PROFINET IO Is Bildclearly 4: Aufbau Divided Der Into Conformance Conformance Classes Classes ("CC")

PROFINET System Description Technology and Application

Bild 1: PROFINET deckt alle Anforderungen der Automatisierungstechnik ab

HMI Controller

Security Switching Wireless Safety

Motion Robots Remote Sensors Control I/O Proxy Proxy & Drives

Other Fieldbusses Safety

Remote I/O Figure 1: PROFINET satisfi es all requirements of automation technology Introduction

The ever-shorter innovation cycles for new products is standard in the automotive industry, widely makes the continuous evolution of automation disseminated in machine building, and well-proven technology necessary. The use of fi eldbus in the food and packaging and logistics industries, technology has been a signifi cant development PROFINET has found its way into all application in the past few years. It has made it possible to areas. New application areas are constantly migrate from centralized automation systems to emerging, such as marine and rail applications decentralized ones. PROFIBUS, as the global market or even day-to-day operations, for example, in a leader, has set the benchmark here for 25 years. beverage shop. And now: the new PROFIenergy technology profi le will improve the energy balance In today's automation technology, Ethernet and in production processes. information technology (IT) are increasingly calling the shots with established standards like TCP/ PROFINET is standardized in IEC 61158 and IP and XML. Integrating information technology IEC 61784. The ongoing further development of into automation opens up signifi cantly better PROFINET off ers users a long-term view for the communication options between automation implementation of their automation tasks. systems, extensive confi guration and diagnostic For plant and machine manufacturers, the use possibilities, and network-wide service functionality. of PROFINET minimizes the costs for installation, These functions have been integral components of engineering, and commissioning. For plant owners, PROFINET from the outset. PROFINET off ers ease of plant expansion and high plant availability due to autonomously running PROFINET is the innovative open standard plant units and low maintenance requirements. for Industrial Ethernet. PROFINET satisfi es all requirements of automation technology (Figure The mandatory certifi cation for PROFINET devices 1). Whether the application involves production also ensures a high quality standard. automation, process automation, or drives (with or without functional safety), PROFINET is the fi rst choice across the board. As a technology that

PROFINET System Description I Contents

1 PROFINET at a glance...... 1 6 Optional functions...... 11 1.1 Conformance classes...... 2 6.1 Multiple access to field devices...... 12 1.2 Standardization...... 2 6.2 Extended device identification...... 12 6.3 Individual parameter server...... 12 2 Modeling and engineering...... 2 6.4 Configuration in Run...... 13 2.1 System model of a PROFINET 6.5 Time stamping...... 13 IO system...... 3 6.6 Fast start up...... 13 2.2 Device model of an IO device...... 3 6.7 Higher availability...... 13 2.3 Device descriptions...... 4 6.8 Call an engineering tool...... 14 2.4 Communication relations...... 4 7 Integration of fieldbus systems...... 14 2.5 Sddressing...... 4 2.6 Engineering of an IO system...... 5 8 Application profiles...... 15 2.7 Web integration...... 5 8.1 PROFIsafe...... 15 3 Basic functions...... 6 8.2 PROFIdrive...... 15 8.3 PROFIenergy...... 15 3.1 Cyclic data exchange...... 6 3.2 Acyclic data...... 7 9 PROFINET for Process Automation.15 3.3 Devices/network diagnostics...... 7 10 Network installation...... 16 4 Network diagnostics and 10.1 Network configuration...... 17 management...... 8 10.2 Cables for PROFINET...... 17 4.1 Network management protocol...... 8 10.3 Plug connectors...... 17 4.2 Neighborhood detection...... 8 10.4 Security...... 18 4.3 Representation of the topology...... 8 11 PROFINET Technology and 4.4 Sevice replacement...... 8 Certification...... 18 4.5 Integration of network diagnostics into the IO system diagnostics...... 9 11.1 Technology support...... 18 11.2 Tools for product development...... 19 5 Synchronous real-time...... 9 11.3 Certification test...... 19

5.1 Synchronized communication...... 9 12 PROFIBUS & PROFINET 5.2 Mixed operation...... 10 International (PI)...... 19 5.3 Optimized IRT mode...... 11 12.1 Responsibilities of PI...... 19 12.2 Literature from PI...... 20

Notes on content

This document describes all essential aspects of the of fieldbuses and other technologies, profiles, and PROFINET technology. specific process automation topics in PROFINET and describe the additional benefits for PROFINET Chapter 1 introduces PROFINET and provides systems. an overview of the market position and modular design. Chapter 10 describes relevant aspects of PROFINET networks such as topologies, cables, connectors, Chapter 2 describes the underlying models and web integration, and security. the engineering of a PROFINET system. Chapter 11 is directed at product managers and Chapters 3 to 5 cover the basic functions of provides information on product implementation PROFINET communication from the perspective of and certification. conformance classes. Chapter 12 provides information on PROFIBUS & Chapter 6 contains a brief description of optional PROFINET International, the world's largest interest functions that are used in different applications. group for industrial automation. Chapters 7 to 9 are dedicated to the integration

II PROFINET System Description 1 PROFINET at a glance

PROFINET is the communication standard for 5) High availability automation of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI). PROFINET integrates automatically reacting redundancy solutions. The defined concepts for The modular range of functions makes PROFINET media and system redundancy increase the plant a flexible solution for all applications and markets. availability significantly. With PROFINET, applications can be implemented for production and process automation, safety 6) Scalable real time applications, and the entire range of drive Communication takes place over the same cable in technology up to and including isochronous all applications, ranging from simple control tasks motion control applications. Application profiles to highly demanding motion control applications. allow optimal use of PROFINET in all areas of For high-precision closed-loop control tasks, automation engineering. deterministic and isochronous transmission of The following 10 reasons argue for the use of time-critical process data with a jitter of less than 1 PROFINET: µs is possible.

1) Ease of use 7) Expanded system structures

For plant and machine manufacturers, the use Besides the conventional automation structure of PROFINET minimizes the costs for installation, consisting of a controller and its field devices, engineering, and commissioning. hierarchical structures with intelligent field devices and the shared use of field devices and The plant owner profits from ease of plant input modules by multiple controllers can also be expansion, high plant availability, and fast and realized. efficient automation. 8) Everything on one cable 2) Flexible network topology With its integrated, Ethernet-based communication, PROFINET is 100% Ethernet compatible according PROFINET satisfies a wide range of requirements, to IEEE standards and adapts to circumstances in from data-intensive parameter assignment to the existing plant thanks to its flexible line, ring, and extremely fast I/O data transmission. PROFINET star structures and copper and fiber-optic cable thus enables automation in real-time. In addition, solutions. PROFINET saves on expensive custom PROFINET provides a direct interface to the IT level. solutions and enables wireless communication with WLAN and Bluetooth. 9) Support for energy optimization

3) Integrated diagnostics With the PROFIenergy profile integrated in PROFINET devices, the energy use in an automation PROFINET includes intelligent diagnostic concepts system can be measured using a standardized for field devices and networks. Acyclic diagnostic method and controlled by selectively switching data transmission provides important information functions on and off without additional hardware. regarding the status of devices and network, including a display of the network topology. 10) Global support

4) Integrated safety Specifications and documentation are prepared within the global PROFIBUS & PROFINET The proven PROFIsafe safety technology of International (PI) organization. Training and PROFIBUS is also available for PROFINET. The ability consulting are provided by a global network of to use the same cable for standard and safety- Competence Centers. Establishment of the proven related communication yields savings for devices, certification process ensures a high standard engineering, and setup. of quality for PROFINET products and their interoperability in plants.

PROFINET System Description 1 1.1 Conformance classes synchronization (IRT communication) and is thus the basis for isochronous applications. The scope of functions supported by PROFINET IO is Bildclearly 4: Aufbau divided der into Conformance conformance Classes classes ("CC"). The conformance classes also serve as the basis for These provide a practical summary of the various the certification and the cabling guidelines. minimum properties. A detailed description of the CCs can be found in There are three conformance classes that build the document "The PROFINET IO Conformance upon one another and are oriented to typical Classes" [7.042]. applications (Figure 2). 1.2 Standardization CC-C The PROFINET concept was defined in close CC- CC-B collaboration with end users based on standard B(PA) Ethernet according to IEEE 802 in IEC 61158 and CC-A IEC 61784. Figure 3 lists additional specifications of the functionalities in the form of different Industrial Ethernet joint profiles. These form the basis for device- or application-specific profiles. Instructions are Figure 2: Structure of conformance classes created for the necessary planning, engineering, and commissioning steps. The basics for this form CC-A provides basic functions for PROFINET IO the guidelines for engineering PROFINET systems. with RT communication. All IT services can be used without restriction. Typical applications are found, for example, in business automation. Wireless communication is specified for this class. 2 Modeling and CC-B extends the concept to include network engineering diagnostics via IT mechanisms as well as topology information. The system redundancy function This section presents the models of a PROFINET IO important for process automation is contained in system and uses an example planning process to an extended version of CC-B named CC-B(PA). describe the addressing options. CC-C describes the basicBild functions Neu: for devices Normung, with die aufeinander aufbaut hardware-supported bandwidth reservation and

Media redundancy PROFIsafe Application profile n PROFIdrive guideline PROFIenergy Application profile n Sequence of events System redundancy Application profile n Configuration RUN in Controller to controller IRT engineering guideline

Topology GSDML PN IO engineering - Protocol and discovery - Service guideline Conformance Classes and Application classes - Profile Diagnosis guideline

IEC IETF Standard Standards

Ethernet Figure 3: Structure of standards

2 PROFINET System Description 2.1 System model of a PROFINET IO The following structures are standardized for an IO system device: PROFINET IO follows the Provider/Consumer model • The slot designates the place where an I/O for data exchange. Confi guring a PROFINET IO module is inserted in a modular I/O fi eld device. systemBild has5: Kommunikationspfade the same look bei and PROFINET feel asIO in PROFIBUS. The confi gured modules containing one or The following device classes are defi ned for more subslots for data exchange are addressed PROFINET IO (Figure 4): on the basis of the diff erent slots.

e.g. PLC Programming device • Within a slot, the subslots form the actual PROFINET IO-Controller PROFINET IO-Supervisor interface to the process (inputs/outputs). The granularity of a subslot (bitwise, bytewise, or wordwise division of I/O data) is determined by the manufacturer. The data content of a subslot is always accompanied by status information, . Configuration . Diagnostics . Process data . Status/control from which the validity of the data can be . Alarms . Parameterization derived. Field devices PROFINET IO-Device The index specifi es the data within a slot/subslot that can be read or written acyclically via read/write Figure 4: Communication paths for PROFINET IO services. For example, parameters can be written to a module or manufacturer-specifi c module data can IO controller: This is typically the programmable be read out on the basis of an index. Certain indices logic controller (PLC) on which the automation are defi ned in the standard, and other indices can program runs. This is comparable to a class 1 master be freely defi ned by the manufacturer. in PROFIBUS. The IO controller provides output data to the confi gured IO devices in its role as provider Cyclic I/O data are addressed by specifying the slot/ and is the consumer of input data of IO devices. subslot combination. These can be freely defi ned by IO device: An IO device is a distributed I/O fi eld the manufacturer.Bild 6: Adressierung For der acyclicI/O-Daten bei data PROFINET communication IO anhand von Slots device that is connected to one or more IO via read/write und Subslots services, an application can specify controllers via PROFINET IO. It is comparable to the the data to be addressed using slot, subslot, and function of a slave in PROFIBUS. The IO device is the index (Figure 5).

provider of input data and the consumer of output Slot 1 Slot 2 … Slot 22 data. Slot 0 and Slot 1 and Slot 2 and Slot 0x7FFF and Subslot 0 = DAP Subslot 0  Slot Subslot 0  Slot Subslot 0  Slot IO Supervisor: This can be a Programming Device Subslot 1…0x7FFF . . (PD), personal computer (PC), or human machine Channel 1…x Subslot 1 . . . . interface (HMI) device for commissioning or Subslot 2 diagnostic purposes and corresponds to a class 2 Subslot 0x7FFF Subslot...0x7FFF Subslot...0x7FFF master in PROFIBUS.

A plant unit contains at least one IO controller and DAP I/O Module I/O Module I/O Module one or more IO devices. IO supervisors are usually Figure 5: Addressing of I/O data in PROFINET on integrated only temporarily for commissioning or troubleshooting purposes. the basis of slots and subslots To avoid competing accesses in the defi nition 2.2 Device model of an IO device of user profi les (e.g., for PROFIdrive, weighing and dosing, etc.), the API (Application Process The device model describes all fi eld devices in terms Identifi er/Instance) is defi ned as an additional of their possible technical and functional features. It addressing level. is specifi ed by the DAP (Device Access Point) and the defi ned modules for a particular device family. PROFINET diff erentiates between compact fi eld A DAP is the access point for communication with devices, in which the degree of expansion is the Ethernet interface and the processing program. already specifi ed in the as-delivered condition and A variety of I/O modules can be assigned to it in cannot be changed by the user, and modular fi eld order to manage the actual process data traffi c. devices, in which the degree of expansion can be customized for a specifi c application when the system is confi gured.

PROFINET System Description 3  Bild 8: Zugriff mehrerer Applikation Relations auf ein Feldgerät möglich

2.3 Device descriptions IO-Controller To enable system engineering, the GSD fi les (General Station Description) of the fi eld devices to be confi gured are required. This XML-based AR

GSDML describes the properties and functions IO-Device

of the PROFINET IO fi eld devices. It contains all Slot 1 Slot 2 … Slot 22 data relevant for engineering as well as for data exchange with the fi eld device. The fi eld device manufacturer must supply the XML-based GSD in

accordance with the GSDML specifi cation. DAP I/O Module I/O Module I/O Module Figure 7: A fi eld device can be accessed by 2.4 Communication relations multiple application relations To establish communication between the higher- level controller and an IO device, the communication An IO controller can establish one AR each with paths must be established. These are set up by the multiple IO devices. Within an AR, several IOCRs on IO controller during system startup based on the diff erent APIs can be used for data exchange. This confi guration data received from the engineering can be useful, for example, if more than one user system. This specifi es the data exchange explicitly. profi le (PROFIdrive, Encoder, etc.) is involved in the communication and diff erent subslots are required. Every data exchange is embedded into an AR The specifi ed APIs serve to diff erentiate the data (Application Relation) (Figure 6). Within the communication for an IOCR. AR, CRs (Communication Relations) specify the data explicitly. As a result, all data for the device 2.5 Addressing modeling, including the general communication parameters, are downloaded to the IO device. An Ethernet devices always communicate using their IO device can have multiple ARs established from unique MAC address (see box). Bild 7: Applikation- und Communication Relations diff erent IO controllers, for example, for shared In a PROFINET IO system, each fi eld device receives devices. a symbolic name that uniquely identifi es the fi eld device within this IO system. This name is used Standard channel Real-time channel Real-time channel . config data . cyclic data . alarms for relating the IP address to the MAC address of the fi eld device. The DCP (Discovery and basic Record data CR Confi guration Protocol) is used for this.

IO data CR

Alarm CR IO-Controller IO-Device MAC address and OUI (organizationally unique AR identifi er) Figure 6 : Application relations and communication relations Each PROFINET device is addressed using its globally unique MAC address. This MAC address The communication channels for cyclic data consists of a company code (bits 24 ... 47) as an OUI exchange (IO data CR), acyclic data exchange (Organizationally Unique Identifi er) and a consecutive number (bits 0 … 23). With an OUI, up to 16,777,214 (record data CR), and alarms (alarm CR) are set up products of a single manufacturer can be identifi ed. simultaneously. Bit value 47 ... 24 Bit value 23 ... 0 Multiple IO controllers can be used in a PROFINET system (Figure 7). If these IO controllers are to be 00 0E CF XX XX XX able to access the same data in the IO devices, Company code -> OUI Consecutive number this must be specifi ed when confi guring (shared devices, shared inputs). The OUI is available free of change from the IEEE Standards Department.

PI provides all device manufacturers that do not want to apply for their own OUI 4 K-areas of the PI OUI. This service allows companies to acquire MAC addresses directly from the PI Support Center. The OUI of PI is 00-0E-CF.

4 PROFINET System Description Bild 9: Zuordnung der Definitionen in der GSD-Datei zu den IO-Devices  beim Projektieren der Anlage

This name is assigned to the individual devices Engineering Tool and thus to the IO device's MAC address by an Device Manufacturer engineering tool using the DCP protocol during provides a GSD file and defines the I/O modules commissioning (device initialization). Optionally, Plant View Slot 1 Slot 2 … Slot 22

Slot 2 and Slot 0x7FFF and Slot 0 and Slot 1 and Subslot 0  Slot Subslot 0  Slot the name can also be automatically assigned by the Subslot 0 = DAP Subslot 0  Slot Subslot 1…0x7FFF . . Channel 1…x . . Subslot 1 . . IO controller to the IO device by means of a specifi ed Adaption of the GSD Subslot...0x7FFF Subslot...0x7FFF Subslot 2 file to the real device topology based on neighborhood detection. Subslot 0x7FFF

DAP I/O Module I/O Module I/O Module The IP address is assigned based on the device name using the DCP protocol. Because DHCP (Dynamic Host Confi guration Protocol) is in widespread use Figure 9: Assignment of defi nitions in the GSD internationally, PROFINET has provided for optional fi le to IO devices when confi guring the NEU: Namensvergabe online address setting via DHCP or via manufacturer- system specifi c mechanisms. Either the devices of the PROFINET IO are initialized The addressing options supported by a fi eld device with the engineering tool now, or the IO controller are defi ned in the GSDML fi le for the respective fi eld receives the planned topology and can assign device. this name itself during system power-up on the basis of this information. With the assigned name, the IO controller can assign all planned IO devices Online: Write the device name to their IP addresses during system power-up. An the device IO-Controller IO controller always initiates system power-up Start up: after a startup/restart based on the confi guration IO-Controller assigns the device an IP-address data without any intervention by the user. During MAC Adr 1 MAC Adr 2 system power-up, each IO controller establishes Figure 8: Name assignment an explicitly specifi ed application relation (AR) with the associated communication relations 2.6 Engineering of an IO system (CR) for each confi gured IO device. This specifi es the cyclic I/O data, the alarms, the exchange of Each IO controller manufacturer also provides acyclic read/write services, and the expected an engineering tool for confi guring a PROFINET modules/submodules. After successful system system. power-up, the exchange of cyclic process data, During confi guring, the IO controller(s) in a alarms, and acyclic data communication can occur. PROFINET IO system and the IO devices to be controlled are defi ned. The desired properties of 2.7 Web integration the cyclic data exchange within the communication PROFINET is based on Ethernet and supports TCP/ relations are specifi ed for this. IP. This also enables, among other things, the use of Likewise, the assignment of modules and web technologies such as access to an integrated submodules for the slots and subslots of the IO web server on the fi eld devices. Depending on the device must be specifi ed for each IO device based specifi c device implementation, diagnostics and on the modules and submodules defi ned in the other information can be easily called up using GSDML fi le. At the same time, more precise behavior a standard web browser, even across network and properties of the devices and modules can boundaries. PROFINET itself does not defi ne any be specifi ed using parameters. The confi guring specifi c content or formats. Rather, it allows an engineer confi gures the real system, so to speak, open and free implementation. symbolically in the engineering tool. Figure 9 shows the relationship between GSDML defi nitions, the confi guration, and the real plant view. During commissioning, the confi guration of the PROFINET IO system is downloaded to the IO controller. As a result, an IO controller has all the information needed for addressing the IO devices and the data exchange.

PROFINET System Description 5 3 Basic functions Likewise, different cycle times can be selected for the input and output data, within the range of from The basic functions of Conformance Class A 250 µs to 512 ms. include cyclic exchange of I/O data with real-time The connection is monitored using a time properties, acyclic data communication for reading monitoring setting that is derived from a multiple and writing of demand-oriented data (parameters, of the cycle time. During data transmission in diagnostics), including the identification & the frame, the data of a subslot are followed by a maintenance function (I&M) for reading out device provider status. This status information is evaluated information and a flexible alarm model for signaling by the respective consumer of the I/O data. It can device and network errors with three alarm levels use this information to evaluate the validity of (maintenance required, urgent maintenance the data from the cyclic data exchange alone. In required, and diagnostics) -> see Table 1. addition, the consumer statuses for the counter direction are transmitted. Requirement Technical function/ solution The data in the message frames are followed Cyclic data PROFINET with RT by accompanying information that provides exchange communication information about the data's validity, the Acyclic parameter data/ Read Record/ Write redundancy, and the diagnostic status (data Device identification (HW/ Record status, transfer status). The cycle information (cycle FW) I&M0 counter) of the provider is also specified so that its Device/ network diagnos- Diagnostics and update rate can be determined easily. Failure of tics (alarms) maintenance cyclic data to arrive is monitored by the respective Table 1: List of basic functions consumer in the communication relation. If the configured data fail to arrive within the monitoring time, the consumer sends an error message to the 3.1 Cyclic data exchange application (Figure 10). Cyclic I/O data are transmitted via the "IO Data The cyclic data exchange can be realized with CR" unacknowledged as real-time data between standard Ethernet controllers and takes place provider and consumer in an assignable time base. without any TCP/IP information directly on Layer 2 The cycle time can be specified individually for with Ethertype 0x8892. connections to the individual devices and are thus adapted to the requirements of the application.  aus Planungsrichtlinie IO-Controller

PROFINET

IO-Devices 1 ms 2 ms 4 ms

Cycletime (4 ms)

Phase 1 (1 ms) Phase 2 (1 ms) Phase 3 (1 ms) Phase 4 (1 ms) t

Figure 10: Real-time communication with cycle time monitoring

6 PROFINET System Description For the network infrastructure in the case of CC-A, 3.3 Device/network diagnostics commercially available switches that meet at least the following requirements can be used: A status-based maintenance approach is currently gaining relevance for operation and maintenance. • Support of 100 Mbps full duplex with auto It is based on the capability of devices and crossover and auto negotiation according to components to determine their states and to IEEE 802.1D. communicate them over agreed mechanisms. A system for reliable signaling of alarms and status • Prioritization of cyclic data with VLAN tag messages by the IO devices to the IO controller was priority 6 according to IEEE 802.1Q. defi ned for PROFINET IO for this purpose. • Support of neighborhood detection with Link This alarm concept covers both system-defi ned Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) according to events (such as removal and insertion of modules) IEEE 802.1AB, i.e., these messages with the as well as signaling of faults that were detected in special Ethertype must not be forwarded by the the utilized controller technology (e.g., defective switch. load voltage or wire break). This is based on a state model that defi nes "good" and "defective" 3.2 Acyclic data exchange status as well as the "maintenance required" and "maintenance demanded" prewarning levels. A Acyclic data exchange using the "Record Data typical example of "maintenance required" is the CR" can be used for parameter assignment or loss of media redundancy. When a redundant confi guration of IO devices or reading out status connection Bildis 11: Diagnosemodelllost, "maintenance zur Signalisierung von Störungen required" mit is information. This is accomplished with the read/ unterschiedlicher Priorität signaled, but all devices can still be reached. write frames using standard IT services via TCP/IP1, in which the diff erent data records are distinguished IO-Controller IO-Device Data by their index. In addition to the data records that are freely defi nable by device manufacturers, the following system data records are also specially Alarm defi ned: Maintenance Alarm

Diagnostic information about the network and Diagnostics the devices can be read out by the user from any demanded Alarm device at any time. required

Identifi cation and maintenance information Figure 11: Diagnostic model for signaling faults (I&M) for explicit identifi cation of the devices and with diff erent priority modules and their versions. Profinet – PROFINET for all markets Diagnostic alarms must be used if the error or The ability to read out identifi cation information event occurs within an IO device or in conjunction from a fi eld device is very helpful for maintenance with the connected components. You can signal an purposes. For example, this allows inferences to be incoming or outgoing fault status (Figure 11). drawn regarding incorrect behavior or unsupported In addition, the user can defi ne corresponding functionality in a fi eld device. This information is process alarms for messages from the process, specifi ed in the I&M data structures. e.g., limit temperature exceeded. In this case, the IO device may still be operable. These process alarms The I&M functions are subdivided into 5 diff erent can be prioritized diff erently from the diagnostic blocks (IM0 ... IM4) and can be addressed separately alarms. using their index. Every IO device must support the IM0 function with information about hardware and The documentation "Diagnosis for PROFINET IO" fi rmware versions. [7.142] provides additional information about these concepts. The I&M Specifi cation "Identifi cation & Maintenance Functions" [3.502] provides additional information regarding this concept.

1 In this brochure, TCP/IP is used as the term for the internet services. UDP is always used as the protocol for PROFINET IO.

PROFINET System Description 7 4 Network diagnostics and With this neighborhood detection, a preset/ actual comparison of the topology is possible and management changes of the topology during operation can be recognized immediately. This is also the basis for the In Conformance Class B, the network diagnostics the automaticBild 13: namingAnlagentopologie during device replacement. of all PROFNET devices is expanded and topology  detection is introduced. This information is 4.3 Representation of the topology compiled in the Management Information Base (MIB) and the extensions to the Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP-EXT MIB) and can be read out from each PROFINET device using the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) or the acyclic PROFINET services for the Physical Device Object (PDEV).

4.1 Network management protocol In existing networks, SNMP has established itself as the de facto standard for maintenance and monitoring of network components and their functions. For diagnostic purposes, SNMP can read- Figure 13: Plant topology access network components, in order to read out Bildstatistical 12: PROFINET-Fel data pertainingdgeräte to the network kennen as ihren well Nachbarnas A plant owner can use a suitable tool to graphically port-specific data and information for neighborhood display a plant topology and port-granular  diagnostics (Figure 13). The information found detection. In order to monitor PROFINET devices even with established management systems, during neighborhood detection is collected using implementation of SNMP is mandatory for devices the SNMP. This provides the plant owner a quick of Conformance Class B and C. overview of the plant status.

4.4 Device replacement 4.2 Neighborhood detection If a field device fails in a known topology, it is cont1 alpha possible to check whether the replacement device has been reconnected in the proper position. It is port001 even possible to replace devices without the use of an engineering tool: When replaced, a device at a switch1 given position in the topology receives the same port001 name and parameters as its predecessor (Figure 14).

delta LLDP Protocol port001 port002 port003 „PLC-xyz“ „SWITCH-xyz“ „IO-xyz“ 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.10 „PLC-xyz:p001“ „SWITCH-xyz:p002“ port001 1 7 2 1 „SWITCH-xyz:p007“ „IO-xyz:p001“ Neighbourhood := „PLC-xyz:p001/ Neighbourhood := Figure 12: PROFINET field devices know their IO-xyz:p001“ „SWITCH-xyz:p002“ neighbors Cyclic data exchange of the neighborhood port-based to the duration

DCP/ SNMP Automation systems can be configured flexibly in a Protocol

star- or tree-shaped line structure. Engineering- „SWITCH-xyz“ /Diagnose-Tool „getAliasName“ 192.168.1.10 PROFINET field devices use the LLDP according to „PLC-xyz:p001/ Neighbourhood := IO-xyz:p001“ „PLC-xyz:p001/ IEEE 802.1AB to exchange the available addressing IO-xyz:p001“

information via each port. This allows the respective Reading out the neighborhood from the engineering system port neighbor to be explicitly identified and the physical structure of the network to be determined. In Figure 12 – as an example – the "delta" device is connected to "port003" of "switch1" via "port001".

8 PROFINET System Description states to its IO controller by transmitting acyclic „PLC-xyz“ „SWITCH-xyz“ „IO-xyz“ 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.11 „SWITCH-xyz:p002“ alarms using the "alarm CR" (number 1 in Figure 1 1 7 2 „IO-xyz:p001“ „getAliasName“ 15). In this way, the network diagnostics can be Neighbourhood := Device Neigh- „SWITCH-xyz:p001“ „SWITCH-xyz:p002“ integrated into the IO system diagnostics. Access bourhod

IO-xyz SWITCH- xyz:p001 from a network manager (number 2 in Figure 15) is

Reading out the neighborhood port-based to the duration always still possible. or via the engineering project

Bild 16: Synchronisation der Taktgeneratoren in einer IRT-Domain „PLC-xyz“ „SWITCH-xyz“ „IO-xyz“ 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.11  durch den Sync-Master 1 7 2 1 5 Synchronous real-time Neighbourhood := Device Neigh- „SWITCH-xyz:p001“ bourhod

IO-xyz SWITCH- Defect Device xyz:p001

Failing of a device

„PLC-xyz“ DeviceName: „“ „SWITCH-xyz“ DeviceType: „IO“ 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.10 „SWITCH-xyz:p002“ NoIP 1 t1 1 7 2 „IO:p001“ Hello„ SWITCH-xyz:p001“ t2 Neighbourhood := Cable Cable Cable Cable Device Neigh- I am„SWITCH-xyz:p001“ „SWITCH-xyz:p002“ bourhod t3 t4 IO-xyz SWITCH- Exchanged Device xyz:p001

Device, which does not have a name, is impelemted, Figure 16: Synchronization of clock pulse the control looks for a device with the same neighborhood generators within an IRT domain by the clock master „PLC-xyz“ „SWITCH-xyz“ „IO-xyz“ 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.11 2 1 1 setName„IO-xyz“ 7 Conformance Class C includes all necessary setIP„192.168.1.11“ Neighbourhood := „SWITCH-xyz:p002“ Device Neigh- network-wide synchronization functions for bourhod Set Parameter“ IO-xyz SWITCH- xyz:p001 applications with the most stringent requirements for deterministic behavior. Networks based on Control writes name, IP-Adress and and startup parameters on the device Conformance Class C enable applications having Figure 14: PROFINET IO supports convenient a jitter of less than 1 microsecond. The cyclic data device replacement and displaying of packets are transferred as synchronized packets on plant topology a reserved bandwidth. All other packets, such as packets for diagnostics or TCP/IP, share the rest of Bild 15: Integration der Netzwerkdiagnosethe in die Ethernet IO-Systemdiagnose bandwidth. 4.5 Integration of network diagnostics into the IO system By default, the minimum update rate is defined diagnostics at 250 µs in Conformance Class C. For maximum control performance, this can be reduced to as low as 31.25 µs, depending on the hardware used. IO-Controller In order to expand data volumes when cycle times are set at less than 250 µs, a message frame optimization method (dynamic frame packing, DFP) is incorporated. With this method, nodes that 1 2 are wired together in a line structure are addressed with one frame. In addition, for cycle times less than 250 µs, the TCP/IP communication is fragmented  IO-Device 3 and transmitted in smaller packets. These concepts and the planning procedure are explained in detail in the document "PROFINET IRT Engineering" [7.172]. The most important elements IO-Device 1 IO-Device 2 Figure 15: Integration of network diagnostics into are summarized in the following. the IO system diagnostics 5.1 Synchronized communication For integration of the network diagnostics into the IO system diagnostics, a switch must also be used In order for the bus cycles to run synchronously as a PROFINET IO device. Acting as an IO device, this (at the same time) with a maximum deviation type of switch can signal identified network errors of 1 µs, all devices involved in the synchronous of a lower-level Ethernet line and specific operating communication must have a common clock. A clock

PROFINET System Description 9 Bild 17: IRT-Kommunikation teilt den Buszyklus in ein reserviertes rotes  und ein offenes grünes Intervall auf

1 2 3

Controller Device 1 Device 2 Device 3

C  3  C 2 C  3 C1 phase C  2  Real-time C 3 Cycle e.g. 1ms e.g. Cycle phase TCP/IP

C1 C 2 C 3

C 2 C 3

phase C 3 Real-time phase TCP/IP

Figure 17: IRT communication divides the bus cycle into a reserved interval (red) and an open interval (green)

master uses synchronization frames to synchronize 5.2 Mixed operation all local clock pulse generators of devices within a clock system (IRT domain) to the same clock (Figure A combination of synchronous and asynchronous 16). For this purpose, all of the devices involved in communication within an automation system is this type of clock system must be connected directly possible, if certain preconditions are met. Figure to one another, without crossing through any non- 18 shows a mixed operation. In this example, a synchronized devices. Multiple independent clock synchronizable switch has been integrated in the systems can be defined in one network. field device for devices 1 to 3. The other two devices are connected via a standard Ethernet port and thus To achieve the desired accuracy for the communicateBild 18: Mischbetrieb asynchronously. von synchronisierten The und switch unsynchronisierten ensures synchronization and synchronous operation, that thisApplikationen communication occurs only during the the runtime on each connecting cable must be green interval. measured with defined Ethernet frames and figured into the synchronization. Special hardware IRT Domain precautions must be taken for implementing this Switch which supports clock synchronization. IO-Controller IRT scheduling (Sync-Master) The bus cycle is divided into different intervals for synchronized communication (Figure 17). First, the synchronous data are transmitted in the red interval. IO-Device 1 IO-Device 2 IO-Device 3 This red interval is protected from delays caused by other data and allows a high level of determinism. In the subsequent open green interval, all other Devices without synchronous data are transmitted according to IEEE 802 and the application specified priorities. The division of the individual intervals can vary. If forwarding of the data before Figure 18: Mixed operation of synchronized and the start of the next reserved interval is not assured, unsynchronized applications these frames are stored temporarily and sent in the next green interval.

10 PROFINET System Description Bild 20: Shared-Device: Zugriff von mehreren Controllern auf  unterschiedliche Module in einem Device

5.3 Optimized IRT mode 6 Optional functions When the time ratios are subject to stringent requirements, the efficiency of the topology- IO-Controller 1 IO-Controller 2 oriented synchronized communication can be optimized using dynamic frame packing (DFP) (Figure 19). Bild 19: Verpacken von Einzeltelegrammen in ein Summentelegramm

Controller Device 1 Device 2 Device 3

Header C  3 C  2 Header  C  1 C 3  Header CRC C 2 time C  3 - CRC CRC phase Real Cycle e.g. 1ms Cycle phase TCP/IP Figure 20: Shared device: Access by multiple controllers to different modules in a Figure 19: Packing of individual frames into a device group frame PROFINET also offers a variety of optional functions For a line structure, the synchronous data of several that are not included in devices by default by way devices are optionally combined into one Ethernet of conformance classes (Table 2). If additional frame. The individual cyclic real-time data can be functions are to be used, this must be checked on dynamically extracted for each node. Because a case-by-case basis using the device properties the data from the field devices to the controller (data sheet, manuals, GSDML file). are also strictly synchronized, these data can be assembled by the switch in a single Ethernet frame. Requirement Technical function/ Ideally, only one frame is then transmitted for all solution operated field devices in the red interval. This frame Multiple access to inputs by Shared Input is disassembled or assembled in the corresponding various controllers switch, if required. The sum of these frames is shorter Distribution of device functions Shared device because the header only has to be transferred once. to various controllers DFP is optional for systems with stringent Extended device identification Identification & requirements. The functionalities of the other Maintenance IM1-4 intervals are retained, i.e., a mixed operation is also possible here. To achieve short bus cycles of Automatic parameter Individual param- up to 31.25 µs, however, the green interval must assignment of devices using eter server parameter sets also be sharply reduced. To accomplish this, the standard Ethernet frames for the application are Configuration changes during Configuration in disassembled transparently into smaller fragments, operation Run (CiR) transmitted in small pieces, and reassembled. Time stamping of I/O data Time sync Fast restart after voltage re- Fast start up (FSU) covery Higher availability through ring MRP/MRPD redundancy Call of a device-specific Tool Calling Inter- engineering tool face (TCI) Table 2: List of possible optional functions

PROFINET System Description 11 Bild 21: Shared-Input: Mehrere Controller lesen die gleichen Eingänge  auf einem Device

6.1 Multiple access to fi eld devices 6.3 Individual parameter server The individual parameter server functionality is IO-Controller 1 IO-Controller 2 available Bildfor 22: Mitbacking Hilfe eines Parameter up -andServers könnenreloading gesicherte Daten of other optional beimindividual Gerätetausch automatisch parameters nachgeladen werdenof a fi eld device (Figure 22).

GSD GSDML General Parameters 1 Host Engineering iPar Tool Server Device Tool i-Parameters (Individual 2 Parameters)

PROFINET IO-Controller i-Parameters 3 Read/Write Record Data 4 Connect/Write 5 Alarm Notification 6 Upload

Figure 21: Shared input: Multiple controllers read Figure 22: A parameter server can be used to the same inputs on a device automatically reload backed-up data during device replacement The innovative starting point for shared devices is the parallel and independent access of two The basic parameter assignment of a fi eld device diff erent controllers to the same device (Figure 20). is carried out using the parameters defi ned in In the case of a shared device, the user confi gures the GSDML fi le for the fi eld device. A GSDML fi le a fi xed assignment of the various I/O modules contains module parameters for I/O modules, used in a device to a selected controller. One among other things. These are stored as static possible application of a shared device is in fail- parameters and can be loaded from the IO safe applications in which a fail-safe CPU controls controller to an IO device during system power- the safe portion of the device and a standard up. For many fi eld devices it is either impossible controller controls the standard I/O within the same or inappropriate to initialize parameters using the station. In the safety scenario, the F-CPU uses the GSDML approach due to the quantities, the user fail-safe portion to safely switch off the supply guidance, or the security requirements involved. voltage of the outputs. Such data for specifi c devices and technologies are referred to as individual parameters (iPar). Often, In the case of a shared input, there is parallel access they can be specifi ed only during commissioning. to the same input by two diff erent controllers If such aBild fi 23: eld Konfigurationsänderungen device fails or dank is einerreplaced, redundanten these Verbindung (Figure 21). Thus, an input signal that must be parameters ohne mustBetriebsunterbruch also be reloaded to the new fi eld processed in two diff erent controllers of a system device. An additional tool is not needed for this. The does not have to be wired twice or transferred via individual parameter server provides plant owners CPU-CPU communication. a convenient and uniform solution for this.

State CiR Phase 1 CiR Phase 2 CiR finish 6.2 Extended device identifi cation before Establish a AR switch over second AR

Further information for standardized and simplifi ed IOC IOC IOC IOC identifi cation and maintenance is defi ned in AR AR CiR-AR AR CiR-AR AR additional I&M data records. The I&M1-4 data contain plant-specifi c information, such as installation location and date, and are created during confi guring PB CiRP P and written to the device (Table 3). P P CiR (B)

IM1 TAG_FUNCTION Plant designation IOD IOD IOD IOD TAG_LOCATION Location designation B: Backup t IM2 INSTALLATION_ Installation date P: Primary DATE CiR: the CiR-AR is always Backup IM3 DESCRIPTOR Comments Figure 23: Confi guration changes without plant IM4 SIGNATURE Signature interruption thanks to redundant connection T able 3: Extended device identifi cation

12 PROFINET System Description 6.4 Configuration in Run "Power On" in the case of the first power-up or "Reset"). It must be possible to store communication Like in the case of redundancy, uninterrupted parameters retentively for this. plant operation also plays a critical role in process automation in the case of configuration changes to devices and the network or insertion, removal 6.7 Higher availability or replacement of devices or individual modules Chaining of multiport switches allowed the star (Figure 23). topology widely used in Ethernet to be effectively combined with a line structure. This combination All of these "Configuration in Run" measures is especially well-suited for control cabinet (CiR) are carried out in PROFINET without any connections, i.e., line connection between control interruption and without adversely affecting cabinets and star connection to process-level field network communication. This ensures that plant devices. If the connection between two field devices repairs, modifications, or expansions can be in a line is interrupted, the field devices situated performed without a plant shutdown in continuous after the interruption are no longer accessible. If production processes, as well. increased availability is required, provision must be This concept is described in detail in the document made for redundant communication paths when "Configure in Run" [7.112]. planning the system, and field devices/switches that support the redundancy concept of PROFINET 6.5 Time stamping must be used. In large plants, the ability to assign alarms and status A redundant communication path can be formed messages to a sequence of events is often required. efficiently by closing a line to form a ring. In the For this purpose, an optional time stamping of event of an error, the connection to all nodes these messages is possible in PROFINET IO. In is ensured via the alternative connection. This order to time stamp data and alarms, the relevant achieves a tolerance for one fault. Organizational field devices must have the same time of day. measures must be taken to ensure that this fault is To accomplish this, a master clock and the time eliminated before a second once occurs. synchronization protocol are used to set the clocks PROFINET has two mechanisms for setting up ring- to the same time. shaped media redundancy, depending on the requirements: 6.6 Fast start up Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) Fast Start Up (FSU) defines an optimized system power-up in which data exchange begins much The MRP protocol according to IEC 62439 faster starting with the second power-up since describes PROFINET redundancy with a typical reconfiguration time of < 200 ms for communication many parameters are alreadyBild 24: stored Verhindern in the von field zirkulierenden Frames durch das logische devices. This optional path can be used in parallel paths with TCP/IP and RT frames after a fault. Error- with standard power-up (whichAuftrennen is still des used Busses after free operation of an automation system involves

Bus operation is okay

Redundancy Redundancy manager manager

Logical opening of bus Closing of bus to a logical ring to a line Logical ring Figure 24: Preventing circulation of frames by logical separation of the bus

PROFINET System Description 13 a media redundancy manager (MRM) and several 7 Integration of fieldbus media redundancy clients (MRC) arranged in a ring, as shown in Figure 24. systems

The task of a media redundancy manager (MRM) is PROFINET specifies a model for integrating existing to check the functional capability of the configured PROFIBUS systems and other fieldbus systems ring structure. This is done by sending out cyclic such as INTERBUS and DeviceNet. This means test frames. As long as it receives all of its test that any combination of fieldbus and PROFINET- frames again, the ring structure is intact. Through based subsystems can be configured. Thus a this behavior, a MRM converts a ring structure into smooth technology transition is possible from a line structure and thus prevents the circulating of fieldbus-based systems to PROFINET. The following frames. requirements are taken into consideration here: A media redundancy client is a switch that acts • The plant owner would like to be able to only as a "passer" of frames and generally does not integrate existing installations into a newly assume an active role. In order for it to be integrated installed PROFINET system easily. in a ring, it must have at least two switch ports. • Plant and machine manufacturers would like Media redundancy for planned duplication the ability to use their proven and familiar (MRPD) devices without any modifications for PROFINET IEC 61158 describes the redundancy concept MRPD automation projects, as well. (Media Redundancy for Planned Duplication) • DeviceBild 25: Integration manufacturers von Feldbussystemen would ist beilike PROFINET the ability leicht möglich for topology-optimized IRT communication, to integrate their existing field devices into which enables smooth switchover from one PROFINET systems without the need for costly communication path to another in the event of a modifications. fault. During system power-up, the IO controller Engineering, HMI loads the data of the communication paths for Controller both communication channels (directions) in a communication ring to the individual nodes. Thus, it is immaterial which node fails because the loaded Ethernet "schedule" for both paths is available in the field Proxy Proxy devices and is monitored and adhered to without exception. Loading of the "schedule" alone is Intelligent Fieldbus X Field Device PROFIBUS sufficient to exclude frames from circulating in this variant: the recipient rejects the second frame.

Enginee- Field Drive 6.8 Call of an engineering tool ring, HMI Device Figure 25: Integration of fieldbus systems is easy Complex devices, such as drives, laser scanners, etc., with PROFINET often have their own tools (engineering software, tools) for making settings for these IO devices. With Fieldbus solutions can be easily and seamlessly the tool calling interface (TCI) these device tools can integrated into a PROFINET system using proxies now be called directly from the plant engineering and gateways. The proxy acts as a representative of system for parameter assignment and diagnostics. the fieldbus devices on the Ethernet. It integrates In this case, the communication of PROFINET is the nodes connected to a lower-level fieldbus used directly for the settings in the field device. system into the higher-level PROFINET system. In addition to the directly integrated device tools, As a result, the advantages of fieldbuses, such as other technologies such as EDDL and FDT can also high dynamic response, pinpoint diagnostics, and be used with appropriate adaption software. TCI automatic system configuration without settings consists of the following main components: on devices, can be utilized in the PROFINET world, as well. These advantages simplify planning Call interface: The user can call up various field through the use of known sequences. Likewise, device user interfaces (Device Tools = DT) from the commissioning and operation are made easier engineering system (ES). Functions are primarily through the comprehensive diagnostics properties initiated in the device tools through user interaction. of the fieldbus system. The devices and software Communication interface: The TCI communication tools are also supported in the usual manner and server allows the field device user interface (DT) to integrated into the handling of the PROFINET communicate with the field device. system.

14 PROFINET System Description 8 Application Profiles The PROFIdrive application profile provides the foundation for almost every drive task in the By default, PROFINET transfers the specified data field of industrial automation engineering. It transparently. It is up to the user to interpret the defines the device behavior and the procedure sent or received data in the user program of a PC- for accessing drive data of electric drives and also based solution or programmable logic controller. optimally integrates the additional PROFIsafe and PROFIenergy profiles. Application profiles are joint specifications concerning certain properties, performance An introduction to PROFIdrive can be found in characteristics, and behavior of devices and systems "PROFIdrive System Description" [4.322], and the that are developed by manufacturers and users. specification is available under[3.172] . The term "profile" can apply to a few specifications for a particular device class or a comprehensive 8.3 PROFIenergy set of specifications for applications in a particular The high cost of energy and compliance with legal industry sector. obligations are compelling industry to engage in In general, two groups of application profiles are energy conservation. The recent trends toward the distinguished: use of efficient drives and optimized production processes have been accompanied by significant General application profiles that can be used for energy savings. However, in today's plants and different applications (examples of these include production units, it is common for numerous energy the PROFIsafe and PROFIenergy profiles). consuming loads to continue running during pauses. PROFIenergy addresses this situation. Specific application profiles that were developed in each case only for a specific type of application, PROFIenergy enables an active and effective such as PROFIdrive or devices for process energy management. By purposefully switching automation. off unneeded consumers, energy demand and, thus, energy costs can be significantly reduced. In These application profiles are specified by PI based doing so, the power consumption of automation on market demand and are available on the PI components such as robots and laser cutting website. machines or other subsystems used in production industries is controlled using PROFIenergy 8.1 PROFIsafe commands. PROFINET nodes in which PROFIenergy functionality is implemented can use the commands The PROFIsafe designation refers to a protocol to react flexibly to idle times. In this way, individual defined in IEC 61784-3-3 for the implementation of devices or unneeded portions of a machine can be functional safety (fail-safe) and recognized by IFA shut down during short pauses, while a whole plant and TÜV. PROFIsafe can be used with PROFIBUS and can be shut down in an orderly manner during long PROFINET alike. pauses. In addition, using PROFIenergy the plant production can be sized to the energy consumption The use of PROFIsafe enables elements of a fail- (readback of energy values) and optimized. safe controller to be transferred directly to the process control on the same network. The need for The specification of PROFIenergy is available under additional wiring is eliminated. [3.802] . An introduction to PROFIsafe can be found in "PROFIsafe System Description" [4.352], and the specification is available under[3.192] . 9 PROFINET for Process 8.2 PROFIdrive Automation The PROFIdrive designation refers to the Compared with production automation, process specification of a standardized drive interface automation has a few special characteristics that for PROFIBUS and PROFINET. This application- contribute to defining the use of automation to oriented profile, which has been standardized in a large extent. For one thing, plants can have a IEC 61800-7, contains standard definitions (syntax service life of many decades. This gives rise to a and semantics) for communication between requirement, on the part of plant owners, for older drives and automation systems, thus assuring and newer technologies to coexist in such a way vendor neutrality, interoperability, and investment protection.

PROFINET System Description 15 that they are functionally compatible. For another The energy-limited bus feed of devices in hazardous thing, requirements for reliability of process areas on Ethernet has not been formulated as a systems, particularly in continuous processes, are requirement, since PROFIBUS PA already provides often considerably greater. As a result of these an ideal, proven solution for this. In addition, two factors, investment decisions regarding new proven, fi eld-tested Ethernet solutions currently do technologies are signifi cantly more conservative in not exist for this. process automation than in production automation. For the optimal use of PROFINET in all sectors of process automation, PI has created a requirements 10 Network installation catalog in collaboration with users. In this manner, it is ensured that owners of plants having an PROFINET is based on a 100 Mbps, full-duplex existing future-proof system based on PROFIBUS Ethernet network. Faster communication is also can change to PROFINET at any time. The goal is to possible on all transmission sections (e.g., between be able to replace the current use of PROFIBUS DP switches, PC systems, or camera systems). with PROFINET. PROFINET defi nes not only the functionality but also The requirements mainly include the functions the passive infrastructure components (cabling, for cyclic and acyclic data exchange, integration connectors). Communication may take place via of fi eldbuses (PROFIBUS PA, HART, and FF), copper or fi ber-optic cables. In a Conformance Class integration and parameter assignment of devices A (CC-A) network, communication is also allowed including Confi guration in Run, diagnostics and over wireless transmission systems (Bluetooth, maintenance, redundancy, and time stamping. WLAN) (Table 4). The cabling guideline defi nes These requirements are summarized in the CC-B 2-pair cabling according to IEC 61784-5-3 for all (PA). Bild 26: Beispiel einer Architektur für den Einsatz von PROFINET in der conformance classes. For transmission systems with Prozessautomatisierung Gigabit cabling requirements, 4-pair cabling may ERP MES also be used. Ethernet backbone For a CC-A network, complete networking with DCS DCS active and passive components according to ISO/ IEC-24702 is allowed, taking into consideration the CC-A cabling guide. Likewise, active infrastructure components (e.g., switches) according to IEEE 801.x

PROFIBUS DP can be used if they support the VLAN tag with

1 2 prioritization. 3 4 PROFIBUS PA PA PROFINET 5 1 Easy-to-understand and systematically structured 6 16 … 2 7 8 1 3 2 instructions have been prepared to enable problem- 4 3 5 HARTHART 4 FFFF H1 free planning, installation, and commissioning 6 16 5 7 8 … PROFINET PROXY 6 16 7 8 … of PROFINET IO [8.062], [8.072], [8.082]. These are available to all interested parties on the PI website. Figure 26: Example architecture for use of These manuals should be consulted for further PROFINET in process automation information.

Network cabling and infrastructure compo- Solution Conformance class nents Passive network components (connectors, RJ45, M12 A, B, C cables) Copper and fi ber-optic transmission systems TX, FX, LX, A, B, C Wireless connections WLAN, Bluetooth A IT switch With VLAN tag according to A IEEE 802.x Switch with device function PROFINET with RT B Switch with device function and bandwidth PROFINET with IRT C reservation Table 4: Network installation for diff erent conformance classes

16 PROFINET System Description 10.1 Network confi guration The PROFINET cables conform to the cable types used in industry: PROFINET IO fi eld devices are always connected as network components via switches. Switches • PROFINET Type A: Standard permanently- integrated in the fi eld device are typically used routed cable, no movement after installation for this (with 2 ports assigned). PROFINET- suitable switches must support "autonegotiation" • PROFINET Type B: Standard fl exible cable, (negotiating of transmission parameters) and occasional movement or vibration "autocrossover" (autonomous crossing of send and • PROFINET Type C: Special applications: for receive lines). As a result, communication can be example, highly-fl exible, constant movement established autonomously, and fabrication of the (tow chain or torsion) transmission cable is uniform: only 1:1 wired cables can be used. Fiber-optic data transmission with fi ber-optic cable has several advantages over copper: PROFINET supports the following topologies for Ethernet communication: • Electrical isolation when equipotential bonding is diffi cult to achieve Line topology, which primarily connects terminals with integrated switches in the fi eld (Figure 27). • Immunity against extreme EMC requirements

Star topology, which requires a central switch • Transmission over distances up to several located preferably in the control cabinet. kilometers without repeater.

Ring topology, in which a line is closed to form a For short distances, the use of 1-mm polymer optic ring in order to achieve media redundancy. fi bers (POF) is supported, whose handling conforms optimally to industrial applications. Tree topology, in which the topologies indicated above are combined.Bild 27: Ethernet-Netzwerke im industriellen Umfeld sind meist  linienförmig 10.3 Plug connectors PROFINET has divided the environmental conditions FD into just two classes. This eliminates unnecessary Plant Cabling complexity and meets the specifi c requirements Production Hall Industrial Cabling of automation. The PROFINET environmental classes for the automation application have MD Field MD Field MD Field Cabling Cabling Cabling been subdivided into one class inside protected environments,Bild 28: PROFINET such as bietet in a eincontrol Spektrum cabinet, an industriellen and oneSteckern class outside of control cabinets for applications located directly in the fi eld (Figure 28). InO = Industrial Outlet FD = Floor Distributor MD = Machine Distributor Distributors are Switches in Full Duplex Mode Copper Fiber Optic

Figure 27: Ethernet networks in industrial IP 20 RJ 45 SC-RJ environments usually have line Inside topology IP 65/67 Outside 10.2 Cables for PROFINET RJ 45 M12 SC-RJ M12 The maximum segment length for electrical data transmission with copper cables between two nodes (fi eld devices or switches) is 100 m. The copper cables are designed uniformly in AWG 22. The Installation Guide defi nes diff erent cable types Figure 28: PROFINET off ers a range of industrial that have been optimally adapted to the respective plug connectors industrial boundary conditions. Suffi cient system reserves allow an industrial-strength installation The selection of suitable PROFINET plug connectors with no limitation on transmission distance. conforms to the application. If the emphasis is on a universal network that is to be offi ce-compatible, electrical data transmission is via RJ 45, which is

PROFINET System Description 17 neues Bild aus aktueller Security- prescribed universally for inside environmental segmentedGuideline and, thus, also separated and protected conditions. For the outside environment, a push- from the safety standpoint. Only explicitly identified pull plug connector has been developed that is also and authorized messages reach the devices located fitted with the RJ 45 connector for electrical data inside such segments from the outside (Figure 29). transmission. The M12 connector is also specified Additional information regarding security can be for PROFINET. found in the "PROFINET Security Guideline" [7.002].

For optical data transmission with polymer optic Production network

fibers, the SCRJ plug connector, which is based Automation cell Automation cell on the SC plug connector, is specified. The SCRJ is used both in the inside environment as well as in connection with the push-pull housing in the outside environment. An optical plug connector is available for the M12 family and can be used Production line 2 for PROFINET and the 1-mm polymer optic fiber Automation cell Automation cell transmission (POF). At the same time, the plug connectors are also specified for the power supply, depending on the topology and the supply voltage. Besides the push- pull plug connector, a 7/8" plug connector, a hybrid plug connector, or an M12 plug connector can also Figure 30: Segmentation of automation network be used. The difference between these connectors lies in their connectible cross sections and thus their maximum amperages. 11 PROFINET Technology 10.4 Security and Certification For networking within a larger production facility or over the Internet, PROFINET relies on a phased PROFINET is standardized in IEC 61158. It is on security concept. It recommends a security concept this basis that devices in industrial plants can be optimized for the specific application case, with networked together and exchange data without one or more upstream security zones. On the one errors. Appropriate quality assurance measures are hand, this unburdens the PROFINET devices, and on required to ensure interoperability in automation the other hand, it allows the security concept to be systems. For this reason, PI has established a optimized to changing security requirements in a certification process for PROFINET devices in consistent automation engineering solution. which certificates are issued based on test reports Bild 29: Segmentierung des Automatisierungsnetzwerks of accredited test labs. While PI certification of a Firewall Office field device is not yet required for PROFIBUS, the Internet guidelines for PROFINET have changed such that Service Computer any field device bearing the name PROFINET must be certified. Experience with PROFIBUS over the last 20 years has shown that a very high quality standard Security Modules is needed to protect automation systems as well as Factory plant owners and field device manufacturers.

11.1 Technology support Device manufacturers that want to develop an interface for PROFINET IO have the choice of developing field devices based on existing Ethernet controllers. Alternatively, member companies of PI Figure 29: Access to machines and systems using offer many options for efficient implementation of secure connections a PROFINET IO interface. The security concept provides for protection of To make development of a PROFINET IO interface both individual devices as well as whole networks easier for device manufacturers, the PI Competence from unauthorized access. In addition, there are Centers and member companies offer PROFINET IO security modules that will allow networks to be

18 PROFINET System Description basic technology (enabling technology). Consulting savings during commissioning and stable behavior services and special developer training programs during the entire service life. They therefore require are also available. Before starting a PROFINET IO certificates for the field devices used, in accordance development project, device manufacturers should with the utilized conformance class. always perform an analysis to determine whether internal development of a PROFINET IO device is cost-effective or whether the use of a ready- made communication module will satisfy their 12 PROFIBUS & PROFINET requirements. InternationalBild 30: PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) (PI) More detailed information on this topic can be found in the brochure, "PROFINET Technology – The Easy Way to PROFINET" [4.272], which can be PI (PROFIBUS & PROFINET International) downloaded from the PI website. Regional PI PI Competence PI Test PI Training Associations Centers Laboratories Centers

11.2 Tools for product development Technologies Free software tools are made available to device manufacturers for development and checking their products. A GSDML editor assists the manufacturer when creating the GSDML file for its product. Fieldbus based Ethernet based With the GSDML editor, these files can be created Automation Proxy Technology Automation correctly and checked. Technology Technology Likewise, a PROFINET tester software is available for testing PROFINET functionalities. The current Figure 31: PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) version supports testing of all conformance classes as well as IRT functions. The additional security Open technologies require a company-in- tester allows testing for reliable function of a field dependent institution as a working platform for device, including under load conditions. This tester activities related to support, further development, is used by the test labs for certification testing as and marketing. This was achieved for the PROFIBUS well. and PROFINET technologies by the founding of the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) in 1989 as a non-profit interest group of manufacturers, 11.3 Certification test users, and institutions. The PNO is a member of PI (PROFIBUS & PROFINET International), an umbrella A certification test is a standardized test procedure group which was founded in 1995. With its 27 that is performed by specialists whose knowledge regional associations (RPA) and approximately 1,400 is kept up to date at all times and who are able to members, PI is represented on every continent and interpret the relevant standards unequivocally. is the world’s largest interest group for the industrial The test scope is described in binding terms in a communications field (Figure 31). test specification for each laboratory. The tests are implemented as so-called black box tests in which the tester is the first real user. 12.1 Responsibilities of PI The defined test cases developed for use during a The key tasks performed by PI are: certification test are exclusively real world-oriented • Maintenance and ongoing development of and are based on industrial automation. This affords PROFIBUS and PROFINET. all users the maximum possible assurance for use of the field device in a system. In very many cases, the • Promoting the worldwide use of PROFIBUS and dynamic behavior of a system can be simulated in PROFINET the test lab. • Protection of investment for users and PI awards the certificate to the manufacturer based manufacturers by influencing the development on the test report from an accredited test lab. A of standards product must have this certificate in order to use the PROFINET designation. For the plant manufacturer/ • Representation of the interests of members to owner, the use of certified products means time standards bodies and unions

PROFINET System Description 19 • Worldwide technical support of companies Internet through PI Competence Centers (PICC). Current information on PI and the PROFIBUS • Quality assurance through product certification and PROFINET technologies is available based on conformity tests at PI test labs (PITL). on the PI website www.profibus.com and www.profinet.com. This includes, for example, • Establishment of a worldwide training standard an online product guide, a glossary, a variety of through PI Training Centers (PITC). web-based training content, and the download area containing specifications, profiles, installation Technology development guidelines, and other documents. PI has handed responsibility for technology development over to PNO Germany. The Advisory 12.2 Literature from PI Board of PNO Germany oversees the development activities. Technology development takes place in PI makes additional documents and specifications the context of more than 40 working groups with available on its website www.profinet.com. To input from approximately 1,000 experts mostly from quickly find these documents, simply enter the engineering departments of member companies. order number in the Search box at the top left. For plant planners and owners, the following Technical support manuals are available: PI supports more than 50 accredited PICCs [8.062] PROFINET Design Guideline worldwide. These facilities provide users and manufacturers with all manner of advice and [8.072] PROFINET Installation Guideline support. As institutions of PI, they are independent service providers and adhere to the mutually [8.082] PROFINET Commissioning Guideline agreed rules. The PICCs are regularly checked Additional system descriptions and guidelines have for their suitability as part of an individually been published by PI: tailored accreditation process. A list of the current Competence Center locations can be found on the [4.322] PROFIdrive System Description, Technol- web site. ogy and Application

Certification [4.352] PROFIsafe System Description, Technology and Application PI supports 10 accredited PITLs worldwide for the certification of products with a PROFIBUS/ [4.272] PROFINET Technology – The Easy Way to PROFINET interface. As institutions of the PI, they PROFINET are independent service providers and adhere to [7.002] PROFINET Security Guideline the mutually agreed rules. The testing services provided by the PITLs are regularly audited in [7.042] The PROFINET IO Conformance Classes, accordance with a strict accreditation process Guideline for PROFINET IO to ensure that they meet the necessary quality requirements. A list of the current Test Lab locations [7.112] Configure in Run, Common Profile for can be found on the web site. PROFINET IO [7.122] System Redundancy – Common Profile for Training PROFINET IO Approximately 30 PI Training Centers have been [7.142] Diagnosis for PROFINET IO, Guideline for set up with the aim of establishing a global PROFINET training standard for engineers and technicians. The accreditation of the Training Centers and [7.162] Fiber Optic Diagnosis, Guideline for the experts that are based there ensures the PROFINET quality of the training and, thus, the quality of the engineering and installation services for PROFIBUS [7.172] PROFINET IRT Engineering, Guideline for and PROFINET. A list of the current Training Center PROFINET locations can be found on the web site. [7.182] Topology Engineering and Discovery, Guideline for PROFINET IO

20 PROFINET System Description These specifications of profiles have a direct relationship with PROFINET: [3.172] PROFIBUS and PROFINET, Profile Drive Technology, PROFIdrive Profile [3.192] PROFIsafe Specification – Profile for Safety Technology on PROFIBUS DP and PROFINET IO [3.502] Profile Guidelines Part 1: Identification and Maintenance Functions [3.802] Common Application Profile PROFIenergy, Technical Specification for PROFINET

PROFINET System Description 21 Place for notes

22 PROFINET System Description PROFINET System Description Technology and Application

Version October 2014 Order Number 4.132

Publisher:

PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e. V. (PNO) PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) Haid-und-Neu-Str. 7 · 76131 Karlsruhe · Germany Phone: +49 721 96 58 590 · Fax: +49 721 96 58 589 E-Mail: [email protected] www.profibus.com · www.profinet.com

Exclusion of liability

Although the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) has taken the most care in compiling the information contained in this brochure, it cannot guarantee that the content is completely error-free, and the PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation e.V. (PNO) can assume no liability, regardless of the legal basis for any potential claims. The information in this brochure is reviewed on a regular basis. Any necessary corrections will be made in subsequent editions. We would be grateful for any suggestions as to how the content could be improved.

Any designations that appear in this brochure could potentially constitute trademarks. Any use of such trademarks by third parties for their own ends risks infringing the rights of the proprietors concerned.

This brochure is not intended to serve as a substitute for the relevant IEC standards, such as IEC 61158 and IEC 61784, or the relevant specifications and guidelines of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International. In case of doubt, these standards, specifications, and guidelines are authoritative.

For additional information and contact information, go to: www.profibus.com/pi-organization/

Regional PI Regional PI Associations (RPAs) represent PI around the world and are your personal local Association contacts. They are responsible for local marketing activities for purposes of spreading (RPA) PROFIBUS, PROFINET, and IO-Link, which include among others trade fair appearances, seminars, workshops, and press conferences, as well as public relations activities.

PI Compe- The PI Competence Centers (PICCs) collaborate closely with the RPAs and are your first tence Center point of contact when you have technical questions. The PICCs are available to assist you (PICC) in the development of PROFIBUS or PROFINET devices and the commissioning of systems, and they provide user support and training.

PI Training PI Training Centers (PITCs) support users and developers in gaining experience with the Center PROFIBUS and PROFINET technologies and their possible uses. Individuals who PI 10/14 – all rights by reserved© Copyright – 4.132 (PITC) successfully complete the final exam of the Certified Installer or Engineer course receive a certificate from PI.

PI Test Lab PI Test Labs (PITLs) are authorized by PI to conduct certification tests for PROFIBUS and (PITL) PROFINET. You receive a certificate from PI for your product once it passes the test. The certification program plays a major role in the sustainable quality assurance of products and thus assures that the systems in use exhibit a high level of trouble-free operation and availability.