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Egypt (Person) Only Subjugated the Israelites but Reduced Them to the Second of the Four Sons of Ham Mentioned in Poverty for 18 Years

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Egypt (Person) Only Subjugated the Israelites but Reduced Them to the Second of the Four Sons of Ham Mentioned in Poverty for 18 Years 467 Eglon (Place) 468 ites, thereby magnifying his importance. He not Egypt (Person) only subjugated the Israelites but reduced them to The second of the four sons of Ham mentioned in poverty for 18 years. Ehud (Ioud, Ιδης) told him Gen 10 : 6 is called Miṣrayim (Egypt). As the de- that he had a dream to disclose to him by order of scendents of Ham are regarded as the forebears of God, which made him leap from his throne in joy. the southern peoples, Miṣrayim is a personification In the few rabbinic sources that mention him, of the land of Egypt. He is also the father of Ludim, however, he is largely redeemed. He is taken to be Anamim, Lehabim, and Naphtuhim (Gen 10 : 13), the father (or grandfather) of virtuous Ruth and of which may also be regarded as personifications of Orpah. Always anxious to discover genealogical peoples and tribes situated in Libya and around links between biblical characters, the midrash as- Memphis (Naphtuhim). sumes that upper class Bethlehemites like Elime- Bibliography: ■ Lipin´ ski, É., “Les Chamites selon Gen lech’s sons would only have married Moabite 10,6–10 et 1Chr 1,8–16,” ZAH 3 (1990) 40–53. ■ Winnett, women if they were royalty. Thus the women must F. V., “The Arabian Genealogies in the Book of Genesis,”in be the daughters of Eglon, the Moabite king known Translating & Understanding the Old Testament,FSH.G.May from Judges. He is honored with Ruth as a daugh- (ed. H. T. Frank/W. L. Reed; Nashville, Tenn. 1970) 171– ter as a reward for his having honored God. Though 96. the biblical text has Eglon rise from his seat when Mareike V. Blischke Ehud approaches, the midrash reads this as an ac- See also /Ham (Person) knowledgment of God: “Rising from your throne in deference to Me [Judg 3 : 20], you accorded me honor. As you live I shall cause to rise out of you a Egypt Exploration Society son [i.e., David] whom I will seat on My throne” /Institutes of Near Eastern Research (RutR 2 : 4). Another midrash links Solomon, who “sat on the throne of the Lord” (1 Chr 29 : 23) as Eglon’s reward for having arisen from his seat (e.g., Egypt, Ancient bSan 60a). Still another tradition makes Eglon the grandfa- I. History and Civilization II. Hebrew Bible/ Old Testament ther of Goliath through Orpah. Because Orpah had III. New Testament led a profligate life, Goliath was jeered at as “the IV. Judaism son of a hundred fathers and one mother.” So com- V. Christianity bining these traditions, it would appear that Eglon VI. Islam was the ancestor of both David and Goliath reflect- VII. Literature ing perhaps the ongoing Jewish ambivalence about VIII. Visual Arts IX. Music David’s Moabite ancestry. X. Film Bibliography: ■ Bialik, H.N./Y. H. Ravnitzky (eds.), The Book of Legends: Sefer ha-Aggadah (trans. W. G. Braude; New York I. History and Civilization 1992); trans. of id., Sefer ha-Aggadah, 6 parts in 3 vols. ■ History ■ The Jews in Egypt during the Second (Krakow 1907–10). ■ Ginzberg, L., The Legends of the Jews,7 Temple and Hellenistic Period ■ Christianity in Egypt vols. (Philadelphia, Pa. 1909–38). [See vol. 4] ■ Rabinowitz, (Until 500 CE) ■ Archaeology ■ Texts ■ Society L. (trans.), Midrash Rabbah: Ruth (London 1939). ■ Religion ■ Culture and Arts ■ Relations with Syro- Robert L. Cohn Palestine See also /Ehud; /Ehud and Eglon, Story of A. History Early Dynastic (2920–2575 BCE). History begins with written records. Written records presuppose a soci- Eglon (Place) ety that is sufficiently large and specialized to have Eglon is the name of a Canaanite royal city de- a scribal class. Egypt has one of the earliest societies stroyed by the Israelites (Josh 10 : 34–35) and allot- keeping records. Before the advent of writing, a ted then to the tribe of Judah (Josh 15 : 39). Its loca- number of different cultures are present in the Nile tion is uncertain. The identification with Tell el-Hesi valley. Writing appears at the beginning of a uni- is disputed. Other candidates are Tell Beit Mirsim fied state, the founding of Memphis, and burial of and Tell Aitun. rulers at Abydos. Most developments in Egyptian civilization ■ Bibliography: Blakely, J. A./F. L. Horton, “On Site Identi- seem to be native, but indications of Mesopotamian fications Old and New: The Example of Tell el-Hesi,” Near influence include decorative clay cones, niched fa- Eastern Archaeology 64/1–2 (2001) 24–36. cades on monumental architecture, cylinder seals, Klaas Spronk Sumerian style dress in iconography, and fantastical See also /Eton, Tel beasts with intertwining necks. Contact with the Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception vol. 7 Authenticated | [email protected] © Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, 2013 Download Date | 1/19/19 4:54 PM 469 Egypt, Ancient 470 Levant occurs early and conflict is attested as early controlled by Pharaohs with Egyptian names. The as the First Dynasty king Den. 13th Dynasty depicted itself as a continuation of Old Kingdom (2575–2134 BCE). The Early Dynastic the Middle Kingdom, but the individual kings of- Period ends when Egyptian society reached a state ten had very short reigns. One of the surviving pa- of organization such that it could erect truly mas- pyri from the 13th Dynasty shows an influx of for- sive structures: the pyramids. The first pyramid was eigners at the beginning of the dynasty. The 14th the step pyramid of Djoser. Later pharaohs, such as Dynasty in the delta had fewer rulers, and they have Sneferu, Cheops, Chephren, and Mycerinus, devel- Semitic names. The 14th Dynasty is followed by the oped the design further. The manpower necessary 15th Dynasty which is the only dynasty specifically for constructing the pyramids entailed placing a 2.5 labeled as Hyksos. The 17th Dynasty, which fol- ton stone every two–three minutes for the entire lowed the 13th, fought against the 15th Dynasty reign of the king. This required the organization of and eventually turned into the 18th Dynasty and construction crews, levying of corvey labor, requisi- the New Kingdom. tioning of supplies. Sources for the Second Intermediate Period are Conflict with the Levant was regular through- more fragmentary (Ryholt), either because they pro- out the Old Kingdom starting in the 4th Dynasty. duced less historical material or because later Egyp- First Intermediate Period (2134–2040 BCE). Although tian regimes (particularly the 18th Dynasty) deliber- later propaganda depicts the First Intermediate Pe- ately effaced the records of the time. If the biblical riod as a time of chaos, the contemporary documen- figure of Abraham carries the memory of the influx tation tells a different story. Archaeologically there of Semites into Egypt at the beginning of the Sec- was a rise in prosperity. Instead of wealth being ond Intermediate Period, a person like Abraham concentrated in the capital, places away from the likely would have interacted with the delta phar- capital show increased affluence. aohs of the 14th Dynasty, who have scarcely left even their names. The systematic destruction of Middle Kingdom (2040–1640 BCE). At the end of the 14th and 15th Dynasty material by the later 18th First Intermediate Period, a family of rulers from Thebes reunited Egypt by conquest under Nebhepe- Dynasty have made historical reconstruction diffi- tre Mentuhotep II. His line soon ended and the vi- cult. zier Amenemhet became the Pharaoh starting the New Kingdom (1550–1070 BCE). Toward the end of 12th Dynasty. the Second Intermediate Period, rulers from Thebes Amenemhet I was assassinated, but his son Se- launched a concerted campaign to expel the Hyksos sostris I succeeded to the throne. Sesostris ex- rulers. Thutmosis I invaded the Levant beginning panded the borders especially to the south in Nu- an Egyptian empire specifically modeled after the bia, which served as a conduit for exotic goods from Middle Kingdom (his throne name meant “great is Africa, and gave Egypt access to the Nubian gold Sesostris I”). Thutmosis III expanded and consoli- mines (the word Nubia comes from the Egyptian dated the empire stretching from the 5th Cataract term for gold). Sesostris I showed little tolerance of the Nile in Nubia to the Euphrates. This empire for religious practices that deviated from his idea of continued through the reign of Ramses II. Egypt what was proper, e.g., burning priests alive if they was at the height of its wealth and power. The El did not follow the rites properly. Amenemhet II is Amarna tablets show an empire of squabbling petty noted for his foundation deposit at Tod which con- kinglets with a minimal military presence. Starting tained silver Mycenaean Kamares ware and Ur III in under Ramses II, invasions first by the Hittites lapis lazuli cylinder seals, showing the import of and then by the Sea Peoples and the Libyans forced luxury items. Egypt to relinquish its empire and defend its bor- During the reign of Sesostris III (or possibly Se- ders. About the same time, they lost their gold sostris II), Egypt invaded the Upper Levant and mines in Nubia. By that point, Egypt tended to took over Byblos, and Ulaza (Allen). Egyptian back the loser in international conflicts. Towards sphinxes dating from the reign of Amenemhet III the end of the New Kingdom, it suffered from high have been found at Aleppo and Ugarit, while Egyp- inflation and scarcity of food supplies. tian artifacts have also been found in Middle While the Bible narrates an Israelite exodus Bronze II levels at Ebla. The northern Levant seems from Egypt, this does not appear in Egyptian to have received more attention than the southern records because (1) Egyptians only recorded military Levant.
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