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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE CAMPINA GRANDE Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Naturais E Biotecnologia MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE CAMPINA GRANDE Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Naturais E Biotecnologia MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE CAMPINA GRANDE Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Naturais e Biotecnologia MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS E BIOTECNOLOGIA COMPARAÇÕES DAS COMUNIDADES NEMATOFAUNÍSTICAS DE TRÊS AMBIENTES COSTEIROS DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO POR MEIO DE RESOLUÇÕES TAXONÔMICAS CUITÉ-PB 2016 AMANDA GONÇALVES SANTOS COMPARAÇÕES DAS COMUNIDADES NEMATOFAUNÍSTICAS DE TRÊS AMBIENTES COSTEIROS DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO POR MEIO DE RESOLUÇÕES TAXONÔMICAS Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Mestrado em Ciências Naturais e Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Campus-Cuité como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Naturais e Biotecnologia. Orientador: Dr. Francisco José Victor de Castro Co-orientador (a): Dra. Maria Cristina da Silva CUITÉ-PB 2016 Ao meu pai Antônio e a meu esposo Angelo. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus, por ter me dado capacidade de chegar até aqui. Agradeço ao meu orientador Francisco, por ter aceitado mais uma vez a tarefa de me orientar, pela paciência que teve e tem comigo, por acreditar que sou capaz, e por ser acima de tudo, um exemplo de humildade. À minha co-orientadora Cristina, por todos os ensinamentos passados (que não foram poucos), pela disponibilidade que sempre teve em ajudar e pela amizade conquistada. À CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa no ultimo ano de curso. Ao meu esposo e amigo Angelo, por ser o meu maior incentivador, não poupando esforços para que eu chegasse até o final de mais essa etapa acadêmica, sendo paciente e compreensivo com as minhas ausências. Ao meu pai, que apesar de distante, nunca deixou de me apoiar e de me dar motivos pra me fazer seguir em frente. Ao meu irmão Anderson, que apesar de distante sempre esteve ao meu lado e torcendo por minhas conquistas. Ao meu tio Duda, pelo carinho, atenção e preocupação de sempre. À dona Amparo e seu Arlindo, por terem me recebido em sua casa, sempre muito atenciosos. À Baby, Dinda e Rayane, pela amizade, pelas conversas e por me fazer sentir parte da família. À André e Renner, por terem aceitado participar da banca avaliadora. Aos meus colegas do LABMEIO, Fátima, Géssica, Fábio, Taynan, Johab, Cléia, pelas conversas e boa convivência, em especial Edclebeson e Bruna pela amizade e troca de conhecimentos. À Ana Emília, Aluska, Érica, Ageu, Mônica e Fernanda, por todos os momentos que passamos juntos, pelo companheirismo de sempre, e pela amizade construída durante o curso. Ao professor Márcio Frazão, pela disponibilidade em buscar os equipamentos para as fotos dos nematódeos. À Giva e Júlio, por me auxiliarem com as fotos. E aos que tenham contribuído de forma direta ou indireta, para conclusão desse projeto. “A mente que se abre a uma nova ideia jamais volta ao seu tamanho original” Albert Einstein RESUMO Os nematódeos são os metazoários mais abundantes do planeta. Estima-se que três quartos, ou mais, de todos os animais da terra são nematódeos. Podem ser encontrados em todos os habitats que forneçam fontes de carbono orgânico disponíveis. Variam de acordo com a sensibilidade a poluentes e perturbação ambiental. Por esses motivos vem sendo utilizados, como ferramenta para biomonitoramento de ecossistemas. A resolução taxonômica diminui o problema do “impedimento taxonômico”, causado pela carência de pesquisadores nesta área e pela dificuldade na identificação dos organismos nos níveis taxonômicos mais baixos. Assim, objetivou-se comparar as estruturas populacionais nematofaunística, pelo uso de resoluções taxonômicas em três ambientes costeiros, a fim de ampliar a utilização da “resolução taxonômica” e enfatizar a sua importância como uma boa ferramenta de suporte as pesquisas de cunho taxonômico, principalmente nas que envolvam o monitoramento ambiental. Foram realizadas coletas em período chuvoso e seco, em ponto fixo da praia, do recife e do estuário de Pirangi do Sul - RN, Brasil. Os nematódeos encontrados foram identificados até o nível de espécie. Foram encontrados 46 gêneros e 56 espécies, pertencentes à 15 famílias, sendo 9 espécies novas para a ciência. As análises estatísticas mostraram que os níveis taxonômicos utilizados apontam diferenças na organização da comunidade, entre as estações de coleta, com exceção do nível específico. As diferenças também foram observadas para análises espaciais, com exceção do nível de ordem. A classificação até o nível de gênero se mostra taxonômicamente suficiente para interpretar os dados da comunidade nematofaunística da região de Pirangi do Sul-RN, para análises espaciais. Palavras chave: Nematódeo, monitoramento, habitats. ABSTRACT Nematodes are the most abundant metazoans in the planet. It is estimated that three- quarters or more of all land animals are nematodes. They can be found in all habitats that provide sources of organic carbon available. They still vary according to the sensitivity to pollutants and environmental disturbance. For these reasons it is being used as an instrument for biomonitoring ecosystems. The taxonomic resolution reduces the problem of "taxonomic impediment" caused by the scarcity of researchers in this area and the difficulty in identifying organisms at lower taxonomic levels. Thus, this study aimed at comparing the nematofaunistic population structures through the use of taxonomic resolutions in three coastal environments in order to expand the use of taxonomic resolution and emphasize its importance as a good resource support in the researches of taxonomic aspects, especially in those involving environmental monitoring. Samplings in rainy and dry season were made, in a fixed point at the beach, of the reef and estuary of Pirangi do Sul - RN, Brazil. The found nematodes were identified up to the species level. They were found 46 genera belonging to 15 families and 56 species being 9 of them new to science. Statistical analyzes showed that the taxonomic levels used in this research point to differences in the community´s organization, among the sampling stations, except the specific level. Differences were also observed for spatial analysis, with the exception of the order level. Classification up to the genus level has shown taxonomically enough to interpret the data nematofaunistic community of Pirangi-RN southern region for spatial analysis. Keywords: Nematode; monitoring; habitats. LISTA DE FIGURAS CAPÍTULO 1 - BIODIVERSIDADE DA COMUNIDADE NEMATOFAUNÍSTICA DE TRÊS AMBIENTES COSTEIROS Figura 1- Mapa da Região de Pirangi do Sul-RN, Brasil, evidenciando os ecossistemas de coleta.........................................................................................................................................32 Figura 2- Praia de Pirangi do Sul-Rio Grande do Norte................................................................33 Figura 3- Recifes de Arenito da Região de Pirangi do Sul-Rio Grande do Norte...................34 Figura 4- Estuário do rio Pirangi, na região de Pirangi do Sul-Rio Grande do Norte.............35 Figura 5- Esquema mostrando caracteres de morfometria utilizados na identificação dos Nematoda..................................................................................................................................58 Figura 6- Composição quali-quantitativa dos gêneros encontrados em Pirangi do Sul-RN....59 Figura 7- Bathylaimus australis Cobb, 1894 A: órgãos reprodutores; B: região anterior com ênfase no anfídio; C: Região anterior com ênfase na cavidade bucal. Barras de escalas=30µm............................................................................................................................71 Figura 8- Chromadorita sp. nov. A: Cutícula com ênfase na diferenciação lateral; B: órgãos reprodutores; C: região anterior com ênfase nas setas cefálicas e na cavidade bucal; D: padrão cuticular; E: suplementos pré-cloacais. Barras de escalas= 30µm............................................77 Figura 9- Endeolophos sp. nov. A: região anterior com ênfase no anfídio e na cutícula; B: órgãos reprodutores; C: diferenciação lateral. Barras de escalas= 30µm.................................80 Figura 10- Neochromadora trichophora Gerlach, 1951. A: padrão cuticular com ênfase na diferenciação lateral; B: região anterior com ênfase na cavidade bucal; C: órgãos reprodutores. Barras de escalas= 30µm....................................................................................84 Figura 11- Nannolaimoides sp. nov. A: região anterio com ênfase na cavidade bucal; B: suplementos pré-cloacais; C: órgão reprodutores do macho evidenciando a aba do gubernáculo; D: espícula. Barras de escalas= 30µm.................................................................87 Figura 12- Parancanthonchus cochlearis Gerlach, 1957. A: órgãos reprodutores; B: região anterior com ênfase no dente dorsal. Barras de escalas= 30µm................................................92 Figura 13- Calomicrolaimus rugatus Lorenzen, 1976. A: órgãos reprodutores e espessamento dos anéis cuticulares na porção ventral; B: Anfídio; C: região anterior com ênfase na cavidade bucal e nas setas cefálicas. Barras de escalas= 30µm...............................................................97 Figura 14- Calomicrolaimus sp. nov. A: Anfídio com o corpus gelatum para o exterior do corpo; B: região anterior com ênfase nas cerdas cefálicas; C: órgãos reprodutores; D: cerdas pós-cloacais. Barras de escalas= 30µm.....................................................................................99 Figura 15- Bolbolaimus sp. nov. A: órgão reprodutores; B: suplementos pré-cloacais; C: anfídio; D: bulbo anterior; E: bulbo posterior. Barras de escalas= 30µm...............................102
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