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The Parasitoid Community Associated with the Invasive Leek Moth

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The parasitoid community associated with the invasive leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae): can conservation biological control benefit an introduced classical biological control agent in North America? By Jacob H Miall A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ©2018, Jacob H Miall Abstract The leek moth is a European pest of Allium spp. established near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in the early 1990’s. Its spread throughout eastern Canada and into the northeastern United States represents the potential for significant economic losses to Allium growers. Using a life-table approach, I aimed to determine if resource supplementation would influence the species composition, relative abundance and host- killing ability of indigenous parasitic wasps in the leek moth system and the classical biological control agent, Diadromus pulchellus. In greenhouse cages, adding buckwheat to a sugar-deprived system increased the longevity, and parasitism levels of D. pulchellus; however, a similar effect was measured on the facultative hyperparasitoid, Conura albifrons. In the field, the parasitoid species composition was the same in both buckwheat-supplemented and standard leek plots; however, the relative abundance of the parasitoid community differed between the standard and resource-enriched plots. These studies provide insight into how conservation biological control may affect classical biological control. ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my co-supervisors Drs. Peter Mason and Naomi Cappuccino for their positive attitudes and helpful guidance, support and patience during this project. Secondly to my good friend and colleague Dr. Paul Abram, who provided a constant supply of optimism to this project and my abilities, and who spent countless hours helping me work through the statistical analyses and earlier drafts of this thesis. I would also like to thank my external supervisor, Dr. Jessica Forrest, for providing helpful comments and insight in assisting with the design of this project. Drs. Andrew Bennett (Ichneumonidae), Gary Gibson (Chalcididae), and José Fernández-Trinia (Braconidae) provided identifications on many of the parasitoids discussed in this thesis. I also wish to thank everyone I have worked with in the Mason and Cappuccino labs throughout this project, which could not have been completed without their help in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field: Chelsey Blackman, Hannah Clouthier, Christine Cock, Stephanie Coghlan, Tina Dancau, Ana Maria Farmakis, Melanie Lacroix, Connor Lee, Noah Marion, and Christina Thomsen for reviewing earlier versions of the thesis. This list would be incomplete without me extending my gratitude to my friend and colleague Andrea Brauner for her support, from start to finish. Andrea’s ability to recognize when I was in need of encouragement, “space”, or simply a good laugh, was a constant reminder of just how lucky I am to have had the opportunity to pursue this degree doing something I absolutely love. I won’t ever forget that. I am grateful to all the farmers I have had the privilege of meeting and collaborating with over the years, and who have happily dedicated portions of their farmland for various components of this project: John Wise (Wise Acres Farm, iii Centreville, Ontario); Jack Hinton and Glennis Harwig (Hawkwood Farm, Almonte, Ontario); and Peter Smith (Fair Weather Farm, Osgoode, Ontario). Thank you to my parents, Jerry and Sue, who both possess a remarkable energy for life that has been and continues to be an inspiration to me. Lastly, I would like to thank Martha and our two amazing kids, Jonah and Tessa. Not a day went by where I didn’t feel their love, enthusiasm, and encouragement for me in all aspects of life. iv Preface The work presented in my thesis is part of an ongoing project on the classical biological control of leek moth led by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. My thesis contributes to a better understanding of what happens after a biological control agent is released, in terms of how to improve the impact of the agent on the target host and how resident parasitoids may be affecting the introduced agent. I designed and implemented the experiments, collected the data, and wrote all chapters of this thesis. Each member of my supervisory committee provided valuable guidance with respect to all of these components. Data organization and statistical analyses for Chapters 2 and 3 were performed by me with guidance from Dr. Paul Abram at AAFC Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada. Chapters 2 and 3 are being prepared for submission to refereed journals; Chapter 2 is co-authored by Paul Abram, Naomi Cappuccino, and Peter Mason, Chapter 3 is co-authored by Paul Abram, Naomi Cappuccino, Andrew Bennett and Peter Mason. This work will help to expand the published record on this pest system. v Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii Preface ................................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices .......................................................................................................... xiii Appendix 1: Aerial images of 2015 and 2016 buckwheat and no-buckwheat life table study field site. ............................................................................................................. xiii Appendix 2: Complete stage-specific life tables for second generation leek moth in 2015 and 2016 caged and uncaged, buckwheat and no-buckwheat treatments. .......... xiii Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ xiii Glossary ............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: General Introduction .................................................................................... 3 Biological control of insect pests .................................................................................... 3 Nectar-feeding requirements of hymenopteran parasitoids ............................................ 6 Effects of nectar provisioning on biological control....................................................... 7 Improved crop yield in the presence of nectar ................................................................ 9 Natural enemy guilds and trophic interactions ............................................................. 10 Effects of nectar provision on other trophic levels ....................................................... 12 Experimental approach and study system ..................................................................... 13 Use of life tables to measure success of biological control agents, and natural enemy impacts ...................................................................................................................... 13 Study system .............................................................................................................. 15 Leek moth .................................................................................................................. 16 Diadromus pulchellus ............................................................................................... 17 Conura albifrons ....................................................................................................... 17 Figures........................................................................................................................... 22 vi Chapter 2: Conservation meets classical: testing the effect of floral enrichment on the efficacy of an introduced parasitoid of leek moth and their facultative hyperparasitoid. .............................................................................................................. 24 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 24 Materials & Methods .................................................................................................... 29 Insect colonies ........................................................................................................... 29 Plants used as nectar sources ................................................................................... 31 Plant maintenance .................................................................................................... 32 Experimental procedure............................................................................................ 33 Statistical analyses ...................................................................................................
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