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TECHNICAL AND EXTENSION SERIES

CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE

COCHIN, INDIA

(INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew., T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002 Clam resource in the Ashtamudi Lake, a tropical estmiry 1007 in southern India: Management and conservation concerns

Clam resources form the livelihood of more than five hundred families in and around Ashta mudi Lake, situated between latitude 8°45' - 9°28' N and 76°28 - 77" 17' E. The alarming increase in the exploitation of Paphia malabarica in the re cent years forced the Government of Kerala to impose ban on the fishing activities during its breeding season based on the recommendations of CMFRI in 1993. In order to assess the present status of clam resources of Ashtamudi Lake, a survey was conducted from 2nd to 10th February 1996 by the Molluscan Fisheries Division of CM FRI, Cochin as part of the project on clam seed production and ranching' funded by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), Cochin, Government of India. Fig.l. Map showing stations 1 to 10 in Ashtamudi Lake The study revealed that about 1200.78 ha in Ashtamudi Lake is rich in clam resources har 2.7 ml/1 in station VIII and lowest, 1.04 ml/1 in bouring about 61255 t of commercially important station IV. The average gross productivity of the clams. The ecological condition of the lake con surface water in Ashtamudi Lake was estimated sisted of a marine zone in the bar mouth and at 5.01 gC/m3/day. The average net productivi adjacent areas, a middle estuarine zone followed ty was 2.57 gC/m3/day. The productivity of bot by an extensive near-freshwater zone. tom water was comparatively higher; the aver A. Ecology of clam bed: age gross and net values were 6.4 and 4.1 gC/ The hydrographic parameters showed wide m3/day respectively. variation between stations. The hydrographic and The soil composition was fine sandy and clay sediment features recorded at the ten stations ey in all stations. The percentage composition are given in table 1. of each station showed a distinct pattern. At sta The average depth of the clam bed was 1.72 m tion I, fine sand was 41% and clay 59%, at sta and average clarity 1.31 m. In general, water clar tion II, it was 58 and 42; at station III, 41 and ity was low in the first five stations (Fig. 1) locat 59; station IV, 43 and 57; station V, 49 and 45 ed near the bar mouth and high towards the up respectively. This exhibits a distinct correlation per reaches of the lake. The surface salinity of in the distribution of the clam species with re Ashtamudi Lake showed a gradual reduction from gard to the substrate preference. The soil tex 33 ppt near the barmouth to 5 ppt in the upper ture of each station is indicated in table 1. reaches. While the surface salinities exhibited B: Clam Resource clear zonations of fresh to marine stations, the The extent of clam bed in the Ashtamudi Lake bottom water salinity variation was not pro was estimated at 1200.78 ha. The distribution of nounced. The dissolved oxygen content of the clams showed wide variation in terms of species surface water was maximum of 2.79 ml/1 in sta composition, density and biomass in all the ten tion IX and minimum of 1.17ml/l in station IV. stations. However, clear zonation was seen in the The DO content of bottom water was highest of distribution of dominant clam species like Paphia Mar. FisK Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002 Table 1. Hydrographic details of the surface and bottom water of the clam beds in Ashtamudi Lake Salinity Dissolved oxygen Productivity (MgC/m3) Station (ppt) (ml/L) Gross Gross Net Net Depth (m) Clarity (m) Soil Texture Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom I 31 32 2.34 2.47 2.67 3.34 0.67 2.67 1.73 1.28 Clay II 33 32 2.21 2.21 5.34 5.34 4.01 1.34 1.28 0.82 Clay ni 33 34 2.08 2.21 2.01 6.01 0.67 5.35 1.30 0.95 Sandy clay IV 28 29 1.17 1.82 6.68 4.01 4.68 0.67 1.75 1.25 Clay V 30 30 2.21 2.21 8.02 6.68 5.35 5.35 1.23 1.15 Clay VI 29 30 1.69 1.04 4.01 7.35 3.34 6.68 1.68 1.55 Sandy clay VII 23 26 2.21 1.17 5.35 7.35 1.34 5.35 2.16 2.00 Clay VIII 17 27 2.47 2.73 8.02 10.02 1.34 8.69 1.80 1.00 Clay IX 13 24 2.79 1.71 4.32 10.02 1.64 4.01 2.04 1.46 Clay X 5 25 1.95 1.95 4.01 4.01 2.67 1.34 1.89 1.67 Clay Average 24.2 25.9 2.11 1.95 5.01 6.4 2.57 4.1 1.72 1.31 malabarica, Villorita cyprinoides and Meretrix cas ported to be abundantly distributed in the middle ta. Apart from these three dominant clams, oth station of the estuary during the early 1980's was er bivalves like Katelysia opima, Anadara grano- found to be scarce and observed only in few sa, Perna viridis, Modiolus sp., Crassostrea madra- number in station IV. sensis and Saccostrea culcullata contributed to bi The specific substrate preference of each spe valve biomass in var5dng magnitude. cies was also distinctly evident. Paphia malabar i. Distribution of clams: ica was more densely distributed in the lower sta All the stations except IV was found to be rich tion, i.e; stations II-III, showing a preference for in clam resources. Salinity of the station which sandy clay substrate, Meretrix casta in the middle was influenced by its proximity to the sea was to upper station, i.e; stations V-X and Villorita the main ecological factor which contributed to cyprinoides in the upper station, i.e. stations VII- the zonation or distribution pattern of clam. Pa- X exhibiting a preference for clayey substrate. phia malabarica formed the single species popu it Density of clam bed: lation of the bivalve biomass in station I, II, III Density of clams was highest with 3732 nos and V. These stations had almost marine condi per sq.m in station II. High densities of 3480 and tions with high salinities ranging between 29 and 1814 nos/sq.m were observed in station HI and 34 ppt. In the middle regions, mixed population of VII. Paphia m.alabarica was the single species con all the three species were noted but dominated tributing to high density in station II and III while by Meretrix casta contributing to 62% (stn. VI). in the station VII Villorita cyprinoides and Meretrix These regions with salinity between 23 and 29 casta together formed dense beds. Density was ppt had estuarine conditions. Figure 1 depicts the as low as 59 and 74 nos per sq.m in stations VI distribution of clam with respect to salinity and and VIII, while in station IV, clams were com substrate. In upper regions of Ashtamudi lake pletely absent. The average density of the com where low saline conditions prevailed Villorita mercially important species in the different sta cyprinoides was the dominant species contribut tions is given in table 2. ing to more than 95% of the biomass. The com plete absence of Villorita cyprinoides in the ma Hi, Biomass of clam bed: rine station and P. malabarica in the upper reach The biomass denoted by the total weight per es clearly highlighted the zonation of clams in sq.m was highest in station II (18.8 kg). Similar Ashtamudi Lake. Katelysia opima, which was re high values were recorded in station III (14.6 kg) Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&B Ser., No. 174, 2002

Table 2. Average density (number/sq.m.) and average biomass (shell-on weight g/sq.m) of three dominant clam species in Ashtamudi Lake

Average density Average biomass (Number/sq.m) (Shell on weight g/sq.m.) Station P.malabarica M.casta V.cyprinoides P.malabarica M.casta V.cyprinoides I. 344 nil nil 1199 nil nil II. 3732 nil nil 18840 nil nil III. 3480 3 nil 14619 12 nil IV. nil nil nil nil nil nil V. 59 nil nil 600 nil nil VI. 200 26 3 1333 338 6 VII. nil 688 1126 nil 5328 3436 VIII. 10 nil 64 20 nil 448 IX. 8 146 694 16 818 3648 X. nil 378 483 nil 2688 2304 and VII (8.7 kg). The lowest biomass observed was as high as 16%. In station V seed clams were 0.4 kg in station VIII. The average biomass of P. completely absent, while in station VII and IX, malabarica, M. casta and V. cyprinoides in differ where only stray (3 and 5 nos/sq.m) occurence of ent stations is given in table 2. Paphia malabarica was recorded, 100% and 80% of clams, respectively, were below 15mm. About 61255 t of clam was estimated as the standing stock of Ashtamudi Lake. Villorita cypri Villorita cyprinoides of 5 to 36 mm length were noides with an estimated biomass of 36945 t was observed in the population. In station VII all the the dominant resource occupying approximately length groups were represented with mode in 20- 1029.5 ha. Paphia malabarica, (22672 t) was the 22 mm length range. In station VIII clams of 5 to second followed by Meretrijc casta (1638 t) contrib 34 mm of length were recorded with mode at 20- uting to 31% and 2.0% of the total clam biomass 22 mm. In station X slightly larger clams of 24- respectively. 26 mm were dominant.

Station IX contributed to 97.4% of the total bi Though clams of 5 to 36 mm length were not omass of Villorita cyprinoides, while station I, II ed in the beds of M. casta in Ashtamudi Lake, and III together contributed to 99.9% of Paphia almost entire population was contributed by clams malabarica biomass. 92.1% of M casta biomass above 15 mm. Seed clams were present only in was recorded in station VII. negligible quantity. In all the stations where M. iv. Length composition of clams: casta was available, 26-28 mm was the modal length group except in station X where the mode Paphia malabarica of 5 to 46 mm length were was at 28 to 30 mm. observed in the population. In the first station the mode was observed in 24-26 mm, while in C. Clam fishery: station II, the mode was in 26-28 and 28-30 mm Fishery for Paphia malabarica was observed in length range. In station III, V and VI larger clams the first three stations during low tide. Fishery were dominant with the modes in 32 to 34 mm methods were mainly had picking and hand length range. dredging with scoop nets. In this area, small clams Seed clams (below 15 mm) formed 5.4 and were not observed in the fishery since the fish 2.29% of the population in station I and II respec ery was mainly targeted at export market. The tively, while in station III their contribution was catch per canoe varied from 200 to 400 kg. In the Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002 middle and upper reaches of the estuary indis - Restriction on mesh size for clam fishing (the criminate fishing, of Meretrix casta and Villorita bag net of the hand dredge used for clam fish cyprinoides was observed. ing should be larger than 30 mm) and ban on fishing of juveniles. The fishery for Paphia commences by Febru ary, every year. Four types of fishing methods - Ban on fishing during peak spawning season were observed for Paphia, the hand dredge oper (October to January) ated from a dugout canoe, two divers collecting - Strict vigilance at the check posts to restrict clams from a canoe by alternate diving, canoe large-scale movement of under-sized clams for with one diver and collection by hand picking from use in the carbide industry. shallow water. The first method is widely prac - Restriction on export grade size of frozen clam tised in Ashtamudi, which gives the maximum meat to below 1400 numbers/kg. yield. 300-450 canoes with hand dredges are op Mariculture practices such as transplantation erated during peak fishing season (February to / relaying / semiculture of clam seeds for in may). For ViZZon'ta fishing, diving and scooping the creasing production. Sea ranching programmes clam bed is being pacticed in most of the stations. to reduce fishing pressure on the juvenile stock. Diving is done in deeper waters and hand pick Stock enhancement programmes for the over- ing in shallow areas. exploited stock and other potential species such In 1981, when clam fishery was initiated for as Katelysia opima which is a potential clam re export trade, only 200 t were landed for one year source in the Ashtamudi Lake, having excellent period in Ashtamudi. In 1982, it rose to 5,436 t. export potential. However, the stock which was The average annual landing from 1982 to 1992 present in the middle zone of the estuary in the was 6,800 t with peak of 10,000 t in 1991. The early 80's has been wiped out due to increase in production declined drastically in 1993 to 5,000 salinity with the closure of freshwater flow from t. This created concern among the fishermen and the Kallada river and subsequent change in the they demanded action against indiscriminate nature of the bottom substrate. This stock can fishing in the estuary especially during spawn be revived, through joint R&D efforts by the CM- ing season. FRl and other Central and State fisheries devel opment agencies. Utilization: Meat of Meretrix casta and Villorita cyprinoides are extracted and sold in the market. Optimum utilisation of clam meat of all the Bulk of P. malabarica landed is taken to the species through value addition (cocktail shellfish processing plant where they are subjected to meat, pickles smoked clam meat, clam meat depuration, grading and shucking. Frozen meat curry) and market promotion (at both domestic is exported. and international levels) by collaborative research by the fisheries technology institutes and export Remarks: Clams have been exploited for the promotion agencies. past one and half decade and the fishery has shown wide fluctuations during this period. The While regulatory measures have been im survey has thrown light on the present status of plemented to revive the Paphia fishery, concert the clam resources of Ashtamudi estuary and also ed efforts are necessary for the long-term sus raised several management concerns. The fol tained development and management of fish lowing recommendations have been made for the ery of other clam species in this dynamic trop judicious exploitation, regulation of fishing and ical estuary. conservation of the clam resources of the estu Reported by: K.K. Appukuttan, T.S. Velayudhan, ary to ensure a sustainable fishery. P. Laxmilatha, V. Kripa, P.S. AUoycious, M. The regulatory measures to be enforced in Vinod, G.S. Gayatri and K.A. Narasimham, clude: CMFRI, Kochi Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T&B Ser., No. 174. 2002 Present status of seahorses fishing along the Palfc Bay coast 1008 of Tamiinadu

Exploitation of seahorses by diving has been re cess of collections by diving, they change the fish ported earlier along the PaUc Bay coast from places ing effort by using drag nets or squid jigging de such as Thondi, Puthupattinam, Mullimunai and vices to collect other finfish or cuttlefish and Thirupalaikudi centres (Table 1) of Tamiinadu. squid. Such diving/fishing activities last for Owing to the high demand, the targeted fish about 6 to 8 hours depending on collections. ing for seahorses expanded rapidly. Consequent In Puthupattinam there were only occasional ly, the catches also increased in 1995-1996 com collection of seahorses by fishers which in turn were pared to 1993. During that period, the price of collected by traders. During 1990-2001, four trad seahorses also increased by about 50 percent; ers collected the seahorses, while at present there accordingly the volume of trade became much is no collection and hence the fishers themselves higher. Consequent up on the ban by the Gov go to Keelakarai and sell it to the resident traders. ernment of India for some of the marine finish In Thondi also, shortage of demand from the es and their products for export, the targeted fish traders led to cancellation of targeted seahorses ing has also been reduced drastically except for a collection for about one and half years. However, minor increase in August 2002. from the last week of July 2002 onwards, the sea Cost of seahorse: horse collection has started gaining momentum. In 2001: Rs.4000/kg for 10 cm and Rs.7500- In Thondi, four traders purchase the seahorse 8000/kg for 15 cm size group. and send it to the nearby Kodipanku village. In 2002 June: Rs.500 to 1000/kg. addition to Thondi area, fishers from Pasipatti- nam, Devipattinam and Thirupalaikudi also col Last week of July 2002 onwards: Rs.2000 to lect sea horses occasionally when they go for div 2500/kg (350-400 numbers/kg) ing for chanks, lambis and sea cucumbers. In Mullimunai, presently two traders collect seahorses. It was reported by them that earlier NAGAPATTINAM J when the seahorses commanded high price, more traders used to visit the centre (Table 1) to collect 30-- the dried seahorses from the fishers. In addition to catches by diving, the seahorses were also col ATHIRAMPATINAM lected as a bycatch from the Thalluvalai' net

(mesh size: 1.0cm). In this centre, sail boats (non- KATTUMAVADI mechanised boats with 7 to 9 members/boat) are 10".. used for the fishing trips. After reaching the des tinations, they dive for collecting gastropod shells, THONDI holothuria and seahorses. Depending on the suc- MULUMUNAI

Table 1. Lead centres along the Palk Bay coast for targeting seahorses, THIRUPALAIKUDI estimated catches in 1993,2001 and present catch trend 30-- DEVIPATTINAM RAMANATHAPURAM • Estimated catch as dried seahorses (kg/year) Centn; 1993 2001* Present trend KEKLAKARAI (August 2002) GULF OF MANNAR Thor.di 864 1300 30-40 9°-- Mullimunai 1152 1800 25-30 Morp-anai 720 1000 15-20 Thiaipalaikudi 960 1200 20-25 *info:rmation collected from the traders Map showing places of seahorse exploitalion Mar. Fish. Infor. Sen., T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002 Species of seahorse: Although in the earlier observation days at MuUimunai, Hippocampus reports Hippocampus kuda was indicated as the trimaculantus constituted 11.77% of the total spe species collected along the Palk Bay coast, a care cies of seahorses obtained. This species is re ful analysis of the collections during the present ported for the first time from this coast. study indicated the availability of three species 2. Hippocampus kuda. Common name: 'spot with the following distinguishing characteristics: ted or yellow seahorse'. 1. Hippocampus trimaculants. Common name: three spot seahorse'. Total number examined 18 Total number examined : 8 Standard length 119 to 140 mm Standard length : 122 to 144 mm Rings 11+34 (ranging from 30 to 35) Rings : 11+36 (ranging from 35 to 37) Dorsal fin rays 17 covering 2+1 rays Dorsal fin rays : 18to 19 covering 2+1 Pectoral fin rays 16 rings Coronet Very low and seen as Pectoral fm rays : 15 to 16 five elevated points Coronet : Low and seen as five This species is abundant and common in this small elevated points. coast. During observation at MuUimunai, this This species could be easily distinguished from species constituted 85.29% of the total species of other species by the presence of sharp hook- seahorses collected from the centre. shaped eye and check spines and the conspicu ous absence of nose spine. In some larger speci mens three dark spots were seen on the first, fourth and seventh trunk ring. These spots were easily seen in males. Among the live seahorses maintained in the laboratory (Vizhinjam Re search Centre of CMFRI), these spots were vivid ly seen in males during the mating time. During

Hippocampus kuda 3. Hippocampus fuscus. Common name: 'sea pony' Total number examined Standard length 127 to 191 mm Rings 11+34 (ranging from 33 to 36) Dorsal fin rays 16 covering 2+1 rays Pectoral fin rays 16 Hippocampus trimaculantus Coronet Less pronounced Mar. FisK Infor. Serv., T&B Ser, No. 174, 2002 fore the ban, 50 people were working in one collec tion centre while at present only 4 persons are engaged. Before the ban, the cost was ranging from Rs.4,000/- to 8,000/kg or more. Presently the cost ranges from Rs.700/- to 800/- (500 to 600 for dried seahorses) and Rs. 1,000/- to 1,500/- (for 300 to 350 dried seahorses/k^ depending on the size. In 1993, the price of seahorses were ranging from Rs. 8 to 10/piece. In 1999-2000, similar trend was noted and in exceptional cases the cost went up to Rs.l2/piece. During this period, the larger seahorses commanded a higher price of Rs.l2,000/kg. In addition, traders from Bihar, Madhya Pradesh came to the PaUc Bay coast and transported seahorses to Burma border. Enquir ies revealed that they exchanged the dried sea horses for other materials from Burma and other south east Asian countries. During 2001, the price came down to Rs.8 to 10/piece and the trade almost came to a halt after the ban. The present purchase rates and trade link details are depicted below: - Fisher folk, gets Rs.2 to 4 for an approximate weight of 1.5 to 1.8 g dried seahorse. - Gives to the first trader in the shore who in Hippocampus fuscus turn gets Rs.lOO as commission per kg. The coronet was slightly raised and rough. - Second trader who collect from the above trad Am^ong the males, snout was shorter in relation er and sells to the resident trader to the head length when compared with the fe - Resident trader (in Keelakarai centre) males. The cheek and eye spines were low. Com - Exporting company/trader in Chennai (this pared to Hippocampus kuda, the tail rings are less figure is not available at present as there is and body narrow (Plate 3). Hippocampus fuscus no legal export of seahorses) consisted 2.94% of the total seahorses catch from - Destination country/Importing trader the Mullimunai coast. This species is reported Global trade in seahorses boomed in the 1980's for the first time from Indian coastal waters. The following China's economic restructuring. Dur morphometric and meristic characteristics of the ing 1994-95, the Chinese trade estimated an an above three species when compared, confirmed nual increase of 8 to 10%. Due to slumbering of to the recent classification of seahorse species south east Asian countries, the Chinese traders given by Lourie et. al. All the three species were sought supplies as far as from Ecuador and Mo recorded from depths ranging from 3 to 8 meters zambique. This in turn indicates a possible spurt in areas endowed with sea grasses. Three spe in fishing for seahorse in the Palk Bay coast as cies of sea grasses were recorded from the habi and when the ban is relaxed. tat of seahorses along the Palk Bay coast. On ob Future programmes of research: Except for servation day, the surface water temperature was a mild increase in targeted fishing for seahorse ranging from 26 to 28.8°C and dissolved oxygen, during August 2002, fishing and export of dried 4.18 to 4.92 ppm. seahorse have almost ceased during the year Trade in seahorses along the coast: In 2001 and 2002 in the major centres along the Keelakarai, the majority of seahorse collection cen Palk Bay coast of Tamil Nadu. Analysis of sam tres had less than one kg of dried seahorses. Be ples and information collected indicated that Mar. Fish, Infor. Serv., T&B Ser., No. 174, 2002 three species of seahorse are available in the will be completed under the scientific pro Palk Bay coast compared to the earlier observa grammes of the sponsored project funded by the tions of one species, the Hippocampus kuda com Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govern plex. The species availability and the growth rate ment of India. of seahorse in the Palk Bay coast are to be in vestigated using genetic (DNA profile) marker Reported by: A.P. Lipton and M. Thangaraj, studies and tagging experiments. These aspects Vizhinjatn Research Centre of CMFRI, Vizhinjam

1009

Settlement of mussels on rocks in the coastal periphery of these sheets were trimmed in such waters is an important event for mussel fisher a way that each sample sheet has a rectangular, men as well as farmers, since this determines square or circular shape. This enable easy cal the recruitment, species survival and avaiilabili- culation of the area of the samples. The weight ty of young ones (seeds) for mariculture. Consid and length of mussels from the samples were re ering the growing interest for mussel culture in corded and were used for estimating the same Kerala, it has become a necessity to monitor and (average of pooled data) for an Eirea of 1 m^. ascertain its seed availability. On the west coast of Tamilnadu, the brown mus In order to study the relative abundance of sel Pema indica was noticed off Kovalam near Kan mussel young ones, the intertidal and submerged yakumari, Muttom, Kadiapatanam, Colachel- rocks along the southwest coast of India between Kodimuna, Vaniakudi-Kurumpana and Melemi- Kanyakumari (Tamilnadu) and Pozhikkara near dalam-Enayam, while on the south Kerala coast, they Paravoor (Quilon District, Kerala) were surveyed were found off Pulinkudi, MuUoor, Vizhinjam, during November-December 2000, after the Avaduthura-Kovalam, Valiathura, Thazhe-Vettoor north-east monsoon. The distribution and details and Odayam near Varkala. Among these, Kadiapa of the area where mussel seeds occurred on sub tanam, Colachel, Enayam, Pulinkudi, Mulloor and merged rocks were obtained from local divers in Vizhinjam were the major centres of mussel fish volved in mussel fishery. Samples of mussels ery. Mussels were distributed mainly on submerged were collected at random from settled areas of rocky areas and less in the intertidal region at all different seed beds by scraping small portions of centres. Those found in the latter region were com settlement from the rock surface as sheets. The paratively smaller in size. The length-wise distri-

Table. Length-wise distribution of biomass per m^ (in kg) of Perna indica at different centres Length- Kovalam Muttom Kadia- Colachel- Kurum- Enayam- Pulinkudi Mulloor Vizhi Avadu Valia Thazhe- Odayam interval patnam Kodimuna pana- Midalam njam thura- thura vettoor (mm| Vaniakudi Kovalam 10-15 0 0.60 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 15-20 0.28 0.63 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 0.07 0 0 0.13 20-25 0.36 2.90 0.13 0.07 0.15 0 0.15 0.60 0 1.31 0 0.35 0.87 25-30 0.83 3.33 0.37 0.22 0.00 0 0.07 2.95 1.23 1.80 0 0.68 1.31 30-35 1,28 0.68 1.65 0.62 0.30 1.11 0.35 2.09 0.27 1.11 0 1.81 4.54 35-40 0.21 1.21 2.76 3.90 0.83 1.96 1.33 0.91 2.05 0.95 0 4.35 7.64 40-45 0.00 0.00 6.75 4.46 3.36 4.13 3.14 0.51 2.39 0.72 11.2 6.09 3.97 45-50 2.61 0.91 1.49 3.69 4.29 3.12 3.06 0.68 2.56 3.72 0 1.57 0.00 50-55 3.57 4.89 2.78 3.08 5.49 6.55 1.99 2.13 0.92 3.15 0 3.92 1.77 55-60 6.23 2.32 0.41 0 1.18 1.66 2.27 1.17 1.09 3.74 0 2.06 0 60-65 8.55 0 0.00 0 0 0.95 0.48 1.00 0 0.60 0 0 0 6S70 4.80 0 0.59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.67 0 0 0 70-75 1.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 30.37 17.45 16.93 16.05 15.60 19.49 13.01 12.05 10.53 17.84 11.2 20.83 20.24 Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew., T & E Ser., No. 1 74, 2002 three species of seahorse are available in the will be completed under the scientific pro Palk Bay coast compared to the earlier observa grammes of the sponsored project funded by the tions of one species, the Hippocampus kuda com Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govern plex. The species availability and the growth rate ment of India. of seahorse in the Palk Bay coast are to be in vestigated using genetic (DNA profile) marker Reported by: A.P. Lipton and M, Thangaraj, studies and tagging experiments. These aspects Vizhinjam Research Centre of CMFRI, Vizhinjam

Variations in biomass of the brown mussel Perna inmiea in 1009 recently settled areas along the south-west coast of India

Settlement of mussels on rocks in the coastal periphery of these sheets were trimmed in such waters is an important event for mussel fisher a way that each sample sheet has a rectangular, men as well as farmers, since this determines square or circular shape. This enable easy cal the recruitment, species survival and availabili culation of the area of the samples. The weight ty of young ones (seeds) for mariculture. Consid and length of mussels from the samples were re ering the growing interest for mussel culture in corded and were used for estimating the same Kerala, it has become a necessity to monitor and (average of pooled data) for an area of 1 m*^. ascertain its seed availability. On the west coast of Tamilnadu, the brown mus In order to study the relative abundance of sel Perna indica was noticed off Kovalam near Kan mussel young ones, the intertidal and submerged yakumari, Muttom, Kadiapatanam, Colachel- rocks along the southwest coast of India between Kodimuna, Vaniakudi-Kurumpana and Melemi- Kanyakumari (Tamilnadu) and Pozhikkara near dalam-Enayam, while on the south Kerala coast, tliey Paravoor (Quilon District, Kerala) were surveyed were found off Pulinkudi, MuUoor, Vizhinjam, during November-December 2000, after the Avaduthura-Kovalam, Valiathura, Thazhe-Vettoor north-east monsoon. The distribution and details and Odayam near Varkala. Among these, Kadiapa of the area where mussel seeds occurred on sub- tanam, Colachel, Enayam, Pulinkudi, Mulloor and inerged rocks were obtained from local divers in Vizhinjam were the major centres of mussel fish volved in mussel fishery. Samples of mussels ery. Mussels were distributed mainly on submerged were collected at random from settled areas of rocky areas and less in the intertidal region at all different seed beds by scraping small portions of centres. Those found in the latter region were com settlement from the rock surface as sheets. The paratively smaller in size. The length-wise distri-

Table. Length-wise distribution of biomass per m^ (in kg) of Perna indica at different centres Length- Kovalam Muttom Kadia- Colachcl^ Kurum- Enayam- Pulinkudi Mulloor Vizhi Avadu Valia Thazhe- Odayam interval palnani Kodimuna pana- Midalam njam thura- thura vettoor (mm) Vaniakudi Kovalam 10-15 0 0.60 0 0 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 15-20 0.28 0.63 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 0.07 0 0 0,13 20-25 0.36 2.90 0,13 0,07 0,15 0 0.15 0.60 0 1.31 0 0,35 0,87 25-30 0.83 3.33 0,37 0,22 0,00 0 0.07 2,95 1,23 1.80 0 0.68 1,31 30-35 1.28 0,68 1.65 0,62 0.30 1,11 0.35 2,09 0.27 1,11 0 1.81 4,54 35-40 0.21 1.21 2.76 3,90 0.83 1.96 1,33 0.91 2.05 0.95 0 4,35 7.64 4045 0.00 0.00 6.75 4.46 3,36 4,13 3,14 0.51 2,39 0.72 11,2 6.09 3.97 45-50 2.61 0.91 1.49 3.69 4.29 3,12 3.06 0.68 2,56 3.72 0 1,57 0.00 50-55 3.57 4.89 2.78 3.08 5.49 6.55 1.99 2,13 0,92 3.15 0 3.92 1,77 55-60 6.23 2.32 0.41 0 1,18 1,66 2.27 1,17 1,09 3.74 0 2.06 0 60-65 8.55 0 0.00 0 0 0,95 0,48 1,00 0 0.60 0 0 0 65-70 4.80 0 0,59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.67 0 0 0 70-75 1.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 30.37 17.45 16,93 16,05 15,60 19.49 13.01 12,05 10.53 17,84 11,2 20,83 20,24 Mar. Fish. Infor. Seni., T & E Ser., No. 1 74, 2002 bution of biomass per sq. meter (in kg) is presented ent centres and is useful to mussel farmers for in Table. Exploitation of the resource, environmen making appropriate decisions. tal factors and time of settlement are important fac tors determining the abundance and size distribu Reported by: N. Ramachandran, Joseph Andrews tion. The Table provides information on the com- and K.T. Thomas, Vizhimjam Research Centre piirative availability of suitable sized seeds at differ- of CMFRI, Vizhinjam

Exploitation of windowpane oyster-Placuna placenta (Linnaeus) at Vellapatti area near Tutib^rin

Exploitation of molluscs, producing marine Intensive collections were made during off-fishing pearl was done for the collection of natural / cul season when the boats were laid ashore due to poor tured pearls only, whereas, the exploitation of win fish catch. The windowpane oysters occurred at 3 dowpane oyster was mostly for their shells. The fathoms depth. During 2000, 150 tons of window- pearls obtained from windowpane oyster, Placuna pane oysters were exploited. Exploitation was done placenta were mostly by skin diving. The ivory or white in col live windowpane oys our and small in size. ters were sun-dried on The translucent shells the seashore (Fig. 1). are commercially and No flesh or pearl was economically imjDor- extracted. About 150 tant in shell craft in boats were engaged in dustry. Hence they are the exploitation in exploited in large 200 LA total of 60 tons quantities from the were reported to have east and west coast of been fished during India. 2001. The sun-dried shells were packed in Large population of polyethylene bags and windowpane oyster transported to Bombay was seen in silty-clay Fig. 1. Live windowpane oystei's via Bangalore for sale. bottom of Nauxim Bay of the Zuari estuary of Goa. A major resource of As the shell chips had shining property, the this species exists in the Gulf of Kutch in Gu first quality product was used in cosmetic in jarat. In the east coast they occur in high densi dustry for preparation of face make-up. The re ty in Kakinada Bay, whereas it is a minor re sidual shell chip was mixed with paints to in source in Tuticorin Bay and adjacent areas. crease its viscosity. The shell crush remains were utilized for poultry feed and lime prepara Although a fishery exists for windowpane oys tion. Th<; live windowpane oysters were pur ters at Tuticorin Bay, it was mainly for extraction chased at the rate of Rs. 1.90/kg from fishers and of natural pearls, while the shells were often dis sold Rs.2.00/kg to traders. The size of oysters carded on the shore. Viewing the economic value ranged from 80 to 160 mm in dorso-ventral axis of these shells, the merchants engaged fishermen (fJVM) with a dominant mode at 111-120 mm for the collection of live windowpane oyster in are which constituted 28%. The other dominant as other than the Tuticorin Bay. Recently they have modes were at 101-110 and 121-130 mm in Feb located a new site in the river area near Vellapatti, ruary 2000. a coastal village 3 km away from the Tuticorin Ba3' where a dense population of windowj^ane oyster Prepared by: S. Dharmaraj and M.K. exists. The exploitation of windowpane oyster at Sreenivasagam, Tuticorin Research Centre of Vellapatti is mainly for shells of clilTerent size groups. CMFRI, Tuticorin Mar. Fish. Infor. Sen?., T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002 bution of biomass per sq. meter (in kg) is presented ent centres and is useful to mussel farmers for in Table. Exploitation of the resource, environmen making appropriate decisions. tal factors and time of settlement are important fac tors determining the abundance and size distribu Reported by: N. Ratnachandran, Joseph Andrews tion. The Table provides information on the com and K.T. Thomas, Vizhimjam Research Centre parative availability of suitable sized seeds at differ- of CMFRI, Vizhinjam

Exploitation, i|£,,^iililif^1f 1010 (Liimaetts) at

Exploitation of molluscs, producing marine Intensive collections were made during off-fishing pearl was done for the collection of natural / cul season when the boats were laid ashore due to poor tured pearls only, whereas, the exploitation of win- fish catch. The windowpane oysters occurred at 3 dowpane oyster was mostly for their shells. The fathoms depth. During 2000, 150 tons of window- pearls obtained from wiiidowpane oyster, Placuna pane oysters were exploited. Exploitation was done placenta were mostly by skin diving. The ivory or white in col live windowpane oys our and small in size. ters were sun-dried on The translucent shells the seashore (Fig. 1). are commercially and No flesh or pearl was economically impor extracted. About 150 tant in shell craft in boats were engaged in dustry. Hence they are the exploitation in exploited in large 2001. A total of 60 tons quantities from the were reported to have east and west coast of been fished during India. 2001. The sun-dried shells were packed in Large population of polyethylene bags and windowpane oyster transported to Bombay was seen in silty-clay Fig. 1. Live windowpane oysters via Bangalore for sale. bottom of Nauxim Bay of the Zuari estuary of Goa. A major resource of As the shell chips had shining property, the this species exists in the Gulf of Kutch in Gu first quality product was used in cosmetic in jarat. In the east coast they occur in high densi dustry for preparation of face make-up. The re ty in Kakinada Bay, whereas it is a minor re sidual shell chip was mixed with paints to in source in Tuticorin Bay and adjacent areas. crease its viscosity. The shell crush remains were utilized for poultry feed and lime prepara Although a fishery exists for windowpane oys tion. The live windowpane oysters were pur ters at Tuticorin Bay, it was mainly for extraction chased at the rate of Rs. 1.90/kg from fishers and of natural pearls, while the shells were often dis sold Rs.2.00/kg to traders. The size of oysters carded on the shore. Viewing the economic value ranged from 80 to 160 mm in dorso-ventral axis of these shells, the merchants engaged fishermen (DVM) with a dominant mode at 111-120 mm for the collection of live windowpane oyster in ai'e- which constituted 28%. The other dominant as other than the Tuticorin Bay. Recently they have modes were at 101-110 and 121-130 mm in Feb located a new site in the river area near Vellapatti, ruary 2000. a coastal village 3 km aw£iy from the Tuticorin Bay where a dense population of windowpane oyster Prepared by: S. Dharmaraj and M.K. exists. The exploitation of windowpane oyster at Sreenivasagam, Tuticorin Research Centre of Vellapatti is mainly for shells of cliflerent size groups. CMFRI, Tuticorin Mar. Fish. Infor. Sen., T&E Ser.. No 1 74, 200? On the occurrence of sunfish 1011 dr Mannar

Ocean sunfishes of the family Molidae has ly were caught at a depth of 60-80 m in the drift three genera namely Ranzania, Masturus and gill net (paruvalai) operated off Keela Vaipaar, a Mola. The occurrence of some of the species fishing hamlet situated 30 km north of Tuticorin. like Ranzania truncata, On 04-04-2002 a male R.typus, R.laevis, Masturus sunfish Masturus lanceolatus oxyuropterus, M.lanceolatus (Leonard) measuring 1150 and Mola mola have been mm in total length and reported from Indian weighing 40 kg was caught by waters. a deep sea trawler at a depth On 12-06-2001 and 08-07- of 200 m off Tuticorin. The 2001 two sunfishes Mola mola fish was brought to Tuticorin measuring 630 mm and 650 Fishing Harbour. Morpho mm total length and weighing metric measurements are Sun fish Masturus lanceolatus 11.5 kg and 12 kg respective- landed at Tuticorin on 4.4.2002 presented in Table.

Table. Morphometric measurements ( mm) of sunfishes Mola mola Eye diameter (Vertical) 55 12-06-01 08-07-01 Eye diameter (Horizontal) 55 Eye ball diameter 22 Total length 630 650 Inter orbital distance 165 Length from snout to dorsal fin 450 480 Length from snout to insertion of dorsal fin 644 Length from snout to anal fin 510 526 Length from snout to insertion of anal fin 632 Length from snout to pectoral fin 195 201 Length from snout to anus 614 Length from snout to anus 440 454 Length from snout to insertion of pectoral fin 280 Length from snout to eye 135 139 Dorsal to tip of clavus 420 Inter orbital distance 187 139 Breadth at head region 546 Eye diameter (Vertical) 35 35 Breadth at middle region 609 Eye diameter (Horizontal) 35 34 Length of mouth 56 Mouth breadth 55 54 Breadth of mouth 66 Mouth length 20 21 Length of gill opening 46 Number of teeth (Only in upper jaw) 1 1 Height of dorsal fin 403 Length of dorsal fm 300 310 Base of dorsal fin 179 Length of pectoral fm 90 93 Height of anal fin 393 length of anal fm 275 283 Base of anal fin 157 Caudal length (along margin) 540 555 Pectoral length 123 Masturus lanceolatus Pectoral breadth 104 Total length 1150 Length of posterior projection 198 Standard length 890 Breadth of posterior projection 146 Snout length 131 Weight (approximate) 40 kg Head length 318 Sex Male Reported by: M. Chellappa, T.S. Balasubramanian and G. Arumugam, Tuticorin Research Centre of CMFRI, Tuticorin Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew., T & E Ser. No 174. 2002 Unusual landings of Lates calcarifer by shoreseine at Venkatarayapur in Gai^am District, Orrissa

An unusually large quantity of Lates calcarifer realised Rs.2,99,000/-. It was a rare occurrence was caught in a single shore seine (Peddavala) at in this region. Local fishermen claimed that they Venkatarayapur on 2-2-2002 around 13.00 to 14.00 used to get only one or two Lates calcariferhy hook hrs, operated at a distance of 1 to 1.5 kms and 6 to and lines, gill net (Pandu vala) or shore seine. The 8 mt depth . About 62 Lates calcarifer, each weigh local people informed that similar landing of about ing 18.00 kg was caught in a single operation. Each 90 Lates calcarifer was reported from New Boxipe- specimen realised Rs.2,500/- and the entire catch ta during 1998. was sold for Rs. 1,55,000/-. On the same day an other shore seine caught 130 fish weighing 3700 Reported by: S.V. Subbarao, Gopalpur Field Cen kgs of Lates calcarifer at the same centre, which tre of CMFRI, Gopalpur

A note on the heavy landings of the Indian squid at 1013 Pondicherry Fisheries Harbour

The Indian squid Loligo duvaucelli locally called "oosikanavai" landed at Pondicherry fish eries harbour by trawlers, which is a new record in this area. Usually, the trawlers were operat ing along the Pondicherry coast only for fishes and prawns, but on 5th, 6th and 7th of July 2001, heavy landings of 'Loligo duvaucelli' from the, trawlers was observed with the catch particu lars as given below. Loligo duvaucelli The catch comprised of large sized squids Table. Catch particulars of squids with their total mantle length ranging from 157 Fishing ground: Off Periakalapet - 248 mm. All the squids landed were either in Depth Range: 17-18 Fathoms the ripe or partially spent (85%) stage which in Date Effort Catch Total estimated Price / dicates their peak spawning period. One multi- (trawl Range catch of E3QX day trawler captured the maximum quantity of unit) (Kg) squids in (50 Kg) 2150 kg. and sold for Rs.77,400. The entire metric tonnes catch was carried to Chennai, Cochin and 5.7.2001 22 350-1150 18.30 Rs.1745/- 6.7.2001 61 380-2150 28.20 Rs.1800/- Trivandrum for export. 7.7.2001 20 320-410 11.95 Rs.2000/- Reported by:L. Chidambaram, PC of CMFRI, Pondicherry

Unusual landings of'lilue spotted job fish", Prist^fornoidesftUunentosus 1014 (Val.) by the hand operated hooks and lines at New Ferry Wharf

New Ferry Wharf landing centre is one of the netters, dol netters and purse seiners. It was un- major landing centres in Maharashtra where sual to note that two hand operated hooks and lin abiQut 95'!n of total annual fish catch is landed by ers landed huge catch of "blue spotted job fish" on mechanised trawlers and the reinaining by gill 22/03/2002. On enquiry it was understood that

1 1 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T& E Ser., No 174, 2002 Unusual landings of Lates calcarifer by shoreseine at 1012 Venkatarayapur in Gai^ani District, Orrissa

An unusually large quantity of Lates calcarifer realised Rs.2,99,000/-. It was a rare occurrence was caught in a single shore seine (Peddavala) at in this region. Local fishermen claimed that they Venkatarayapur on 2-2-2002 around 13.00 to 14.00 used to get only one or two Lates calcarifer hy hook hrs, operated at a distance of 1 to 1.5 kms and 6 to and lines, gill net (Pandu vala) or shore seine. The 8 mt depth . About 62 Lates calcarifer, each weigh local peo])le informed that similar landing of about ing 18.00 kg was caught in a single operation. Each 90 Lates calcarifer-was reported from New Boxipe- specimen realised Rs.2,500/- and the entire catch ta during 1998. was sold for Rs. 1,55,000/-. On the same day an other shore seine caught 130 fish weighing 3700 Reported by: S.V. Subbarao, Gopalpur Field Cen kgs of Lates calcarifer at the same centre, which tre of CMFRI, Gopalpur

A note on the heavy landings of the Indian squid at 1013 Pondicherry Fisheries Harbour

The Indian squid Loligo duvaucelli locally called "oosikanavai" landed at Pondicherry fish eries harbour by trawlers, which is a new record in this area. Usually, the trawlers were operat ing along the Pondicherry coast only for fishes and prawns, but on 5th, 6th and 7th of July 2001, heavy landings of 'Loligo duvaucelli' from the, trawlers was observed with the catch particu lars as given below. Loligo duvaucelli The catch comprised of large sized squids Table. Catch particulars of squids with their total mantle length ranging from 157 Fishing ground: Off Periakalapet - 248 mm. All the squids landed were either in Depth Range: 17-18 Fathoms the ripe or partially spent (85%) stage which in Date Effort Catch Total estimated Price / dicates their peak spawning period. One multi- (trawl I^ange catch of Box day trawler captured the maximum quantity of unit) (K^ squids in (50 Kg) metric tonnes 2150 kg. and sold for Rs.77,400. The entire catch was carried to Chennai, Cochin and 5,7,2001 22 350-1150 18.30 Rs.1745/- 6,7,2001 61 380-2150 28.20 Rs,1800/- Trivandrum for export. 7.7,2001 20 320-410 11.95 Rs,2000/- Reported by: L. Chidambaram, FC of CMFRI, Pondicherry

Unusual landings of'*blue spotted job fish**, Prist^HjmoidesftUmwntosus 1014 (Val.) by the hand operated hooks and lines at New Ferry Wharf

New Ferry Wharf landing centre is one of the netters, dol netters and purse seiners. It was un- major landing centres in Maharashtra where sual to note that two hand operated hooks and lin about QS'Xi of total annual fish catch is landed by ers landed huge catch of "blue spotted job fish" on mechanised trawlers and the remaining by gill 22/03/2002. On enciuiiy it was understood that

1 1 Mur. Fish. In/or. Serv., T& E Ser., No 174, 2002 Unusual landings of Lates calcarifer by shoreseine at 1012 Venkatarayapur in Ganjatn District, Orrissa

A note on the heavy landings of the Indian squid at 1013 Pondicherry Fisheries Harbour

The Indian sc[uid Loligo duvaucelli locally called "oosikanavai" landed at Pondicherry fish eries harbour by trawlers, which is a new record in this area. Usually, the trawlers were operat ing along the Pondicherry coast only for fishes and prawns, but on 5th, 6th and 7th of July 2001, heavy landings of 'Loligo duvaucelli' from the, trawlers was observed with the catch particu lars as given below. Loligo duvaucelli The catch comprised of large sized squids Table. Catch particulars of squids with their total mantle length ranging from 157 Fishing ground: Off Periakalapet - 248 mm. All the squids landed were either in Depth Range: 17-18 Fathoms the ripe or partially spent (85%) stage which in Date Effort Catch Total estimated Price / dicates their peak spawning period. One multi- (trawl Range catch of Box day trawler captured the maximum quantity of unit) (Kg) squids in (50 Kg) 2150 kg. and sold for Rs.77,400. The entire metric tonnes catch was carried to Chennai, Cochin and 5,7,2001 22 350-1150 18.30 Rs,1745/- 6,7,2001 61 380-2150 28.20 Rs.1800/- Trivandrum for export. 7,7,2001 20 320-410 11.95 Rs.2000/- Reported by:L. Chidambaram, EC of CMFRI, Pondicherry

Unusual landings of "blue spotted job fish**, Prist^tomoidesflUxmentosus 1014 (Val.) by the hand operated hooks and lines at New Ferry Wharf

New Ferry Wharf landing centre is one of the netters, dol netters and purse seiners. It was un- major landing centres in Maharashtra where sual to note that two hand operated hooks and lin about 95'Mj of total annual fish catch is landed by ers landed huge catch of "blue spotted job fish" on mechanised trawlers and the remaining by gill 22/03/2002, On enquiry it was understood that

1 1 Mar. Fish. Infnr. Serv., T& E Ser, No. 1 74, 2002 the fishing crafts namely Vijayannum and Yeco- Male : Female ratio was 1 ;0.6. Out of 27 females nia with 11 and 10 crew respectively had set out examined 20 were in resting stage and the re for fishing about 12 days and 7 days earlier to reach maining in developing condition. fishing ground off Ratnagiri at a depth of 120-150 The entire fish catch was sold by auction at metres. The catch comprised exclusively of Pris- the landing centre for Rs.3,00,000/- at a rate of tipomoides fila- Rs.30/- per kg. mentosus. The toal The fishes caught catch was about 6 w ^ -^ by hooks and •F*^ m t from Vijayan -.7 ^ rtfltlM -^ lines are mainly num and 4 t from ^ . MAAAtdiM PP^^^OT sharks, rays, ^^^^m 1 Yeconia with a ^^^fjm^ skates, catfishes, catch per hour of 1^^^ ^^9M eel, tuna etc. How 41.67 and 27.20 f ever, sudden M'> kgs respectively. catch of this spe The number of ;:i% ^^M %ii cies by hand oper tmii^m^KKm hooks operated :'A} , , Pristipomoides filamentosus ated hooks and were 2vS0 and 200 lines has gener respectively. The ated interest operations were carried out during the day time among the fishermen and fish merchants. Pres only. The bait used were mainly small pieces of ently 12-15 hand operated hooks and lines, mech cuttle fish, squids and tuna. The weight of the anised crafts from Knyakumari, Tamil Nadu are fish ranged from 1.850 to 3.450 kg. Length meas engaged in fishing at Ratnagiri, Shrivardhan and urements were taken for 72 fishes which ranged Mumbai region. from 58 to 74 cm. About 70'/() of gut content con- sisteci of cephalopods. Unidentified digested mat Reported by: K.B. Waghmare and Thakurdas, ter and mud constituted the remaining 30%. Mumbai Research Centre of CMFRI, Mumbai

Observations on whale shark Rhineodon typus (Smith) caught 1015 at Pamban Palk Bay and Glilf of Mannar

A male whale shark Rhineodon typus of 688 ing centre. The whale shark was estimated to cm in total length cauglit in a No.4 gill net was weigh around 1.5 tonnes. The fisliing ground was landed on 20-01 -2001 at Pambcin light house land 40 km northeast from tlie landing centre at a

I'able 1. Morphometric measurements of the whale sharks (in cm) Pamban Light house Pamban Therkuvadi Date of Catch 20-10-2001 16-01 -2002 Total lengtli (tip of snout to tij) of caudal fin) 688 1068 Length from tip of snout to origin of pectoral fin 150 205 Length from tip of snout to spiracle 95 Length from tip of snout to first gill opening 98 150 Length from tip of snout to last gill opening 145 220 Length of u))per caudal fiuke 175 225 Lengtli of lower caudal fiuke 75 130 Eye diameter 4.5 Head length 240 Widtli of spirac-le 5 Weight 1.5 tonnes 3 tonnes

12 Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew., T & E Ser, No 174, 2002 Unusual landings of Lates calcarifer by shoreseine at 1012 Venkatarayapur in Gasjam District, Orrissa

A note on the heavy landings of the Indian squid at 1013 Pondicherry Fisheries Harbour

The Indian squid Loligo duvaucelli locally called "oosikanavai" landed at Pondicherry fish eries harbour by trawlers, which is a new record in this area. Usually, the trawlers were operat ing along the Pondicherry coast only for fishes and prawns, but on 5th, 6th and 7th of July 2001, heavy landings of 'Loligo duvaucelli' from the, trawlers was observed with the catch particu lars as given below. Loligo duvaucelli The catch comprised of large sized squids Table. Catch particulars of squids with their total mantle length ranging from 157 Fishing ground: Off Periakalapet - 248 mm. All the squids landed were either in Depth Range: 17-18 Fathoms the ripe or partially spent (85%) stage which in Date Effort Catch Total estimated Price / dicates their peak spawning period. One multi- (trawl catch of Box day trawler captured the maximuin quantity of unit) (Kg) squids in (50 Kg) metric tonnes 2150 kg. and sold for Rs.77,400. The entire catch was carried to Chennai, Cochin and 5,7.2CX)1 22 350-1150 18.30 Rs.1745/- 6.7.2001 61 380-2150 28.20 Rs.1800/- Trivandrum for export. 7.7.2001 20 320-410 11.95 Rs.2000/- Reported by:L. Chidambaram, FC of CMFRI, Pondicherry

Unusual landings of''blue spotted job fish**, Prtet^pomoidlet/llaifienlosus 1014 (Val.) by the hand operated hooks and lines at New Feny Wharf

New Ferry Whcirf landing centre is one of the netters, dol netters and purse seiners. It was un- major landing centres in Maharashtra where sual to note that two hand operated hooks and lin about 95% of total annual fish catch is landed by ers landed huge catch of "blue spotted job fish" on mechanised trawlers and the remaining by gill 22/03/2002. On enquiry it was understood that

1 1 Mar. FiRh. Infor. Sew., T& E Ser., No. 174, 2002 the fishing crafts namely Vijayannum and Yeco- Male : Female ratio was 1:0.6. Out of 27 females nia with 11 and 10 crew respectively had set out examined 20 were in resting stage and the re for fishing about 12 days and 7 days earlier to reach maining in developing condition. fishing ground ofFRatnagiri at a depth of 120-150 The entire fish catch was sold by auction at metres. The catch comprised exclusively of Pns- the landing centre for Rs.3,00,000/- at a rate of tipomoides fila- Rs.30/- per kg. mentosus. The toal The fishes caught catch was about 6 by hooks and t from Vijayan lines are mainly num and 4 t from sharks, rays, Yeconia with a skates, catfishes, catch per hour of eel, tuna etc. How 41.67 and 27.20 ever, sudden kgs respectively. catch of this spe The number of cies by hand oper hooks operated Pristipomoides filamentosus ated hooks and were 250 and 200 lines has gener respectively. The ated interest operations were carried out during the day time among the fishermen and fish merchants. Pres only. The bait used were mainly small pieces of ently 12-15 hand operated hooks and lines, mech cuttle fish, squids and tuna. The weight of the anised crcifts from Knyakumari, Tamil Nadu are fish ranged from 1.850 to 3.450 kg. Length meas engaged in fishing at Ratnagiri, Shrivardhan and urements were taken for 72 fishes which ranged Mumbai region. from 58 to 74 cm. About 70% of gut content con sisted of cephalopods. Unidentified digested mat Reported by: K.B. Waghmare and Thakurdas, ter and mud constituted the remaining 30%. Mumbai Research Centre of CMFRI, Mumbai

Observations on whale shark Rhineodon typus (Smith) caught 1015 at Pamban Palk Bay and Giilf of Mannar

A male whale shark Rhineodon typus of 688 ing centre. The whale shark was estimated to cm in total length caught in a No.4 gill net was weigh around 1.5 tonnes. The fishing ground was landed on 20-01 -2001 at Pamban light house land 40 km northeast from the landing centre at a

Table 1. Morphometric measurements of the whale sharks (in cm) Pamban Light house Pamban Therkuvadi Date of Catch 20-10-2001 16-01-2002 Total length (tip of snout to tip of caudal fin) 688 1068 Length from tip of snout to origin of pectoral fin 150 205 Length from tip of snout to spiracle 95 Length from tip of snout to first gill opening 98 150 Length from tip of snout to last gill opening 145 220 Length of upper caudal fluke 175 225 Length of lower caudal fluke 75 130 Eye diameter 4.5 Head length 240 Width of spiracle 5 Weight 1.5 tonnes 3 tonnes 12 Mar. Fish. In/or. Seru., T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002

depth of 14 to 16 metres. As there was no demand for its flesh the whale shark was sold for Rs.700/- for oil extraction. Another male whale shark measuring 1068 cm in total length and weighing around 3 tonnes was caught in the pair trawl net at Pamban Therkuvadi, Gulf of Mannar on 16-01-2002 from 18 m depth. It was sold for Rs.l200/- for oil ex Whale shark Rhineodon typus landed at traction. The morphometric measurements of the Pamban-Therkuvadi whale sharks are given in Table 1.

Reported by: C. Kasinathan, K. Muniyahdi, M. Bose and A. Gandhi, R.C. of CMFRI, Mandapam camp

A note on jelly fish collection An alternate source of income 1016 to the east coast fishermen

Seasonal abundance of jelly fish in the east ority to collect jelly fishes than regular fishing coast is one of the valuable raw materials for the activities. It provides income and additional em food processing and exports industries. The vast ployment opportunities to the fishermen by way resources of the same have been properly uti of cleaning and processing. The processing in lized by the east coast fishermen and export en dustries are functioning in the fishing villages terprises in the recent years. By virtue of its ex such as Nadukuppam, Anichankuppam, Mu- port potential fishermen of this locality give pri- daliarkuppam, Chettinagar. Anumandaikuppam,

Processing of jelly fish Processed jelly fish

Name of the fishing village Allotted Quantity (in numbers) rate/jelly fish Man power/ unit Nadukuppam 1200 Rs.0.80 (only umbrella) Anichankuppam 1600 Rs.1.10 5 Mudaliarkuppam 1600 Rs.1.05 5 Chettinagar 1050 Rs.1.10 • 4 Komuttichavadikuppam 840 Rs.1.10 4 Eggikuppam 730 Rs.1.10 5

13 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T &E Ser., No. 174, 2002 depth of 14 to 16 metres. As there was no demand for its flesh the whale shark was sold for Rs.700/- for oil extraction. Another male whale shark measuring 1068 cm in total length and weighing around 3 tonnes was caught in the pair trawl net at Pamban Therkuvadi, Gulf of Mannar on 16-01-2002 from 18 m depth. It was sold for Rs.l200/- for oil ex

Whale shark Rhineodon typus landed at traction. The morphometric measurements of the Pamban-Therkuvadi whale sharks are given in Table 1.

Reported by: C. Kasinathan, K. Muniyandi, M. Bose and A. Gandhi, R.C. of CMFRI, Mandapam camp

A note on jelly fish collection - An alternate source of income 1016 to the east coast fishermen

Processing of jelly fish Processed jelly fish

Name of the fishing village Allotted Quantity (in numbers) rate/jelly fish Man power/ unit Nadukuppam 1200 Rs.0.80 (only umbrella) Anichankuppam 1600 Rs.1.10 5 Mudaliarkuppam 1600 Rs.1.05 5 Chettinagar 1050 Rs.1.10 4 Koniuttichavadikuppam 840 Rs.1.10 4 Eggiikuppam 730 Rs.1.10 5

13 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T& E Ser., No. 174, 2002

Komuttichavadikuppam, Pudurkuppam, Eggikup- collect the maximum number of jelly fish. After pam since September 2001. deducting the fuel charges and the 3% village share, the net income was equally divided among Depending upon the processing capacity of the the craft owners and labourers in 1:1 ratio. industry and availability of labour, the panchayat authorities will make decisions to allocate their Prepared by: L. Chidambaram, Field Centre of village's fishing unit as given above in order to CMFRI, Pondicherry

Instances of dead olive ridley turtles washed ashore along 1017 Palasa, North Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh

Large, dead olive ridley turtles each weighing Landing centre No. of dead turtles recorded about 35.50 kg with carapace length of 60-72 cm were found washed ashore along Palasa, North Althada 15 Srikakulam on 2.2.2002 and 3.2.2002. The ap Kothapeta 23 proximate number dead turtles found at different Kambalarayudupeta 45 centres are as follows. Hukumpeta 68 Similarly, on enquiiy it was informed that, 35 Manchinelapeta 72 to 65 dead olive ridley turtles were also washed Nuwallarevu 125 ashore along Dokalapadu to Donkuru in all land Chinna Kothuru 38 ing centres during the same period. Thus the number of dead turtles washed ashore appears to were mainly caught entangled in a recently in be high. They were already in putrefied condition. troduced Tekuvala (Bottom set gill net) along Go- palapur-Puri area. On the basis of enquiry it has been inferred that the dead turtles were coming from Gopal- Reported by: V. Achuta Rao, Regional Centre of apur-Puri area. It was also understood that they CMFRI, Visakhapatnam

On a female devil ray Manta bitostris (Walbuam) entangled in 1018 bottom set gill net at Kelwa-Dandupada, Maharashtra

On 24-09-02 one female giant devil ray Manta The ray measured 594cm across the disc, birostris (locally called "Ulack") was entangled in weighed about 1500 kg and was auctioned for a bottom set gill net at about 16.00 hrs from a Rs.6000/-. The specimen was a pregnant female depth of 45-50m, off Kelwa-Dandarpada, Mahar with one male embryo weighing about 5 kg. The ashtra. other morphological characters were as follows. Disc width 594 cm Disc length 417 cm Width of mouth 106 cm Weight 1500 kg Sex Female Tail length 92 cm Length of cepha ic horn 60 cm

Reported by: Umesh H. Ra.ne, Field Centre of Rear view of Manta birosstris (Walbuam) CMFRI, Dahanu

14 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv.. T& E Ser., No. 174, 2002 Komuttichavadikuppam, Pudurkuppam, Eggikup- collect the maximum number of jelly fish. After pam since September 2001. deducting the fuel charges and the 3% village share, the net income was equally divided among Depending upon the processing capacity of the • the craft owners and labourers in 1:1 ratio. industry and availability of labour, the panchayat authorities will make decisions to allocate their Prepared by: L. Chidambaram, Field Centre of village's fishing unit as given above in order to CMFRI, Pondicherry

Instances of dead olive ridley turtles washed ashore along 1017 Palasa, North Srifcakulam, Andhra Pradesh

On a female devil ray Mania Mrostris (WaXbuam) entanifled in 1018 bottom set gUl net at Kelwa-Dandarpada, Maharashtra

On 24-09-02 one female giant devil ray Manta The ray measured 594cm across the disc, birostris (locally called "Ulack") was entangled in weighed about 1500 kg and was auctioned for a bottom set gill net at about 16.00 hrs from a Rs.6000/-. The specimen was a pregnant female depth of 45-50m, off Kelwa-Dandarpada, Mahar with one male embryo weighing about 5 kg. The ashtra. ofher morphological characters were as follows. Disc width 594 cm Disc length 417 cm Width of mouth 106 cm Weight 1500 kg Sex Female Tail length 92 cm Length of cephalic horn 60 cm

Reported by: Umesh H. Rane, Field Centre of Rear view of Manta birosstris (Walbuam) CMFRI, Dahanu

14 Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv.. T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002

Komuttichavadikuppam, Pudurkuppam, Eggikup- collect the maximum number of jelly fish. After pam since September 2001. deducting the fuel charges and the 3% village share, the net income was equally divided among Depending upon the processing capacity of the • the craft owners and labourers in 1:1 ratio. industry and availability of labour, the panchayat authorities will make decisions to allocate their Prepared by: L. Chidambaram, Field Centre of village's fishing unit as given above in order to CMFRI, Pondicherry

Instances of dead olive ridley turtles washed ashore along 1017 Palasa, North Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh

On a female devil ray Manta Mrostris (WaXbuam) entangled in 1018 bottom set gill net at Kelwa-Dandarpada, Bilaharashtra

On 24-09-02 one female giant devil ray Manta The ray measured 594cm across the disc, birostris (locally called "Ulack") was entangled in weighed about 1500 kg and was auctioned for a bottom set gill net at about 16.00 hrs from a Rs.6000/-. The specimen was a pregnant female depth of 45-50m, off Kelwa-Dandarpada, Mahar with one male embryo weighing about 5 kg. The ashtra. o^her morphological characters were as follows. Disc width 594 cm Disc length 417 cm Width of mouth 106 cm Weight 1500 kg Sex Female Tail length 92 cm Length of cephalic horn 60 cm

Reported by: Umesh H. Rane, Field Centre of Rear view of Manta birosstris (Walbuam) CMFRI, Dahanu

14 Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew., T&E Ser., No. 174, 2002 1019 -4iki»ok!US«li^

BIBILIOGRAPHY OF THE GULF OF MANNAR

Size 1/4 crown size cies of finfishes, 171 species of seaweeds 52 spe No. of Pages 204 pages cies of seagrasses besides seasonally migratory marine mammals like whales, dolphins, porpois Binding Perfect Laminated Cover es, dugongs and all the species of turtles. This Publishing by Central Marine Fisheries habitat holds vast patches of mangroves belong Research Institute ing to 9 species of vegetation along with the sup Cochin-682 014 porting fauna. A large number of taxonomic, bio Publication CMFRI Special Publication logical, ecological studies on coral reefs, man Number, 74 groves, seaweeds, seagrasses, sponges, corals, November 2002 gorgonids, polychaetes, crustaceans, bivalves, Price Rs.200/- gastropods, echinoderms and fishes of the Gulf of (Rupees two hundred only) Mannar have been made by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute and other organi Printed at Global Press, Adyar, zations. The publication entitled "Bibilography of Chennai - 600 020 the Gulf of Mannar" forms part of the ICMAM (In The Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve tegrated Coastal Marine Area Management) (GOMMBR) is India's first national marine Park. project, Chennai ('Development of GIS based in The development of marine fisheries in the Gulf formation system for critical habitats in the coast of Mannar ecosystem requires thorough knowl al marine areas - Collection of quantitative and edge on the relative abundance of various com qualitative data on fisheries - Gulf of Mannar"), mercially exploitable finfish, shellfish and other under the Department of Ocean Development, organisms and their biology for Government of India during designing appropriate man 1998-2002. agement strategies for sus In the present CMFRI Spe tainable production besides cial Publication, all the relevant conserving the marine biodi literatures have been compiled versity. In order to document author-wise, subject-wise and the information base on these in alphabetical order. The en aspects from the Gulf of Man tire Bibliography is printed on nar in Tamilnadu, an attempt imported art paper. This com is made to compile all the pub prehensive volume of referenc lished informations in the es would be useful for the sci form of a special publication. entists, planners, resource This ecosystem supports a managers, policy makers, fish wide spectra of flora and fau eries development organiza na of taxonomic and econom tions, teachers and students ic importance. They comprise within this country and abroad. of 128 species of corals, 241 MARINE FISHEDIES RfSEARCH » I do Cou lo(Aq''cui1ur nt t^'^" species of crustaceans, 731 P its No 1603 ToKpu ci P'_ tnokoqj Loci 68?0I4^1NDI^ Reviewed by: N.G. Menon, species of molluscs, 441 spe CMFRI, Kochi Mar. Fish. Infor. Sen/., T& E Ser., No. 174, 2002

CONSULTANCY PROCESSING CELL CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN

• Coastal zone and marine environment monitoring, environment impact assessment, biodiversity. • Fisheries-fishing impact assessment, underwater investigation, stock as sessment, fishery forecasting, remote sensing, conservation and man agement, socio-economic evaluation. • Coastal aquaculture-shellfish & finfish farming systems, hatchery tech nology, sea ranching and

• Trainings

The Director CENTRAL MARINForE FISHERIE details, writeS RESEARC to H INSTITUTE P.B. No. 1603, Cochin 682 014, Kerala, INDIA Telephone: (0484) 394867, 394357, 393192, 394794 Telegram : CADALMIN, ERNAKULAM. Fax : 0091-0484-394909 e-mail : [email protected]

Paphia malabarica the main clam resource of Ashtamudi Lake

16 The Marine Fisheries Information Service : Technical and Extension Series envisages dissemination of information on marine fishery resources based on research results to the planners, industry and fish farmers and transfer of technology from laboratory to field.

Abbreviation - Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., No. 174 : October, November, December, 2002

CONTENTS

Article No. Article Title Pages

1007 Clam resource in the Ashtamudi Lake, a tropical estuary in southern India: Management and conservation concerns.... 1 1008 Present status of seahorses fishing along the Palk Bay coast of Tamilnadu 5 1009 Variations in biomass of the brown mussel Perna indica in recently settled areas along the south-west coast of India 8 1010 Exploitation of windowpane oyster PZacunapZacenta (Linnaeus) at Vellapatti area near Tuticorin 9 1011 On the occurrence of sunfish along Tuticorin coast in Gulf of Mannar 10 1012 Unusual landings of Lates calcarifer hy shoreseine at Venkatarayapur in Ganjam District, Orrissa 11 1013 A note on the heavy landings of the Indian squid at Pondicherry Fisheries Harbour v 11 1014 Unusual landings of "blue spotted job fish", Pristipomoides filamentosus (Val.) by the hand operated hooks and lines at New Ferry Wharf 11 1015 Observations on whale shark Rhineodon typus (Smith) caught at Pamban Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar 12 1016 A note on jelly fish collection - An alternate source of income to the east coast fishermen 13 1017 Instances of dead olive ridley turtles washed ashore along Palasa, North Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh 14 1018 On a female devil ray Manta birostris (Walbuam) entangled in

bottom set gill net at Kelwa-Dandarpada, Maharashtra 14

1019 Book Review 15

Front Cover Photo : Hippocampus kuda

Edited by Dr. N.G. Menon and Mr. N. Venugopal. Pubhshed by Dr. N.G. Menon on behalf of the Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Tatapuram P.O., Cochin - 682 014, India. Printed at St. Francis Press, Kochi - 18. Phone: 391456. ^ficfHT f^ff^ : ^.Tn.^.^., cT cf fcT. 3icfJ ^ ; 174 : 3Tcf^, ^^TcfWY, f^^JR?, 2002

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TRT^^: #fTcft ^ftelT ^ft.^. sfR #fT?ft t. ^iRlcbdl W^m^: f^T^^Ff), ^-^Jl^l ^fT^ Mif?l^*n 3T^£TFT m^m, 4^.^. ^: 1603, eidli^NlH ^.3fr., cfMN - 682 014 ^fcHJ ^ xr^.^. ^^^ sTRT y*|f^|d ^5^1^: #^ WV€i^ ^, cfTff^ - 682 018. Wt^. 391456 "B.m.^.^., nwf^, 3f^ W : 174, 2002

1007

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