PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
SIMPLE PENDULUM
INFERENCE Period depends on length of pendulum HYPHOTESIS Length increase, period increase AIM To investigate the relationship between period and length of pendulum VARIABLES MV : length of pendulum RV : period FV : angle of oscillation LIST OF Two pieces of plywood, thread, retort stand, meter rule, pendulum bob, APPARATUS stop watch ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. The bob is tied with a thread of length, l=10.0 cm. 3. The bob is pulled sideway with an angle 450 and released. 4. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t is measured using stop watch. t 5. Period of oscillation is calculated using the formula , T 10 10 6. The experiment is repeated using different length of pendulum which are 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm and 50.0 cm.
TABULATE DATA Length, l (cm) Period, T (s) 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
ANALSYING DATA Period, T (s)
Length, l (cm)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
INERTIA
INFERENCE Inertia depends on mass HYPHOTESIS mass increase, period increase AIM To investigate the relationship between period and mass VARIABLES MV : mass RV : period FV : length of hacksaw blade LIST OF G-clamp, jigsaw blade, plasticine, triple beam balance, stop watch APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. 20 g of plasticine is fixed at one end of a jigsaw blade. 3. Displace the blade horizontally and release so that it oscillates. 4. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t is measured using stop watch. t 5. Period of oscillation is calculated using the formula , T 10 10 6. The experiment is repeated using different mass of plasticine which are 40 g, 60 g, 80 g and 100 g.
TABULATE DATA Mass, m (g) Period, T (s) 20 40 60 80 100
ANALSYING DATA Period, T (s)
Mass, m (g)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
VELOCITY
INFERENCE Velocity depends on height HYPHOTESIS Height increase, velocity increase AIM To investigate the relationship between height and velocity VARIABLES MV : height RV : velocity FV : length of runway LIST OF Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power APPARATUS supply, wood blocks, meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. The runway is raised up by wooden blocks to a height 20.0 cm. 3. Switch on the ticker-timer and released the trolley. 4. The final velocity, v is calculated from the ticker-tape when the trolley reach the end of the runway. 5. The experiment is repeated by rising the runway and placing the trolley at height 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm and 60.0 cm.
TABULATE DATA Height, h (cm) Velocity, v (ms-1) 20 30 40 50 60
ANALSYING DATA Velocity, v (ms-1)
Height, h (cm)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ACCELERATION (I)
INFERENCE Acceleration depends on mass HYPHOTESIS mass increase, acceleration decrease AIM To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration VARIABLES MV : mass // number of trolley RV : acceleration FV : force acting on the object LIST OF Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power APPARATUS supply, wood blocks, meter rule, elastic cord, weighing scale ARRANGEMEN T OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Switch on the ticker-timer. Apply a force by stretching an elastic band to a fixed length and the length is maintain as the trolley runs down the runway. 3. Cut the ticker tape into strips containing 10 ticks each. 4. Acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula, vu a t 5. The experiment is repeated by using 2 trolleys, 3 trolleys, 4 trolleys and 5 trolleys.
TABULATE DATA Mass of trolley, m (g) or Accelerations, a (ms-2) No. of trolley 1 2 3 4 5
ANALSYING DATA Accelerations, a (ms-2)
Mass of trolley, m (g) or No. of trolley
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ACCELERATION (II)
INFERENCE Force depends on acceleration HYPHOTESIS force increase, acceleration increase AIM To investigate the relationship between force and acceleration VARIABLES MV : force RV : acceleration FV : mass of the object LIST OF Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power APPARATUS supply, wood blocks, meter rule, elastic cord ARRANGEMEN T OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Switch on the ticker-timer. Apply a force by stretching an elastic band to a fixed length and the length is maintain as the trolley runs down the runway. 3. Cut the ticker tape into strips containing 10 ticks each. 4. Acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula, vu a t 5. The experiment is repeated by using 2 cords, 3 cords, 4 cords and 5 cords.
TABULATE DATA Force, F (N) Accelerations, a (ms-2) 1 2 3 4 5
ANALSYING DATA Accelerations, a (ms-2)
Force, F (N)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
HOOKE’S LAW (EXTENSION OF THE SPRING)
INFERENCE Extension of the spring depends on force / weight HYPHOTESIS force / weight increase, extension of the spring increase AIM To investigate the relationship between extension of the spring and force / weight VARIABLES MV : force / weight RV : extension of the spring FV : spring constant / diameter of the spring LIST OF Spring, slotted weight, retort stand, meter rule, clamp APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Measured the initial length of the spring, lo. 3. Slotted weight of 20 g is hung from the spring. The length of the spring, l is record. 4. The extension of the spring, x is calculated by using the formula,
x l lo 5. The experiment is repeated by using slotted weight 40 g, 60 g, 80 g and 100 g.
TABULATE DATA Mass of load Force, F (N) Extension of the spring, (g) x (cm) 20 40 60 80 100
ANALSYING DATA Extension of the spring, x (cm)
Force, F (N)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
SOLID PRESSURE (FORCE & PRESSURE)
INFERENCE Pressure depends on surface area HYPHOTESIS The smaller the surface area the greater the pressure (depth of sinking) AIM To investigate the relationship between surface area and pressure (depth of sinking) VARIABLES MV : surface area RV : depth of sinking FV : Weight / force / mass LIST OF Plasticine, slotted weight , wooden rod and meter rule APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Start the experiment with a wooden rod has surface area 1 cm2. 3. Placed the load of mass 200 g on the top of wooden rod as shown on diagram. 4. Measure the depth of sinking made on the plasticine by using meter rule. 5. Repeat the experiment 4 times with surface area of rod 2 cm2, 3 cm2, 4 cm2 and 5cm2. TABULATE DATA Surface area , A (cm2) Depth of depression, d (cm) 1 2 3 4 5
ANALSYING DATA Depth of depression, d (cm)
Surface area, A (cm2)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
LIQUID PRESSURE (DENSITY & PRESSURE)
INFERENCE Pressure depends on density of liquid HYPHOTESIS density increase, different height in manometer increase AIM To investigate the relationship between density and different height in manometer VARIABLES MV : density of liquid RV : different height in manometer FV : depth of liquid LIST OF Meter rule, manometer, rubber tube, thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, APPARATUS thin rubber sheet, salt water, coloured solution, retort stand ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. The thistle funnel is lowered into the salt water with density 0.5 gcm-3 at a depth 20.0 cm. 3. Observed and measure the different level, h at manometer through meter rule. 4. The experiment is repeated by using different density of salt water which are 1.0 gcm-3, 1.5 gcm-3, 2.0 gcm-3 and 2.5 gcm-3. TABULATE DATA Density, ϸ Different (gcm-3) level, h (cm) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
ANALSYING DATA Different level, h (cm)
Density, ϸ (gcm-3)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
LIQUID PRESSURE (DEPTH & PRESSURE)
INFERENCE Pressure (different height in manometer) depends on depth of liquid HYPHOTESIS depth increase, pressure (different height in manometer) increase AIM To investigate the relationship between depth of liquid and pressure (different height in manometer) VARIABLES MV : depth of liquid RV : different height in manometer FV : density of liquid LIST OF Meter rule, manometer, rubber tube, thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, APPARATUS thin rubber sheet, salt water, coloured solution, retort stand ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. The thistle funnel is lowered into the salt water with density 0.5 gcm-3 at a depth 0.5 cm. 3. Observed and measure the different level, h at manometer through meter rule. 4. The experiment is repeated by lowered the thistle funnel at different depth which are 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm. TABULATE DATA Depth, y (cm) Different level, h (cm) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
ANALSYING DATA Different level, h (cm)
Depth, y (cm)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
BUOYANT FORCE
INFERENCE buoyant force depends on volume of water displaced HYPHOTESIS volume of water displaced increase, buoyant force increase AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of water displaced and buoyant force VARIABLES MV : volume of water displaced (height of rod immersed) RV : buoyant force FV : density of liquid, cross-sectional area of rod LIST OF Meter rule, retort stand, spring balance, aluminium rod, beaker, water, APPARATUS string ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Record the weight of the aluminium rod in the air as Wo from the spring balance. 3. The aluminium rod is slowly lowered into water until height of rod immersed is h = 2.0 cm. 4. Record the reading of spring balance as W. 5. Buoyant force is calculated by using formula, Fb = Wo – W 6. The experiment is repeated by lowered the aluminium rod at different height which are 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm and 10.0 cm. TABULATE DATA height of rod immersed, h (cm) Buoyant force, N 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
ANALSYING DATA Buoyant force, N
Height of rod
immersed, h (cm)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
BUOYANT FORCE (VOLUME WATER DISPLACED)
INFERENCE volume of water displaced depends on weight HYPHOTESIS weight increase, volume of water displaced increase AIM To investigate the relationship between weight and volume of water displaced VARIABLES MV : weight RV : volume of water displaced FV : density of liquid, cross-sectional area of tube LIST OF Test tube, measuring cylinder, sand, water, beam balance, ball bearing APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Record the volume of water, V1 a shown by the measuring cylinder. 3. Put 5 g of ball bearing in the test tube. 4. Record the volume of water as a V2. 5. Calculated the volume of water displaced, V = V2 – V1 6. The experiment is repeated by using different mass of ball bearing which are 10 g, 15 g, 20 g and 25 g. TABULATE DATA Mass of ball Weight, N Volume of water displaced, bearing, g cm3 5 10 15 20 25
ANALSYING DATA 3 Volume of water displaced, cm
Weight, N
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
HEAT (COOLING RATE)
INFERENCE Rate of cooling depends on volume of water HYPHOTESIS Volume of water increase, rate of cooling increase AIM To investigate the relationship between rate of cooling and volume of water VARIABLES MV : volume of water RV : temperature change FV : time taken, power of heater LIST OF Thermometer, beaker, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, water, APPARATUS stopwatch, measuring cylinder ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Filled 50 cm3 of water into a beaker and heated to 50 oC. 3. The bunsen burner is removed and the stopwatch is started. 4. Record the temperature change, Ѳ after 30 seconds. 5. The experiment is repeated by using different volume of water which are 100 cm3, 150 cm3, 200 cm3 and 250 cm3. TABULATE DATA Volume of water, Temperature cm3 change, Ѳ, oC 50 100 150 200 250
ANALSYING DATA o Temperature change, Ѳ, C
Volume of water, cm3
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
HEAT (BOILING POINT)
INFERENCE Boiling point depends on mass of impurity HYPHOTESIS Mass of impurity increase, boiling point increase AIM To investigate the relationship between mass of impurity and boiling point VARIABLES MV : mass of impurity RV : boiling point FV : power of heater, volume of water LIST OF Salt, water, immersion heater, thermometer, beaker, power supply APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Add 5 g of salt into the beaker with 500 ml of water. 3. Switch on the immersion heater until the water is boiling with a constant temperature. 4. Record the boiling point using thermometer. 5. The experiment is repeated by adding mass of salt, 10 g, 15 g, 20 g and 25 g. TABULATE DATA Mass of salt, g Boiling point oC 5 10 15 20 25
ANALSYING DATA o Boiling point C
Mass of salt, g
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
HEAT (HEAT CAPACITY)
INFERENCE Temperature depends on mass HYPHOTESIS mass increase, temperature decrease AIM To investigate the relationship between mass of object and temperature VARIABLES MV : mass of liquid RV : increase in temperature FV : time taken of heating, specific heat capacity of liquid LIST OF Beaker, polystyrene cup, slotted weight, Bunsen burner, thermometer, APPARATUS water, tripod stand ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Fill a polystyrene cup with 200 cm3 of water. The initial temperature, Ѳ1 is recorded. 3. A 100 g slotted weight is heated in boiling water until 100oC. 4. The slotted weight is quickly transferred from beaker to the polystyrene cup. 5. The highest temperature reached, Ѳ2 is recorded. 6. The rise in temperature is determined by using the formula Ѳ = Ѳ2 – Ѳ1. 7. The experiment is repeated by using slotted weight of mass 200 g, 300 g, 400 g and 500 g. TABULATE DATA Mass, m (g) Temperature change, Ѳ, ( oC) 50 100 150 200 250
ANALSYING DATA o Temperature change, Ѳ, ( C)
Mass, m (g)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
GAS LAW (BOYLE’S LAW)
INFERENCE volume of air depends on pressure of air HYPHOTESIS volume of air increase, pressure of air decrease AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of air and pressure of air VARIABLES MV : volume of air RV : pressure of air FV : mass of air, temperature of air LIST OF Syringe, rubber tube, Bourdon gauge, piston APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Piston is push until the volume of air is 80 cm3. 3. Observed and record the pressure of air through bourdon gauge. 4. The experiment is repeated by pushing the piston at different volume of air which are 70 cm3, 60 cm3, 50 cm3 and 40 cm3. TABULATE DATA Volume of air, V Pressure of air, P (cm3) (Pa) 80 70 60 50 40
ANALSYING DATA Pressure of air, P (Pa)
Volume of air, V (cm3)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
GAS LAW (CHARLES’ LAW)
INFERENCE Volume of air depends on temperature HYPHOTESIS temperature increase, volume of air increase AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of air and temperature VARIABLES MV : temperature RV : volume of air (length of air column) FV : mass of air, pressure of air LIST OF Thermometer, meter rule, retort stand, concentrated sulphuric acid, APPARATUS water, rubber bands, capillary tube, Bunsen burner, wire gauge ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Heat the water and stir continuously until the temperature reaches 30oC. 3. Observed and record the length of air column, L using meter rule. 4. The experiment is repeated by heating the water to temperature 40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC. TABULATE DATA Temperature, oC Volume of air, cm3 30 40 50 60 70
ANALSYING DATA 3 Volume of air, cm
Temperature, oC
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
GAS LAW (PRESSURE LAW)
INFERENCE pressure of air depends on temperature of air HYPHOTESIS temperature of air increase, pressure of air increase AIM To investigate the relationship between pressure of air and temperature of air VARIABLES MV : temperature of air RV : pressure of air FV : mass of air, volume of air LIST OF Bourdon gauge, round bottom flask, rubber tube, thermometer, water, APPARATUS bunsen burner, wire gauge ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Heat the water and stir continuously until the temperature reaches 30oC. 3. Observed and record the pressure of air using bourdon gauge. 4. The experiment is repeated by heating the water to temperature 40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC. TABULATE DATA Temperature of air, oC Pressure of air, Pa 30 40 50 60 70
ANALSYING DATA Pressure of air, Pa
Temperature of air, oC
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
LIGHT (REFRACTION)
INFERENCE Angle of refraction depends on angle of incidence HYPHOTESIS Angle of incidence increase, angle of refraction increase AIM To investigate the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction VARIABLES MV : Angle of incidence RV : angle of refraction FV : refractive index of glass block, density of the glass block LIST OF Glass block (or semicircular glass block), ray box, protractor, white paper, APPARATUS pencil, meter rule, single slid slide ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Direct a narrow beam from the ray box at an angle of incidence, i = 100. 3. The refracted ray is marked and the refracted angle, r is measured using a protractor. 4. The experiment is repeated for values of i = 200, 300, 400 and 500. TABULATE DATA Angle of incidence, i (0) Angle of refracted, r (0) 10 20 30 40 50
ANALSYING Angle of refracted, r (0) DATA
0 Angle of incidence, i ( )
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
LIGHT (IMAGE DISTANCE)
INFERENCE Image distance depends on object distance HYPHOTESIS Object distance increase, image distance decrease AIM To investigate the relationship between object distance and image distance VARIABLES MV : object distance RV : image distance FV : focal length of convex lens, power of lens LIST OF Convex lens (focal length 10.0 cm), light bulb, lens holder, screen, power APPARATUS supply, meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Placed the convex lens at a distance, u = 12.0 cm from the light bulb. 3. Switch on the power supply. The screen is adjusted until sharp image of the filament is formed. 4. The image distance, v is measured using meter rule. 5. The experiment is repeated for object distance, u = 16.0 cm, 20.0 cm, 24.0 cm and 28.0 cm. TABULATE DATA object distance, cm image distance, cm 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0
ANALSYING image distance, cm DATA
object distance, cm
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
INTERFERENCE OF SOUND
Keyword : a = distance between two speakers x = distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound D = distance between the source and sound heard λ = wavelength
INFERENCE x depends on a HYPHOTESIS a increase, x decrease AIM To investigate the relationship between a and x VARIABLES MV : a, distance between two speakers RV : x, distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound FV : D, distance between the speakers and the sound heard LIST OF Audio signal generator, loudspeakers, meter rule APPARATUS ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Adjust the separation, a of the two loudspeakers to 1.0 m 3. Switch on the generator. 4. An observer stands 5.0 m in front of the loudspeakers and walk in a straight line parallel to the loudspeakers. 5. The distance between two consecutive loud sounds heard, x is measured by the meter rule. 6. Repeat the experiment by adjusting the distance between two loudspeakers which is 1.2 m, 1.4 m. 1.6 m and 1.8 m.
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
TABULATE DATA Distance, a/m Distance, x/m 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
ANALSYING DATA
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
WAVE (DEPTH AND WAVELENGTH)
INFERENCE depth affects wavelength HYPHOTESIS Depth increases, wavelength increases AIM To investigate the relationship between depth and wavelength VARIABLES MV : depth, h or number of Perspex RV : wavelength, λ FV : frequency LIST OF d.c. power supply, ripple tank and accessories, lamp, meter rule, white APPARATUS paper, 5 pieces of Perspex / glass, stroboscope
ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. The current was switched on. 2. The put one piece of Perspex in the ripple tank. 3. Mark the position of wave on the white paper as seen through the Stroboscope. 4. Measure the wavelength with meter rule. 5. The procedure was repeated for different depth by putting pieces of Perspex on top of the previous Perspex in the ripple tank; 2,3,4 and 5 number of Perspex.
TABULATE DATA Depth / cm or number of Wavelength / Perspex cm 1 2 3 4 5
ANALSYING DATA
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ELECTRICITY (RESISTANCE AND LENGTH OF WIRE) (I)
INFERENCE Resistance depends on the length of wire HYPHOTESIS The longer the wire, the higher the resistance AIM To investigate the relationship between length of wire and its resistance VARIABLES MV : length of wire, l RV : resistance, R FV : cross section area, A // diameter of wire LIST OF Constantan wire, dry cells, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, meter rule, APPARATUS connecting wires, switch and jockey ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Turn on the switch. 2. Place the jockey at length of wire, l = 20.0 cm. 3. Adjust the rheostat until the ammeter shows, I = 0.5 A . 4. Measure the potential difference, V. 5. Calculate resistance, R using the formula, R = V/I. 6. Repeat the experiment for different lengths, l = 40.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 80.0 cm and 100.0 cm. TABULATE DATA length of wire, l / cm resistance, R / Ω 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
ANALSYING DATA
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ELECTRICITY (RESISTANCE AND LENGTH OF WIRE) (II)
INFERENCE Resistance depends on length of conductor HYPHOTESIS Length of conductor increase, resistance increase AIM To investigate the relationship between resistance and length of conductor VARIABLES MV : length of conductor RV : resistance FV : cross-sectional area of the conductor, diameter of the conductor, resistivity of the conductor, temperature LIST OF Dry cell, switch, ammeter, constantan wire, voltmeter, wire connecting, APPARATUS meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Switched on the switch and start the experiment with length of constantan wire with length 10.0 cm as shown on diagram above. 2. Observe and record the reading of ammeter and voltmeter. V 3. Resistance is calculated by using the formula R . I 4. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different length of constantan wire which are 15.0 cm, 20.0 cm. 25.0 cm and 30.0 cm. TABULATE DATA Length , l (cm) R (Ω) 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
ANALSYING DATA R (Ω)
Length , l (cm)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ELECTRICITY (OHM’S LAW)
INFERENCE The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it HYPHOTESIS The higher the current flows through a wire, the higher the potential difference across it. AIM To investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for a constantan wire. VARIABLES MV : current, I RV : potential difference, V FV : length of the wire // cross sectional area LIST OF Constantan wire, dry cells, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, meter rule, APPARATUS connecting wires ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. 2. Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads the current, I= 0.2 A. 3. Read and record the potential difference, V across the wire through voltmeter. 4. Repeat experiment for I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A and 0.6 A.
TABULATE DATA Current, I /A Volt, V / V 0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
ANALSYING DATA
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ELECTROMAGNETISME (CURRENT AND NO. OF TURNS)
INFERENCE Strength of the magnetic field depends on current HYPHOTESIS When current increase, number of paper clips attracted increase AIM To investigate the relationship between current and number of paper clips attracted VARIABLES MV : Current, I RV : Number of paper clips attracted, N FV : Number of turns of wire in the solenoid LIST OF Long iron rod, wooden clamp, insulated (PVC) copper wire, low-voltage APPARATUS high current d.c supply, ammeter, rheostat, retort stand, paper clips, beaker ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram above. 2. The switch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted so that the current, I = 0.5 A. 3. The beaker is withdrawn and the current is switch off. 4. The paper clips which fall onto the table a collected and counted. 5. The experiment is repeated with different value of currents which is I = 1.0 A, 1.5 A, 2.0 A and 2.5 A.
TABULATE DATA Current, I / A Number of paper clips attracted, N 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
ANALSYING DATA
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ELECTROMAGNETISME (INDUCED CURRENT)
INFERENCE Induced current depend on the height of magnet bar release HYPHOTESIS The induced current increases when the height of magnet bar release increases AIM To investigate the relationship between height of magnet bar release and the induced current. VARIABLES MV : height of magnet bar release RV : induced current FV : number of the turns in the coils. LIST OF Bar magnet, cardboard tube, ammeter, insulated copper wire and meter APPARATUS rule. ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Release the bar magnet at height, h = 5.0 cm above the top end of the solenoid. 3. Observe and record the reading of induced current through the ammeter. 4. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different height of magnet bar release which are 10.0 cm, 15.0 cm, 20.0 cm and 25.0 cm. TABULATE DATA height of magnet bar release, h (cm) induced current, I (A) 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
ANALSYING DATA I (A)
h (cm)
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PLANNING EXPERIMENT (SECTION B)
ELECTROMAGNETISME (TRANSFORMER)
INFERENCE Output voltage depends on the number of turns of wire in the secondary coli HYPHOTESIS The number of turns of wire in the secondary coil increase, output voltage increase AIM To investigate the relationship between output voltage and the number of turns of wire in the secondary coil VARIABLES MV : number of turns of wire in the secondary coil RV : output voltage FV : number of turns of wire in the primary coil LIST OF ac voltage, primary coil, secondary coil, soft iron core, output voltage, APPARATUS number of turns of secondary coil, number of turns of primary coil ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS
PROCEDURE 1. Use 900 turns copper coil as the primary coil and 100 turns of secondary coil of the transformer. 2. The switch is on and the output voltage is measured by using a voltmeter. 3. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different number of turns of secondary coil which are 200 turns, 300 turns, 400 turns and 500 turns. TABULATE DATA Ns V (V) 100 200 300 400 500
ANALSYING V (V) DATA
Ns
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