Uplatnění Klarinetu V Jazzu – Hlavní Představitelé

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Uplatnění Klarinetu V Jazzu – Hlavní Představitelé JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra dechových nástrojů Studijní obor Klarinet Uplatnění klarinetu v jazzu – hlavní představitelé Bakalářská práce Autor práce: Tomáš Kůgel Dis. Vedoucí práce: MgA. Jan Dalecký Oponent práce: doc. Mgr. Milan Polák Brno 2013 Bibliografický záznam KUGEL, Tomáš, Uplatnění klarinetu v jazzu – hlavní představitelé [the application of the clarinet in jazz - the main leaders]. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Hudební Fakulta,Katedra dechových nástrojů, rok. 2013. Vedoucí diplomové práce MgA. Jan Dalecký. Anotace Diplomová práce Uplatnění klarinetu v jazzu – hlavní představitelé, pojednává o historii klarinetové hry a klarinetistech, kteří rozvíjeli jak hru na klarinet, tak celkové pojetí jazzové kompozice a improvizace od počátku jazzu aţ po dnešní dobu. Annotation Diploma thesis „ the application of the clarinet in jazz - the main leaders” deals with the history of clarinet play and clarinetists, who developed both the clarinet and the overall concept of jazz composition and improvisation of jazz from the beginning up to the present time. Klíčová slova Klarinet, jazz, dixieland, bebop, swing, cool jazz, Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Eddie Daniels, Jimmy Noone Keywords clarinet, jazz, dixieland, bebop, swing, cool jazz, Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Eddie Daniels, Jimmy Noone Prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem předkládanou práci zpracoval samostatně a pouţil jen uvedené prameny a literaturu. Brně, dne 1. 5. 2013 Tomáš Kůgel Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval MgA. Janu Daleckému za poskytnutí potřebných materiálů, konzultačních hodin a za přednášky v Dějinách jazzu, které mi jsou inspirací a vyplňují mezery v mém studiu klasické hudby. Obsah Předmluva....................................................................1 Úvod............................................................................2 1. Dixieland..................................................................3 2. Swing a vrchol klarinetové éry.................................7 3. Bebop, konec nejslavnější klarinetové éry..............15 4. Cool jazz a free jazz................................................20 5. 70., 80.,90. léta a klarinetisté v dnešní době..........25 Závěr..........................................................................31 Použité informační zdroje..........................................32 Seznam příloh............................................................33 Přílohy.......................................................................34 5 Předmluva Tuto práci jsem si vybral z několika důvodů. Ten hlavní je, ţe studuji na klarinet klasickou hudbu a poslední dobou se nejen interpretačně věnuji i hudbě jazzové. Jak jsem však postupně zjišťoval, mé poznatky o hlavních představitelích a stylu hry nebyly dostačující proto, abych mohl z nějakých kořenů při improvizaci vycházet a nacházet přitom svůj styl hry. 1 Úvod Rozhodl jsem se, ţe si vyhledám a nastuduji vše o přednějších klarinetistech a jejich hře v jazzu od počátku po dnešní dobu a vyberu ty nejdůleţitější a pro mě nejbliţší, o kterých napíšu. Budu se zabývat nejen jejich stylem hry, ale i kompozicí a tím, kde v průběhu ţivota působili, koho a jak ovlivnili a kdo ovlivňoval je. Budu postupně nastudovávat jejich nahrávky a snaţit se popsat jejich hru od barvy tónu, po improvizaci. 2 1. Dixieland Na počátku 20. století, se jazz začal objevovat jako součást široké hudební revoluce všeobjímající ragtime, blues, spirituály a pochody. Samozřejmě k této hudební revoluci přispívali hlavně Afroameričané. Tato hudba slouţila hlavně k tanci. Zmínil bych dvě slavné kapely, které na počátku vznikly. Jednou z nich byla kapela trumpetisty Charlese „Buddyho“ Boldena, další pak Kid Ory's Woodland Band. Právě Buddy Bolden vymyslel beat, který nazval „big four“, to znamená, ţe bubeník akcentuje čtvrtou dobu v pochodu. „Díky tomuto beatu se muzikanti nemuseli striktně drţet not, ale hráli ve variacích, improvizovali a organizovali si melodie po svém. A právě v tu chvíli započal jazz“1. V této éře byl klarinet jedním z hlavních nástrojů, vedle banja, trumpety, trombónu, klavíru, tuby, později pak kontrabasu a bicích. Klarinet byl většinou vyuţíván v orchestrech jako melodický nástroj, doplňující dechovou sekci (trombón, trumpeta, saxofón), nebo byl vyuţíván v různých komorních obsazeních, kde mohl zastupovat i jediný melodický nástroj. V této počáteční éře působilo mnoho klarinetistů, já však zmíním jen tři, kteří nějakým způsobem ovlivnili klarinetové dění na počátku jazzu a posouvali způsob hraní, kterému se později učilo mnoho dalších klarinetistů. Jedním z prvním klarinetistů, o kterém budu psát, byl Johnny Dodds. Narodil se 12. 4. 1892 v New Orleansu. Pocházel z hudební rodiny, jeho otec byl amatérský houslista. Jeho učitelé byli Lorenzo Tio a Charlie McCurdy. Jeho prvním profesionálním působištěm byl orchestr slavného trombonisty Edwarda Oryho ( známý jako Kid Ory). Poté působil u Billyho Macka a Kinga Olivera (Creole Jazz Band), kde vystřídal Jimmieho Noona. Pro Kinga Olivera byla důleţitá Doddsova 1 Dokumentární film Buddy Bolden and Birth of Jazz, Winton Marsalys 3 stylová hra, při které vţdy respektoval a většinou díky svým typickým osminkovým akordickým rozkladům i vytvářel základní rytmický tep, ale zároveň i dokonale definoval harmonii. Později opustil Creole Jazz Band a našel působiště v Chicagu v podniku Burta Kellyho, kde hrál s Nattym Dominiquem – trumpeta, Honorém Dutrayem – trombon, Charliem Alexandrem – piano, Billem Johnsonem – kontrabas a „Baby“ Warrenem Doddsem, svým mladším bratrem – bicí. Dodds se setkal s plejádou klíčových osobností historie klasického jazzu. Nahrál snímky se studiovými soubory Louise Armstronga Hot Five (1925-27) a Hot Seven (1927), nahrával s Oliver's Creole Jazz Bandem a Jelly Roll Mortonem. Působil v seskupeních s malebnými dobovými názvy New Orleans Wanderers, New Orleans Bootblacks, Dixieland Jug Blowers, Dixieland Thumpers, State Street Ramblers, Chicago Footwarmers, Paramount Pickers, Beale Street Washboard Band ad. Své umění zvěčnil i na mnoha snímcích bluesových zpěvaček (Ida Coxová, Elzadie Robinsonová, Hociel Thomasová aj.). V krizi na počátku 30. let se musel chvíli ţivit jako taxikář. To ho ale v roce 1937, kdy opět narůstal zájem o starší jazzové styly, přivedlo k hraní. Účastnil se jam sessions, které pořádal trumpetista Paul Mares, v nichţ docházelo k přirozenému splynutí bělošských a černošských hudebníků. Johnny Dodds zemřel 8. 8. 1940 v Chicagu po několika srdečních infarktech. S jeho robustním bluesovým tónem, širokým vibrátem, silným sytým tónem, který byl vyprodukován díky tvrdým plátkům, které pouţíval a perfektním glissandem, díky kterému pro něj nebyl problém spojit jakékoli intervaly, se jeho systém septakordových rozkladů v osminovém pohybu později stal modelem pro většinu revivalistických klarinetistů. 4 Jedním z nejvýraznějších současníků Johnnyho Doddse byl Jimmie Noone, narozený 23. 4. 1885 na farmě poblíţ New Orleansu. Hře na klarinet se učil u Lorenza Tia Jr. Profesionálně začal působit u Freddieho Kepparda. V roce 1918 hrál v Chicagu v různých souborech, například u Billyho Johnsona, Ollieho Powerse v Paradise Garden a jeho slavné odbobí započalo v orchestru Chalese „Doc“ Cooka. Zde začal projevovat své veliké nadání a ojedinělé umění. Svůj první malý soubor zaloţil roku 1926 s názvem Jimmie Noone's Apex Club Orchestra. Nahrávky tohoto souboru se řadí mezi nejvýznamější snímky tohoto období (Apex Blues, It's Tight Like That, Sweet Sue, Four Or Five Times). Soubor měl taky velký vliv na mladé muzikanty. Zváštností tohoto orchestru bylo to, ţe v melodické sekci měl jen klarinet a altsaxofon. V Apex Club Orchestra působila spousta vynikajících mladých muzikantů, například na saxofon Joe Poston nebo Eddie Pollack. Na piáno se vystřídali Earl Hines, Alex Hill a Zinky Cohn, jedni z nejlepších z Chicaga. Noone působil začátkem 40. let v Oryho Creole Jazz Bandu. Jimmie Noone byl jedním z nejvýraznějších kreolských představitelů klarinetové školy. Jeho styl byl velmi odlišný od jeho současníků Johnnyho Doddse a Sidneyho Becheta díky jeho jemnému a více romantickému tónu. Snaţil se nikdy neopakovat v sólech, vyhýbal se schematickým postupům. Pouţíval více staccato v rychlých akordických rozkladech. Svou hrou ovlivnil mnoho bílých klarinetistů jako Bennyho Goodmana nebo Jimmyho Dorseye. Legenda praví, ţe slavný francouzský skladatel Maurice Ravel navštívil Apex Club, kde si zapisoval Nooneho sóla a druhý den to dal zahrát svému klarinetistovi v symfonickém orchestru, který řekl, ţe je to nemoţné zahrát2. Jimmie Noone zemřel v Los Angeles 19. 4. 1944. Třetím a posledním hlavním představitelem této počáteční éry byl Sidney Bechet. Narodil se 14. 5. 1897 v New Orleansu. Na 5 klarinet se učil hrát u Georga Baqueta. Kromě klarinetu hrál i na soprán saxofon, takţe na většině jeho nahrávek slyšíme tento nástroj. Jako mladý hrával příleţitostně u Bunka Johnsona, Freddieho Kepparda a Boba Petita. V letech 1914 – 1916 působil ve skupině Clarence Williamse. S Williamsem natočil své první snímky. Se souborem Black Revue v letech 1928 – 1930 podnikl evropské turné. V 30. letech se přesunul do New Yorku, kde v období hospodářské krize působil jako krejčí. Na začátku 40. let vystupoval se svým triem v Greenwich Village a v Town Hall. Krátce po natočení skladeb Delta Mood a Leeve Blues emigroval do Francie, kde se stal jednou ze stěţejních osobností tamního jazzového a uměleckého ţivota. Účinkoval i ve filmových hudebních komedií jako jsou Ah! Quelle équipe (1957)
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