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58, FRONT VIEW PAVILÓN JUHOSLÁVIE NA EXPO ’58, ČELNÝ POHĽAD Source Zdroj: the Archives of Yugoslavia THE YUGOSLAV PAVILION AT EXPO ’58, FRONT VIEW PAVILÓN JUHOSLÁVIE NA EXPO ’58, ČELNÝ POHĽAD Source Zdroj: The Archives of Yugoslavia 192 VEDECKÁ ŠTÚDIA SCIENTIFIC STUDY Architectural Meanings and Their Mode of Reference – Analysis Through Publications Významy v architektúre a ich spôsoby referencie – analýza prostredníctvom publikácií Jelena Dmitrović Manojlović Tento príspevok skúma významy v architektúre a spôsob, akým referencie je koncepcia, ktorú využíva aj tento príspevok. Mu- sú prezentované v architektonických publikáciách. Významy síme však zdôrazniť, že kategórie významov, ktoré navrhujeme v architektúre sú považované za dôležité z toho dôvodu, že v tomto príspevku, sú definované na základe našej interpretácie predpokladajú, rozvíjajú a podporujú vzťah medzi človekom a porozumenia Goodmanových textov a hoci sú im podobné, nie a jeho prostredím. Príspevok pozostáva z troch základných častí. sú zhodné so skupinami významov navrhnutých Goodmanom. V prvej časti príspevku sú opísané rôzne hodnoty architekto- Budeme sa teda zaoberať navrhovanými kategóriami nických publikácií, ktoré sú následne analyzované vzhľadom významov ako „doslovný“, „obrazný“ a „symbolický“. Tie budú na rozličné časové obdobia. Publikácie, predovšetkým odborné následne porovnané a bližšie vysvetlené vo vzťahu ku kategóri- periodiká, považujeme za hodnotné predovšetkým vtedy, ak re- ám významov, ktoré navrhol významný historik umenia Erwin flektujú intelektuálne dobové prostredie (v prípade modernizmu) Panofsky. Keďže naším zámerom je analyzovať architektonické alebo na druhej strane vtedy, keď podporujú aktuálnu politickú významy výlučne vo vzťahu k ich spôsobom referencie, práve ideológiu (v prípade povojnovej Juhoslávie). Následne navrhuje- redefinícia kategórií vo vzťahu k prácam ďalších autorov sa javí me nový spôsob hodnotenia (minulých a nedávnych) publikácií ako vhodnejšia metóda než ich jednoduchá aplikácia. ako prostriedku analýzy významu v architektúre, ktorý je tu Kategórie, ktoré prezentuje tento príspevok, sa ukázali ako zdôraznený ako nová hodnota architektonických publikácií. podobné, no nie zhodné s tými, ktoré definoval Panofsky. Metóda analýzy významu v architektúre prostredníctvom Kategóriou „doslovného“ významu rozumieme význam slov a slovných spojení aplikovaných v spomínaných publi- vyjadrený akýmkoľvek druhom opisu alebo vysvetlenia. Do káciách tvorí ústrednú tému druhej časti príspevku. S cieľom tejto kategórie spadajú atribúty a doslovné významy využívané systematizovať významy prezentované v textoch, definujeme v recenziách stavieb v rámci formálnej analýzy objektu, jeho kategórie významov vo vzťahu k štyrom skupinám významov kompozície alebo materiálnej realizácie. Kategóriu „obrazného“ navrhnutých Nelsonom Goodmanom v jeho článku How Buil- významu spájame predovšetkým s metaforami alebo asociácia- dings Mean. Kategórie významov navrhnuté v tomto príspevku mi. Napokon, kategóriu „symbolického“ významu vnímame nie- sú vytvorené na základe potreby systematizácie. V prípade, ak len ako symboly, ale aj ako všetky druhy významov „odvodených“ tieto kategórie nie sú definované dostatočne podrobne, môžu z politického, ekonomického alebo kultúrneho kontextu stavby sa v priebehu analýzy prekrývať. V snahe vyhnúť sa tomuto či jej funkcie – inými slovami, sú to všetky významy, ktoré sú prekrývaniu, alebo ho aspoň minimalizovať, navrhujeme nanovo vzdialené, no stále ich možno budove prisudzovať. definovať Goodmanove skupiny významov, ktoré považujeme Po kategorizácii významov sa príspevok venuje metóde za nepresné. V súvislosti s jednoduchou aplikáciou a prijatím analýzy významov v architektúre (prostredníctvom ich spôsobu Goodmanových pojmov a kategórií sme totiž rozpoznali niekoľ- referencie). Zameriava sa predovšetkým na spôsob referencie vý- ko problémov. Po prvé, Goodman ako filozof používa špecifickú znamu v architektúre prostredníctvom analýzy slov a slovných terminológiu a niektoré z jeho pojmov (ako napríklad „význam“) spojení používaných vo vybraných publikáciách. iní autori používajú rozdielne a inak ich aj aplikujú v architekto- Táto metóda predpokladá extrahovanie významu od zvyšku nickom diskurze. Popri používaní špecifickej terminológie Good- textu a jeho následné kvantifikovanie, klasifikovanie a znázorne- man svoje skupiny významov čisto ilustruje aj prostredníctvom nie v grafoch. V týchto grafoch však významy nie sú vyjadrené príkladov.1 Z týchto dôvodov navrhujeme rozdielnu – jednoduch- číselne, ale skôr percentuálne (pomer počtu významov jednej šiu – terminológiu a nové definovanie jeho skupín ako kategórií, kategórie v rámci celkového súčtu), čo umožňuje sledovať vzťah ktoré budeme využívať v rámci našej analýzy významu v archi- medzi kategóriami a vzájomne ich porovnávať. tektúre. Musíme však poznamenať, že napriek nepresnostiam, Popri navrhovanej trojčlennej klasifikácii kategórií sa vyu- odlišnosti a problematickému porozumeniu, hodnota Goodma- žíva ešte ďalšia. Významy extrahované z textu sú tu rozdelené novej práce je stále nespochybniteľná vďaka jeho analytickému do ďalších dvoch kategórií – intra-architektonických významov prístupu k efemérnemu a unikajúcemu konceptu významu. Jeho a extra-architektonických významov. Táto prezentácia význa- idea ustanovenia skupín významov vo vzťahu k ich spôsobu mov má ilustrovať to, do akej miery architektúra odkazuje sama A&U 3 – 4 / 2016 193 na seba, teda na samotnú existenciu budovy či na architektonic- si tento článok nekladie za cieľ prekonať. Prvým problémom je ký teoretický diskurz (intra-architektonický význam) a do akej hodnotenie jednotlivých prisudzovaných významov. Aby sme miery je prepojená alebo sa odvoláva na „vonkajšie“ súvislosti tomuto problému predišli na samom začiatku, treba zdôrazniť, (extra-architektonické významy). V navrhovanom spôsobe ana- že naším zámerom nebolo jednotlivé významy hodnotiť. Všetky lýzy významu v architektúre, sú predmetom analýzy významy významy spomínané vo vybraných publikáciách sa stali predme- navrhované rôznymi autormi, ako aj celková suma analyzova- tom analýzy, bez ohľadu na ich hodnotu alebo pravdivosť. ných významov, a to buď prostredníctvom navrhnutých kategó- Jednako, nesnažíme sa zaujať stanovisko relativistov vyhla- rií významov (obidvoch typológií), alebo ich konotácií. sujúc, že všetky významy sú správne a pravdivé, naším zámerom Tretia časť práce pozostáva z prípadovej štúdie dvoch je analyzovať ich pomocou referenčných a definovaných kategó- budov: Pavilónu Juhoslávie na EXPO ‘58 v Bruseli a Pamätníka – rií, nie posudzovať ich hodnotu. Zbierky Pavle Beljanskeho v Novom Sade v Srbsku. Navrhovaná Druhým problémom je možný počet významov, ktorý nie je metóda analýzy je tak testovaná na špecifickom príklade týchto nikdy definitívny. Významy rozpoznané vo vybraných textoch dvoch budov, a to prostredníctvom analýzy publikácií rôznych predstavujú len zlomok z neobmedzeného rozsahu významov, autorov zaoberajúcich sa týmito objektmi. Ich texty sú analyzo- a teda predstavujú rámec možných významov, nie konečný a de- vané najprv oddelene a následne spoločne v celkovej polemike finitívny výsledok. Ďalší problém v súvislosti s našou analýzou s výsledkami analýzy. významov v architektúre môže predstavovať subjektivita. Radi Analýza významov ukázala celkovú prevahu doslovných by sme poznamenali, že cieľom tejto štúdie nie je objektivizácia významov a významov s neutrálnymi konotáciami, čo nie je a zovšeobecnenie významov, ale skôr ukážka ich rozmanitosti. prekvapujúci výsledok, ak prihliadame na povahu architekto- Treba tiež dodať, že individuálne preferencie autorov2 textov nických publikácií. No napriek predpokladateľnosti výsledku, môžu mať vplyv na výsledky analýzy. Môžu mať za následok prevaha doslovných významov tiež dokazuje Goodmanov pred- napríklad výrazne nižší počet obrazných významov v prípade, ak poklad o exemplifikácii (význam prostredníctvom doslovných autor textu dáva prednosť formálnej analýze pred interpretáciou. privlastňovacích charakteristík), ktorý je jedným z hlavných V snahe získať objektívnejšie výsledky sme preto posudzovali spôsobov priraďovania významu architektonickým objektom. recenzie napísané viacerými autormi o dvoch rôznych budovách. Analýza významov tiež ukázala vysokú mieru expresívnych Aby sa predišlo ťažkostiam ako valorizácia, neobmedzenosť významov a prítomnosť symbolických významov v prípade významov alebo subjektivita, je potrebné jasne definovať ciele obidvoch objektov. Expresívne a symbolické významy obidvoch tejto štúdie – hlavným zámerom analýzy významov prezen- budov boli tiež očakávateľné, vzhľadom na ich reprezentatívnu tovanej v tejto štúdii je skúmanie a systematizácia významov funkciu, ako aj vzhľadom na zámery architektov a investorov. uvádzaných vo vybraných architektonických publikáciách a ich Rozličné expresívne významy, ako aj rozmanitosť symbolických prezentácia vo vzťahu k ich spôsobu referencie a konotácie. Až významov pripisovaných daným budovám dokladá úspešné na- následne je jej cieľom ich valorizácia, zhrnutie, štandardizácia pĺňanie reprezentatívnej a symbolickej funkcie obidvoch stavieb. a objektivizácia. So zámerom predísť niektorým základným Rovnako, veľké množstvo intra-architektonických významov problémom s architektonickými významami, sme tiež užšie vy- jasne ilustruje mieru, do akej je význam architektonického diela medzili definíciu problému nášho výskumu. Analýza sa v tomto odvodený zo samotnej prítomnosti stavby či architektonického príspevku vzťahuje len na tie architektonické významy uvádza- diskurzu. Popritom však rovnako prítomnosť extra-architekto-
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