Project Title: and Mite Control

Type of Proposal: Continuing Extension/Service

Funding Amount for 2009: $67,500

Year of Project: 3rd year

Principal Investigator: Frank G. Zalom

Organization: University of California, Davis

Cooperator(s): Dr. Mark Bolda, UC Cooperative Extension, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties Dr. Oleg Daugovish, UC Cooperative Extension, Ventura County Dr. Douglas V. Shaw, Dept. of Pomology, UC Davis Dr. Kirk Larson, Dept. of Pomology, UC Davis and UC South Coast Research and Extension Center, Irvine Contact Information for PI: Address: Dept. of Entomology One Shields Ave, University of California Davis, CA 95616 Email: [email protected] Telephone: (530) 752-3687 Website: http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/facpage.cfm?id=Zalom

Summary: pests cause significant problems for California strawberry growers. My lab proposes to continue our extension/service project that has resulted in a comprehensive, proactive approach to addressing chronic and emerging insect and mite problems for California's strawberry growers. In 2009, we will again prioritize bug research and will continue to evaluate efficacy, rates and timing of registered and new products in field and laboratory studies. We will also continue to study the seasonal biology of Lygus bugs in new fall plantations, second year fields, summer plantings and associated weeds to determine the predictability of Lygus nymphal hatch, a critical element to the future success of narrow-spectrum insecticides that will become registered on but which will be effective primarily against the nymphal stages. We will also continue to monitor susceptibility of Lygus populations in these settings to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. A second priority is to identify alternatives to methomyl (Lannate) for thrips and worm control, and to develop a resistance bioassay for thrips to spinosad which is the second most widely used insecticide on strawberries and which will be under even more pressure for its use with the loss of Lannate and its potential use as an exclusion treatment for the light brown apple moth. We will continue screening of advanced cycle varietal selections for mite susceptibility in collaboration with Dr. Doug Shaw. Finally, we will extend our research results to strawberry growers statewide through participation in extension and strawberry industry meetings and publications. Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 2

Justification: In its RFP for 2009, the Commission stated that it will continue to support proposals focused on the development of improved control methods for the major pests and diseases, and listed Lygus bug, light brown apple moth, two-spotted spider mite, thrips, whitefly and worms as being of major concern. Except for the light brown apple moth, which is a recent invader (Zalom 2007), and the greenhouse whitefly, which was a resident invader of strawberries earlier in this decade (McKee at al. 2007), the other arthropod species have long been mentioned as significant problems for California strawberry growers. For example, the University of California's strawberry IPM manual (Bolda, et al. 2008) identifies spider mites, Lygus bugs, thrips and Lepidoptera larvae as key pests. My proposal for 2009 concentrates on Lygus bug biology and control research, and also on identifying alternatives to methomyl (Lannate) which has been voluntarily withdrawn from use on strawberries by its registrant, DuPont. In addition to Lygus, target pests for Lannate include thrips and worms.

There is an ongoing need for ‘service’ research and development to insure that strawberry producers have reliable and economical control methods, and to understand how they can be used in a sustainable manner. There is also the need to extend this information to growers and crop consultants through meetings and publications. A number of years ago, I was asked by the California Strawberry Commission to initiate a comprehensive entomology program that took a long term view of insect and mite problems for California's strawberry growers, and I have taken this seriously. My focus has included both short term and long-term objectives. I have developed in-depth knowledge of strawberry that allows my lab to recognize and respond to 'unusual' or 'new' problems that seem to occur each season, while taking a longer term approach to managing the key pests. I have been very successful in developing short and long term information on strawberry arthropod pests that can be used by growers, and have made an exhaustive effort to extend this information through presentations at meetings and by publications such as the California Strawberry Commission’s Production Guidelines and Annual Research Report, the UC Pest Management Guidelines for Strawberries on which I am lead author for the Entomology section, and the newly published UC IPM strawberry manual for which I was technical coordinator of the entomology section. The Strawberry Research and Extension Activities Report that was requested and accompanies this proposal illustrates these activities.

Objectives for 2009: 1. Conduct Lygus research to evaluate efficacy, rates and timing of registered and new products in field and laboratory studies, determine seasonal susceptibility of Lygus populations to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides, and determine the predictability of Lygus nymphal hatch in new fall plantations, second year fields, summer plantings and associated weeds. 2. Identify alternatives to methomyl (Lannate) for thrips and worms (Lepidoptera). 3. Continue screening of advanced cycle varietal selections for mite susceptibility. 4. Extend research results to strawberry growers statewide.

Methods: Objective 1. Lygus bugs: Lygus bugs are important pests in the Santa Maria and Watsonville/Salinas production areas, and losses can exceed 30% when populations are untreated. Since 2005, Lygus have also become a problem for growers in the Oxnard area. Zalom et al. (1990) showed that economic losses occur with as few as 1 Lygus per 10 plants Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 3 using a beating technique, and that economical Lygus bug control should be based upon field sampling and well-timed insecticide applications together with abatement of non-crop hosts surrounding fields before the progeny of the overwintering generation become adults which are capable of migrating to strawberry fields. Insecticides remain a necessary control approach for most growers when Lygus are present. With the loss of the carbamate insecticide methomyl (Lannate), only materials from 3 chemical classes are registered for Lygus control and these include the organophosphates (malathion, Dibrom), pyrethroids (Danitol, Brigade) and neonicotinoids (Actara, Assail), plus various products containing azadirachtin (neem). Previous studies by my lab have shown that the neonicotinoids and registered formulations of neem provide little suppression of Lygus. Malathion is also ineffective in many growing areas, and in 2008 we have documented that local Lygus populations are also becoming resistant to the pyrethroids.

Lygus control will again be the major focus for my strawberry research in 2009. During the past 2 years, we have conducted 4 large field studies to evaluate products that our earlier bioassays had indicated might be promising. Bioassays, field efficacy and phytotoxicity data are important for moving products into the IR-4 Program pipeline which provides government assistance for residue testing on minor crops like strawberries. This is the only process through which some companies will consider registering a new product on strawberries. Products evaluated in our two 2008 field trials included the unregistered insecticides rynaxypyr (Altacor), novaluron (Rimon), clothianidin (Clutch), flonicamid (Beleaf), cyazypyr, and metaflumizone, plus the registered insecticides naled (Dibrom), fenpropathrin (Danitol), and bifenthrin (Brigade), in addition to some tank mixes. In a separate experiment we also applied clothianidin (Clutch), imidacloprid (Admire Pro) and cyazypyr through the drip lines. I plan to conduct a similar study in 2008, including any additional candidate products that have the potential for registration. The research will be conducted in plots with a minimum size of three beds wide by 30’ long with a planted but untreated buffer of strawberry plants maintained between each plot. Treatments in both 2007 and 2008 were applied at a volume of 100 gal/acre and 60 psi using a three row tractor-mounted sprayer. Each treatment will be replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Lygus sampling will be conducted by hand-beating the central 40 plants from the middle bed of each plot into 10.5” wide X 16.0’ long X 6.0” deep clear plastic storage containers, and counting number of Lygus adults and nymphs collected from each plant. No data will be collected from the 10 plants at either end of each plot. A pretreatment count will be made, with post-treatment counts taken at one, two, three and four weeks. Data will be analyzed by ANOV. Since application of the products requires crop destruction (actually pulling up the plants at the conclusion of the experiment), there will likely be a cost incurred. In 2007, our actual cost of crop destruction alone was $9000. In 2008, one of our grower-cooperators generously did not charge for crop destruction and actually made the applications with his own equipment, while I did provide about $3500 to the other cooperator. In addition to the topical applications, I will again attempt to apply insecticides through the drip line for Lygus control. Since this approach will likely require a longer preharvest interval, I will apply the applications through the drip lines at 2 weeks before the start of harvest. Plot size will be three beds wide, encompass the entire row length, and be replicated 3 times. As with the topical applications described previously, Lygus sampling will be conducted by hand-beating the central 40 plants from the middle bed of each plot into clear plastic storage containers and counting adults and nymphs present.

Lygus bugs have developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in cotton and other crops in many parts of the U.S. (e.g. Snodgrass, 1996), and populations have also been found that have Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 4 high levels of resistance to several organophosphate and carbamate insecticides (Snodgrass 2006). Dr. Nick Toscano and I began surveying susceptibility of Lygus bugs to Brigade, Danitol, malathion and Lannate in or adjacent to strawberry plantations from Santa Maria through Watsonville since Brigade and Danitol were first registered. My lab has repeated these bioassays in recent years at sites where we have had indications from growers or crop consultants that resistance to the pyrethroids might be an issue. We have seen a constant increase in the tolerance of Lygus to the pyrethroids, but have documented few field failures until recently. Development of Lygus resistance to insecticides is complicated in strawberries. It is my hypothesis that mixing of Lygus populations from treated fields with those in nearby untreated vegetation as plantations are replanted has sustained the efficacy of these products for the past decade. However, Lygus should be more resistant in second year fields or situations where a population can move directly between summer plantings and fall plantings, if they have been exposed to pyrethroids and organophosphates the previous year or on the alternate crop, because they would likely not have experienced this mixing of exposed and unexposed populations. In addition, Snodgrass and Scott (2002) found that susceptibility of populations to pyrethroids may change seasonally on cotton. We may experience a similar phenomenon on strawberries in California with . If my hypothesis concerning the significance of mixing of Lygus populations between treated fields and nearby adjacent vegetation is correct, and if the susceptibility of Lygus to pyrethroid insecticides changes seasonally, then growers would benefit from this knowledge by applying products at times of the season when they will be most effective. This will become more possible as additional products with different modes of action become registered.

In 2008, we used our tube bioassay method, consisting of a centrifuge tube into which field collected Lygus can be aspirated and exposed to candidate pesticides without damaging the bugs by the process of transferring them to vials or baggies, to monitor resistance in and nearby fields associated with our insecticide evaluations. At 2 sites, we monitored Lygus populations weekly in weeds, a first year planting and a second year planting, all in close proximity to one another, to determine the age distribution of Lygus bugs in each situation. Knowledge of age distribution will become more important for timing treatments of insect growth regulators such as Rimon that may be registered soon. At these same sites, we used the tube bioassay technique to determine Lygus population resistance levels in the weeds, first year plantings and second year plantings, and repeated for Lygus generations. The Lygus were challenged with a series of insecticide concentrations so that LC50 values and slopes could be determined by probit analysis following Abbott's correction for mortality in untreated control vials. I will repeat this study in 2009, and will train the technician working with Oleg Daugovish in Ventura County on his new California Strawberry Commission project to do the same.

Objective 2, Lannate alternatives. By agreement with the US. Environmental Protection Agency to reduce total exposure under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, the registration for methomyl (Lannate) on strawberries was voluntarily withdrawn by its manufacturer, Dupont. Target pests include Lygus bugs, thrips, Lepidoptera (especially corn earworm and beet armyworm), and greenhouse whiteflies. In 2008, I assessed alternatives to Lannate for control of western flower thrips and worms (Lepidoptera) in field trials in southern California and the Watsonville/Salinas area. We did not evaluate products for control of greenhouse whiteflies since we had recently completed these studies and several products are now registered.

Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 5

We will again evaluate efficacy of registered and new insecticides against western flower thrips infestations in strawberry fields during 2009. Candidate insecticides will be applied using an Echo air assist sprayer, and treatments (including an untreated control) will be replicated 4 times. Thrips will be counted by placing 5 flowers into a plastic centrifuge tube, adding alcohol, and shaking to remove the thrips from the flowers and fix remaining thrips that were not removed. Once collected, the tubes containing the samples are returned to my lab where the alcohol containing the thrips and flowers is poured through two sieves stacked one top of each other to separate the thrips from the flowers. The top sieve is a coarse mesh to catch the flower parts while the bottom sieve must be at least 200 mesh to prevent the thrips from falling through. The flowers and plant pieces are then placed into a tube filled 2/3rds full of pre-mixed Triton-X-100 solution. The lid is then replaced and the tube shaken for 30 seconds to dislodge the remaining thrips. The solution is then poured back through the fine mesh sieve. The flowers, plant parts, and the entire top sieve surface is then washed with a steady stream of water to dislodge any remaining thrips The bottom (200 mesh) sieve is then rinsed with ethyl alcohol so that the thrips are washed into a vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol that is stored until the thrips can be counted. For counting, the contents of the vial containing the thrips sample is poured through a ceramic vacuum extraction funnel containing a black millipore filter. The thrips are then counted on the surface of the filter paper. In the absence of Lannate the most effective control remaining is spinosad (Entrust or Success). Spinosad is currently the second most widely used insecticide on strawberries behind Bacillus thuringiensis, and it is used for both thrips and worm control. Even when spinosad is used for worm control, thrips that are present will be exposed to the product. With such intense use, we can soon expect resistance to develop in thrips in the absence of alternatives. In addition to evaluating alternative products, we will develop a method to assess susceptibility of thrips populations to spinosad that could be used in a resistance management program, and to establish baseline levels of susceptibility. Developing baselines and a standard method for evaluating spinosad resistance in thrips populations is important should it become necessary to request a Section 18 emergency registration for a new product. It is difficult to obtain a Section 18 registration without being able to document an emergency

In 2008, we conducted an experiment in southern California to evaluate insecticide alternatives to Lannate for control of corn earworms. To create a uniform infestation, every plant in each plot was infested with 2 first or second instar corn earworm larvae that had hatched from eggs that were laid onto paper strips by adults held in cages. Treatments were applied with an Echo Duster-Mister Air-Assist Sprayer at the equivalent volume of 100 gal/acre. Each treatment and an untreated control were replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The efficacy of treatments was evaluated by picking strawberry fruit two weeks after infesting the plots and 11 days after the applications were made, and determining the number of damaged fruit per plot. All fruit larger than ½ inch were picked before the plots were infested to eliminate confusion with previously damaged fruit. These data became immediately useful as I was contacted by a processor in southern California who was reporting corn earworm damage, and I was able to write an update for distribution that addressed control options. Our methods are proven to produce reliable data, and they can be applied to Lepidoptera species that can be raised in culture. I will repeat this experiment in 2009, with corn earworm or another species.

Objective 3. Mites. We scaled back our research on miticides in 2008 due to the additional emphasis on Lygus requested by the Commission, and we do not propose to conducting research on miticides, mite thresholds or cyclamen mites this year. We will continue to collaborate with UC pomologists Dr. Doug Shaw and Dr. Kirk Larson to screen advanced selections for Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 6 resistance to and/or tolerance of spider mite feeding in a replicated trial at the Strawberry Field Station in Watsonville which has been an ongoing objective of my project (e.g. Shaw, et al. 2003). Each year, 12 to 16 varieties and advanced selections comprising both day neutral and short day types are evaluated under conditions of no mite control with a natural infestation and commercial mite control. Biweekly spider mite counts are made by removing ten midtier leaflets from each treatment and selection replicate, and returning them to the lab for mite brushing and counting. Peak mite abundance, cumulative spider mite feeding, fruit yield and fruit quality are compared between treatments and to the standard variety included as a commercial comparison. Much of this counting is done at Watsonville by Margarita Corona under our direction, and funds are requested within my proposed budget for this purpose.

Objective 4. Extension. I have attended and made presentations at virtually all UC Cooperative Extension and Commission educational meetings when invited to do so. Since February 1, 2008, the beginning of the last budget year, I have made 16 presentations at strawberry meetings with grower and/or crop consultant audiences throughout the state. My budget request includes funds specifically to attend and make these types of presentations in 2009, however the cost of travel has increased significantly. Dr. Oleg Daugovish built a modest amount of funding for me to travel to Ventura County to help direct the Lygus field studies there, but I will be unable to travel to make ass many presentations as I did last year on the same travel budget. I am committed to the production of extension and outreach publications such as those listed on the attached "Report of Research and Extension Activities" to update members of the strawberry industry on results of my research and other important entomological topics. I will continue to update the UC Pest Management Guidelines annually with our new strawberry data (see - www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.strawberry.html), and will continue to present our results through CSC publications such as the Production Guidelines, and applied journal articles (such as Arthropod Management Tests). I will continue to be responsive to requests for specific information from growers, nurseries, and the Commission, and will be available to address the new or emerging issues that seem to occur every year. I believe that my commitment to extending arthropod management information as described on the "Report of Research and Extension Activities" speaks for itself.

Proposed schedule of accomplishments from original proposal submitted in 2006 (and actual outcomes for years 1 (2007) and 2 (2008)): Pest Proposed Species Timeframe Estimated (and Actual) Success Lygus Annually evaluation of IGRs, other new chemistries, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids and product mixtures, and development work for new product registrations (conducted in both years 1 and 2) Years 2, 3 resistance monitoring (initiated in year 1, expanded in year 2) Year 1 validation of rapid bioassay for Lygus efficacy (completed) Years 2, 3 seasonal and spatial variation in Lygus resistance (initiated in year 2) Mites Annually miticide timing and development of new miticides, (conducted in year 1 and a more limited study in year 2; no work will be pursued on cyclamen mites; effort was limited to concentrate on Lygus studies) Annually evaluate advanced cycle varietal susceptibility, (evaluated 12 selections in year 1 and 16 selections in year 2) Years 1, 2 determine direct and sublethal impact of miticides on predators, (completed for Phytoseiulus persimilis in year 1, but was not repeated for other predators in year 2 to concentrate on Lygus studies) Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 7

Years 1, 2 re-establish treatment thresholds and timings for a ‘new’ variety (completed for 'Albion' in year 1, but was not repeated for other predators in year 2 to concentrate on Lygus studies) Whiteflies, Years 1, 2, 3 determine optimal treatment timing, rates and efficacy of candidate Thrips, insecticides with emphasis on new chemistries such as IGRs and attention to Worms organically approved products (completed 2 trials for thrips in years 1 and 2, and 1 trial for corn in both years 1 and 2) Outreach Annually Presentations at grower meeting, updating of UC Pest Management Guidelines and production of commission publications will enhance grower and PCA awareness of our research on new management approaches (details provided on 'Research and Extension Accomplishments' attachment)

Literature review: Bolda, M.A., O. Daugovish, S.A. Fennimore, S.T. Koike, K.D. Larson, D.B. Marcum, and F.G. Zalom (technical coordinators). 2008. Integrated pest management for strawberries, 2nd ed. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3351. McKee, G., F .G. Zalom, and R. Goodhue. 2007. Management and yield impact of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on California strawberries. HortScience. 42(2): 280-284. Shaw, D. V., F. G. Zalom and K. D. Larson. 2003. Relative differences in yield for strawberry (Fragariaxananassa Duch.) genotypes are stable over differing levels of infestation by twospotted spidermites (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128: 678-681. Snodgrass, G. L. 1996. Glass-vial bioassay to estimate insecticide resistance in adult tarnished plant bugs (Heteroptera: ). J. Econ. Entomol. 89: 1053-1059. Snodgrass, G. L. 2006. Status of resistance in tarnished plant bug. In Proc, Beltwide Cotton Conf., San Antonio, TX, 3-6 Jan., 2006. National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, TN. Snodgrass, G. L. and W. P. Scott. 2000. Seasonal changes in pyrethroid resistance in tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) populations during a three-year period in the delta area of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. J. Econ. Entomol. 93: 441-446. Zalom, F.G. 2007. Identifying leafrollers including the light brown apple moth. Calif. Strawberry Commission Production Guidelines, Issue 5. 4 pp. Zalom, F.G., C. Pickel and N. Welch. 1990. Recent trends in strawberry arthropod management for coastal areas of the western United States, pp 239-259. In L.T. Wilson, N.J. Bostanian & T.J. Dennehy, [eds.], Monitoring and integrated management of arthropod pests of small fruit crops. Intercept Press, LTD. Winborne, England. Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 8

Curriculum Vitae Frank G. Zalom

Contact Information Department of Entomology phone: (530) 752-3687 University of California, Davis fax: (530) 752-1537 One Shields Avenue Email: [email protected] Davis, CA 95616-8512 http://entomology.ucdavis.edu/faculty/facpage.cfm?id=zalom

Education B.S. Arizona State University , 1973 (Zoology/Ecology) M.S. Arizona State University, 1974 (Zoology/Ecology) Ph.D. University of California, Davis, 1978 (Entomology)

Professional Positions 1980-Present Professor, Entomologist in the Agricultural Experiment Station, and Extension Entomologist, Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Davis 2005-2008 Vice Chair, Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Davis 2004-Present USDA-CSREES Regional IPM Competitive Grants Program Manager 1986-2002 Director, UC Statewide IPM Program 1994-1995 Acting Director, UC Center for Pest Management Research 1984-1986 Associate Director for Research, UC Statewide IPM Program 1986-Present Lecturer, International Agricultural Development Graduate Group 1980-1987 Extension IPM Coordinator – University of California 1979-1980 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Awards and Honors 2008 Entomological Society of America - Elected a Fellow. 2008 Entomological Society of America - IPM Team Award. 2008 California Department of Pesticide Regulation - IPM Innovator Award. 2007 USDA-FAS/Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China – led a Scientific Exchange Team on IPM Opportunities for the U.S. and China. 2004 UC Davis - James H. Meyer Award for Teaching, Research and Service. 2002 Entomological Society of America - Recognition Award in Entomology. 2001-02 President - Pacific Branch, Entomological Society of America. 2001 Friends of Agricultural Extension - Outstanding Cooperative Extension Specialist. 2001 CA State Legislature Joint Resolution - Recognizing Zalom's Contributions to California Agriculture. 1999 UC/California Farm Bureau Federation - Outstanding Administration Award. 1997 Almond Board of California - Outstanding Research Award. 1995 Governor's Exotic Pest Task Force – appointed by Calif. Governor Pete Wilson. 1995 Visiting Fellow - Victoria (Australia) Dept. of Agric., Institute for Horticultural Research. 1992 Entomological Society of America - Outstanding Achievement Award in Extension Entomology. 1992-93 U.S. State Department - Fulbright Senior Research Fellowship, Spain. Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 9

1991 UC/California Farm Bureau Federation - Creative Teamwork Award. 1990 California Academy of Sciences - Elected a Fellow. 1989 ARPE/Assoc. of Applied Insect Ecologists - Excellence in Entomology Award. 1986 UC/California Farm Bureau Federation - Outstanding Specialist Research Award. 1983-89 Entomological Society of America, Pacific Branch - Elected Secretary/Treasurer.

Recent and Notable Professional Service 2006-Present Pest Information Platform for Education and Extension Steering Committee, USDA, CSREES. 2005-Present USAID, IPM Cooperative Support Project for Central Asia , co-investigator with colleagues from Michigan State University. 2003-Present Co-Chair and ESCOP Technical Advisor, NASULGC, ESCOP/ECOP/USDA National IPM Committee. 2003-Present ESCOP Science and Technology Committee. 2008 Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, led external review of the Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences section Biological Disasters and Their Control 2008 Global IPM Forum, co-facilitator of IPM Extension/Outreach section area 2002-2003 Chair, Organizing Committee, 4th National IPM Symposium/ Workshop 2001-2005 USAID, Board of Directors, IPM Cooperative Research Support Project. 1999-2003 Co-Chair and ECOP Technical Advisor, NASULGC, ESCOP/ECOP/USDA National IPM Committee. 1994-2002 CA Dept. of Pesticide Regulation, Pest Management Advisory Committee 1997-2000 CA Dept. of Pesticide Regulation, Methyl Bromide Task Force

Publications: 267 Journal publications and book chapters 290 Technical proceedings, extension, trade journal and commodity group publications 2 US Patents

Most Recent Refereed Publications: Hoffmann, M. P., F. G. Zalom, and T. P. Kuhar. 2006. Integrated Pest Management. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester http://www.els.net/ [doi:10.1038/npg.els.0003248] Larson, K. D., S. T. Koike, and F. G. Zalom. 2006. Polyethylene mulch, deficit irrigation, overhead sprinkling and strawberry fruit bronzing. Acta Horticulturae. 708:51-57. Cullen, E. M. and F. G. Zalom. 2006. Morphological relationships between conspersus females and their attraction to methyl 2E, 4Z – decadienoate pheromone baited traps in processing tomatoes. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 119: 163-173. Brady, J. I., W. W. Wallender, I. Werner, F. G. Zalom, M. N. Oliver, B. W. Wilson, F. B. Mostafazadeh, M. Mata, J. Henderson, and L. Deanovic. 2006. Pesticide runoff From orchard floors in Davis, California, USA: A comparative analysis of diazinon and esfenvalerate Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 115: 56-68. Saenz de Cabazon, F. J., and F. G. Zalom. 2006. Side effects of five new acaricides on the predator Galendromus occidentalis (Acari, Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 8: 299-305 Hummel, N. A., F. G. Zalom, and C. Y. S. Peng. 2006. Structure of female genitalia of Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (: Cicadellidae). Arthrop. Struct. Devel. 35: 111- 125. Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 10

Hummel, N. A., F. G. Zalom, N. C. Toscano, P. Burman and C. Y. S. Peng. 2006. Seasonal Patterns of Female Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Reproductive Physiology in Riverside, California. Environ. Entomol. 35(4): 901-906. Zalom, F G., D. V. Shaw, and K. D. Larson. 2006. Strawberry and mites in California, ecology and control. In: Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. http://www.dekker.com/sdek/abstract~db=enc~content =a713627116. [DOI: 10.1081/E-EPM-120041243]. Hummel, N. A., F. G. Zalom, and C. Y. S. Peng. 2006. Anatomy and histology of the reproductive organs of female Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Proconiini), with special emphasis on the categorization of vitellogenic oöcytes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 99(5): 920-932. Saenz de Cabazon, J., F. Zalom, I. Perez-Moreno, and V. Marco. 2006. Effects of lufenuron on Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg, larval and adult stages. J. Econ. Entomol. 99(2): 427-431. Cullen, E. M. and F. G. Zalom. 2007. On-farm trial assessing efficacy of three insecticide classes for management of stink bug and fruit damage on processing tomatoes. Plant Health Progress. doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-0323-01-RS. Saenz de Cabazon Irigaray, F. J., F. G. Zalom, and P. B. Thompson. 2007. Residual toxicity of acaricides to Galendromus occidentalis and Phytoseiulus persimilis reproductive potential. Biol. Contr. 40:153-159. Saenz de Cabazon Irigaray, F. J. and F. G. Zalom. 2007. Selectivity of acaricide exposure on Galendromus occidentalis reproductive potential. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 17(5): 541-546. McKee, G.J., F.G. Zalom, and R.E. Goodhue. 2007. Management and yield impact of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on California strawberries. HortScience. 42(2): 280-287. Zalom, F. G., H. J. Burrack, R. Bingham, R. Price, and L. Ferguson. 2008. Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) introduction and establishment in California. Acta Hort. 791: 619-627. Burrack, H. J., F. G. Zalom, and J. H. Connell. 2008. Comparison of several traps for use in monitoring the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) in California. Acta Hort. 791: 547-554. Bolda, M. A., O. Daugovish, S. A. Fennimore, S. T. Koike, K. D. Larson, D. B. Marcum, and F. G. Zalom. (technical coordinators) 2008. Integrated pest management for strawberries, 2nd ed. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3351. Burrack, H. J. and F. G. Zalom. 2008. Olive fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) ovipositional preference and larval performance in several commercially important olive varieties in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 101(3): 750-758. Burrack, H. J., J. H. Connell, and F. G. Zalom. 2008. Comparison of olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) (Diptera: Tephritidae) captures in several commercial traps in California. Intl. J. Pest Managem. 54: 227-234. Zalom, F. G. 2008. Challenges of managing Lygus in strawberry plantations on the central coast of California. J. Insect Sci. 8 (49): 26-27. Hummel, N. A., W. S. Leal, and F. G. Zalom. 2008. Potentially hygroreceptive sensillae on the anal stylus of Homalodisca vitripennis. J. Insect Sci. 8 (58) 1-6. McKee, G., F .G. Zalom, and R. Goodhue. 2008. Population dynamics and the economics of invasive species management: the greenhouse whitefly in California-grown strawberries. J. Environ. Managem. (in press) Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 11

Strawberry Research and Extension Activities Report, 2005-08

Name of PI: Frank Zalom

Title of Project: Strawberry Insect and Mite Control

Funding Requested: $68,230 for 2009; anticipated $70,000 in 2010.

History of funding by Strawberry Commission: 2005 - $65,000 2006 - $65,000 2007 - $65,000 $33,792 (for research project on Amblyseius swirskii predator releases) 2008 - $65,000 (for this project)

Grant and funding support for strawberry research and extension not from CSC: UC Statewide IPM Program Competitive Grants Program; Side Effects of Acaricides on Predatory Mites: Implications for Conservation and Augmentative Releases; 7/06-6/07, $30,626 Pesticide companies (Direct and in kind support during 2006) $9,500 Pesticide companies (Direct and in kind support during 2007) $8,000 Pesticide companies (Direct and in kind support during 2008) $8,000

Research publications and presentations: Strawberry-related refereed publications, 2005-08 1 Larson, K. D., S. T. Koike and F. G. Zalom. 2005. Bed mulch treatment affects strawberry fruit bronzing and yield performance. HortScience. 40(1) 72-75. 2 Larson, K. D., S. T. Koike, and F. G. Zalom. 2006. Polyethylene mulch, deficit irrigation, overhead sprinkling and strawberry fruit bronzing. Acta Horticulturae. 708:51-57. 3 Zalom, F G., D. V. Shaw, and K. D. Larson. 2006. Strawberry insects and mites in California, ecology and control. In: Encyclopedia of Pest Management. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. http://www.dekker.com/sdek/abstract~db=enc~content =a713627116. [DOI: 10.1081/E-EPM-120041243]. 6 Saenz de Cabazon Irigaray, F. J., F. G. Zalom, and P. B. Thompson. 2007. Residual toxicity of acaricides to Galendromus occidentalis and Phytoseiulus persimilis reproductive potential. Biol. Contr. 40:153-159. 7 Zalom, F. G., M. Bolda, and P. A. Phillips. 2007. Insects and mites. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Strawberry. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publ. 3468. 24 pp. (peer-reviewed and updated annually; guideline is available online at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) 8 McKee, G., F .G. Zalom, and R. Goodhue. 2007. Management and yield impact of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on California strawberries. HortScience. 42(2): 280-284. 9 Bolda, M.A., O. Daugovish, S.A. Fennimore, S.T. Koike, K.D. Larson, D.B. Marcum, and F.G. Zalom. (technical coordinators) 2008. Integrated pest management for strawberries, 2nd ed. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3351. 10 Zalom, F. G. 2008. Challenges of managing Lygus in strawberry plantations on the central coast of California. J. Insect Sci. 8 (49): 26-27. Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 12

Strawberry-related non-refereed scientific publications, 2005-08 1 Zalom, F., P. Thompson, N. Nicola and D. Shaw. 2005. Central coast acaricide evaluation, 2002. Arthropod Managem. Tests. 30: C29. 2 Zalom, F., P. Thompson, N. Nicola and D. Shaw. 2005. Central coast acaricide evaluation, 2003. Arthropod Managem. Tests. 30: C30. 7 Zalom, F., P. Thompson, N. Nicola and D. Shaw. 2005. Central coast acaricide evaluation, 2004. Arthropod Managem. Tests. 30: C31. 8 Zalom, F. G., P. Thompson, K. Larson, C. Smith and J. Palacios. 2006. Central of beet armyworm and western flower thrips with reduced-risk insecticides, 2004. Arthropod Managem. Tests. 31: C19. 9 Zalom, F. G., P. Thompson, N. Nicola and K. Larson. 2006. Evaluation of miticides against the carmine spider mite, 2005. Arthropod Managem. Tests. 31: C20. 10 Zalom, F. G., P. Thompson, N. Nicola and K. Larson. 2006. Evaluation of miticides against the two-spotted spider mite, 2005. Arthropod Managem. Tests. 31: C21. 11 Zalom, F. G. 2007. Challenges of managing Lygus in strawberry plantations on the central coast of California. In 2nd International Lygus Bug Symposium, Pacific Grove, CA. 2 pp. (abstract) 12 Johnson, M. W., C. Pickel. L. L. Strand, L. G. Varela, C. A. Wilen, M. P. Bolda, M. L. Flint, W. K. Lam, and F. G. Zalom. 2007. Light brown apple moth in California: quarantine, management and potential impacts. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/lightbrownapple moth.html. 21 pp. 13 Zalom, F. G., M. P. Bolda, and P. A. Phillips. 2008. Insects and Mites, In: UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Strawberry. Univ. Calif. Agric. Natur. Resources Publ. 3468. 14 corn earworm 15 vinegar flies

Presentations at scientific meetings: Saenz de Cabezon, F.J. and Zalom F.G. 2005. Effects of five acaricides on Phytoseiidae reproductive potential assessed by residual and contact treatments. 53rd annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. December, 2005. Thompson, P.B., F.G. Zalom and K. Larson. 2006. Control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), with reduced-risk insecticides in California strawberries. Pacific Branch Entomological Society of America 90th Annual Meeting, Wailua, HI, March, 2006. Sáenz-de-Cabezón, F.J. and F.G. Zalom. 2006. Effects of selected acaricides on predatory mites. Pacific Branch Entomological Society of America 90th Annual Meeting, Wailua, HI, March, 2006. Zalom, F.G. 2006. Effects of pesticides on Phytosieids of trees, vines and berries. Workshop on the Identification of Predatory Mites in Agriculture. Davis, CA, May 11, 2006. Zalom, F.G. 2006. Integrating pesticides and biocontrol of mites. Symposium on Biological Control. 12th International Congress of Acarology, Ámsterdam, The Netherlands. August 23, 2006. Zalom, F.G. Residual toxicity of acaricides to Galendromus occidentalis and Phytoseiulus persimilis reproductive potential. 54th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Salt Lake City, UT. December, 2006. Thompson, P., F. Zalom, M. Bolda, and M. Nelson. 2007. Two Methods of evaluating insecticides for the control of adult Lygus bugs (Lygus hesperus) (Knight) (Miridae: Hemiptera). North American Strawberry Growers Association Annual Meeting, Oxnard, CA. February, 2007. Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 13

Zalom, F.G. 2007. Keynote address: Challenges of managing Lygus in strawberry plantations on the central coast of California. 2nd International Lygus Bug Symposium, Pacific Grove, CA. April 18, 2007. Thompson, P.B., F.G. Zalom and M. P. Bolda. 2008. Evaluating insecticides for control of adult Lygus bugs (Miridae: Hemiptera) in California strawberries. VI International Strawberry Symposium. Huelva, Spain. March. 2008. Zalom. F.G., P. Thompson and N. Nicola. 2008. Cyclamen mite, Phytonemus pallidus (Banks), and other Tarsonemid mites in strawberries. VI International Strawberry Symposium. Huelva, Spain. March. 2008. Zalom, F.G., K. Larsen and S. Koike. 2008. Management of strawberry fruit bronzing and western flower thrips. Symposium on Western Flower Thrips Control. 56th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Reno, NV. November, 2008.

California Strawberry Commission Annual Research Reports and Production Guidelines: 1 Zalom, F.G. 2005. Statewide strawberry entomology research program. pp. 31-52, In: 2004- 05 California Strawberry Commission Annual Production Research Report. 2 Zalom, F.G. 2006. Statewide strawberry entomology research program. pp. 29-42, In: 2005- 06 California Strawberry Commission Annual Production Research Report. 3 Toscano, N., F.G. Zalom, and J. Bi. 2007. Greenhouse whitefly management. Calif. Strawberry Commission Production Guidelines, Issue 2. 4 pp. 4 Zalom, F.G., N. Toscano, H. Smith, and P. Thompson. 2007. Managing Lygus Bugs in Strawberries. Calif. Strawberry Commission Production Guidelines, Issue 3. 4 pp. 5 Zalom, F.G., 2007. D. Shaw, K. Larson, and P. Thompson. Managing Spider Mites in Strawberries. Calif. Strawberry Commission Production Guidelines, Issue 7. 6 pp. 6 Zalom, F.G. 2007. Identifying leafrollers including the light brown apple moth. Calif. Strawberry Commission Production Guidelines, Issue 5. 4 pp. 7 Zalom, F.G. 2007. Identificando los insectos que causan enrollamiento de la hoya incluyendo la palomilla café claro de la manzana, Publicacion 5. 4 pp. 8 Zalom, F.G. 2007. Statewide strawberry entomology research program. pp. 214-226, In: 2006-07 California Strawberry Commission Annual Production Research Report.

Grower meetings and presentations: Date, Group, Title, Location 1 1/27/05, Spider Mite Control Meeting, New Miticides for Strawberries, Phoenix, AZ 2 2/3/05, CE Strawberry Meeting, Mite, Whitefly and Lygus Research, Watsonville 3 3/15/05, South Coast Strawberry Field Day, Insect and Mite Research Update, Irvine 4 4/14/05, Santa Maria Strawberry Field Day, Insect and Mite Management Update, Santa Maria 5 6/23/05, Monterey Bay Academy Field Day, What’s Up with Insects in Strawberries?, Watsonville 6 7/29/05, S. California Vegetable Consultants Mtg., Whiteflies and Mites, San Diego 7 9/7/05, Ventura Co. Strawberry Production Mtg., Biology and Management of Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites and Thrips, Camarillo 8 2/9/06, CE Strawberry Meeting, Whitefly, Mite and Lygus Control, Watsonville 9 2/28/06, South Coast Strawberry Field Day, Strawberry Entomology Research Update, Irvine 10 5/2/06, Strawberry Field Day, Management of Mites, Thrips and Lygus, Watsonville Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 14

11 6/22/06, Monterey Bay Academy Field Day, What’s Up with Insects in Strawberries?, Watsonville 12 8/3/2006, Annual S. California/ Arizona Crop Consultants Mtg., Whitefly and Mite Control in Strawberries, San Diego 13 2/22/07, CE Strawberry Meeting, Lygus, Thrips and Mite Management, Watsonville 14 4/3/07, CA Strawberry Commission Meeting, Lannate Alternatives, Watsonville 15 5/1/07, Strawberry Field Day, Insect and Mite Research, Watsonville 16 6/28/07, Monterey Bay Academy Field Day, Leafrollers, Lygus, and Lannate; Issues in Strawberry Entomology, Watsonville 17 7/10/07, CE Farm Advisor Training - Mites, Identification and effects of predatory mites in trees, vines and berries, Bakersfield 18 7/20/07, Annual S. California/ Arizona Crop Consultants Mtg., Whitefly and Mite Management in Strawberries, San Diego 19 7/23/07, Ventura Co. Strawberry Production Mtg., Lygus, LBAM and Lepidoptera, Camarillo 20 2/5/08, CE Strawberry Meeting, Recent studies of Lannate alternatives for Lygus, Worms and Thrips, Watsonville 21 2/19/08, CA Strawberry Commission District Meeting, Lygus Management in Strawberries, Oxnard 22 2/26/08, South Coast Strawberry Field Day, Strawberry Entomology Research Update, Irvine 23 4/9/08, Santa Maria Strawberry Field Day in Spanish, Arthropod Management in Strawberries, Santa Maria 24 5/6/08, Watsonville Strawberry Pomology Field day, Management of Spidermites, Whiteflies and Lygus, Watsonville 25 5/13/208, CA Strawberry Commission District Meeting, Lygus Control, Moss Landing 26 5/15/08, CA Strawberry Commission District Meeting, Lygus Control Field Day, Camarillo 27 6/11/08, CA Strawberry Commission District Meeting, Spider Mite Control, Salinas 28 8/28/08, Ventura Co. Strawberry Production Mtg., Entomology Research Update: Mites, Lygus Bugs and Other Strawberry Insects, Camarillo

Farm visits, etc.: I get phone calls year around, probably because of the extent of my exposure at strawberry extension/outreach meetings (see list above). People meet me at those meetings or feel that they are familiar enough with me to call me directly. I often visit farms, often around these extension/outreach meetings. Most of our research is conducted on farms, and virtually all is conducted in the field. Therefore I often interact with growers and consultants when we are conducting our field studies, many of which are conducted on grower's farms. I also receive a number of insect specimens to identify from nurseries and growers.

Leadership or participation in the organization of meetings, working groups or other activities intended to extend information to the strawberry industry: Several notable activities during the last 3 years are: 1 Cyclamen mite outbreak, 2004-06; on hearing reports of cyclamen mite outbreaks at a number of locations in the state, I visited fields and accepted samples to confirm infestations, train people on how to identify cyclamen mites, and determine potential causes. I conducted efficacy studies to determine products that were effective in controlling cyclamen mites, but most importantly I worked closely with 2 different nurseries to Zalom CSC Proposal, 2009 15

implement monitoring and control practices to insure that their nursery stock was free of cyclamen mites. 2 Lannate, 2007; I attended a special California Strawberry Commission meeting to identify alternatives to Lannate which will be voluntarily withdrawn by Dupont, its registrant. A that meeting I prepared a written summary of and presented the status of alternatives for control of Lygus, Lepidoptera (including corn earworm, cutworms and beet armyworm), and thrips. 3 Light brown apple moth, 2007-08 - I worked with the California Strawberry Commission soon after the detection of LBAM in Santa Cruz County and before quarantines were established to provide technical expertise on how strawberry shipments could be certified for shipment and how growers could avoid shipment delays due to leafroller identification. I worked with Carolyn O'Donnell to quickly produce a Production Guideline on LBAM and other leafrollers that was a model for other commodities as well. I fielded many questions from growers and the public on LBAM, and continue to be committed to reducing its pest status rating. 4 Lygus – I worked with Annika Forester and Maria Vidauri of the California Strawberry Commission to organize and present major meetings on Lygus bug management in the Oxnard and Watsonville/Salinas growing areas. In addition to indoor meetings that lasted for well over an hour at which I was able to present an exhaustive overview of Lygus biology and the status of management, we also did a field meeting in Camarillo that was very well attended. I visited the Oxnard area on several other occasions to establish a protocol for a monitoring program that is being conducted by Oleg Daugovish, and I helped develop a proposal to the California Strawberry Commission from Dr. Daugovish to continue this work in 2009. On one of my visits in March, 2008, a number of Pest Control Advisors assembled in a field we were visiting and we had an impromptu field day. 5 IR-4 requests - Since it is difficult to register new pesticides on strawberries because of the limited acreage of the crop, companies often only consider registering their products through the USDA's IR-4 Program. I continue to work with the California Strawberry Commission’s Research Director to identify appropriate candidates for the IR-4 program and to develop data necessary to enable these requests to go forward. At present, there are 3 insecticides in the IR-4 process intended for registration on strawberries, novaluron (Rimon), clothioanidan and flonicamid which will target primarily Lygus bugs, aphids and Lepidoptera (novaluron only). Assail (acetamiprid) emerged from the IR-4 process in 2008 and is useful for managing aphids and as a tank mix partner with the pyrethroids for Lygus control. 6 Section 18 requests - As with IR-4 requests, I have worked with the California Strawberry Commission’s Research Director when an emergency exists to identify appropriate candidates for Section 18 requests and to provide letters supporting proposed registrations with efficacy, rate and timing data as well as crop loss data. Since June, I have been working with James Wells who is assisting the Commission in preparing a Section 18 request for Rimon for Lygus control.