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Cooling Effects of Water Body in Hot and Humid Climate Andrita Dyah Sinta Nindyani

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Cooling Effects of Water Body in Hot and Humid Climate Andrita Dyah Sinta Nindyani View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarBank@NUS COOLING EFFECTS OF WATER BODY IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE ANDRITA DYAH SINTA NINDYANI (BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE, GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (BUILDING) DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. _________________________ Andrita Dyah Sinta Nindyani 7 December 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “I can do all things through Christ who strengthen me” (Phillipians 4:13). Thank you dear Father Jesus Christ for my life. Thank you for the faith. I am able to finish this thesis through You who gives me strength. I love you. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Professor Wong Nyuk Hien, whose depth of knowledge and immense wisdom greatly aided my scholarly development. He provided a patient and critical eye on my ideas, analyses and writing – I am very thankful for that, and more. Many thanks are also due for Steve Kardinal Jusuf, for his comments and critiques while I was planning and writing up my research for this thesis. During my time in NUS, I received support, encouragement and assistance of various kinds from very many friends and colleagues in graduate school. To me, you guys have been fantastic sounding boards for ideas. Unfortunately, naming all of you is an impossible task; but do know that I would have never been able to complete this demanding and time- consuming thesis without your help. I have to specifically mention that Nedyomukti Imam Syafii, Erna Tan, Rosita Samsudin, Religiana Hendarti, Enrica Rinintya, Leni Sagita Supriadi, and Bayu Aditiya Firmansyah were all directly involved in assisting my research at one point or another, for which I am deeply grateful. The final words of gratitude are for the people who know me best, and who have stuck with me throughout my academic accomplishments in a foreign land. To my dear parent, Papi iii Nindyo Suwarno, and Mami Dewi Rindjani – thank you for all the pray, support, help, patience, and believe despite being thousands miles away. I am gratefully proud to be your daughter. I love you both. Lastly, to my Husband Antonius Aditiyo Wibisono and Son Dominik Jonathan Pratama – thank you for keeping me grounded, and for giving me a reason to believe. I love you both. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION…………..………………………………………………………………..ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...………………………………………………………………..iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Scope of the Study and General Methodology ........................................................ 4 1.5 Contributions of the Study ...................................................................................... 7 1.6 Organization of the Study ........................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 9 2.1 Climate of Singapore ............................................................................................... 9 2.2 Solar Radiation ...................................................................................................... 10 2.3 The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle): Evaporation .............................................. 11 2.4 Wind ...................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Water Bodies and Their Effect on Air Temperatures in Sub-Tropic Areas .......... 14 2.6 Water Facilities and Their Effect on the Surrounding Microclimate .................... 16 2.6.1 Water Facilities and Their Effect in Sub-Tropic Areas ................................. 16 2.6.2 Water Facilities and Their Effect in Singapore .............................................. 18 2.6.3 Water Facilities and Their Effect through Simulation Study ......................... 20 2.7 Green Area Studies in Singapore .......................................................................... 21 2.8 ENVI-met Simulation ............................................................................................ 23 2.9 Validation and Sensitive Analysis of ENVI-met Simulation ................................ 24 v 2.10 Simulation Limitations .......................................................................................... 24 2.11 Knowledge Gap ..................................................................................................... 25 2.12 Hypothesis Development ...................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 29 3.1 Research Design .................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Selection of Water Bodies ..................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Kallang River ................................................................................................. 29 3.2.2 Sungei Api-api River...................................................................................... 30 3.2.3 Marina Bay ..................................................................................................... 31 3.2.4 Bedok Reservoir ............................................................................................. 32 3.3 Instruments Used ................................................................................................... 33 3.4 Data selection ........................................................................................................ 35 3.5 Method of Data Collection .................................................................................... 37 3.6 Data Processing ..................................................................................................... 37 3.7 Method of Analysis ............................................................................................... 38 3.8 Point Location of Experiment ............................................................................... 39 3.8.1 Kallang River ................................................................................................. 39 3.8.2 Sungei Api-api River...................................................................................... 39 3.8.3 Marina Bay Promenade and Marina Bay Promontory ................................... 40 3.8.4 Bedok Reservoir ............................................................................................. 41 3.9 ENVI-met Simulation ............................................................................................ 42 3.9.1 Simulation Procedure in ENVI-met ............................................................... 43 3.9.2 Simulation Boundary Condition .................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVE DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................. 45 4.1 A Comparison of Four Measurements in Regard to the Distance ......................... 45 4.1.1 Away from the Water Bodies (Clear Days) ................................................... 46 4.1.2 Away from the Water Bodies (Cloudy Days) ................................................ 49 4.1.3 Along the Water Bodies (Clear Days) ........................................................... 50 4.1.4 Distance Effect with Polynomial Regression ................................................. 52 vi 4.1.4.1 Kallang River and Sungei Api-api River ................................................. 52 4.1.4.2 Marina Bay and Bedok Reservoir ............................................................ 54 4.2 Solar Radiation Effect on Water Bodies Cooling Performance ............................ 56 4.2.1 Kallang River ................................................................................................. 56 4.2.2 Sungei Api-api River...................................................................................... 59 4.2.3 Bedok Reservoir ............................................................................................. 63 4.2.4 Marina Bay ..................................................................................................... 65 4.2.5 Solar Radiation Effect with Linear Regression
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