Number 18 August 2002 BAKER INSTITUTE REPORT

NOTES FROM THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY

BAKER INSTITUTE PROROVIDESVIDES UNIQUE FORUM ON DRUG POLICY

Whether America is winning the around the world to share their war on drugs depends on which views on the drug problem. speaker was at the lectern at the “One of the greatest myths of Baker Institute’s international this decade is that there is no suc- conference on U.S. drug policy cess in our anti-drug efforts in this April 10–11. country,” said Asa Hutchinson, ad- The institute convened academi- ministrator for the U.S. Drug En- cians, healthcare experts, leaders forcement Administration. of the drug-reform movement, He cited several statistics to back representatives of drug-policy or- up his claim, noting that cocaine ganizations, and government, law- drug use has decreased 75 percent enforcement, and judicial officials Asa Hutchinson, administrator for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, speaks at the Baker from the United States and Institute’s conference on U.S. drug policy. continued on page 19

KING OF JORDAN PROROPOSESPOSES ‘PEACE ALLIANCE FOR MIDDLE EAST’

King Abdullah II of the has run its course,” he said. fact is that given present condi- Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Advocating that conflict resolu- tions, neither Israelis nor Palestin- called for the United States to cre- tion replace conflict management ians are capable of taking the ate a “Peace Alliance for the to end violence in the Middle steps needed to reach a reason- Middle East” when he spoke at East, Abdullah stressed the need able final compromise,” he said. Rice May 9. for international leadership. “The continued on page 22 “Under its umbrella, a U.S.-led coalition of European, Arab, and other countries would provide the support that is needed—security, economic, and political—to both Israelis and Palestinians,” he said. Abdullah cited the violence, con- frontation, and occupation in the Middle East as evidence that a new approach to peace is needed. “The incremental negotiating model, in which parties gradually build confidence and slowly move toward an undefined outcome, King Abdullah II of Jordan offers his views on conflict resolution to end violence in the Middle East.

1 BAKER INSTITUTE HOSTS U.S.–SYRIAN DIALOGUE

The transcript below is from a May 23 tions. Another panel on terrorism. opportunity. To my knowledge it is news briefing at which Baker Institute A panel on Middle East peace ne- the first-ever dialogue of this na- director Edward Djerejian discussed the gotiations. A panel on U.S.–Syrian ture between the United States U.S.–Syrian Dialogue that took place at economic and commercial ties and Syria, at different levels, the Baker Institute May 20–22. and development. A panel on me- bringing in the public and private dia and public relations. And a sectors, nongovernmental organi- I want to make some comments panel on cultural relations and zations, academia, and other ex- on the U.S.–Syrian Dialogue that dialogue. perts. We agreed, both the Syrians we hosted here at the Baker Insti- Not all the participants were and the Americans, that our pur- tute. As you know, this dialogue here for the whole three days, but pose was not just to exchange took place between May 20 and 22 in total we had approximately 29 platitudes or well-known public and we had representation from to 30 people participating in these positions, although there always both the public and the private deliberations. These discussions has to be some of that. But basi- sectors and academicians from were off-the-record. The sessions cally to really see if we could get each country. From the Syrian were closed. And the purpose of beyond stated positions to delve side, we had the deputy minister that, of course, was to engage in into the issues in a private and for foreign affairs of the Syrian an open and candid dialogue to confidential manner, and candidly Arab Republic, who headed the probe the issues between the to seek options and recommenda- delegation, and leading represen- United States and Syria in a man- tions that we could provide to de- tatives from the Syrian govern- ner in which we could have a real cision-makers both in the public ment, from the Central Bank, dialogue, discussion, debate, and and private sectors, and obviously Chamber of Commerce, academi- seek how, in areas where we have to inform the academic dialogue cians, the head of Damascus differences, we could narrow the on these issues. University’s Information Technol- gaps and determine where there So this is the origin of it. We also ogy Department, a journalist, and might be some possible common put on the table that if these ses- Syrian businessmen. On the U.S. ground. sions here at the Baker Institute of side, we had U.S. government offi- We began to put together this Rice University were successful, cials, private corporate executives, dialogue after a trip that I took to that we would continue this dia- academicians, Middle East ex- Damascus in January 2002, where logue. Given what we consider to perts, as well as representatives I met Syrian President Bashar al- be a very successful series of ex- from think tanks. Asad for the first time. Given the changes in the last three days, we The opening session included importance of the bilateral rela- will be reconvening this dialogue presentations by James A. Baker, tionship, he raised the need for a in Damascus in the fall or winter III, the honorary chair of the U.S.–Syrian dialogue, that the re- of 2002. Baker Institute and 61st secretary lationship was very important, but So that’s the background and of state; Arlen Specter, the senior yet there was a need for dialogue sort of the format of the dialogue. U.S. senator from Pennsylvania; at different levels. On that basis I And as I said, there is only so far I William Burns, the United States offered the Baker Institute as a fo- can go in briefing in detail on this, Assistant Secretary of State for rum for that dialogue, and he ac- but I would like to give a general Near Eastern Affairs; and Walid al- cepted, and we decided what the characterization of the discussions Moualem, the deputy foreign min- agenda would be. I’ve mentioned and what we have achieved. ister of affairs of the Syrian Arab the panels we had, and that’s basi- First of all, in all my experience Republic. cally the agenda that we agreed in U.S.–Syrian relations and We had a number of panels. upon. Middle East affairs, this is the first One, on U.S.–Syrian bilateral rela- This dialogue is truly a unique time I’ve seen this type of compre-

2 hensive dialogue between the importance of the bilateral rela- sides and there is the necessary de- United States and Syria, in which tionship. Obviously the Syrians termination, political will, and pa- people began to think out of the recognize the importance of the tience—that those differences can box. And that’s not easy. But it was United States as the preeminent be overcome. Some examples in accomplished. Not on all issues. power in the world today with a the early 1990s have been our con- Not in all details. But certainly the major voice in Middle East affairs. sultations to end the civil war in effort was made on both sides, and And the U.S. side recognizes Lebanon; the liberation of U.S. I think that is a real plus. There Syria’s very important regional hostages in Beirut; Syria’s joining was no shying away from the diffi- role in the Middle East, both his- the U.S.-led coalition in Desert cult issues that we have, the seri- torically and currently. But both Storm against Saddam Hussein’s ous issues that we have between sides also recognize that our bilat- invasion of Kuwait; and human the U.S. and Syria. There was a eral relations today are faced with rights issues such as the freedom real effort made on both sides to very serious difficulties. There was of travel for Syrian Jews and the understand each other’s positions also a narration of what has been very important development of and to see what can be done to ob- accomplished in the past in this the Madrid Peace Conference,

Arlen Specter James A. Baker, III

Walid al-Moualem Delegates from the United States and Syria attended the dialogue hosted by the Baker Institute. William Burns tain some common ground. And bilateral relationship in terms of that without Syria’s critical deci- that was done in all of the panels. overcoming differences. And we sion to enter into face-to-face di- And I think each side learned had many experienced voices on rect negotiations with Israel, the from the other things that per- both sides who have been involved Madrid Conference could not haps they did not understand be- in U.S.–Syrian relations: former have been put together. And sub- fore. However, there are serious U.S. ambassadors, officials, actual sequently agreement on the nar- differences that remain, that and former Syrian officials, and cotics issue. So there is a track much work has to be done to re- experts who have been involved in record that provides a paradigm solve. And we hope that during this U.S.–Syrian relationship for to move forward on the issues that this dialogue we will be able to fur- years. separate us today. ther narrow the gaps. And there is a track record that Now one of the most important Now on the issue of bilateral re- despite the difficulties—that when lations, both sides recognize the a serious effort is made on both continued on page 23

3 MATUSOW BECOMES BAKER INSTITUTE’S ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR FOR ACADEMIC PROGRAMS

Allen Matusow has been ap- and dean of of Harvard University, Matusow pointed associate director for aca- the School of joined the Rice faculty in 1963. He demic programs at the Baker Insti- Humanities, served as dean of humanities dur- tute by Rice president Malcolm Allen brings ing 1981–95. He has won many Gillis on the recommendation of great depth teaching awards, including the the institute’s director, Edward and compe- Rice University History Majors So- Djerejian. tence to this ciety Award for Best Teacher, the Matusow succeeds Richard Stoll, important job. Nicholas Salgo Distinguished Allen Matusow is the new who was the first associate director associate director for “I have Teaching Award, the George R. of the Baker Institute. academic programs at the had the ben- Brown Award for Superior Teach- Baker Institute. “I am delighted that Dr. Allen efit of Allen’s ing, the Piper Professorship Matusow has accepted this key po- wise counsel as a member of the Award, and the George R. Brown sition at the Baker Institute,” institute’s Faculty Advisory Com- Prize for Excellence in Teaching— Djerejian said. “He will play a ma- mittee and look forward to having the most prestigious teaching jor, substantive role in the formu- him at my side as we bring the award at Rice. lation and direction of the Baker Institute forward into its In addition to his new policy institute’s research and programs. second decade,” Djerejian said. management role, Matusow will In this capacity, Allen will expand Matusow, the William Gaines continue to teach history courses. the Baker Institute’s public policy Twyman Professor of History, said His specialty is 20th-century U.S. research collaborations with the he also hopes to get undergradu- history. He is also in the begin- various schools and departments ate students more involved with ning stages of writing a book at Rice. Given his outstanding programs at the Baker Institute. about the presidency of Ronald record at Rice as both a teacher A master’s and Ph.D. graduate Reagan.

FORMER DIRECTOR OF JOHNSON SPACE CENTER JOINS BAKER INSTITUTE

George W. S. Abbey, former direc- tion with the tives,” said Edward Djerejian, di- tor of the Johnson Space Center Baker Institute rector of the Baker Institute. (JSC), has joined the Baker Insti- and the Rice “George Abbey’s background is tute, where he will direct space Space Insti- ideal for this endeavor. His skills, policy issues related to the World tute. knowledge, and leadership will Space Congress being held in “The pur- help industry, government, and Houston this fall. pose of the academia collaborate on new poli- Abbey, who was appointed a vis- World Space cies and projects designed to in- George Abbey has joined iting senior fellow for space policy, the Baker Institute as a Congress crease commercial activities in visiting senior fellow for will be working in support of the space policy. Policy Summit space.” upcoming World Space Congress is to encourage “This is a real opportunity for 2002, which will be held in Hous- the formulation of a common vi- us,” said Eugene Levy, provost of ton October 11–20, and the Space sion and implementation strategy Rice. “George Abbey has been in Policy Summit that will be held at for commercial and civil scientific the space program since the begin- Rice October 12–13 in coopera- and technical space-based initia- continued on page 25

4 REPORT FROM THE HOUSTON TASK FORCE ON TERRORISM

Baker Institute director Edward P. Scope of Assessment tively simple and inexpensive. Djerejian, who is chairman of the Hous- There are many definitions of ter- While assessing the city of ton Task Force on Terrorism, presented rorism. The definition used by the Houston’s response mechanisms the following remarks at a June 21 news Federal Bureau of Investigation is to a terrorist incident involving briefing to update the local media on the “the unlawful use of violence, WMDs, the task force proceeded task force’s research and recommenda- committed by a group of two or with the understanding that the tions. more individuals against persons disaster-response mechanisms or property to intimidate or co- were critical to the welfare of the Since September 11, our nation erce a government, the civilian population, whether or not a di- has been severely challenged to population, or any segment saster is deemed to have occurred elaborate our defense and re- thereof, in furtherance of political as the result of a terrorist act. The sponse mechanisms against the or social objectives.” Terrorism is task force also proceeded with the threat of global and domestic ter- not a new form of human behav- understanding that an event in- rorism. In my capacity as director ior—it is a tactic that has been volving WMDs would, by defini- of the Baker Institute for Public used for millennia. In recent times tion, likely affect more than the Policy of Rice University, I have there have been two fundamental city of Houston. However, the task been involved in various think- changes. With modern technolo- force, in this initial phase, chose tank initiatives and study groups at gies and weapons, increasingly to focus on the city and its depart- national and international levels, larger populations can be affected ments first and will more fully in- and it has become clear to me that by a single terrorist event. React- corporate Harris County and sur- the challenge we face globally and ing to a terrorist incident has spe- rounding counties into its nationally can be summarized by cific and unique aspects, but assessment in the future. the “three C’s”: capacity, commu- much of the response will draw nications, and coordination. upon established disaster-response Findings These three C’s are also applicable systems and resources. In discussing our findings, it at the local municipal level. By definition, a weapon of mass should be noted at the outset that destruction (WMD) is a device for obvious reasons of security, a Background and/or agent that is capable of good part of our discussions, Approximately two years ago producing mass casualties and/or work, and interaction with various Mayor Lee Brown and I discussed infrastructure damage. The device officials and agencies is of a confi- the public policy issues faced by a may be conventional, chemical, dential nature. major city such as Houston when biological, radiological, or nuclear In general, the task force has confronted with an act or acts of in nature. Conventional devices concluded that Houston is better terrorism. Mayor Brown agreed are the most likely to be used, and prepared to face terrorist threats that it would be helpful to the city the response to conventional de- and incidents than most metro- of Houston for the Baker Institute vices is most frequently exercised. politan areas. First, the city’s in- to perform an assessment of the The detonation of a bomb or dustrial base and environment city’s response mechanisms to pos- crashing of a commercial aircraft have dictated a well-developed re- sible terrorist incidents, especially at a strategic location is an ex- sponse to explosions, hazardous those involving weapons of mass ample of such a conventional de- chemicals, transportation disrup- destruction. Accordingly, we pro- vice. In the case of a fertilizer tions, floods, water-supply disrup- ceeded with our study and acceler- bomb, the components are com- tion, and outbreaks of disease. ated our efforts after September mercially available and unregu- 11, 2001. lated, and manufacture is rela- continued on page 26

5 The Baker Institute hosted “Space: A Critical Issues Workshop” May 5-7 (above) as a prelude to the Space Policy Summit that will be held at the institute this fall. The workshop was developed around three themes: sciences and engineering education; the state of the nation’s and world’s aerospace industry and technology; and economic implications of the space program and international cooperation. The institute also hosted a Space Policy Summit Task Force meeting May 15–17 (right).

(from left) NASA astronaut Jim Newman, an ’82 and ’84 graduate of Rice; Rice University provost Eugene Levy (right) addresses a panel at the workshop. Rice Space Institute director Patricia Reiff; Baker Institute director Edward Djerejian; and Baker Institute visiting senior fellow for space policy George Abbey hold the flag that was carried on STS-109 in March 2002 aboard Columbia.

6 The Conference of the Council of American Ambassadors was held at the Baker Institute April 9. Pictured (from left) are William J. vanden Heuvel, council chairman; Keith L. Brown, council president; and John R. Bolton, undersecretary of state for arms control and international security affairs, who gave a keynote speech on arms control and international security issues at the gathering.

The bankruptcy filed by Enron was the largest in U.S. history (before WorldCom), and the lessons in accounting, audit- ing, corporate governance, and federal regulations that could be learned from this ordeal were the focus of a discussion hosted by the Baker Institute and Rice’s Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Management April 4. Bala Dharan (left), the J. Howard Creekmore Professor of Management, and Stephen Zeff, the Herbert S. Autrey Professor of Accounting, both from the Jones School, shared their expertise and provided insight into what went wrong and possible remedies that might be considered.

James A. Baker, III (right), honorary chair of the Baker Institute, shows Nursultan Nazarbayev (center), president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a photo of them taken during a previous visit to the Baker Institute. At left is Baker Institute director Edward Djerejian. Nazarbayev pre- sented a keynote address, “Kazakhstan: Geopolitical Challenges of the 21st Cen- tury,” to Rice students, faculty, staff, and other friends of the Baker Institute December 19, 2001. The event was part of The Shell Oil Company Foundation’s Distinguished Lecture Series.

7 PRESIDENT OF LATVIA ADDRESSES TERRORISM AND THE PROMISE OF THE FUTURE

“International terrorism has grown into a global challenge that requires global solutions,” the president of the Republic of Latvia told Rice students and other guests at the Baker Institute Feb- ruary 7. “It requires close cooperation between all countries, both great and small,” said Vaira Vike- Freiberga, who became the Latvian president in 1999. She stressed the need to strengthen Latvian president Vaira Vike-Freiberga discusses her country’s vision of joining the European Union and NATO. the transatlantic partnership. “The shattering terrorist attacks the terrorists and bringing them mitment to democratic ideals and of September 11,” she said, “have to justice, as well as the interna- change in Russia and other coun- pressed us to accept the new real- tional condemnation of countries tries, such as the Ukraine and ity that any country’s security can that harbor them. Georgia. be threatened not only externally Vike-Freiberga focused on the “The increasingly close relation- from traditional armed aggres- promise of the future, including ship among the United States, its sion, but also internally from ideo- the creation of a Europe “whole NATO allies, the NATO candidate logically motivated individuals and free.” She is optimistic that countries, Russia, and other like- who use our free societies as bases this year Latvia will fulfill its long- minded nations is based on shared for attacks against us.” standing goal of joining the Euro- values and on the respect for each Noting that North America and pean Union (EU) and the North other’s security needs,” she said. Europe have become closer since Atlantic Treaty Organization “In this new age of globalization, the attacks, Vike-Freiberga cited (NATO). no country is an island unto itself. favorable prospects for “creating “For Latvia, full membership in We are more likely to be successful an extensive alliance that extends these two international organiza- in our common endeavors if we all across the globe to like-minded tions will signal its return to the act together rather than if each of countries in Asia, Africa, South peaceful, secure, and stable com- our countries acts alone.” America, and Oceania.” munity of prosperous European Asked whether membership in She argued that the rise of inter- nations from which it was forcibly NATO or EU was more important national terrorism did not result wrenched over six decades ago,” to Latvia, Vike-Freiberga said from a clash between civilizations. she said. Formal invitations to join choosing one over the other “The values of humanity are uni- the two organizations would rec- would be the equivalent of decid- versal, regardless of cultural or re- ognize Latvia’s “remarkable ing whether to cut off her left arm ligious differences,” she said. “To- achievements in reestablishing a or right arm. “We want to be ambi- day, the clash is rather between democratic society and in rebuild- dextrous,” she said. the sanctity of human life and the ing its economy from the ground Vike-Freiberga’s speech was part flagrant disregard for it, between up.” of The Shell Oil Company openness and seclusion, between Vike-Freiberga said Latvia’s Foundation’s Distinguished Lec- freedom and oppression.” She membership in the EU and NATO ture Series at the Baker Institute. supported the apprehension of could help strengthen the com-

8

GILLIS ANALYZES ‘ENGINES OF THE WORLD ECONOMY’

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ The extract below is from a speech given school graduates. May 8 by Rice University president Diversity has great value ◆ In 1950 only 6.2 percent of Malcolm Gillis at the Offshore Technol- the population was college- ogy Conference held at Houston’s Reli- for our country. educated. Today that figure is ant Center. nearly 26 percent. ◆ Humans are productive for The Recovery and the Future Technology will be the much longer. Life expectancy at birth in 2000 was eight years Postmortems on recession and re- prime element in the higher than in 1950. covery can be illuminating. But •Technological changes allowed these discussions ordinarily turn future diversification much more efficient utilization on transitory factors: consumer of growing stocks of physical and investor confidence, inven- of our economy, and human capital, creating to- tory movements, real estate and tally new industries as well. stock market fluctuations, energy so that it becomes even For much of the past century, prices, movements, and not-al- technological advances in the ways-predictable effects of govern- more resilient. chemical and transport industries

ment anti-recessionary policies. fueled a considerable share of eco- ○○○○○○○○○○○○ For the longer haul, our concern ○○○○○○○○ nomic growth. Beginning in the should focus on more fundamen- • technological innovations late 1960s, the microchip began to tal factors underlying sustained The last half-century of eco- sire new industries every decade: economic growth, the kind of fac- nomic growth in the world’s in the 1970s, the birth of the per- tors that caused real GDP per main economic engine boasted sonal computer; in the 1980s capita in the U.S. to triple (to notable advances in all three fac- chips embedded in smart prod- $35,000) in the 45 years after tors. ucts such as cell phones; in the World War II. • Physical capital stock per person 1990s, the Internet. Longer-term growth, in the U.S. (in dollars of the year 2000) rose Productivity growth is the sine and in the world economy, de- from $40,000 in 1950 to qua non for sustained improve- pends on growth in productivity. $105,000 in the year 2000. These ment in the economy. Depressed The difference between 1.5 per- figures include both private and in the U.S. until the 1990s, pro- cent productivity growth and pro- public capital stock, in equip- ductivity began to improve in the ductivity growth just one percent- ment as well as structures. last half of the decade, at 2 per- age point higher is far more Empirical studies in recent cent, it was almost twice as high as significant than is apparent at first years suggest that as much as in the first half. Productivity glance. At 2.5 percent productivity 30–40 percent of U.S. growth growth in the U.S. continues to be growth real GDP doubles every has been due to capital deepen- higher than in other large indus- generation. At 1–1/2 percent, two ing. trial countries: As long as this pat- generations are required. •Human capital, the knowledge tern prevails the U.S. economic Productivity growth hinges and experience imbedded in engine will continue to shoulder mainly upon three factors: workers and managers, ex- the burden of maintaining rates of •a deepening of physical capital panded dramatically. world economic growth high stock per worker (higher ratios ◆ In 1950 only about 33 percent enough to make inroads in world of capital to labor) of the population had a high unemployment and poverty. • rising investment in the stock of school education. Fifty years human capital later, 84 percent were high continued on page 10

9 WORLD ECONOMY logical innovation, largely because that can operate in harsh down- continued from page 9 we have much better technologi- hole environments. The industry cal fundamentals, most notably is also beginning to partake of the our mixed system of public and benefits of the nanotechnology The medium- to long-term out- privately funded universities, our revolution, especially with applica- look for productivity growth, how- deep capital markets and less in- tions lying at the intersection of ever, presents a mixed picture. On trusive regulatory structures. If the info and nanotechnology. One of the one hand, two negative influ- U.S. economy is to grow at rates these applications is the projected ences may provide grounds for approaching those of the past development of heat-resistant mi- pessimism: the first is the very low half-century, we will need to draw crochips the size of a pinhead that savings rate for the U.S. economy, on these advantages to foster new can be incorporated in slim hole especially for the household sec- science-based industries to play tools. Another very promising ap- tor. In the past six years, 40 per- roles similar to that of the chemi- plication utilizes traits of the cent of the increase in the nation’s cal, transport, and electronic in- nanoparticle Carbon 60 discov- stock of physical capital was fi- dustries in the past century. These ered at Rice, and the carbon nanced by foreign savings. This new industries will be based on nanotube, produced at Rice. The cannot go on forever. It is not real- several new and defining tech- nanotube is a fiber about two-bil- istic to expect foreign savings to nologies: information technology, lionths of a meter in width, with a be the principal source of finance biotechnology, and most recently, tensile strength 100 times stronger for the needed growth in capital nanotechnology, where new prod- than steel at one-sixth the weight. stock over long periods. ucts are built from the ground up, Houston, Texas, expects to be a The second negative has to do atom-by-atom. Fortunately, these major center for all three of these with the threat of erosion of hu- three key technologies comple- revolutionary new technologies. man capital arising from the ment one another to an unusual Energy-related firms can be confi- parlous state of U.S. public educa- degree. Progress in biotechnology dent that these technologies will tion K–12. Our youth clearly trail turns out to be critically depen- be readily available here to those of other advanced nations— dent upon information technol- deepen and augment Houston’s and even some developing na- ogy and nanotechnology. Indeed, long leadership in energy technol- tions—in academic achievement, biotechnology today is becoming ogy, bolstering the region’s impor- especially in science and math. increasingly indistinguishable tance in fostering economic Worse still, the gap grows with ev- from nanotechnology: And biol- growth and development over the ery year our youth stay in our pub- ogy today is increasingly an infor- long haul. lic schools. This, even though U.S. mation science. Diversity has great value for our spending per pupil is a large mul- The flowering of these three sci- country. Technology will be the tiple of that in nearly all the coun- ence-based technologies could, prime element in the future diver- tries that rank above us, including jointly and separately, lead to fun- sification of our economy, so that the Czech Republic and Taiwan. damental revolutions in the de- it becomes even more resilient. Arresting the decline in the qual- sign and use of drugs, in bioengi- The Latin phrase on the great seal ity of public education K–12 is not neering involving the develop- of the United States—-E pluribus merely a social problem: It is per- ment of human replacement or- unum—can be translated as “unity haps the most important eco- gans, in energy production and in diversity.” Resiliency in diversity nomic problem that we will face in environmental remediation, and is important in assuring our eco- the coming decade. in materials science generally. nomic future. Technology furnishes grounds The energy industry is, of for some optimism about long-run course, already a major user of growth. The United States contin- new information technology, in- ues to lead the world in techno- cluding new optical fiber sensors

10 PANELISTS SHARE VIEWS ON RELIGIOUS CONSERVATIVES AND SCHOOLING

Conservative Christians’ efforts to and tried to gain control of local She is the author of two books on influence public education were and state school boards,” he said. contemporary Evangelicalism: the focus of a panel discussion at “Some have even tried to dis- Keeping Them Out of the Hands of Sa- the Baker Institute February 5. mantle the public school system.” tan: Christian Schooling in America Titled “To Train Up a Child— Among the causes and concerns and Exporting the American Gospel: Religious Conservatives and the of the Religious Right are vouch- Global Christian Fundamentalism. Struggle over Schooling,” the fo- ers that could be used in private She has served as a consultant and rum was the second in the 2001– religious schools, opposition to participant on Public Broadcast- 02 Harry and Hazel Chavanne the teaching of evolution and pro- ing Service and National Public Lecture Series on Religion and motion of creationist theories of Radio programs about fundamen- Public Policy. Harry Chavanne is a the universe and human life, op- talism. former Rice trustee who was in- position to sex education that is David Sikkink presented “Home- strumental in building the Depart- not abstinence-based, greater em- schooling 101: The Social Sources ment of Religious Studies at Rice. phasis on the important role of re- and Implications of the Home- “In recent years, the Religious ligion in American history, and an schooling Movement.” He is an as- Right has attempted to bring emphasis on traditional methods sistant professor of sociology and a about sweeping changes in Ameri- of education, such as phonics. fellow in the Program on the So- can politics and public educa- Martin, who served as modera- cial Organization of Schools at the tion,” said William Martin, the tor for the forum, invited three University of Notre Dame. As a Harry and Hazel Chavanne Profes- panelists who were able to address National Academy of Education/ sor of Religion and Public Policy a number of these important is- Spencer Foundation Postdoctoral in Rice’s Department of Sociology sues. Fellow, Sikkink is studying the role and a senior scholar at the Baker Susan Rose, professor and chair of race and religion in shaping Institute. of sociology at Dickinson College, schooling choices for children. He “They have founded numerous presented “Christian Schooling: is also studying the role of schools, private Christian schools, substan- Defense, Defiance, and Democ- including religious and home tially increased homeschooling, racy.” schools, in fostering civic partici- pation among parents and stu- dents. Bruce Biddle, a social psycholo- gist who is professor emeritus at the University of Missouri, pre- sented “Varieties of Conservative Thought and Public Schooling.” Biddle is co-author of The Study of Teaching and The Manufactured Cri- sis: Myths, Fraud, and the Attack on America’s Public Schools. His current research involves the utilization of educational research knowledge, the evil effects of poverty and in- adequate school funding within Panelists for the forum on religious conservatives and the struggle over schooling were (from left) Bruce Biddle, William Martin, Susan Rose, and David Sikkink. education, and education reform.

11 SALINAS SHARES INSIGHTS ON MODERNIZATION OF MEXICO

Former president of Mexico Carlos Salinas de Gortari said the most important benefit of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has not been the increase in trade, but the change in the relationship be- tween Mexico and the United States. “It allowed Mexicans to begin changing . . . the way they look at our very complex neighbor to the north,” said Salinas, who spoke at Former president of Mexico Carlos Salinas de Gortari (center) meets with students who are Rice ambassadors the Baker Institute March 15. and James A. Baker, III (fourth from left), honorary chair of the Baker Institute, and Rice president Malcolm NAFTA changed “the way the two Gillis (second from right). governments relate as well, more gotiations going on simulta- able reaction of caution and mis- through institutional channels neously was too much to handle trust,” Salinas said. “Some Mexi- and less through discretionary for us,” Salinas explained. cans were worried that the size of means,” he said. He noted that James A. Baker, the American economy would be With 3,000 years of culture be- III, who was secretary of state at so overwhelming for the Mexican hind them, Mexicans feel very the time, was present at that initial economy that it might at the end strongly about remaining Mexi- meeting and later played an im- possibly swallow us.” cans, Salinas said. But with the portant role in convincing mem- The process of modernization passing of NAFTA, “we proved bers of Congress of the benefits of entails change and a reaction to that it’s possible to sustain the having a closer relationship with that change. “Whenever you intro- principle of sovereignty and at the Mexico. Salinas paid tribute to duce transformations, you must same time strengthen the relation- Baker, honorary chair of the know there will be a reaction from ship with the only super power in Baker Institute of Rice, who was in the interests affected by that pro- the world,” he said. the audience. cess of change, so it’s a constant Discussing his new book, Mexico: Salinas said the “enormous struggle, and politics are always The Policy and Politics of Moderniza- transformation of geopolitical re- present,” said Salinas. tion, Salinas recollected how his alities” that occurred after the fall Salinas had to convince his country became involved with the of the Berlin Wall and the end of country that to create enough em- initial proposal to establish the the Cold War at the close of the ployment opportunities in Mexico biggest free trade area in the 1980s led him to rethink the to promote economic growth, the world. NAFTA proposal. Mexico had re- markets between the neighboring In November 1988, Salinas, then duced its debt but still did not at- countries needed to be liberal- president-elect of Mexico, met tract enough financial funds to ized. with president-elect George H.W. the country, so Salinas met with “We were able to negotiate in- Bush in Houston. Bush recom- Bush in early 1990 to work out the tensely for more than two years,” mended that the U.S. and Mexico details of a free-trade agreement. he said. When the U.S., Mexico, have a free-trade agreement, but “When the Mexicans first heard and Canada signed the agreement Salinas rejected the idea. “I con- about the possibility of negotiating sidered that having two huge ne- NAFTA, there was an understand- continued on page 25

12 LUCE FOUNDATION GRANT ENABLES RESEARCHERS TO STUDY HOW SOCIETY IS MARKETED IN TRANSNATIONAL CHINA

Americans who still think of by Dr. Lewis, has prompted me to of billboard-like ads found in the Asians as primarily having “exotic” think far more carefully about the subway stations of Beijing, or traditional “oriental” values relationship between public im- Fukuoka, Hong Kong, Kaohsiung, might be stuck in the 20th cen- ages and personal identity, not Seoul, Singapore, Taipei, and To- tury. only in modern and contemporary kyo. Those ads have been trans- Rice University experts Steven China but in premodern China as lated and coded by Rice under- Lewis, Benjamin Lee, and Richard well,” Smith said. graduate student Michelle Lin ’01 Smith are in search of a more con- Lewis is intrigued by the and Jesse H. Jones Graduate temporary—and accurate—per- changes he has observed in ads School of Management student spective on Asian culture, and geared toward the “jet-setting, Arthur Yan ’03. Baker Institute re- they believe it can be found in the transnational Chinese middle search intern David Ho ’02 has messages conveyed through adver- class” and wonders whether the also provided background re- tising there. With a three-year new lifestyle advertising cam- search on Chinese advertising and $150,000 grant from the Henry paigns could result in political survey research firms. Luce Foundation, the three schol- identities that are no ars are researching how civil soci- longer national. ety is marketed in a transnational A traditional ad for a China. sports drink, for ex- “The rapidly increasing circula- ample, might picture tion of people, commodities, tech- national gymnastics nologies, and ideas among Chi- athletes in front of a nese societies made possible by Chinese flag, appealing globalization is changing Chinese to nationalism and sug- culture in fundamental ways,” said gesting that people Lewis, senior researcher for the should buy the drink This 2001 advertisement from Beijing anachronistically uses symbols of ancient China, the terra cotta warriors, to sell instant coffee. Baker Institute’s Transnational because all Chinese China Project (TCP) and a lec- people use the prod- turer in Asian studies. Lee, a pro- uct. Because the ads are useful for fessor of anthropology; Smith, the A more trendy ad for an airline, analysis of changing values in Chi- George and Nancy Rupp Professor however, might feature a young, nese societies, Shisha van Horn in of Humanities in the Department affluent Chinese couple eating Rice’s Classroom Technology Ser- of History; and Lewis lead the Italian pasta, watching an Ameri- vices is constructing an interactive TCP as part of a broader, interdis- can movie, and getting ready to fly archive of the images that will ciplinary effort to explore the off to Bali. Rather than emphasize help Lewis in teaching an experi- changes in contemporary culture such traditional values as hard mental seminar called “Transna- caused by globalization. work and perseverance, the ad ap- tional China.” The seminar is part “With the end of Cold War rival- peals to a lifestyle that embraces of an effort to develop interdisci- ries and the opening up of China, cultural products from all around plinary pedagogy and is supported distinctly transnational Chinese the world and implies that a more by Rice president Malcolm Gillis; middle and upper classes are modern person is not afraid to try Eugene Levy, provost; Smith, di- emerging,” said Lewis. things outside the country. rector of Asian studies; and Ed- Smith, a historian, agrees. “This For the research, the three have ward Djerejian, director of the pioneering research, spearheaded collected several thousand images continued on page 27

13 BAKER INSTITUTE ENERGY FORUM HOSTS ENERGY MODELING FORUM 20 MEETING

The Baker Institute hosted the Ronald Soligo, professor of eco- eration play in the development 20th session of the Energy Model- nomics; and Amy Jaffe, Baker In- of natural gas markets? ing Forum (EMF) January 22–23, stitute energy research coordina- At EMF 20’s second meeting, kicking off a new yearlong EMF tor. which convened in Washington, study on “Natural Gas, Fuel Diver- The conference opened with a D.C., June 24-25, Hartley pre- sity, and North American Energy series of presentations outlining sented a new model of the future Markets.” key questions concerning North LNG market that was developed The EMF program was founded American natural gas markets as under a Baker Institute Energy Fo- in 1976 by Stanford University to well as the state of knowledge of rum research program. provide a structured forum where natural gas supply trends and user The Baker Institute’s participa- energy experts from government, markets. Participants then divided tion in the EMF natural gas mod- industry, universities, and other into three groups focusing on eling program is a natural follow- research organizations could meet price risk and volatility, future up to the institute’s work on and compare alternative modeling North American supply sources, natural gas technologies. The approaches to the study of impor- and the structure of future market Baker Institute released its study, tant energy and environmental development and demand. The “New Energy Technologies in the policy issues. The EMF is sup- EMF 20 effort will endeavor to an- Natural Gas Sector: A Policy ported by the U.S. Department of swer the following questions: Framework for Japan,” last year in Energy, the U.S. Environmental •How volatile will U.S. natural gas both the U.S. and Japan. The Protection Agency, and the Na- prices be at different points in study is available on the Energy tional Oceanic and Atmospheric the supply chain? Forum page at the BIPP website at Administration, as well as by con- •What is the source of volatility in www.bakerinstitute.org. tributions from private companies natural gas and power markets? The Baker Institute is also be- and nongovernmental organiza- •What are the social costs of price ginning a new initiative on the tions. volatility and projected depen- geopolitics of cross-border natural The natural gas working group dence on natural gas? gas pipelines and global natural of the EMF includes participants •What are the impacts of price gas trade as well as the geopoliti- from Rice University, Stanford volatility on economic growth cal and economic impacts that are University, the U.S. Department of and equity? likely to result from specific devel- Energy, Carnegie Mellon Univer- •What is the impact of price vola- opments in international natural sity, the Federal Reserve Bank, the tility on investment decisions? gas trade, including regional pipe- National Renewable Energy Labo- •How will technological change, line projects and the creation of a ratory, McGill University, Cana- depletion rates, and investment global spot market for LNG sup- dian Energy Research Associates, rates affect U.S. natural gas sup- ply. The initiative is under devel- U.S. Geological Survey, Market- plies? opment in a joint venture with the Point and Altos Management Part- •How will international markets Program on Energy and Sustain- ners, and others. for liquefied natural gas (LNG), able-Border Energy Trade. Rice University participants in- that is, natural gas that can be cluded Peter Hartley, chair of the liquefied and transported by Department of Economics; Mark tanker, develop? Wiesner, director of the Environ- •What will be the future role of mental and Energy Systems Insti- Mexican resources in the North tute; Dagobert Brito, Peterkin Pro- American gas scene? fessor of Political Economy; •What role will distributed gen-

14 KASHMIR CONFLICT ANALYZED POST-SEPTEMBER 11

India and Pakistan have fought B. Raman, who was the former Front for Jihad and describe their three wars over Kashmir, costing additional secretary, Cabinet Sec- purpose as “liberation of Muslims 50,000 lives and generating retariat of Government of India, in India.” Approximately 400,000 400,000 refugees. spoke about the internal and ex- Kashmiri Hindus have become A forum presented February 28 ternal aspects of Kashmir. Accord- refugees since 1989, due to terror- by the Baker Institute and the ing to Raman, terrorism in Kash- ism, Raman said. South Asian Society—a Rice Uni- mir was mainly spread by local Mumtaz Wani, chairman of versity student association—fo- organizations from 1989 to 1993. Kashmir Mission, addressed the cused on the importance of the He blamed Pakistan for supplying topic of restoring normalcy in Kashmir conflict in the aftermath money, infrastructure, ammuni- Kashmir. “The government of the of the terrorist attacks on the tions, and trained foreign merce- United States should use its influ- World Trade Center and the Pen- naries to terrorist organizations ence to persuade bilateral discus- tagon. operating in Kashmir since 1994. sion between India and Pakistan “It is not a conflict between to- “Recent estimates put an over- and help them to find peaceful so- tally uneven sides,” said Fred von whelming 2,000-plus Pakistanis lutions,” he said. Wani accused the der Mehden, the Albert Thomas and Afghans operating in Kashmir Indian government of breaking Professor Emeritus of Political Sci- as terrorists,” he said. He pointed promises and the Pakistani govern- ence at Rice, who served as panel out that since 1998, organizations ment of exploiting sentiments of moderator for the forum, “Beyond like Harakat ul-Mujahedin, Kashmiri Muslims in the name of September 11th and Al Qaeda: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-Jihad- religion. The Kashmir Conflict.” al-Islami and Jaish-e-Mohammed, Vijay Sazawal, president of the “Though India has a larger which are largely based in Paki- Indo-American Kashmir Forum, army, we now face a situation of stan and operating in Kashmir, said, “Kashmiris should forget two countries (India and Pakistan) have been associated with Osama about global politics and talk lo- with nuclear weapons,” he said. Bin Laden’s international Islamic cally. The Western concept of de- mocracy cannot come to that place (Kashmir) unless there is a dissolution of power.” Sazawal be- lieves that dialogue between local groups representing different eth- nic sects rather than bilateral ne- gotiations between India and Paki- stan would help more in restoring peace and order. Priyank Jaiswal, graduate student in earth science, organized the fo- rum and presented closing re- marks.

Organizers of and participants in the forum on the Kashmir Conflict included (from left) S. Ranjan, Fred von der Mehden, B. Raman, Priyank Jaiswal, Dhruv Arora, Vijay Sazawal, Rahul Vasudev, and Mumtaz Wani.

15 AUTHOR ROBERT CARO REFLECTS ON HOW LBJ BECAME ‘MASTER OF THE SENATE’

“Lyndon Johnson was born to be the majority leader of the Senate,” author Robert Caro told friends of the Baker Institute who came to hear him discuss his latest book, Master of the Senate, May 9. Caro, biographer of former President Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ), chronicles LBJ’s U.S. Sen- ate years (1949–60) in his book, which is the third volume of Caro’s ongoing biography of the 36th president of the United States. “When you look back at the Sen- ate of the United States during the first two and a quarter centuries of the republic’s existence, ever since the days of Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun, the Senate really worked,” Caro said. “It was a center of governmental creativity and energy and initia- Robert Caro autographs a copy of his latest book, Master of the Senate. tive, as the founding fathers wanted it to be.” After the days of Webster, Clay, “Not only has he risen to that voting on a significant but non- and Calhoun, however, the Senate position so incredibly fast, he is controversial bill: “As he talked to worked in such a manner only one only 46 years old when he be- senators, his hands never stopped other time, Caro said, citing the comes majority leader,” Caro said, moving, gesturing expressively, period when LBJ was its leader, adding that no other senator be- chopping the air with that snake- 1955–60. came majority leader before age killing gesture, opening a palm to The author recounted Johnson’s 60. illustrate a point, punching the air phenomenal rise in the Senate, Caro didn’t want his book to be with a fist, jabbing a lapel with a noting that when LBJ became a just about Johnson, but also about finger, patting a senator’s shoul- member of the Senate in 1949, the legislative power of the Senate. der, straightening his tie, grabbing new senators were not supposed “Nobody in the second half of his lapel, hugging him if he to say much during their first the 20th century understood na- agreed to the proposition being term. At the end of his first two tional power like LBJ, and we see made.” years as a senator, Johnson was as- it most of all in the Senate,” Caro If the vote on a bill was going to sistant leader of his party; at the said. be close, “the frenzy of Lyndon end of four years he was leader of Reading from his book, Caro de- Johnson’s actions escalated an- his party; and at the end of six scribed how animatedly Johnson other notch,” Caro said. years he was majority leader. took control when the Senate was Quoting the late Senator Scoop

16 Jackson, Caro described Johnson’s Although until 1957 Johnson that Johnson taught English to af- methods: “He would charm you or had denied being a member of ter hours when he was teaching knock your block off or bribe you the Southern Block, he was actu- kids in a Mexican American or threaten you. He would do any- ally one of its strategists and voted school in South Texas. thing he had to to get your vote. against every civil rights bill for 20 “The life of Lyndon Johnson to And he’d get it.” years. But once he realized he me is a very sad life, very poi- Johnson was willing to destroy would need the support of the gnant,” Caro said. “But his time in someone’s reputation to score South to get the Democratic presi- the Senate was not sad.” points with others, and it was this dential nomination, he used “all Caro noted that Johnson’s wife, aspect of his personality that led his genius, all his deceits, all his Lady Bird, wrote in her diary that to the “most painful part of this strategems, all his ingenuity, all his the years in the Senate “were the book to write,” Caro said. When cruelties, all the respect in which happiest 12 years of our lives.” the oil barons who had financed his colleagues held him, all the And he said Johnson was indeed Johnson’s rise to power did not fear” to pass the first civil rights “master of the Senate.” want the highly respected Leland legislation since 1875, Caro said. Bob Stein, dean of the School of Olds reelected chairman of the “It is absolutely impossible that Social Sciences and the Lean Federal Power Commission, this bill is gonna pass, and he gets Gohlman Fox Professor of Politi- Johnson convinced the Senate it through.” cal Science at Rice, introduced that Olds was a communist by hav- Johnson was well aware that he Caro at the Baker Institute event ing his staff compile articles writ- had mastered such power. Caro and cited Caro’s The Power Broker ten by Olds that had appeared in quotes Johnson in the epigraph to as his favorite book of all time. the Communist Daily Worker news- his book: “Whatever else they say Baker Institute director Edward paper, even though they were just about me, I do understand power. Djerejian said Caro’s presentation stories he had done as a reporter I know where to look for it, I know is part of a series at the institute for the Federated Press wire ser- where to find it, and I know how featuring prominent authors writ- vice. Olds was defeated, and his to use it.” ing about critical issues of public wife suffered a series of nervous As part of the extensive research policy. Among the other authors breakdowns after being ostracized for his book, Caro walked around who have spoken at the Baker by her neighbors. the floor of the Senate to get a Institute are New York Times jour- “After that episode, a lot of the sense of the history that has oc- nalists Thomas Friedman and senators were quite wary of LBJ. curred there. He interviewed sena- Elaine Sciolino and former Mexi- They had seen what he could do,” tors, legislative aides, parliamen- can President Carlos Salinas de Caro said. “Johnson amasses this tarians, clerks, and others who Gortari.

power and uses it.” knew Johnson, including a janitor

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Quoting the late Senator Scoop Jackson, Caro described Johnson’s methods:

“He would charm you or knock your block off or bribe you or threaten you.

He would do anything he had to to get your vote. And he’d get it.”

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○

17 OTHER NOTEWORTHY EVENTS

Baker Institute director Edward Djerejian made a presentation on prospects for Arab–Israeli ne- gotiations before congressional staffers and members of the dip- lomatic corps in Washington, D.C., under the aegis of the Cen- ter for Middle East Peace and Economic Cooperation February 21. A researcher who was selected as one of America’s Best in Sci- ence and Medicine by Time magazine and CNN presented Neal Lane (left), senior fellow at the Baker Institute, and Phillip Bond (right), undersecretary for technology the first of five lectures in a new in the U.S. Department of Commerce, were among the presenters at the National Nanotechnology Initiative’s southern regional workshop held at Rice May 23 to discuss ways to foster commercialization of federally series hosted by Rice’s Depart- funded nanotechnology research. The Rice Alliance for Technology and Entrepreneurship, Rice’s Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and the Baker Institute organized the workshop, titled “Nanotechnology: ment of Earth Science and the From the Laboratory to New Commercial Ventures.” Sponsors included the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Baker Institute. Lonnie Thomp- U.S. Department of Energy, the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office. son from the Byrd Polar Re- search Center at Ohio State Uni- versity presented “Under- standing Global Climate Change: Perspective from Earth Science” January 24. The new Public Lec- ture Series in Earth Science, sponsored by a gift from The Shell Oil Company Foundation, featured leading researchers of global climate change and public policy.

The State Infrastructure Protection Advisory Committee met at the Baker Institute December 17, 2001. Texas attorney general John Cornyn (center) convened the meeting to develop recommendations to better protect infrastructures that are essential to government and private industry in Texas. The committee’s strategy is to prepare for terrorist attacks to minimize disruption of critical services during such events. Pictured with Cornyn are Michael McCaul (left), Texas deputy attorney general for criminal justice, and Bobby Inman, retired U.S. Navy admiral.

18 DRUG POLICY continued from page 1 during the past 15 years and that overall drug use has been reduced by 50 percent since it peaked in the ’70s. Hutchinson acknowledged that success in the anti-drug effort has been stalled in recent years, but he added that “it is the wrong con- clusion to say that we have not made enough progress and that, (from left) William Martin, James Gray, and Ronald Earle therefore, we should move in a to- tally different policy direction by look on the drug war. percent increase in adolescent legalizing harmful drugs.” Doing Zeese said some of Hutchinson’s drug use since 1990. He also said the latter would be the equivalent statistics on drug usage came from the purity of heroin and cocaine is of punting on third down and sac- a survey of U.S. households that greater today than in 1980, but rificing the chance to make even a did not include groups that are the price is cheaper. greater move ahead on fourth more likely to be addicted to “We’ve been fighting this drug down, he said. drugs, such as the homeless and war since most of the last century,” Hutchinson stressed there’s too mentally ill. He noted also that 20 Zeese said. “We are not a safer and much at risk to punt on third percent of the people who were healthier society, we are not win- down, noting that in addition to asked to take the survey declined, ning the war on drugs, and it’s the physical and mental harm and 25 percent of the respondents well past third down.” caused by illegal drugs, profits were likely to underreport drug He said the U.S. needs a drug from the selling of illegal drugs usage. policy that will reduce crime by have been used to fund terrorist Zeese cited a survey of high drug addicts, decrease home- activities around the world. school students that indicated a 50 lessness, prevent overdose deaths, He argued that legalizing mari- decrease the spread of HIV, and juana and some other drugs would undermine the illegal drug mar- not eliminate the profit motive ket. Switzerland’s heroin mainte- and put drug traffickers out of nance program has the potential business because they would find to achieve such goals and could other drugs to sell, and legaliza- serve as a model for policy reform, tion would not likely reduce drug he said. In that country, addicts use because without criminal pen- can purchase heroin at a clinic alties, society would not be dis- and take the drug under the su- couraged from trying drugs. pervision of a healthcare worker. Hutchinson also stated that he The intention is to minimize the favors law enforcement working risks and harm to the addicts and together with drug-awareness, pre- the rest of society. vention, and treatment programs Zeese also advocated free in the community. needle-exchange programs for in- Kevin Zeese, executive director travenous (IV) drug users to re- of Common Sense for Drug Policy, took issue with Hutchinson’s out- Peter Cohen continued on page 20

19 DRUG POLICY that point. “There is no evidence continued from page 19 that the prosecution of consump- tion is the appropriate way to sub- duce the spread of AIDS and serve stantially reduce the burden of the as a bridge for treatment, and le- drug problem,” he said. “But it galization of marijuana, which re- goes without saying that law-en- search shows would not lead to an forcement activities have a high increase in use, he said. priority with a focus on restricting Zeese favors having health pro- supply, combating illegal trading fessionals—not police officers—go in drugs and associated financial into the classroom to teach stu- transactions, and eliminating or- dents about drugs and make after- ganized crime.” school programs more accessible Commenting on the dichotomy to kids as a way to help them stay between law and morality, van der active and avoid situations where Linde said Switzerland set out to they are more likely to use drugs “reconcile the liberal goal of indi- Alex Wodak while they’re at home without pa- vidual autonomy and the freedom rental supervision. to take drugs with the need to pro- munodeficiency virus (HIV). A number of speakers at the tect the young who are not yet ca- “Australia’s adoption of harm re- conference agreed that the vision pable of perceiving their best in- duction in 1985 allowed rapid and of a “drug-free” America has be- terests from being harmed by extensive deployment of HIV pre- come unrealistic. Conference or- drugs.” He added that people in vention measures to try to control ganizer William Martin, the his country do not consider taking HIV among injecting drug users,” Chavanne Professor of Religion drugs to be harmless and that said Alex Wodak, director of Alco- and Public Policy at Rice and se- health professionals address the hol and Drug Service at St. nior scholar at the Baker Institute, reasons people consume illegal as Vincent’s Hospital in Sydney. noted that there is much more well as legal drugs and find alter- In 1991 Australia spent $10 mil- openness to drug treatment as an native solutions for people who try lion on needle-syringe programs, alternative to incarceration. The to solve their problems by using preventing 2,900 HIV infections idea that Americans can “imprison drugs. and saving $270 million in health, our way out of the drug problem Australia also received attention social, and economic benefits, ac- may be shortsighted,” he said. at the conference as a model of cording to a report that Wodak Francois van der Linde, presi- success for providing clean cited. Australia now distributes dent of the Swiss Commission on needles to drug users to help con- 30 million needles and syringes to Narcotic Drugs, elaborated on trol the spread of the human im- drug users per year. Today the number of new cases of HIV per year in Australia, with a population of nearly 20 million, is 500, compared to 40,000 new cases of HIV in the U.S., which has a population of 287 million. Intra- venous drug users account for only eight percent of those new in- fections in Australia, but 33 per- cent in the U.S. Wodak said the rate of AIDS developing in the (from left) William Martin, Asa Hutchinson, and Kevin Zeese U.S. is six times greater than the

20 rate in Australia, “and the gap is Ethan Nadelmann, executive di- ence- and public-health-derived increasing.” rector of the Drug Policy Alliance policy and set of objectives that fo- He concluded, “Harm reduc- and final speaker for the confer- cus on reducing the cumulative tion, which is present in Australia ence, would not declare victory in death, disease, crime, and suffer- and absent in the United States, is the drug war. ing associated both with drug use the most critical difference ex- “The situation is a horrible and drug-control policies,” he plaining the different course of one,” he said. “The most powerful said. the HIV epidemics.” nation on earth has been an active Edward Djerejian, director of Marsha Rosenbaum, director of promoter of a policy of punitive the Baker Institute, noted that the the Lindesmith Center–Drug prohibition for almost a full cen- domestic, societal, legal, eco- Policy Foundation West in San tury.” nomic, and international ramifica- Francisco, explained how teenag- Citing polls that show more tions of the drug problem make it ers’ attitudes toward drugs have Americans in favor of legalizing one of the most important issues changed. marijuana for medicinal use and facing the United States as well as “After 20 years of scare tactics, exaggeration, and just plain misin- formation, young people simply don’t believe very much about what adults tell them about drugs,” she said. “When the kids see ads on TV or when there’s a program that comes in the school, they start out with a very cynical attitude.” Rosenbaum recommended in- corporating drug education into science classes, presenting the sub- ject “in an honest, scientific way with no particular agenda.” Houston mayor Lee P. Brown, former director of the U.S. Office (from left) Deborah Small, Robert Kampia, Ethan Nadelmann, and Marsha Rosenbaum of National Drug Control Policy, cited the success of Houston Crackdown, a program created in more than 100 drug-reform-policy the rest of the world. He said the 1988, which brings together the bills that have become law in vari- Baker Institute will analyze the criminal justice system, educators, ous state legislatures over the past various views presented at the con- and the medical profession in pre- five years, Nadelmann said alter- ference and consult further with vention, treatment, education, native models that focus on harm the participants and U.S. govern- and enforcement. “It still serves its reduction are gradually gaining ment agencies, with a view toward purpose and coordinates the dif- acceptance. producing policy options and ferent activities involved,” he said. “We are striving for a policy that policy recommendations that will Brown discouraged the use of focuses . . . not on the foolish and be presented to all interested par- the “war on drugs” metaphor. “A unattainable goal of eliminating ties, including the decision makers country shouldn’t go to war or eradicating drug use and creat- in government. against its people,” he said. “When ing a drug-free world, but rather you have a war, there’s a tendency on a pragmatic, common-sense- to declare victory and go home.” based, human-rights-driven, sci-

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○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ MIDDLE EAST the Middle East, an active U.S. role is indispensable, not only to continued from page 1 The king of Jordan guide the Palestinians and the Is- Abdullah, the 43rd-generation noted that although peace raelis out of conflict but also to direct descendant of the Prophet protect your own vital interests Muhammad, noted that over the in today’s world demands and those of your moderate al- years, Jordan has taken risks to lies—allies who are a bulwark make and sustain peace. Stating new approaches and against extremism in our region that his country cannot stand and around the world.” alone, Abdullah elaborated on the mechanisms, the goals James A. Baker, III, honorary role of the new Peace Alliance for chair of the Baker Institute, intro- the Middle East that he proposed. remain the same: peace, duced Abdullah, referring to him “The parties must be told in no as “an ardent advocate for peace uncertain terms that while suicide freedom, and opportunity in the Middle East.” bombings will not be rewarded, And Abdullah, in his closing re- neither will occupation,” he said. for all human beings. marks, paid tribute to Baker’s role

“The Peace Alliance would bring at the Madrid Conference that ○○○○○○○○○○○ its clout to the bargaining tables, ○○○○○○○○○ took place more than 10 years brokering a comprehensive, fair, Abdullah, who ascended to the ago. “At Madrid, you reminded and lasting deal.” throne in 1999 after the death of participants that ‘negotiations do The basis for such a deal was ar- his father, the late King Hussein, not guarantee peace. But without ticulated at the recent Arab Sum- reflected on the peace treaty that negotiations, there is no way to mit in Beirut, where Arab states his father completed more than produce genuine peace and no presented a vision for peace that seven years ago to establish “nor- mechanism to develop under- “explicitly recognizes the interests mal relations” between Jordan and standings that can endure,’” of Israel while at the same time Israel. “Now, for the first time, all Abdullah said. fulfills the hopes of Palestinians,” Arabs have directly addressed Is- The king of Jordan noted that Abdullah said. “Through a collec- raeli citizens as neighbors who de- although peace in today’s world tive peace treaty with every Arab serve to live in dignity, security, demands new approaches and state, Israel would receive the se- and peace. We told Israelis at the mechanisms, the goals remain the curity guarantee it needs. The Jew- Arab Summit in plain language: same: peace, freedom, and oppor- ish character, security, legitimacy, ‘We want to permanently welcome tunity for all human beings. international recognition, Arab ac- you in our neighborhood. Look at “This is a mission at the heart of ceptance, and peaceful future of the Arab peace proposal seriously, the American enterprise. And to- Israel would be positively ad- for the sake of the present and for day, more than ever, the world dressed.” the future for all our peoples.’” looks to the United States to lead.” Simultaneously, the core re- Abdullah believes that many Is- The king’s visit to Rice, which quirements of the Arab states raelis are listening. More than 55 was postponed from September 12 would be met: an end to the Is- percent of the Israeli public have last year, due to the tragic events raeli occupation of all Arab lands; endorsed this initiative, which has the day before, was generously guaranteed independence, free- also received worldwide support. sponsored by The Shell Oil Com- dom, dignity, equality, and security But success will require Ameri- pany Foundation. Rice president for the Palestinians; and a solution can leadership, he added. “Only Malcolm Gillis introduced Baker to the refugee problem that is fair the United States has the political at the event, and Baker Institute to Palestinians and that does not and moral authority to bring director Edward Djerejian moder- threaten the sovereignty of the Is- people together to take the risks ated the question-and-answer pe- raeli state. that peace requires,” he said. “In riod.

22 DIALOGUE be a real readiness to build on the record, in terms of what’s been ac- continued from page 3 cooperation in practical ways on complished, and in terms of what the issue of terrorism. And cer- has not been accomplished. But issues, of course, on the interna- tainly [there is] a determination one very important fact is that tional agenda is the issue of terror- to continue these exchanges. Also, both sides acknowledged that ism. And there was an extensive the recent communiqué at the something between 80 and 90 per- discussion on this issue. We had Sharm al-Sheikh summit, amongst cent of the issues have basically experts from the United States the leaders of Syria, Egypt, and been negotiated on the Israeli– and authoritative individuals on Saudi Arabia, voicing their strong Syrian track. And that, if the day the Syrian side who could address opposition and condemnation of comes where the political will on this issue. And while there are a violence of all forms was noted. the part of the Israeli leadership, lot of sensitive issues that were dis- And we got a recommitment of the Syrian leadership, and the cir- cussed during these exchanges, that from the Syrian participants. cumstances in the region are such which I cannot go into, certainly On the Middle East peace nego- that those negotiations can move there was a real effort made to see tiations, there was a very impor- forward again, that there is this

how we can move this agenda item tant narration from the Syrian rich legacy of negotiating history

○○○○○○○○○○○○○ forward. ○○○○○○○ that can be built on. So that’s a On the positive side of the positive factor in terms of any fu- agenda is the fact that Syria and There is a very rich ture negotiations for a compre- the United States are cooperating hensive Arab–Israeli peace that after September 11, especially on negotiating record on the would obviously involve the Israe- al-Qaida and extremist groups of lis and the Palestinians, the Israe- that nature. And that intelligence key issues of land, peace, lis and the Syrians, and the Israelis cooperation has, in the words of and the Lebanese. the U.S. administration, borne re- security, water, and There was a very long and de- sults. And in terms—let me just tailed discussion on these issues. quote to you one aspect of that. In how all of these factors There was also a clear determina- a recent official communication to tion made by the Syrian side of its the U.S. Senate, it was stated by fit together. readiness to negotiate peace with

the U.S. administration that “the Israel, based on picking up where

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ president has taken note of Syria’s the negotiations left off and ac- cooperation on al-Qaida. Syria’s deputy foreign minister of the his- knowledging this legacy I men- cooperation in this regard has tory of the Israeli–Syrian negotia- tioned. However, it was readily un- been substantial and has helped tions under the aegis of the U.S. derstood that given the very save American lives, and for that government. And we had key play- unstable and difficult situation on reason directly serves U.S. inter- ers on both sides discuss what one the ground now between the Is- ests.” At the same time the admin- can call the legacy of those nego- raelis and the Palestinians, it is un- istration states “more is expected tiations since the Madrid Peace likely that anything is going to of Syria.” Accordingly, our dia- Conference. There is a very rich move forward until that situation logue here at the Baker Institute negotiating record on the key is- progresses to some extent at least. with the Syrians on these issues is sues of land, peace, security, water, On the economic and commer- very important to continue and to and how all of these factors fit to- cial development issues, there was see how we can build on this ini- gether. And this narration was very a very extensive discussion of the tial cooperation. important in building up an un- ways in which these bilateral ties And during our deliberations, derstanding on both sides of the could be improved. There are ob- what I can tell you, and that’s all I status of these negotiations as they can tell you, is that there seems to stand today, in terms of the continued on page 24

23 DIALOGUE counterparts the potential and the of the panel discussions, the pur- continued from page 23 actual work being done by U.S. pose was to see what specific energy companies in Syria and policy options we could provide viously many issues. The Syrians prospects for future operations decision-makers, and what specific expressed their strong opposition and investments. recommendations we can make. to U.S. sanctions and the recently What was interesting also was And we have begun to get to that introduced legislation on the Hill the acknowledgment on both point. We will be contacting the on the Syrian Accountability Act. sides that the private sector must participants during the interim And issues such as double taxation be a real partner in the develop- period. We are going to continue and the Grassley Amendment. ment of the Syrian economy and, our dialogue with the participants, And there was much discussion on obviously, in any modernization especially through information how these legislative acts impede process. . . . Public and private sec- technology and conversations in moving forward in the economic tor collaboration on an equal foot- preparation for the discussions in and commercial fields. There was ing was urged by American partici- Damascus in the fall or winter of also discussion introduced by the pants. this year. American side that the concerns On the role of media and cul- What I can tell you is that it’s of Congress are very important in tural dialogue there was extensive very interesting when you engage many respects and have to be ac- discussion. There was a strong fo- in a dialogue like this because you knowledged, but that there is still cus on academic, educational, and see, when you narrate the past re- room to move forward on eco- student exchanges. These panels lationship, you see where there nomic commercial ties despite the discussed the perceptions and the have been missed opportunities. restrictions in place. misconceptions that exist between For example, in the Middle East There was also a very detailed the two countries and what can be peace talks between Israel and discussion of the economic reform done to improve and enhance the Syria, there have been serious policies of the Syrian government dialogue between them. Given the missed opportunities in the last 10 under President Bashar al-Asad tragic events of September 11, years. And the lessons learned and what is being done in that re- Americans are looking at the from those missed opportunities, I spect. The Syrian participants Middle East with much greater in- think, are some of the most pro- made clear that Syria today has terest now. They are looking at ductive things that came out of opted to enter the new economic subjects such as the Arab world, Is- this discussion in terms of the order and is going through a mod- lam, the Arab–Israeli dispute, and Arab–Israeli peace negotiations. ernization process in all aspects the whole issue of terrorism, po- The other thing is that both and restructuring of the domestic litical extremism, and religious ex- sides recognize that there’s a lot of economy—not a simple matter. tremism. And so American public work that has to be done. As I There are difficulties, but certain opinion is focused on these issues, said, some of the differences be- measures are under way for and to the extent that bilateral ex- tween us are indeed serious. They privatization and modernization changes, certainly amongst acade- need to be addressed frankly and and introducing information tech- micians and students and the me- candidly, and that’s what we did. nology. And there was a robust dis- dia, there is an opportunity for There were no punches pulled cussion of the situation in Syria both sides to enhance understand- during these deliberations, and I and how important it was to move ing of the real factors at play. The think that both sides came away forward on economic and social role of scholars and intellectuals with a feeling that this was truly a reforms. The potential role of as the first line of this dialogue constructive exercise that was wor- tourism was underscored. Repre- was stressed by the Syrian side. thy of continuation. sentatives from the U.S. energy Specific ideas and proposals were sector participated in the dialogue made. and discussed with their Syrian In all of these discussions, in all

24 ABBEY Apollo spacecraft program. His JSC. In 1996, he was named direc- continued from page 4 subsequent posts included direc- tor of the Johnson Space Center. tor of flight operations, in which In 2001, Abbey was assigned as se- ning and has risen to the top. he was responsible for the overall nior assistant for international is- Throughout his career and as di- direction and management of sues, reporting to the administra- rector of the Johnson Space Cen- flight crew and flight control ac- tor of NASA. ter, he has played a key role in the tivities for the manned space flight “I look forward to capturing the development of the space pro- missions, including the early op- knowledge of the space program gram, including the manned erational flights of the space and ensuring that it is passed on space program and the Interna- shuttle. to future generations and to the tional Space Station. He is a trea- In 1988, he was appointed country’s public policy,” Abbey sure trove of policy insight and deputy associate administrator for said. “And where we go in the fu- historical understanding. It is a space flight at NASA headquarters ture relative to international coop- real asset to Rice to have him.” in Washington, D.C., and later he eration in space is important to us Abbey first worked at the was appointed deputy for opera- and could be a benefit to the Johnson Space Center (formerly tions for the synthesis group; se- country. The Baker Institute al- the Manned Spacecraft Center) in nior director for civil space, Na- ready has made a difference in 1964 as a U.S. Air Force officer. tional Space Council, Executive many areas, and I hope that I will He became a permanent member Office of the President; deputy di- be able to help them as we address of the staff in 1967 and was techni- rector of the Johnson Space Cen- the country’s policies relative to cal assistant to the manager on the ter (JSC); and acting director of space.”

SALINAS ness to open the door to a rela- During a question-and-answer tionship that would not be looking session after his talk, Salinas cited continued from page 12 so much to the tensions of the major challenges that Mexico cur- in 1991 that would reduce tariffs past, but to opportunities of the rently faces: reducing the public among the three countries, it was future” when NAFTA was first pro- deficit, strengthening the rule of a “win-win-win” situation, Salinas posed. Salinas also commended law, and enacting financial, rural, said. the Mexican American community and labor reforms. The initial optimistic projections in the U.S. for supporting the Salinas served as president of for NAFTA estimated that Mexi- agreement, recognizing that “their Mexico from 1988 until 1994. He can imports would increase to very important heritage south of succeeded Miguel de la Madrid $40 billion per year from $16 bil- the border would play a very im- Hurtado, becoming the first presi- lion. Salinas noted that Mexican portant role in opening business dential candidate from the Institu- imports to the United States are opportunities for their own com- tional Revolutionary Party (PRI) almost $200 billion, reaffirming munity.” to face competitive elections, that the decision to approve Salinas would like to see Chile which he won with 50.4 percent of NAFTA was the right thing to do. and other countries in Latin the vote. The competitiveness of industrial America reach free-trade agree- A political economist, Salinas activities in the U.S. grew too as a ments with the United States too. was a graduate student at Harvard result of increased trade relations “It would send a tremendously University when Malcolm Gillis, mostly within industry, he added, positive sign to the rest of the re- now Rice’s president, was teaching citing the U.S. automobile gion . . . showing that the way of economics there. Gillis introduced industry’s links with manufactur- liberalizing markets with social Salinas at the Baker event, which ing plants in Mexico as an ex- programs and with the democratic was made possible through the ample. process is no doubt the way of the generous support of The Shell Oil Salinas praised Bush’s “willing- future for other societies,” he said. Company Foundation.

25 TASK FORCE cal community. (The assessment of cations systems nationwide pre- continued from page 5 the medical community will be ad- vents easy integration of municipal dressed by Dr. Ralph Feigin, who communications with other gov- Second, Houston was recognized heads the Medical Advisory Com- ernmental and nongovernmental several years ago as home to criti- mittee.) The gaps in capacity have entities; therefore, communication cal industries and facilities; conse- been identified and/or quantified with these additional parties will quently it was among the first cit- through the course of the assess- be cumbersome and difficult. ies in the nation to receive federal ment, and many city departments While commanders for the various funding for risk assessment, train- have worked aggressively to ad- entities may be represented at the ing, and equipment designed to dress the gaps within the con- emergency operations center and/ enhance the city’s ability to deal straints of their budgets, but fund- or incident command system, the with a terrorist WMD event. Third, ing issues prevent all gaps from ability of the first responders on by state regulation, the city has being addressed immediately. the scene to communicate is seri- been required to maintain an ously limited. There is a national emergency-management plan and Communications effort to move to a 700 MHz sys- to update the plan periodically. Financial and human-resource tem to address this issue, but That plan addresses most issues constraints play a part in hamper- implementation will take many that would be faced by the city af- ing communications. Communica- years. ter a WMD event. tions involves the technical capa- bility of responders at the local, Coordination Capacity state, and federal levels to commu- Finally, communications con- While the level of preparation in nicate effectively with one another straints hamper coordination. Co- Houston is impressive, the city via telephone, the Internet, and ra- ordination entails making sure continues to face the challenges of dio. A significant element to the that various agencies and organiza- capacity, communications, and co- effective response is tactical com- tions share information and coor- ordination akin to other cities in munication among first respond- dinate their operations, especially the United States. The city’s capac- ers as well as strategic communica- under emergency conditions. Co- ity to respond is limited by finan- tion among the numerous ordination of departments, organi- cial and human resources. The governmental and nongovernmen- zations, and various levels of gov- city can respond functionally to a tal agencies at the local, state, and ernment is a monumental task conventional weapon and/or national levels. While the city’s de- anywhere. At the tactical level, chemical event; however, financial partments have well-established Houston’s incident command sys- constraints have prevented the means of communication for nor- tem efficiently meets the chal- city’s departments from obtaining mal emergencies, a mass disaster lenges of normal emergencies; the additional equipment, person- might strain the system’s capacity. however, with the involvement of a nel, and training they desire for First, a mass disaster will require larger number of nonmunicipal the comprehensive response they the mobilization of large numbers parties, the lack of interoperability are capable of on a large scale. of responders, which will not only may hamper coordination. At the Similarly, the city maintains the clog the lines of communications strategic level, interdepartmental functional capability to detect and but also exhaust equipment sup- issues and/or rivalries exist and af- alert the community to a biologi- plies. Second, a mass disaster will fect coordination. As the disaster- cal event, but financial constraints likely result in the mobilization of response system has developed prevent the detection and alert nongovernmental and governmen- and matured, coordination has im- from occurring as rapidly as it tal organizations from the local, proved. This trend needs to con- could be. A biological event de- state, and federal levels that are tinue through exercises and drills tected by city departments will be not called upon by the city in nor- and participation in interagency dealt with in terms of conse- mal emergencies. The piecemeal activities. quence management by the medi- nature of governmental communi- Further, response to a terrorist

26 WMD event is challenged by the Houston Task Force on Terrorism 3)Establishment of a framework existing legal framework. At the recommends, inter alia, the follow- to further identify gaps, time of a WMD event certain ac- ing initiatives to enhance whether through exercises or tions may be necessary, but where Houston’s current capabilities to actual emergencies, and to work there is a lack of stated authority respond to terrorist incidents: to address those gaps and/or fear of liability, these fac- 1)Active pursuit of funding for 4)Exploration of mutual aid tors may inhibit or prevent the equipment, personnel, and pacts/memorandums of under- necessary actions from being training requirements standing with other major met- taken. This is particularly true for 2)Continuation of regular exer- ropolitan areas situations requiring a quarantine, cises, emphasizing scenarios 5)Support of legislation that en- lockdown, or lockout and for situ- that employ a large variety of hances homeland defense at ations that would benefit from the first responders and mandate the local level, such as quaran- aid of private industry. cooperation and communica- tine laws and corporate Good tion among first responders and Samaritan laws. Initiatives among different levels of gov- As the result of its findings, the ernment

CHINA cosmopolitan centers of Shanghai, plinary research and pedagogy are continued from page 13 Hong Kong, and Tokyo were cre- a hallmark of Rice and the Baker ated; instead, they think about the Institute,” Lewis said. “Unlike Baker Institute. five decades of isolation of popula- most larger universities, Rice can After the archive and database tions under the great nation-states quickly form informal groups of are constructed, Lewis, Lee, and during the worldwide economic faculty to pioneer collective re- Smith will contact the individuals depression, colonialism, and war. search.” and companies that produced the “Now we have returned to a pe- The Henry Luce Foundation, es- ads to determine what their inten- riod of looser boundaries and tablished in 1936 by the late tions were, including the values much interaction among societies Henry R. Luce, co-founder and honored by the ads and their rela- in Asia,” Lewis said. Smart adver- editor in chief of Time Inc., sup- tion to nationalism. The final por- tisers are well-aware of that ports programs focusing on tion of the three-year project will change, as evidenced by cam- American art, East Asia, higher entail surveying consumers in paigns that target a new genera- education, theology, public policy China to determine whether and tion of “Pan-Asian” young people and the environment, and women how they may have been influ- who identify less with national cul- in science and engineering. The enced by the ad campaigns. The ture and more with middle-class, foundation is supporting this re- analysis will be conducted by Rice transnational tastes and prefer- search by Rice faculty to help faculty and scholars at institutions ences—a blend of European, Americans better understand how that are part of the TCP’s network: Asian, and American values, Lewis globalization is affecting tradi- the University of Hong Kong, Na- added. tional notions of national and col- tional Tsing Hua University, Mas- If such advertising efforts are ef- lective identity in China and other sachusetts Institute of Technology, fective, “the ability of nation– parts of Asia. and the Chinese and Shanghai states to mobilize populations for More information on the TCP’s academies of social sciences. economic development, interna- research and pedagogical support Lewis noted that Westerners in tional conflict, and other causes programs can be found on the general seem to forget that 75 will be affected,” he said. project’s award-winning, bilingual years ago, during the era of global- “We were awarded this grant be- website, http://www.ruf.rice.edu/ ization and rapid circulation cause we were able to show the ~tnchina/. among Asian societies, the great Luce Foundation that interdisci-

27 Baker Institute Report

Editor - B.J. Almond

Photographers - Tommy LaVergne Jeff Fitlow

2002 by the Baker Institute for Public Policy of Rice University. This material may be quoted or re- produced without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given. For further information about the Baker Institute, please visit our website at http://bakerinstitute.org. For further inquiries and address changes, we may be reached by phone 713-348-4683, fax 713-348- 5993, or e-mail [email protected].

The Baker Institute Report is ABC News veteran Sam Donaldson broadcast his national radio show live from the Baker Institute April 26. The program, which aired in Houston on News Radio 740 KTRH-AM, was produced as a two-hour town printed on recycled paper. meeting about the Middle East. Rice students, faculty, staff, and other friends of the Baker Institute who were in the audience, along with callers from around the United States, had a chance to express their views on peace proposals, U.S. foreign policy, and other issues related to the conflict between the Palestinians and Israelis. This was not Donaldson’s first visit to the Baker Institute. Last fall, he served as a moderator during the Baker Institute’s forum on the role of the secretary of the treasury.

NONPROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE PAID HOUSTON, TEXAS PERMIT NO. 7549 JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY—MS 40 RICE UNIVERSITY P.O BOX 1892 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77251-1892

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