- fließfähigkeit von Öl-Frigen 22-Mischungen [The terials used in motors of hermetic units Fluidity of Oil/R-22 Mixtures at Low Temperatures], Kältetechnik, Germany, 11(8):258-262, 1959 (5 H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Water pages with 10 figures and 2 tables, in German, Equilibria in Hermetic Refrigeration Machines, RDB4264) Proceedings of the Xllth International Congress of Refrigeration (Copenhagen, Denmark), International This paper presents data on the fluidity of R- Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, 1959 22/lubricant mixtures at low temperatures. (rdb6680)

H. J. Löffler (Kältetechnischen Institut der Technis- moisture effects on the electrical insulating ma- chen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany) Das spez- terials used in motors of hermetic units, other ifische Gewicht von Öl-Kältemittel-Gemischen water-related materials compatibility issues [The Specific Gravity of Oil-Refrigerant Mixtures], Kaltetechnik, Germany, 11(3):70-74, 1959 (5 pages, Freon Fluorocarbons Properties and Applica- in German, rdb4620) tions, technical bulletin B-2, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1959 (12 pages with 1 figure and 10 tables, RDB3866) density of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-14, R-21, R-22, R- J. J. Martin, R. M. Kapoor, and N. De Nevers, An 23, R-30, R-40, R-112, R-113, R-114, R-114B2, Improved Equation of State: Application to Eight R-115, R-116, R-142b, R-152a, R-C318, R-500, Fluorine Compounds, AIChE Journal, 5(2):159- R-502, R-503, R-1132a, R-114a, hexafluoroace- 160, 1959 (2 pages, rdb5622) tone, hexafluoroisopropanol: physical properties, thermal stability, hydrolysis rate, solubility, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data swelling of elastomers, potential hazards, pressure-temperature relationships J. J. Martin (University of Michigan), Correlations and Equations Used in Calculating Thermody- H. O. Spauschus and R. S. Olsen (General Electric namic Properties of 'Freon' Refrigerants, Ther- Company), Gas Analysis - A New Tool for Deter- modynamic and Transport Properties of Gases, Page 324 Refrigerant Database

mining the Chemical Stability of Hermetic Sys- R-12, R-22, factors that influence refrigerant-oil tems, Transactions (Semiannual Meeting, New reactions Orleans, LA, December 1958), American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE, now merged into the F. J. Norton (General Electric Company), Rates of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Thermal Decomposition of CHCIF2 and CF2Cl2, Air-Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA; Contaminants Conference (53rd Annual Meeting, republished in Refrigerating Engineering, 67(2):25 ff, Miami Beach, FL, 4-5 June 1957) American Society February 1959 (rdb4A31) of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE, now merged into the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and compatibility, test method for the nature and rates Air-Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA; of reactions republished in Refrigerating Engineering, 65(9):33-34 and 62-63, September 1957 (4 pages with 4 figures R. T. Divers (Carrier Corporation), Better Standards and 4 tables, RDB4114) Are Needed for Refrigeration Lubricants, Refrigerating Engineering, 66(10):40 ff, October R-12 (CCI2CF2), R-22 (CHCICF2), stability: de- 1958 (rdb4619) composition rates for 175-570 °C (347-1048 °F); influences of air, water, metal catalysts (alu- wear determination with a Falex lubricant tester; minum, copper, and iron), and glass oils; lubricants; purity H. A. Whitesel, Capillary Two-Phase Flow, Part II, W. W. Wareham, Screening Tests for Hermetic Refrigerating Engineering, 65(9):35-40, September Wire, Proceedings of the First Electrical Insulation 1957 (6 pages, rdb3416) Conference (EIC, September 1958), Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), New R. T. Divers (Carrier Corporation), Electrical Insu- York, NY, 1958 (rdb6662) lation and the Hermetic Motor, Refrigerating En- gineering, 65(8):33-38 and 60-62, August 1957 (9 compatibility, motor materials pages with 9 figures and 4 tables, RDB6638)

E. T. Neubauer, Compressor Crankcase Heaters suitability and compatibility of motor materials, Reduce Oil Foaming, Refrigerating Engineering, magnet wires, insulating sheet materials, var- 66(6):52 ff, June 1958 (rdb4637) nishes and impregnants

J. Nagaoka and S. Takagi, On the Characteristics J. P. Barger, W. M. Rohsenow, and K. M. Treadwell, of the Mixture of Refrigerants 12 and 22, Refrig- A Comparison of Refrigerants When Used in Va- eration Japan, (358):1-9, June 1958 (9 pages, rdb- por Compression Cycles over an Extended 4920) Temperature Range, Transactions of the ASME, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), R-12, R-22, R-22/12, R-501, thermophysical New York, NY, 79:681 ff, April 1957 (rdb4352) data, blends H. A. Whitesel, Capillary Two-Phase Flow, Part I, H. M. Parmelee (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Refrigerating Engineering, 65(4):42-44, April 1957 (3 Company), Permeability of Plastic Films to Re- pages, rdb3415) frigerant 12 and Nitrogen, Refrigerating Engi- neering, 66(2):35 ff, February 1958; republished as W. A. Pennington (Carrier Corporation), Progress in bulletin RT-26, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- Refrigerants, Part II, World Refrigeration, pany, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1958 (rdb6646) 8(3):151-160, March 1957 (10 pages, rdb2446)

permeability test data for R-12 and R-728 (nitro- W. O. Walker, A. A. Sakhnovsky, and S. Rosen, Be- gen) with chlorinated polyether, polyester (Du- havior of Refrigerant Oils and Genetron-141, Re- Pont Mylar(R)), aluminized polyester, polyvinyl frigeration Engineering, 65(3):38-45, March 1957 (8 alcohol, polyvinylidene chloride (Saran(R)), and pages, rdb4330) others - some of the data are reported in RDB5372 R-22, addition of 15% R-12 to R-22 in naphthenic mineral oil to improve lubricant solubility by D. E. Kvalnes and H. M. Parmelee (E. I. duPont de reducing the phase separation temperature by 20 Nemours and Company), Behavior of Freon-12 and °C (68 °F) Freon-22 in Sealed Tube Tests, Refrigerating Engineering, 65(11):40-42, 82, 84, and 86, Novem- W. A. Pennington (Carrier Corporation), Progress in ber 1957; republished as bulletin 25, E. I. duPont de Refrigerants, Part I, World Refrigeration, 8(2):85-91, Nemours and Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, February 1957 (6 pages, rdb2437) DE, circa 1957 (6 pages, rdb2322) Refrigerant Database Page 325

R. S. Barnes and M. Z. Fainman, Synthetic Ester H. J. Löffler (Kältetechnischen Institut der Technis- Lubricants, Lubrication Engineering, 13:454 ff, 1957 chen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany), Separation (rdb7705) of Substances Which Are Insoluble in Frigen 22 from Mineral Oil/Frigen 22 Mixtures, Kältetech- historical development and need polyolester nik-Klimatisierung, 9(9):103-105, 1957 (5 pages in (POE) lubricants to replace mineral oils German, rdb4269)

G. G. Haselden and L. Klimek (University of Leeds, R-22 UK), An Experimental Study of the Use of Mixed Refrigerants for Nonisothermal Refrigeration, H. J. Löffler (Kältetechnischen Institut der Technis- Proceedings of the Institute of Refrigeration, chen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany), Der Einfluß 54:129-148, 1957 (20 pages with 10 figures and 1 der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Min- table, RDB2C02) eralölen auf deren Mischbarkeit mit dem Kälte- mittel Frigen 22 [The Influence of Physical Proper- This paper reviews the history of zeotrope ap- ties of Mineral Oils on Their Miscibility with Refrig- plication, beginning with efforts by R. Pictet to use erant R-22 (CHCIF2)], Kältetechnik, Germany, a blend of R-744 (carbon dioxide) and R-764 and 9(9):282-286, 1957 (5 pages with 11 figures and 2 (sulfur dioxide) in 1888. Subsequent efforts by A. tables, in German, RDB4267) Stradelli with the same blend in 1933, G. Maiuri with R-50 (methane) and R-1150 (ethene) in This paper presents solubility plots for R-22 with 1939, M. Ruhemann in 1947, and finally F. Carr 18 mineral oils. The experimental apparatus used using a ternary blend in 1949 also are noted. The for the measurements is described and shown paper reports a partially successful experiment to schematically. The paper also presents regression demonstrate the previously predicted relations to enable estimation of miscibility with performance benefits. It notes, however, that the naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oils. power savings claimed may also be partially achieved with multistage operation with a pure H. J. Löffler (Kältetechnischen Institut der Technis- refrigerant. The paper discusses the phase chen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany) Die Misch- behavior of mixtures, concluding that concurrent barkeit der synthetischen Öle 'Fluisil S55K' und condensation and evaporation of the components 'Polyran M15' mit den Kältemitteln Frigen 13, - with complete mixing - is necessary to achieve Frigen 22, bzw. mit Gemischen as Frigen 13 und the low power consumption. It then describes Frigen 22 [The Mixing Abilities of the Synthetic Oils experiments using R-290/600 (propane/butane), Fluisil S55K and Polyran M15 with Refrigerants R-22, first with tubular and then plate heat exchangers. R-13, or Mixtures of R-22 and R-13], Kältetechnik, A power savings of 7% was achieved, less than predicted due to deterioration in heat transfer and Germany, 9(5):135-137, 1957 (3 pages with 2 figures to separation and remixing of the components and 1 table in German, RDB4268) during phase change. The paper postulates that improved performance might result with correct R-13, R-22, R-13/22, synthetic silicate butyl ester (polykieselsäurebutylester) lubricant (Bayer selection and sizing of the heat exchangers and (R) use of herring-bone packing to promote phase Fluisil S 55 K), synthetic polyether (Bayer mixing. The paper also compares the benefits and Polyran M15) costs of use of mixtures to conventional cycles using R-12 or R-717 (ammonia). Figures illustrate E. F. Nielson and D. White, The Heat Capacity, Heat the modes of binary mixture condensation, cycle of Fusion, Heat of Transition, and Heat of modifications to utilize zeotrope benefits, cycle Vaporization of Chlorodifluoromethane Between diagrams, and the plate heat exchanger. 16 K and the Boiling Point, Journal of the American Additional figures depict the change in pressure Chemical Society, 79:5618-5621, 1957 (4 pages, ratio resulting from addition of R-600 to R-290, rdb4312) temperature profiles of the blend in condensation and evaporation, and boiling and condensing heat R-22, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical transfer coefficients for compositions ranging from data 0-30% propane. R. Schubert, Determination of Fluidity of Oils at H. J. Löffler (Kältetechnischen Institut der Technis- Low Temperatures by Means of Extrapolation, chen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Germany), Refriger- Kältetechnik, Germany, 9(2):40-43, 1957 (4 pages in ants and Mixtures of Oils and Refrigerants, Käl- German, rdb4556) tetechnik-Klimatisierung, 9(11):358-360, 1957 (3 pages in German, rdb4266) B. Pierre, The Coefficient of Heat Transfer for Boiling Freon-12 in Horizontal Tubes, Heating and Air Treatment Engineer, 302-310, December 1956 (9 pages, rdb3B45) Page 326 Refrigerant Database

mass flow, heat transfer, heat exchanger, evap- nischen Hochschule Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, orator 1956; republished in Abhandlung des DKV [DKV Transactions], Deutscher Kälte- und Klimatechnischer L. F. Albright (Purdue University) and A. S. Mendel- Verein (DKV, German Association of Refrigeration baum (Atlantic Refinery Company), Solubility and and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Verlag C. F. Müller, Viscosity Characteristics of Mixtures of Lubri- Karlsruhe, Germany, 12:, 1957 (in German, rdb4265) cating Oils and 'Freon-13' or '-115', presented at the 43rd Semiannual Meeting of the American So- refrigerant-lubricant properties ciety of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE, New Or- leans, LA, 26-28 November 1956; republished in W. C. Percival (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com- Refrigerating Engineering, 64(10):37-47 and 106, pany), Quantitative Determination of Fluorinated October 1956 (12 pages with 17 figures and 2 tables, Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography, paper 203 RDB2208) (Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, February-March 1956); R-13, R-22, R-115, naphthenic and paraffinic republished Delaware Chemical Symposium mineral oil, rolling-ball viscometer (Newark, DE, 18 February 1956); republished in Analytical Chemistry, 29(1):20-24, January 1957 (5 N. Thorp and R. L. Scott (University of California at pages with 5 figures and 5 tables, RDB6615) Los Angeles), Fluorocarbon Solutions at Low Temperatures. II. The Liquid Mixtures of C2H6- R-12/11, R-12/114, composition and contaminant C2F6, C2F6-CHF3, CH2F2-CHF3, C2H6-CHF3 and determination in refrigerant mixtures Xe-CHF3, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 60(10): 1441-1443, October 1956 (3 pages with 4 figures H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH), Schmiermittel für and 3 tables, RDB4A35) Kältemaschinen mit Frigen 22 [Lubricants for Refrigerating Machines with R-22], Kältetechnik, R-170/116 (azeotropic), R-23/116 (azeotropic), Germany, 8(1):12-14, 1956 (3 pages, in German, R-23/32 (zeotropic), R-170/23, and, R-7131/23 rdb4286) (xenon/23); possibility of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in liquid R-23 discusses potential use of synthetic lubricants, including a silicate ester, in refrigeration - as re- S. F. Murray, R. L. Johnson, and M. A. Swikert, Di- ported in RDB2218 fluorodichloromethane as a Boundary Lubricant for Steel and Other Metals, Mechanical Engineer- W. N. Vanderkooi and T. DeVries, The Heat Ca- ing, 78(3):233-236, March 1956 (4 pages, rdb4636) pacity of Gases at Low Pressure Using a Wire Ribbon Method, Journal of Physical Chemistry, R-12, lubrication, tribology 60:636-639, 1956 (4 pages, rdb4229)

G. Bambach (Technische Universität Karlsruhe, thermophysical data Germany), Testing Electrical Insulation Materials for Sealed Refrigeration Systems, Kältetechnik, L. F. Kells, S. R. Orfeo, and W. H. Mears (AlIiedSig- Germany, 8:268 ff, 1956 (rdb6654) nal Incorporated, then the General Chemicals Divi- sion of Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation), compatibility, motor materials Thermodynamic Properties of Dichlorodifluoro- methane - Genetron 12, Refrigerating Engineering, C. Z. Kamien, The Viscosity of Several Fluori- 63(10):46-50, October 1955 (15 pages, RDB7B36) nated Hydrocarbon Compounds in the Vapor Phase, MS thesis, Purdue University, West Lafa- thermodynamic properties of R-12: experimental yette, IN, 1956 (RDB7721) measurements and a Benedict-Webb-Rubin type equation of state (EOS); thermophysical data; viscosity measurements with a Hoeppler type, comments on an earlier publication on the same rolling ball viscometer as reported in RDB4A56 subject by R. C. McHarness, B. J. Eiseman, Jr., and J. J. Martin (see RDB4635) with a response J. Kuprianoff, R. Plank, and H. Steinle, Die Kälte- by R. C. McHarness and B. J. Eiseman, Jr. mittel [Refrigerants], Handbuch der Kältetechnik [Handbook of Refrigeration], Springer Verlag, Berlin, K. Borah, Hermetically Sealed Refrigeration Germany, 4:, 1956 (in German, rdb4668) Compressors Lubrication, Lubrication Engineering, 11:319 ff, September-October 1955 (rdb6613) refrigeration, refrigerant, and lubricant basics role of trace amounts of air, along with water, in H. J. Löffler, Der Einfluß der physikalischen Ei- hydrolysis of halogenated refrigerants to form genschaften von Mineralölen auf deren Misch- acids barkeit mit dem Kältemittel R22 (CHF2Cl) [The Influence of Physical Properties of Mineral Oils on Their Miscibility with Refrigerant R-22 (CHCIF2)], dissertation, Kältetechnischen Institut der Tech- Refrigerant Database Page 327

J. F. Dexter (Dow Corning Corporation), Simple Test B. J. Eiseman, Jr. (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Uses One Criterion, Few Samples to Evaluate Company, Incorporated), How Electrical Properties Impregnating Varnishes, Insulation, 12-19, of Freon Compounds Affect Hermetic Systems' September 1955 (8 pages with 6 figures and 6 ta- Insulation, Refrigerating Engineering, 63(4):61 ff, bles, RDB6666) April 1955 (rdb6635)

compatibility with motor materials, aluminum and refrigerants, dielectric, insulating copper magnet wire, bond strength with two enamels (Dow Corning 997 and Sylkyd 1400) on P. B. Ayscough, The Analysis of Fluorocarbons: bare and varnished wire, film thickness, cure time Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for the Anal- and temperature, test methods ysis of Small Samples, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 33:1566-1571, 1955 (6 pages, RDB5352) R. C. McHarness, B. J. Eiseman, Jr. (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated), and J. J. R-14, R-23, R-116, analytical chemistry, spec- Martin (University of Michigan), The New Ther- trographic analysis, laboratory techniques modynamic Properties of the 'Freon' Refrigerants - I. Freon-12, Transactions (42nd Semiannual G. Bambach (Technische Universität Karlsruhe, Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, June 1955), American So- Germany), Das Verhalten von Mineralöl-F12 Ge- ciety of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE, now merged mischen in Kältemaschinen [The Behavior of into the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Mineral Oil/R-12 Mixtures in Refrigeration Machines], and Air-Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE), Atlanta, Abhandlung des DKV [DKV Transactions], Deutscher GA; republished in Refrigerating Engineering, Kälte- und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV, German 63(9):31-44, September 1955 (14 pages, rdb4653) Association of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers), Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe, Germany, thermodynamic properties of R-12: equation of 9:, 1955 (in German, rdb4243) state (EOS); thermophysical data R-12, mineral oil E. A. Beacham and R. T. Divers (Carrier Corpora- tion), Some Practical Aspects of the Dielectric G. Bambach (Technische Universität Karlsruhe, Properties of Refrigerants, Refrigerating Engi- Germany), Thermodynamische Eigenschaften und neering, 63(7):33-40 and 108-109, July 1955 (10 Viskositstätsverhalten von Mineralöl-F12 pages with 14 figures and 5 tables, RDB4562) Gemischen, [Thermodynamic Properties and Vis- cosity Behavior of R-12/Mineral Oil Mixtures], Käl- R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22, R-113, R-114, R-290, R- tetechnik, Germany, 7:187-191, 1955 (5 pages, in 500, R-41-12; dielectric properties both alone and German, rdb4244) with water and oil contaminants R-12, refrigerant-lubricant (RL) properties W. R. Brisken (General Electric Company), Moisture Migration in Hermetic Refrigeration Systems, G. Bambach, A Contribution to the Information on national meeting paper (42nd Semiannual Meeting), Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerating Engineering, 63(7):42-49 and 109-110, R-12/Mineral Oil Mixtures, dissertation, Technische July 1955 (10 pages, rdb6616) Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1955 (in German, rdb4245) R-12, R-22; gravimetric, titrimetric (Karl Fischer), electric conductometric, and infrared-spectro- R-12 photometric methods C. R. Begeman and V. A. Williamitis, U.S. patent W. H. Mears, R. F. Stahl, S. R. Orfeo, R. C. Shair, L. 3,092,931, 9 August 1955 (rdb2266) F. Kells, W. Thompson, and H. McCann (AlliedSignal Incorporated, then Allied Chemical Corporation), discusses potential use of synthetic lubricants, Thermodynamic Properties of Halogenated including alkylbenzenes (AB), in refrigeration - as Ethanes and Ethylenes, Industrial and Engineering reported in RDB2218 Chemistry, 47(7):1449-1453, July 1955 (6 pages with 7 figures and 7 tables, RDB3975) J. J. Martin and Y. C. Hou, Development of an Equation of State for Gases, AIChE Journal thermodynamic properties of R-114a, R-142b, R- 1(2):142-151, 1955 (10 pages, rdb3967) 143a, R-152a, R-1122a, and R-1132a: Beattie- Bridgeman equations of state (EOS), Clausius- Martin-Hou (MH) equation of state (EOS), ther- Clapeyron vapor pressure equations, densities, modynamic properties, thermophysical data rectilinear diameter line equations, critical constants (temperature, pressure, and density), liquid W. O. Walker, J. M. Malcolm, and H. C. Lynn, Hy- viscosities, liquid and saturated vapor enthalpies; drophobic Behavior of Certain Desiccants, Re- thermophysical properties frigerating Engineering, 63(4):50 ff, April 1955 (rdb- 4B59)

desiccants Page 328 Refrigerant Database

E. J. Wellman, Viscosity Determination for Several Monochlorodifluoromethane - Freon-22 (F-22) Fluorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors with a Rolling Analysis for Sales Specification, Kinetic Chemicals Ball Viscometer, PhD thesis, Purdue University, Division, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, West Lafayette, IN, 1955 (rdb7720) Wilmington, DE, 7 July 1953 (rdb6618)

viscosity measurements of R-12, R-13, R-22, and R-22 R-114 for 3-90 °C (37-194 °F) with a Hoeppler type, rolling ball viscometer as reported in J. Coughlin, The Vapor Viscosities of Refrigerants, RDB4A56 PhD thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1953 (rdb7719) V. A. Wllliamitis, How Chemical Stability Assures Long, Attention-Free Performance of Sealed viscosity measurements of R-22, R-23, and R-115 Refrigeration Systems, General Motors Engi- for -36 to 60 °C (-33 to 140 °F) with a modified neering Journal, 2(1):22 ff, 1955 (rdb6608) Hoeppler type, rolling ball viscometer as reported in RDB4A56 refrigerant-lubricant reactions, refrigerant system chemistry P. G. T. Fogg, P. A. Hanks, and J. D. Lambert, Ul- trasonic Dispersion in Halomethane Vapours, F. T. Reed, Moisture Determination in Refriger- Proceedings of the Royal Society, 219:490-499, 1953 ant-Oil Solutions by the Karl Fischer Method, (10 pages, rdb5484) Refrigerating Engineering, 62(7), July 1954 (rdb- 6619) thermodynamic properties of R-32; thermophysical data refrigerant-lubricant mixtures, water content H. M. Parmelee (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Solubility Relationships of the Freon Com- Company), Water Solubility of Freon Refrigerants, pounds, technical bulletin B-7, Kinetic Chemicals Refrigerating Engineering, 61:1341-1345, 1953 (5 Division, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, pages, rdb8450) Wilmington, DE, 1 May 1954 (rdb6621) materials compatability refrigerants solubility J. L. Little (Texaco Incorporated, then the Texas A. W. Diniak, E. E. Hughes, and M. Fujii (NIST, then Company), Viscosity of Lubricating Oil – Freon-22 the National Bureau of Standards, NBS), Determi- Mixtures, presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of nation of Water Content in Freon-12 Circulating the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers in a Refrigeration System, Refrigerating Engi- (ASRE, New York, NY, 30 November - 3 December neering, 62:56-59,94 ff, February 1954 (5 pages, 1952); republished in Refrigerating Engineering, rdb6607) 60(11):1191-1195, November 1952 (5 pages with 11 figures and 4 tables, RDB2214) R-12, water content This paper presents a study of the viscosity of N. Luft, Assignment of Torsional Frequencies in lubricant-refrigerant mixtures for R-22 with mineral Some Halogenated Ethanes, Journal of Chemical oils. It notes that the viscosity of liquid fluo- Physics, 22:155 ff, 1954 (rdb7963) rocarbons is very low, and that absorption of even a small amount of these refrigerants reduces the viscosity of lubricating oils. The paper notes that R-123 and others, ideal gas heat capacity, ther- the amount of R-22 absorbed by the oil depends modynamic properties, thermophysical data on the vapor pressure, temperature, rate of absorption, and time. Further, that rate largely T. Makita, The Viscosity of Freons under Pres- depends on the amount of agitation in the oil sure, Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan, (2):74 reservoir, which varies with the compressor ff, 1954 (rdb7718) design and mode of operation. Two schematics show and the paper explains the separate viscosity measurements of R-12, R-21, and R- apparatus used to measure the amount of R-22 744 absorbed by a lubricating oil and the viscosity of the resultant mixture. A table summarizes the H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Be- physical characteristics of two viscosity grades stimmung der Kältemittel-Beständigkeit von Käl- each of naphthenic and paraffinic mineral oils. The temachinenölen (Philipp Test), Entwurf DIN 51 paper outlines the measurements and provides 593 [Determination of Refrigerant Stability with Re- plots of the measured data, including the volume frigeration Machine Oils (Philipp Test), Preliminary reduction when the refrigerant and lubricant are German Institute for Normalization Standard 51 593], mixed. Two more plots show the viscosities at 25, Kältetechnik, Germany, 6(12):342 ff, 1954 (in 38, and 54 °C (77, 100, and 130 °F) as a function German, RDB6677) of test methods, refrigerant-lubricant stability Refrigerant Database Page 329

the absorbed refrigerant concentration. The paper Refrigeration Journal, 19-28, 1952 (10 pages, rdb- explains a predictive method based on Bell & 4341) Sharp “H" values, which are a function of kinematic viscosity and are additive at any given L. H. Horsley, Azeotropic Data, report 6, Advances temperature. The "H" values were found to be in Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Wash- proportional to the R-22 concentration. The paper ington, DC, 1952 (rdb4605) notes that the actual concentration in the compressor is usually not known, that a relatively P. Laine, Kältemaschinen und -apparate: Prüfung small increase in temperature may reduce the von Kältemaschineteilen auf Dichtheit [Re- viscosity as much as a sizeable dilution with R-22, frigeration Machines and Apparatus: Tests of Re- and that the viscosity of the R-22/oil mixture frigeration Machine Components for Density], paper varies far less with temperature increase than 55:129 presented at the 4th Congress Internationale undiluted oil. The paper presents plotted des Chauffage Industr. (Paris, September-October absorption and viscosity measurements, the 1952), Kältetechnik, Germany, 6:173, 1953 (1 page, combination of which make it possible to estimate rdb7947) the viscosity of a mixture of R-22 and oil, if the vapor pressure of the R-22 is known. R-717 (ammonia), density, viscosity, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data H. M. Elsey, L. C. Flowers, and J. B. Kelley, A Method of Evaluating Refrigeration Oils, Refrig- D. R. Lide, The Microwave Spectrum and Struc- erating Engineering, 60(7):737 ff, July 1952 (rdb- ture of Methylene Fluoride, Journal of the American 2321) Chemical Society, 74:3548-3552, 1952 (4 pages, rdb4361) R-12, lubricants: factors that influence R-12-oil reactions R-32

C. M. Bosworth (Carrier Corporation), Predicting the D. C. Smith, G. M. Brown, J. R. Nielsen, R. M. Smith, Behavior of Oils in Refrigeration Systems, and C. Y. Liang, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Refrigerating Engineering, 60(6):617-620 and 654- Fluorinated Ethanes, III, the Series of CH3CF3, 655, June 1952 (7 pages with 12 figures and 5 CH3CF2CI, CH3CFCI2, and CH3CCI3, Journal of tables, RDB2503) Chemical Physics, 20:473-486, 1952 (14 pages, rdb4318) This paper discusses the solubility of lubricating oils in refrigerants, absorption of refrigerants, R-143a, R-142b, R-141b, and R-140a (methyl solvent effects on nonmetallic materials, and chloroform) stability of oils. Differences among paraffinic, intermediate, and naphthenic lubricants are dis- W. M. Rohsenow, A Method of Correlating Heat cussed, and recommendations are presented for Transfer Data for Surface Boiling of Liquids, selection of oil types for specific applications. Transactions of the ASME, 74:969 ff, 1952 (rdb4546) Solubility curves are presented for R-12, R-22, and R-114 in four oils. The paper notes that the mass flow, heat transfer, heat exchanger, evap- volumes of refrigerant-lubricant mixtures do not orator necessarily correspond to the sum of their separate volumes due to absorption; data on H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Die increases and decreases are provided for several Temperaturbeständigkeit nichtmetallischer Stoffe examples. in Kältemaschinen [The Thermal Stability of Nonmetallic Materials in Refrigeration Machines], B. J. Eiseman, Jr., Kinetic Technical Memoran- Kältetechnik, Verlag C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe, Ger- dum, number KTM-7, E. I. duPont de Nemours and many, 4:28 ff, February 1952; republished in Werk- Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, June 1952 stoffe und Korrosion, 3:419 ff, 1952 (in German, (rdb4919) RDB6622)

R-501, R-22/12 compatibility with nonmetallic materials

H. F. Coward and G. W. Jones, Limits of Flamma- This article presents a method to measure small bility of Gases and Vapors, bulletin 503, Bureau of amounts of noncondensable material in liquified Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, gases and applies it to measurement of air sol- DC, 1952 (rdb4908) ubility in R-12 and R-22. Plots show the solubility of air as functions its partial pressure and LFL, UFL, test methods temperature for these refrigerants. The solubility relationship is shown to obey Henry's Law; the A. T. E. Gibbes, Effects of Mutual Solubilities of solubility coefficients are tabulated. Further plots Refrigerant and Oil in Low Pressure Systems, and empirical relations examine the vari- Page 330 Refrigerant Database

ability of solubility with total pressure, variability Specifications and Methods of Analysis of Di- with temperature, and distribution of air between chlorodifluoromethane - Freon-12 (F-12), technical the vapor and liquid phases - the last based on paper 8, Kinetic Chemicals Division, E. I. duPont de Raoult's Law. The article then examines the effect Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, 1 July 1950 of the liquid discharge rate on air concentration in (rdb6620) the liquid and the rate at which air dissolves in the refrigerants, the latter occurring very slowly. The R-12 article describes and schematically shows a method and apparatus to analyze air W. A. Pennington (Carrier Corporation), Refrigerant concentrates in refrigerants. Plots show the time Sampling, Refrigerating Engineering, 58(2):261-265, required for air to mix with R-12 without agitation March 1950 (5 pages with 3 figures and 5 tables, and the radical acceleration achieved with RDB6604) agitation by the apparatus presented. The article concludes that the solubility of air in R-12 and techniques for obtaining a representative sample R-22 is proportional to the partial pressure of the of refrigerant for analysis air and to the total pressure. Moreover, the solubility coefficient increases with decreasing E. Altenkirch, Der Einfluß endlicher Temperatur- temperature. The findings and apparatus differenzen auf die Betriebskosten von Kom- developed afford a practical means to determine pressionskälteanlagen mit und ohne Lösungs- small concentrations of air from refrigerant kreislauf [Influence of the Temperature Glides on the samples. Operating Costs of Vapor-Compression Cycles with and without Solution Circuit], Kältetechnik, Germany, H.. M. Parmelee (E. I. duPont de Nemours and 3:201-205, 229-234, and 225-259, 1950 (45 pages in Company), Solubility of Air in Freon-12 and Fre- German, rdb5653) on-22, presentation (ASRE Spring Meeting, Detroit, MI, 27-30 May 1951); republished in the Journal of E. Altenkirch, Kompressionskältemaschine mit the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers Lösungskreislauf [Vapor-Compression Cycle with (ASRE), 573-577, June 1951 (5 pages with 11 fig- Solution Circuit], Kältetechnik, Germany, (2):251-259, ures and 1 table, RDB5702) 279-284, and 310-315, 1950 (9 pages in German, rdb5654) R-12, R-22 H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Entwurf C. W. Huskins, P. Tarrant, J. F. Bruesch, and J. J. DIN 6553, Kältemachinenölen [Preliminary German Padbury, Thermal Dehydrohalogenation of Some Institute for Normalization Standard 6553, Chlorofluoroethanes, Industrial and Engineering Refrigeration Machine Oils], Erdöl und Kohle Chemistry, 43:1253-1256, 1951 (4 pages, rdb7C34) [Petroleum and Coal], Germany, 3:334 ff, 1950 (in German, RDB6678) thermal stability test methods, refrigeration lubricants H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), Prüfung der Kältemittel-Beständigkeit nichtmetallischer B. J. Eiseman, Jr. (E. I. duPont de Nemours and Stoffe in Kältemaschinen [Stability Testing of Company, Incorporated), Effect on Elastomers of Nonmetallic Materials in Refrigerants in Refrigeration Freon Compounds and Other Halohydrocarbons, Machines], Kältetechnik, Germany, 3(5 pages 110 ff Refrigerating Engineering, 57(12):1171 ff, December and number 6 pages 139 ff, 1951 (in German, 1949 (rdb7A05) RDB6641) R-11, R-12, R-13, R-13B1, R-21, R-22, R-30, R- testing of refrigerant compatibility with nonmetallic 40, R-113, R-114, R-502, and R-600 (n-butane) materials in refrigeration systems compatibility with elastomers: include nitrile butyl rubber (Buna(TM) N), butadiene styrene (Buna(TM) K. Van Nes and H. A. Weston, Aspects of the S, GR-S), Butyl(TM) (GR-1), natural rubber, Constitution of Mineral Oils, Elsevier Publishing neoprene GN, polysulfide rubber (Thiokol(R) FA), Company, Incorporated, New York, NY, 1951 (rdb- fluoroelastomer (DuPont Viton(R) B), and silicone 4649) as reported in RDB7A01

H. M. Elsey and L. C. Flowers, Equilibria in Freon- 12 Water Systems, Refrigerating Engineering, 57:153 ff, 1949 (rdb6605) 1941-1950 R-12, water content N. E. Hopkins, Rating the Restrictor Tube, Refrig- erating Engineering, 48(11):1087-1095, November L. Grunberg and A. H. Nissan, Mixture Law for Vis- 1950 (rdb3417) cosity, Nature, 164(4175):799-800, 1949 (2 pages, rdb4609) Refrigerant Database Page 331

W. A. Pennington (Carrier Corporation), Determi- T. R. Rubin, B. H. Levendahl, and D. M. Yost, The nation of Water in Freon-12, Analytical Chemistry, Heat Capacity, Heat of Transition, Vaporization, 21:766 ff, 1949 (rdb6606) Vapor Pressure, and Entropy of 1,1,1- Trichloroethane, Journal of the American Chemical R-12, water content Society, 66:279-282, 1944 (4 pages, rdb8453)

H. Steinle (Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany), thermodynamic properties of R-140a; thermo- Schwefeldioxyd-Beständigkeit und Harzgehalt physical data von Kältemachinenölen [Stability with Sulfur Diox- ide and Resin Content of Refrigeration Machine Lu- J. N. Friend and W. D. Hargreaves, Viscosity at the bricants], Kältetechnik, 1:14 ff, 1949 (in German, Boiling Point - the Rheocor, Philos. Magazine, rdb6676) 643-650, 1943 (8 pages, rdb4342)

R-764, mineral oil W. A. Grant (Carrier Corporation), A History of the Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine, Refrigerating A. F. Benning, A. A. Ebert, and C. F. Irwin, Water Engineering, 82-86, 120, and 122, February 1942 (7 Determination in Freon-12 by Infrared Spec- pages with 6 figures and 3 tables, RDB4147) trophotometry, Refrigerating Engineering, February 1948 (rdb6620) This article recaps the history of centrifugal refrigeration through 1941. It attributes the first R-12, water content "competent analysis and experimental ground- work" to the old idea of centrifugal compression to Maurice LeBlanc in France, in 1910-1915. C. C. Roberts, Proper Instrumentation Assures Dehydration of Hermetic Units, Refrigerating En- LeBlanc experimented with R-10 (carbon tetra- gineering, 56:231 ff, 1948 (rdb6640) chloride or tetrachloromethane) and R-718 (water vapor) as refrigerants, but was unsuccessful due to impeller design and seal problems. The paper drying processes for refrigeration systems describes analyses of hydraulic compression by Dr. Willis H. Carrier in 1916, which led to J. M. Russ, Lubrication Engineering, 2:151 ff, 1947 investigation of the centrifugal compression (rdb2265) concept using R-1130 ("dielene"). It reviews subsequent development efforts by Carrier and discusses potential use of polyglycol lubricants for others, and tabulates the refrigerants used. They ice-making equipment circa 1944 - as reported In included R-1120 ("trielene"), R-717 (ammonia), RDB2218 R-30 (methylene chloride), R-160B1 (ethyl bromide), R-160 (ethyl chloride), R-718 (water G. Scratchard et al., Thermodynamic Properties - vapor), R-11, R-12, and R-113. The article dis- Saturated Liquid and Vapor of Ammonia-Water cusses design problems with early machines and Mixtures, Refrigerating Engineering, 55:413 ff, 1947 development of improved heat transfer surfaces, [possibly 53:413 ff, 1945] (rdb3231) including "Lo-Fin" tubing by Carrier and Wolverine. It notes that the impetus for centrifugal absorption, R-717, R-717/718, thermophysical refrigeration grew out of inadequacies of the data primary alternatives, namely ammonia compression and absorption, which were deemed I. W. Mills et al., Molecular Weight-Physical Prop- hazardous, and carbon dioxide compression, erty Correlations for Petroleum Fractions, Indus- deemed inefficient and expensive. The article also trial and Engineering Chemistry, 38:442 ff, 1946 provides a perspective of the refrigeration industry (rdb4622) during the war years, noting a total installed capacity of centrifugal refrigeration of W. A. Cook, Maximum Allowable Concentrations approximately 1 GW (300,000 tons) worldwide. It of Industrial Atmospheric Contaminants, Indus- cites such interesting applications as cooling trial Medicine, 14:936 ff, 1945 (rdb6168) "blackout" plants and air conditioning blast furnaces, the latter to increase steel production. first exposure standards (Maximum Allowable Concentration, MAC) for fluoroalkanes, ranged E. S. Ross, Mineral Lubricating Oils, Refrigerating from 5,000 ppm for R-11 to 100,000 ppm for R-12 Engineering, 42:27 ff, 1942, and 50:129 ff, 1945 as reported in RDB5C41 (rdb6675)

A. F. Benning and R. C. McHarness, Thermody- lubricants namic Properties of Freon 114 Refrigerant, technical bulletin T-114B, E. I. duPont de Nemours and G. H. Wagner, G. C. Bailey, and W. G. Eversole, Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, DE, 1944 Determining Liquid and Vapor Densities in (rdb3639)

R-114, thermophysical data Page 332 Refrigerant Database

Closed Systems, Industrial and Engineering A. F. Benning and R. C. McHarness, Thermodynamic Chemistry, 14(2):129-131, 1942 (3 pages, RDB4288) Properties of Fluorochloromethanes and -Ethanes. Orthobaric Densities and Critical Constants of D. W. Osborne, C. S. Garner, R. N. Doescher, and Three Fluorochloromethanes and Trifluorotri- D. M. Yost, The Heat Capacity, Entropy, Heats of chloroethane, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Fusion and Vaporization, and Vapor Pressure of 32:814-816, June 1940 (3 pages, rdb7A65) Fluorotrichloromethane, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 63:3496-3499, 1941 (4 pages, R-11, R-21, R-22, and R-113 (trichlorotrifluoro- rdb7A63) ethane): thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data R-11, thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data F. Benning and R. C. McHarness, Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorochloromethanes and -Ethanes, L. Riedel, Bestimmung der thermischen und ka- Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 32:698 ff, May lorischen Eigenschaften von Difluormonochlor- 1940 (rdb7A66) äthan [Determination of the Thermal and Caloric Properties of Chlorodifluoroethane], Zeitschrift für die R-21, R-113, and others: thermodynamic prop- gesamte Kälte Industrie [Journal of the Combined erties, thermophysical data Refrigeration Industry], Germany, 48(7):105-107, 1941 (3 pages in German, rdb7C42) M. Benedict, G. B. Webb, and L. C. Rubin, An Em- pirical Equation for Thermodynamic Properties of R-142b (possibly also R-142 and/or R-142a), Light Hydrocarbons and their Mixtures, I: vapor pressure, density, thermodynamic prop- Methane, Ethane, Propane, n-Butane, Journal of erties, thermophysical data Chemical Physics, 8(4):334-345, April 1940 (12 pages, rdb2350) Trump, Safford, and Cloud, DC Breakdown Strength of Air and of Freon in a Uniform Field at thermodynamic properties of R-50, R-170, R-290, High Pressures, Transactions, American Institute of and R-600; BWR equation of state (EOS), Electrical Engineers (AIEE), 60:, 1941 (rdb6623) thermophysical data

dielectric strength of refrigerants A. F. Benning and R. C. McHarness, Thermody- namic Properties of Fluorochloromethanes and -Ethanes: Vapor Pressure of Three Fluorochlo- romethanes and Trifluorotrichloroethane, Indus- 1931-1940 trial and Engineering Chemistry, 32:497-499, April 1940 (3 pages, rdb7A67) R. E. Dufour and A. J. Perkins, The Comparative Life, Fire, and Explosion Hazards of Tetrafluoro- R-11, R-21, R-22, and R-113 (trichlorotrifluoro- monochloroethane ('Freon-124'), Miscellaneous ethane): thermodynamic properties, thermo- Hazard Report 3135, Underwriters Laboratories In- physical data corporated, Northbrook, IL (then Chicago, IL), 23 October 1940 (22 pages with 7 tables, RDB5176) J. S. Kazarnowsky, Die Kompressibilität von Ammoniak bet hohen Temperaturen und hohen R-124, toxicity, flammability, stability Drücken [The Compressibility of Ammonia at High Temperatures and High Pressures], Acta. Phys. R. E. Dufour and A. J. Perkins, The Comparative Chim. URSS, 12:513-521, 1940 (9 pages, RDB9307) Life, Fire, and Explosion Hazards of Difluoro- monochloromethane ('Freon-22'), Miscellaneous thermodynamic properties of R-717 (ammonia); Hazard Report 3134, Underwriters Laboratories In- thermophysical data corporated, Northbrook, IL (then Chicago, IL), 26 September 1940 (22 pages with 7 tables, RDB5175) A. F. Benning and W. M. Markwood, Jr., The Vis- cosities of 'Freon' Refrigerants, Refrigerating En- R-22, toxicity, flammability, stability gineering, 38(4):243 ff [possibly 37(4)], April 1939 (rdb7717) A. F. Benning and R. C. McHarness, Thermody- namic Properties of Fluorochloromethanes and viscosity measurements of R-11, R-12, R-21, R- -Ethanes, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 22, and R-113 with a rolling ball viscometer 32:976 ff, July 1940 (rdb7A64) F. Musgrave, Oils for Domestic and Commercial R-21, R-113, and others: thermodynamic prop- Refrigeration, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, erties, thermophysical data 5(9):19 ff , 1939 (rdb6674)

O. C. Rutledge (General Electric Company), Vis- cosity of Oils Diluted with Refrigerants, pre- Refrigerant Database Page 333

sented at 33rd Annual Meeting of the American So- tial toxicity test and fortuitous outcome, based on ciety of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE, New York, chance use of the only uncontaminated sample of NY, 25 January 1938); republished in Refrigerating antimony trifluoride from the five bottles obtained; Engineering, 31-36, January 1938 (6 pages with 10 includes an address by R. E. Wilson for award of figures and 5 tables, RDB4281) the Perkins Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry to T. Midgley; this address recalls some R-12, R-611 (methyl formate), and R-764 (sulfur of Midgley's background [Wilson proposed the dioxide) viscosity dilution of mineral oils, vis- novel arrangement of the periodic table used by cometer Midgley and his colleagues]

R. M. Fuoss, Dielectric Constants of Some Fluo- E. E. Charlton and F. S. Cooper, Dielectric Strength rine Compounds, Journal of the American Chemical of Insulating Fluids, General Electric Review, Society, 1633 ff, 1938 (rdb7A06) General Electric Company, 865(9):438 ff, 1937 (rdb7A04) R-11, R-12, R-13, R-14, R-22, R-114, R-116, R- 133a, R-142b, and R-143a: dielectric constant as R-11, R-12, R-13, R-14, R-22, R-113, R-114, R- reported in RDB7A01 717 (ammonia), R-744 (carbon dioxide), and R- 1150 (ethene): relative dielectric strength as re- B. H. Jennings and F. P. Shannon, The Thermo- ported in RDB7A01 dynamics of Absorption Refrigeration, Refriger- ating Engineering, 35(5):333 ff, 1938 (rdb3230) A. L. Henne (Ohio State University), Fluorinated Derivatives of Methane, Journal of the American L. Riedel, Bestimmung der thermischen Eigen- Chemical Society, 59:1400-1401, 1937 (2 pages with schaften von Trifluortrichloräthan [Determination 1 table, RDB5779) of the Thermal Properties of Trichlorotrifluoroethane], Zeitschrift für die gesamte Kälte Industrie [Journal of revised boiling points and synthesis yields for R- the Combined Refrigeration Industry], Germany, 21, R-22, R-31, and R-32; toxicity tests for R-21 45:221-225, 1938 (5 pages in German, rdb7C43) and R-31 show that they cannot be tolerated by guinea pigs for long periods in concentrations R-113 (possibly also R-113a): vapor pressure, "greater than a few percent" and are "inferior density, thermodynamic properties, thermo- anesthetic agents"; R-22 and R-32 yield no toxic physical data effect in guinea pigs following inhalation of 200,000 ppm v/v in air "for hours" and have no M. Benedict, Pressure, Volume, and Temperature anesthetic effect Properties of Nitrogen at High Density, I and II, Journal of the American Chemists Society, A. Perlick, Calorimetric Investigations on Di- 59(11):224 ff, November 1937 (rdb7A23) chloromethane, Difluoromonochloroethane, and Tetrafluorodichloroethane, annex to the Bulletin of R-728 (nitrogen), equation of state (EOS), ther- the International Institute of Refrigeration, (1):, 1937 modynamic data, thermophysical data (rdb7C46) R-30, R-142b (possibly R-142 or R-142a), and R- W. O. Walker and K. S. Willson (Ansul Chemical 114 (possibly R-114a), thermodynamic properties, Company), The Action of Methyl Chloride on thermophysical data Aluminum, Refrigerating Engineering, 89, 90, 126 ff, August 1937 (rdb6632) A. L. Henne and D. M. Hubbard (Ohio State Univer- Fluorochloroethanes and Fluorochloroeth- R-40, compatibility, reactivity sity), ylenes. III, Journal of the American Chemical So- ciety, 58:404-406, March 1936 (3 pages with 3 T. Midgley, Jr. (Ethyl Gasoline Corporation and Ki- figures and 3 tables, RDB7803) netic Chemicals, Incorporated), From the Periodic Table to Production, Industrial and Engineering synthesis and properties of R-130a, R-131a, R- Chemistry, 29(2):239-244, February 1937 (6 pages 132b, R-140, R-140a, R-150a with 5 figures, RDB2438) A. L. Henne and E. C. Ladd (Ohio State University), personal account of the discovery of organic Fluorochloroethanes and Fluorochloroethylenes. fluorides (fluorocarbons) as refrigerants; ac- II, Journal of the American Chemical Society, knowledges the roles of A. L. Henne and C. F. 58:402-403, March 1936 (2 pages with 2 tables, Kettering in the research; recounts the use of a RDB7802) periodic table of the elements, to identify those suitable, and the resultant eight that led to discovery fluorochemical refrigerants; describes the preferential course of fluorination during synthesis synthesis of the first fluorochemical, R-21, from with one hydrogen atom present, properties of antimony trifluoride; also describes the ini- R-121, R-121B2, R-121a, R-122, R-122a, R-122b, Page 334 Refrigerant Database

R-122B2, R-123a, R-124, R-1121a, R-1122a A. H. Nuckolls, The Comparative Life, Fire, and [note: R-123 is conspicuously omitted from the Explosion Hazards of Common Refrigerants, progression] Miscellaneous Hazard Report Number 2375, Un- derwriters Laboratories Incorporated, Northbrook, IL R. I. Thompson, Thompson Warns of Dangers and (then Chicago, IL), 13 November 1933 (134 pages Problems in Attempts to Change Refrigerants, with 20 figures and 29 tables, RDB4B64) Electric Refrigeration News, 23 October 1935 (rdb6672) This report presents a detailed examination of the comparative safety of then common refrigerants. R-12, compatibility They included R-11, R-12, R-30, R-40, R-40B1, R-114, R-160, R-160B1, R-170 (ethane), R-290 R. E. Dufour, The Comparative Life, Fire, and Ex- (propane), R-600 (butane), R-611 (methyl plosion Hazards of Dichloromonofluoromethane formate), R-717 (ammonia), R-744 (carbon (F21), Miscellaneous Hazard Report 2630, Under- dioxide), R-764 (sulfur dioxide), and R-1130. Data writers Laboratories Incorporated, Northbrook, IL also are provided for R-10 (carbon tetrachloride), (then Chicago, IL), 15 January 1935 (22 pages with 7 R-20 (chloroform), gasoline, and "illuminating gas" tables, RDB5173) for comparison. The report discusses the nature of "life," fire, and explosion hazards and outlines R-21, toxicity, flammability, stability salient concerns for investigation. It then describes the samples tested and documents tests and findings for identification, toxicity before R. I. Thompson, The Chemical Activity of Freon- decomposition, toxicity of decomposition products, 12, Refrigerating Engineering, 29:139 ff, 1935 (rdb- analytical identification of decomposition products, 6673) ignition temperature, limits of flammability, explosion pressure and kinetics, and flame R-12, compatibility propagation. A summary presents the comparative health hazards, health hazards in the J. K. L. Webling, Refrigerating Practice with Ref- presence of flames, health hazards in the erence to Lubricants, Refrigerating Engineering, presence of surfaces at high temperatures, and October 1934 (rdb3738) fire and explosion hazards. Interspersed tables and plots illustrate the findings. A summary table refrigerant lubricants, oils recaps the toxicity, fire, explosion, and other hazards of the substances investigated. It F. S. Stevens, Oil with Common Refrigerants, includes safety classifications based on a relative Refrigerating Engineering, September 1934 (rdb- scale of toxicity. 3737) F. Hovorka and F. E. Geiger, Thermodynamic L. S. Philipp and B. E. Tiffany, Thermodynamics of Properties of Trifluorotrichloroethane and Diflu- Sulfur-Dioxide-Oil Systems, Refrigerating Engi- orotetrachloroethane, Journal of the American neering, 27:248 ff, May 1934 (rdb3736) Chemical Society, 55:4759-4761, 1933 (3 pages, rdb7C47) R-764 (sulfur dioxide), thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data R-112, R-112a, R-113, R-113a, vapor pressure, density, thermophysical data A. A. Durrant, T. G. Pearson, P. L. Robinson, Physi- cal Relationships Amongst the Hydrides of Ele- V. M. Menzel and F. Mohry, Die Dampfdrucke des ments of the Fifth Group with Special Reference CF4 and NF3 [Vapor Pressures of CF4 and NF3], to Association in these Compounds, Journal of Zeitschrift für Anorg. Allgem. Chem., 210:257-263, the American Chemical Society, (1):730-735, 1934 (6 1933 (7 pages, rdb7B21) pages, rdb7606) thermodynamic properties of R-14 and R-771; R-717 (ammonia), surface tension, transport thermophysical data properties, thermophysical data N. Thornton, A. B. Burg, and H. I. Schlesinger, The E. G. Locke, W. R. Brode, and A. L. Henne (Ohio Behavior of Dichlorodifluoromethane and of State University), Fluorochloroethanes and Fluo- Chlorotrifluoromethane in the Electric Discharge, rochloroethylenes, Journal of the American Journal of the American Chemical Society, Chemical Society, 56:1726-1728, 1934 (3 pages with 55:3177-3182, 1933 (6 pages, rdb6645) 4 tables, RDB7801) R-12, R-13 synthesis, purification, properties, differences in boiling points, and molecular refractions for R- E. R. Epperson and H. L. Dunlap, Relationship 111, R-111B2, R-112, R-112B2, R-112a, R- Between Mole Fractions and Absolute Viscosi- 112aB2, R-113, R-113B2, R-113a, R-114, R- 114B2, R-114a, R-115, R-116, R-1111, R-1112, R-1112-cis, R-1112-trans, R-1113, and R-1114 Refrigerant Database Page 335

ties of Blended Lubricating Oils, Industrial and R. M. Buffington and W. K. Gilkey (Kinetic Chemicals Engineering Chemistry, 24(12):, December 1932 Incorporated), The Thermodynamic Properties of (rdb4340) Dichlorodifluoromethane, A New Refrigerant, I, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 23:254 ff, 1931 lubricants, oils (rdb8231)

H. S. Booth and E. M. Bixby, Fluorine Derivatives thermodynamic properties of R-12: pressure- of Chloroform, Industrial and Engineering Chem- temperature (PT) relations at constant volume; istry, 24(6):637-641, June 1932 (5 pages, rdb5137) thermophysical data

R-20, R-21, R-22, R-23, anesthesia, physiological W. K. Gilkey, Gerard, and Bixler (Kinetic Chemicals effect, toxicity: R-21 ALC = 200,000 ppm (dura- Incorporated), The Thermodynamic Properties of tion and species not indicated) and R-22 ALC = Dichlorodifluoromethane, A New Refrigerant, II, 490,000 ppm as reported in RDB5147 Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 23:364-365, 1931 (2 pages, rdb8233) W. S. Calcott and R. A. Kehve, Tests to Show Toxic, Irritant, and Fire Characteristics of Certain thermodynamic properties of R-12: vapor pres- Well Known Refrigerants, Kinetic Chemicals sure; thermophysical data Incorporated, December 1931 (rdb6670) F. G. Keyes, The Pressure-Volume-Temperature safety, flammability, toxicity Values for Ammonia to 1000 Atmospheres from 30 to 200 °C, Journal of the American Chemical Bichowski and W. K. Gilkey (Kinetic Chemicals In- Society, 53:965-967, 1931 (3 pages, rdb9705) corporated), The Thermodynamic Properties of Dichlorodifluoromethane, A New Refrigerant, III, thermodynamic properties of R-717; pressure- Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 23:366 ff, volume-temperature (PVT) data for 30-200 °C 1931 (rdb8229) (86-392 °F) to 101 kPa (14,700 psi); thermophysical data thermodynamic properties of R-12: liquid density; thermophysical data before 1931 R. M. Buffington and H. M. Fellows, The Stability and Corrosive Properties of Freon-12, technical F. W. Dittus and L. M. K. Boelter, Heat Transfer in paper 5, Kinetic Chemicals Incorporated, 1931 Automobile Radiators of the Tubular Type, Pub- (rdb6669) lications in Engineering, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2(13):443-461, 17 October 1930 R-12, compatibility (19 pages, RDB6417)

R. M. Buffington and Fleischer (Kinetic Chemicals Dittus-Boelter equation for heat transfer coeffi- Incorporated), The Thermodynamic Properties of cients Dichlorodifluoromethane, A New Refrigerant, IV, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, circa 1931 T. Midgley, Jr., and A. L. Henne (Frigidaire Corpo- (rdb8232) ration, Division of General Motors Corporation), Organic Fluorides as Refrigerants, Industrial and thermodynamic properties of R-12: specific heat Engineering Chemistry, 22(5):542-545, May 1930 (4 of the vapor at atmospheric pressure; pages with 3 figures and 2 tables, RDB2439) thermophysical data landmark publication on the introduction of fluo- R. M. Buffington and W. K. Gilkey (Kinetic Chemicals rochemical refrigerants: announces discovery of Incorporated), Thermodynamic Properties of "fluoro-halo derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons;" Dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12), circular 12, identifies the essential properties of a refrigerant American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE, as being stable and noncorrosive, having suitable now merged into the American Society of Heating, vapor-pressure characteristics, and - for certain Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, uses - being nontoxic and nonflammable; provides ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, 1931 (12 pages with 2 a tabular, qualitative comparison for these tables, RDB8230) properties for R-40 (methyl chloride), R-40B1 (methyl bromide), R-600 (butane) R-717 thermodynamic properties of R-12: pressure, (ammonia), R-718 (water), R-729 (air), R-744 volume, density, enthalpy, and entropy as func- (carbon dioxide), and R-764 (sulfur dioxide); tions of temperature for saturated and super- presents physical and toxicity data for R-12; heated vapor; equation of state (EOS) and an- provides a tabular comparison of the acute toxicity cillary equations for the latent heat of vaporiza- of R-12, R-40, R-717, and R-744; tion, heat capacity, and entropy; thermophysical data Page 336 Refrigerant Database

shows how selective chlorination and fluorination Refrigeration (Rome, Italy, 9-15 April 1928), Inter- of hydrocarbons can be applied to obtain desired national Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France, boiling points with some influence on flammability III:185-192, 1928 (8 pages, rdb8336) and toxicity; reviews and illustrates the a batch, Swarts process for manufacture of R-12 method to determine the high-side pressure to optimize efficiency in transcritical cycles for R-744 Chemists Discover New Refrigerant, Ice and Re- (carbon dioxide use): pressure in the gas cooler is frigeration, Nickerson and Collins Company, determined by the refrigerant charge rather than Chicago, IL, 78(4):369, April 1930 (1 page with no the condensing temperature figures or tables, RDB3520) H. Inokuty, Optimum Operating Conditions for possibly the first report of fluorochemical refrig- Carbon Dioxide, Refrigerating Engineering, 16(4):- erants - described as "aliphatic compounds 122-123, 1928 (2 pages, rdb8337) containing fluorine and chlorine" - to the refrigeration industry; its discovery is predicted to method to determine the high-side pressure to "bring about a vast improvement in the world's optimize efficiency in transcritical cycles for R-744 environment" and described as "an outstanding (carbon dioxide use): pressure in the gas cooler is event in the development of automatic refrigera- determined by the refrigerant charge rather than tion"; the "as yet unnamed" refrigerant [R-12] is the condensing temperature described as "not-toxic, non-inflammable, and it was said, has very desirable engineering char- F. Lehmann, Über Konstitution und Wirkung: acteristics"; the report notes that "this class of the Untersuchungen an aromatischen Fluorverbind- fluor-chloro-methanes will replace all present ungen, Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und refrigerants, chief among which at present are Pharmakologie, 130:250 ff, 1928 (rdb6167) ammonia and sulphur dioxide"; describes investigations of toxicity at the University of pharmacological action and influence of the tri- Cincinnati and U.S. Bureau of Mines; projects fluoromethyl group, narcotic properties, toxicity commercial manufacture in two years; cites potential uses in air conditioning, mining, and J. C. Goosman, The Progressive Development of submarines; notes acknowledgement by the Carbon Dioxide Refrigerating Methods, Refriger- discovers, Thomas Midgley, Jr., and A. L. Henne ating Engineering, 14(6):188-189, 1927 (2 pages, of the Frigidaire Corporation of General Motors, of rdb6925) the contribution of Frederic Swarts of the Uni- versity of Ghent, "whose pioneering work on flu- R-744 orine derivatives forms the basis from which the present production methods have been derived" W. H. Carrier (Carrier Corporation, then Carrier En- gineering Corporation), Centrifugal Compression J. A. Beattie and C. K. Lawrence, Some of the as Applied to Refrigerants, Refrigerating Engi- Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia. I. The neering, February 1926 (rdb4146) Compressibility of and an Equation of State for Gaseous Ammonia, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 52:6-14, 1930 (9 pages, rdb9306) P. Le Beau and A. Damiens, Chimie Minérale sur le Tetrafluorure de Carbone [Inorganic Chemistry of thermodynamic properties of R-717; equation of Carbon Tetrafluoride], Compte Rendu [Proceedings], state (EOS); thermophysical data 182:1340 ff, 1926 (rdb3247) R-14, first reported synthesis of a perfluorocarbon C. C. Coffin and O. Maass, The Preparation and Physical Properties of Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Butylene and Normal and Isobutane, J. C. Goosman, History of Refrigeration - Part 3, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Ice and Refrigeration, 68:413-414, May 1925 (3 50:1427-1437, 1928 (11 pages, rdb7952) pages, rdb2118)

R-600 (n-butane) and R-600a (isobutane), ther- J. C. Goosman, History of Refrigeration - Part 2, modynamic and transport properties, thermo- Ice and Refrigeration, 68:335-336, April 1925 (2 physical data pages, rdb2117)

H. Inokuty, Graphical Method of Finding Com- J. C. Goosman, History of Refrigeration - Part 1, Ice and Refrigeration, 67:428-430, December 1924 pression Pressure of CO2 Refrigerating Machines for Maximum Coefficient of Performance, (3 pages, rdb2116) Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of W. H. Carrier and R. W. Waterfill (Carrier Corpora- tion, then Carrier Engineering Corporation), Comparison of Thermodynamic Characteristics Refrigerant Database Page 337

of Various Refrigerating Fluids, Refrigerating En- thermodynamic properties of R-717 to 132 °C gineering, June 1924 (RDB4145) (270 °F); thermophysical data

F. Haber, Zur Gesichte des Gaskrieges, Fünf S. Young, The Vapour Pressures, Specific Vol- Vorträge aus den Jahren 1920-1923 [Five umes, Heats of Vaporization, and Critical Con- Discourses from the Years 1920-1923], Springer- stants of Thirty Pure Substances, Scientific Pro- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 75-92, 1924 (18 pages, ceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, New Series 12, rdb6306) Dublin, Ireland, 374-443, 1909-1910 (70 pages, rdb4933) dose-time dependence, relation of concentration and exposure duration, Haber's law thermodynamic properties, thermophysical data

D. G. Nicolet, Refrigeration, Refrigerants, and E. P. Perlman, Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Am- American Practice in the Refrigerating Field, MS monia Solution, Part II, Journal of the Chemical thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, May 1924 (271 Society, 81, 1903 (rdb3229) pages, rdb7753) absorption, R-717, R-717/718, thermodynamic history of refrigerants and refrigerating machinery properties, thermophysical data before the advent of fluorochemicals Historical Review of the Rise of Mechanical Re- C. S. Cragoe, E. C. McKeIvy, and G. F. O'Connor, frigeration - Part 2, Ice and Refrigeration, 21:223- Specific Volume of Saturated Ammonia Vapor, 230, December 1901 (8 pages, rdb2120) Scientific Papers of the National Bureau of Stan- dards, National Institute of Standards and Technol- Historical Review of the Rise of Mechanical Re- ogy (NIST, then the National Bureau of Standards, frigeration - Part 1, Ice and Refrigeration, 21:45-59, NBS), 18:707-735, 1922 (29 pages, rdb9703) August 1901 (15 pages, rdb2119)

thermodynamic properties of R-717, thermophy- E. P. Perlman, Vapor Pressure of Aqueous Am- sical data monia Solution, Part I, Journal of the Chemical Society, 79:718 ff, 1901 (rdb3228) A. G. White, Limits for the Propagation of Flame at Various Temperatures in Mixtures of Ammonia absorption, R-717, R-717/718, thermodynamic with Air and Oxygen, Journal of the American properties, thermophysical data Chemical Society, (121):1688-1695, 1922 (7 pages, rdb6357) S. Arrhenius, On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature on the Ground, R-717, flame limits, LFL, UFL London Edinburgh Dublin Philosophy Magazine and Journal of Science, 24:241-259, 1896 (19 pages, C. S. Cragoe and D. R. Harper III, Specific Volume RDB9102) of Liquid Ammonia Scientific Papers of the National Bureau of Standards, National Institute of Standards first recognition that carbon dioxide in the at- and Technology (NIST, then the National Bureau of mosphere influences climate Standards, NBS), 17:287-315, 1921 (29 pages, rdb9704) H. Lorenz, Die Ausnutzung der Brennstoffe in den Kühlmaschinen [The Utilization of Combustible thermodynamic properties of R-717, thermophy- Substances in Refrigeration Machines], Zeitschrift für sical data die gesamte Kälte Industrie [Journal of the Combined Refrigeration Industry], Germany, 1:10-15, 1894 (6 O. Maass and C. H. Wright, Some Physical Prop- pages in German, rdb4870) erties of Hydrocarbons Containing Two and Three Carbon Atoms, Journal of the American hydrocarbons as refrigerants Chemical Society, 43:1098-1111, 1921 (14 pages, rdb7954) R. Pictet (Geneva, Switzerland), Aus Kohlensäure und schwefliger Säure bestehende Verflüchtig- R-170 (ethane), R-290 (propane), R-1150 (ethy- ungsflüssigkeit für Kältemaschinen [A Volatile lene), R-1270 (propylene), and others: thermo- Liquid Comprising Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide dynamic and transport properties; thermophysical for Refrigeration Machines], patent 33733 (Class 17, data; surface tension and others Ice Production and Storage), Kaiserliches Patentamp, Germany, 7 December 1885 (4 pages F. G. Keyes and R. B. Brownlee, The Vapor Pres- with 1 figure, RDB5520) sure of Liquid Ammonia Up To the Critical Tem- perature, Journal of the American Chemical Society, R-744, R-764, R-744/764, zeotropic blends; 40:25-45, 1918 (21 pages, rdb9706) possibly the first patent for use of refrigerant mixtures Page 338 Refrigerant Database Refrigerant Database Page 339 The Refrigerant Database is supported, in part, by U.S. Department of Energy (Office of Building Technology) grant number DE-FG02-91CE23810, Materials Compatibility and Lubricant Research (MCLR) on CFC-Refrigerant Substitutes. Federal funding supporting the MCLR program constitutes 93.57% of allowable costs. Additional funding and in-kind support are` provided by the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry, through the Air- Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), and - for the Refrigerant Database - by copper producers and fabricators, through the Copper Development Association (CDA), and in-kind cost sharing by James M. Calm, Engineering Consultant. Development of the database is part of the MCLR Program, managed by the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI). Support by the cited parties does not constitute an endorsement of the views expressed in the database.