Medusae of the World

MEDUSAE OF THE WORLD VOLULME I THE HYDROMEDUSAE BY ALFRED GOLDSBOROUGH MAYER WASHINGTON, D. C. I'UBI~ISHEDBY THE CARNEGIEINSTITUTION OF WASHIN(:TON 1910 CONTENTS . VOLUME I . Introduction ........................................................................ 1-4 ............................................... 5-16 Synopsis of Genera of................................................................. the Hydromedusz Medusa: Milleporina:...................................................................... 16 Anthornedus% I 7-196 Genera of the Anthomedusz: Pachycordyle ............ 21 Zancleopsis .............. 91 I'odocoryne ..............135 Amalthaa .............. 22 Pteronema ............... 92 Turritopsis ..............143 Pennaria ............... 23 Eleutheria ............... 93 Oceania .................146 Trichorhiza ............. 28 Mnestra ................. 96 Stylactis .................149 Steenstrupia ............. 29 Ctenaria .................98 Thamnostylus............ I jI I-Iy bocodon ............. 3 j Cladonema .............. 98 Thamnitis ...............152 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Microcampana .......... 44 Dendronema .............102 Lymnorea ...............i53 Dicodonium ............. 44 Protiara .................10; Rougainvillia .............155 PUBLICATIONNO. 109. VOL. I Sarsia .................. 47 Heterotiara .............-107 Nemopsis ................172 .. Stauridiosarsia .......... 64 Stomotoca ...............108 Rathkea .................rjj Hydrichthys ............. 66 Dissonema ...............115 Chiarella ................182 Eucodonium ............ 65 Pandea ..................116 Bythctiara ..............:IS j Ectopleura .............. 68 Turris ..................I 20 Sibogita 186, vol . 2 .......$91 . Corynitis ............... ?I Conis ...................130 Niobia ..................187 Slabberia ............... 73 Calycopsis 130, v01 . 2 .....491 Proboscidactyla ..........188 Margelopsis ............. 80 Cytzis ..................132 Willsia ..................19.3 Copies of this Book Zanclea ................. 85 Leptomedusze .................... Were first issue6 Genera of the Leptomedusze: Thaumantias ............198 Staurodiscus ..............213 Dichotomia ..............223 .AUG 9 1410 Laodicea ............... 7-01 Ptychogena ..........- ...214 Dipleurosoma ............224 Melicertum .............207 Polyorchis ................ 218 Toxorchis ............... 228 Melicertissa .............209 Spirocodon ..............219 Netocertoides ............229 Orchistoma .............21 I Cannota .................221 Monobrachium ...........230 Timoides ............... 212 Cuvieria .................221 MEDUSAE OF THE WORLD. THE HYDROMEDUSAE. INTRODUCTION. This work was commenced in 1892 at the suggestion of Dr. Alexander Agassiz while I was a student in his marine laboratory at Newport. Dr. Agassiz's ~lan was that we produce conjointly a work upon the Medusz, Siphonophorz, and Ctenophora of the Atlantic coast of North America. In pursuance of this plan, Dr. Agassiz sent me upon expeditions to Halifax, Nova Scoria; Eastport, Maine; Charleston, South Carolina; and Tortugas, Florida. It was also my ~rivile~eto accompany him as his assistant upon his expeditions to the Bahamas, and to the coral regions of the tropical Pacific. During these years the majority of our American species were captured and drawings of them made from life. The description of all of the then known American Atlantic forms was com- pleted by me in 1900, but unfortunately the pressure of other and more important work prevented the revision of the manuscript by Dr. Agassiz, and thus it remained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University until 1904, when Dr. Agassiz generously returned it to me with permission to publish it in any manner whatsoever. Thus the original plan was reluctantly abandoned. During the four years that elapsed while the manuscript lay unstudied at Harvard, new forms had been discovered along our coast; and Nutting and Hargitt had published their papers upon the hydroids and medusz of the Woods Hole region. It was necessary to thoroughly revise the manuscript, and in order to render it - of greater service, I have attempted to extend the original work to include descriptions of a11 known forms of medusze from all parts of the world. This extension was made possible through the generous establishment by the Carnegie Institution of Washington of a Marine Research Laboratory at Tortugas, Florida. Many forms were collected upon a cruise of the Carnegie Institution yacht Phvsalin from Boothbay Harbor, Maine, to Tortugas, Florida; and new or interesting medusz have been obtained each season upon excursions over the tropical Gulf Stream, and among the Bahamas. My official position in connection with the laboratory has afforded me every possible facility in time and opportunity for the prosecution of these studies, and I can not too kindly express my sense of gratitude to the executive officers of the Carnegie Institution for their generous support. To Geheimrath Prof. Dr. Anton Dohrn, and to his able corps of associates at the Stazione Zoologica, I am indebted for numerous kindnesses shown to me during my visit to the laboratory at Naples from November to February, 1907 and 1908. I have also enjoyed full privileges of study in the libraries of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University; in the Boston Society of Natural1 \ 2 MEDUSAE OF THE WORLD. INTRODUCTION. 3 History; the American Museum of Natural History; Columbia University, the National Museum at Washington, and the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts rnedusZ and to exclude those which produce sessile gonophores. Nevertheless and Sciences. Through these facilities I have been enabled to review nearly all this should be clearly understood and must be accepted as an artificial limitation of the published works upon medusz, but the review of literature can not pre- of the work. tend to completeness for 1907 and 1908, although all papers of those years which I have thus attempted to describe only such hydroids as are known to ~roduce the author could discover are recorded. rnedusZ, and have endeavored to bring the systematic arrangement of the medusie Moreover, Profs. William K. Brooks and Louis Murbach have been so kind more nearly into accord with that of the hydroids. A strictly natural system includ- as to lend some of their original drawings, which are reproduced in this work, and ing both hydroids and medusie can not be constructed, for many of the hydroids the following gentlemen have generously granted permission for the reproduction remain undetermined. Moreover, dissimilar hydroids (Syncoryne, Stauridium) of figures from their published works, thus enabling us to present text-figures of may give rise to similar medusz (Sariia); or the reverse may be the case, as in the many forms which would otherwise have been represented merely by descriptions : medusae of Bougainoillia and Nemopsii, or that of the two sorts of medusie (Sarsia Dr. Alexander Agassiz, Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard and Cladonema) which may arise from hydroids of Smuridia. University; Dr. Henry B. Bigelow, of Harvard; Dr. R. P. Bigelow, of the Massa- These and many other cases of a similar nature interpose a barrier to our chusetts Institute of Technology; Prof. Edward T. Browne, of the University of attempts to invent a natural system which includes all hydroids and medusie within London; Prof. Dr. Carl Chun, of Leipzig; Prof. Dr. S. Goto of Tokyo; its embrace. At present, I believe, we must content ourselves with a compromise Geheimrath Prof. Dr. Ernst Haeckel, of Jena; Prof. C. W. Hargitt, of Syracuse between a natural and an artificial arrangement, confiding in the belief that as University; Prof. Dr. Cl Hartlaub, of Helgoland; Prof. W. C. M'Intosh, of Aber- more and more of the hydroids are discovered it will become correspondingly deen University; Prof. Dr. Otto Maas, of Miinchen; Prof. C. C. Nutting, of Iowa; more possible to arrange the medusie in a natural system. After consultation with Prof. Henry F. Perkins, of Vermont; and Prof. Dr. Ernst Vanhoffen, of Kiel. Prof C. C. Nutting we have mutually decided that the promulgation of such a I have always felt that each working naturalist owes it as a duty to science to system is at present inadvisable. Such a system has, indeed, been proposed by produce some general systematic work, and this has been an actuating motive von Lendenfeld, 1884 (2001. Anzeiger, Bd. 7), but has gained no acceptance. Much confusion has been introduced through the habit, in vogue among in the production of this book. But chiefly have I been moved to the task through respect for the wishes of my generous friend and master in science, Alexander marine expeditions, of sending all of the medusie to one specialist and the hydroids to another. Thus the sessile and the reproductive stages of the same animals are Agassiz. Nor can one remain insensible to the rare grace of form and delicate worked upon independently from different view-points by different men. beauty of color of these creatures of the sea, associated as their study is with mem- I am inclined to regard the Trachymedusae and Narcomedusie as being orials of the labors of a host of distinguished naturalists. Dry though these pages transformed actinulz, for they commonly develop through an actinula larva in must be to the reader, to the writer they are replete with memories of the ocean which the bell grows out as a collar-like, or

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