Evolving Historical Perspective*
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C Semmelweis╎s 19Th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored
Headwaters Volume 29 Article 3 2016 Dr. Ignác Semmelweis’s 19th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored in Vienna’s Maternity Wards: His Sympathy for Women Victims and Their Newborns Costs Professional Standing Anna Lisa Ohm College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Ohm, Anna Lisa (2016) "Dr. Ignác Semmelweis’s 19th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored in Vienna’s Maternity Wards: His Sympathy for Women Victims and Their Newborns Costs Professional Standing," Headwaters: Vol. 29, 23-35. Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/headwaters/vol29/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Headwaters by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANNA LISA OHM ____________________________________ Dr. Ignác Semmelweis’s 19th-Century Cure for Deadly Childbed Fever Ignored in Vienna’s Maternity Wards: His Sympathy for Women Victims and Their Newborns Costs Professional Standing For some 19th-century women ready to give birth, even a public street was preferable to a bed in an accredited hospital delivery ward where statistics suggested a massacre of women and newborns throughout Europe and the United States. Puerperal septicemia, commonly called childbed fever, was the culprit, and nobody in the world’s medical or scientific community at the time knew how to control its epidemic proportions. -
Vpublic HEALTH REPORTS .V .OL~35 NOVEMBER 12, 1920 No
vPUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS .V .OL~35 NOVEMBER 12, 1920 No. 46 A STUDY OF THE RELATION OF FAMILY INCOME AND OTHER ECONOMIC FACTORS TO PELLAGRA INCIDENCE IN SEVEN COTTON-MILL VILLAGES OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN 1916.1 By JOSEPH GOLDBERGER, Surgeon; G. A. WHzzLER, Passed Assistant Surgeon; and EDGAR SYDEI- STRICKEE, Statistician, United States Public Health Service. CONTENT& I. Review of literature. III. Fellagra incidence according to eco- II. Plan aid methods of present study. nomic status. Locality. Discussion. Population. (a) Bad hygiene and sanita- Pellagra incidence. tion. Season. (b) Difference in age and Dietary data. sex composition. Data relating to economic condi- (c) Differences in diet. tions. Differences in incidence Family income. among households. Availability of food supply. Differences in incidence Economic classification. among villages. Method of classification ac- IV. Discussion. cording to economic status. V. Summary and conclusions. Results of classification. VI. References. In the spring of 1916 we began a study of the relation of various factors to-pellagra incidence in certain representative textile-mill communiities of South Carolina. On a varying scale the study was continued through 1917 and 1918. The results of the first year's (1916) study with respect to diet,2 to age, sex, occupation, disabling sickness,3 and to sanitation4 have already been reported. At the present time we wish to record the results of the part of the study dealing with the relation of conditions of an economic nature to the incidence of the disease. L REVIEW OF LITERATURE. A close association of pellagra with poverty has been repeatedly remarked upon since the time of the first recognition of the disease. -
Spanish Certificate Info and Sign up Form
International Certificate in Cultural Competency and Communication in Spanish One of the goals of Vision 2020 is to “diversify and globalize the A&M community”. Two key indicators in Texas A&M’s (TAMU) Quality Enhancement Plan are specific to creating excellence in diversity of student learning and in internationalization. These two goals are stated as follows: • Students graduating from Texas A&M University should be able to function successfully in complex, diverse, social, economic, and political contexts. • Students graduating from Texas A&M University will be able to function effectively in their chosen career fields in an international setting. Specifically, students who complete the BIMS International Certificate will: 1. Be functionally bilingual and employ attained language skills in both social and formal settings 2. Be able to perform linguistically and in a culturally sensitive manner within the medial and/or agricultural environment 3. Gain experiential knowledge abroad, expanding their cultural sensitivities and functionality in a foreign environment. Students should be able to compare and contrast Latin American and Spanish cultural ideas with those of the Anglo population within the United States. Students should recognize cultural differences, using language and social skills to interact effectively within a foreign environment. The certificate has been generated with the student’s required TAMU core curriculum in mind. Many students may wish to discuss a minor in language, political science, sociology, etc. based upon the courses taken to satisfy the certificate requirements. To discuss a minor, please speak with your academic advisor as well as the college/department in which you wish to minor. -
2–22–05 Vol. 70 No. 34 Tuesday Feb. 22, 2005 Pages 8501–8708
2–22–05 Tuesday Vol. 70 No. 34 Feb. 22, 2005 Pages 8501–8708 VerDate jul 14 2003 20:36 Feb 18, 2005 Jkt 205001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\22FEWS.LOC 22FEWS i II Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 34 / Tuesday, February 22, 2005 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office PUBLIC of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Subscriptions: Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Committee of the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and (Toll-Free) Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest. Paper or fiche 202–741–6005 Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions 202–741–6005 Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the issuing agency requests earlier filing. -
Summer 2021.Indd
Summer 2021 at | cmu.edu/osher w CONSIDER A GIFT TO OSHER To make a contribution to the Osher Annual Fund, please call the office at 412.268.7489, go through the Osher website with a credit card, or mail a check to the office. Thank you in advance for your generosity. BOARD OF DIRECTORS CURRICULUM COMMITTEE OFFICE STAFF Allan Hribar, President Stanley Winikoff (Curriculum Lyn Decker, Executive Director Jan Hawkins, Vice-President Committee Chair & SLSG) Olivia McCann, Administrator / Programs Marcia Taylor, Treasurer Gary Bates (Lecture Chair) Chelsea Prestia, Administrator / Publications Jim Reitz, Past President Les Berkowitz Kate Lehman, Administrator / General Office Ann Augustine, Secretary & John Brown Membership Chair Maureen Brown Mark Winer, Board Represtative to Flip Conti CATALOG EDITORS Executive Committee Lyn Decker (STSG) Chelsea Prestia, Editor Rosalie Barsotti Mary Duquin Jeffrey Holst Olivia McCann Anna Estop Kate Lehman Ann Isaac Marilyn Maiello Sankar Seetharama Enid Miller Raja Sooriamurthi Diane Pastorkovich CONTACT INFORMATION Jeffrey Swoger Antoinette Petrucci Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Randy Weinberg Helen-Faye Rosenblum (SLSG) Richard Wellins Carnegie Mellon University Judy Rubinstein 5000 Forbes Avenue Rochelle Steiner Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3815 Jeffrey Swoger (SLSG) Rebecca Culyba, Randy Weinberg (STSG) Associate Provost During Covid, we prefer to receive an email and University Liaison from you rather than a phone call. Please include your return address on all mail sent to the Osher office. Phone: 412.268.7489 Email: [email protected] Website: cmu.edu/osher ON THE COVER When Andrew Carnegie selected architect Henry Hornbostel to design a technical school in the late 1890s, the plan was for the layout of the buildings to form an “explorer’s ship” in search of knowledge. -
Lesson 1 Introduction to Epidemiology
Lesson 1 Introduction to Epidemiology Epidemiology is considered the basic science of public health, and with good reason. Epidemiology is: a) a quantitative basic science built on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods; b) a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses pertaining to occurrence and prevention of morbidity and mortality; and c) a tool for public health action to promote and protect the public’s health based on science, causal reasoning, and a dose of practical common sense (2). As a public health discipline, epidemiology is instilled with the spirit that epidemiologic information should be used to promote and protect the public’s health. Hence, epidemiology involves both science and public health practice. The term applied epidemiology is sometimes used to describe the application or practice of epidemiology to address public health issues. Examples of applied epidemiology include the following: • the monitoring of reports of communicable diseases in the community • the study of whether a particular dietary component influences your risk of developing cancer • evaluation of the effectiveness and impact of a cholesterol awareness program • analysis of historical trends and current data to project future public health resource needs Objectives After studying this lesson and answering the questions in the exercises, a student will be able to do the following: • Define epidemiology • Summarize the historical evolution of epidemiology • Describe the elements of a case -
The Forgotten Plague
AmericanHeritage.com / THE FORGOTTEN PLAGUE http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2000/8/... December 2000 Volume 51, Issue 8 THE FORGOTTEN PLAGUE A MURDEROUS DISEASE WAS RAVAGING THE SOUTH. THEN ONE BRAVE AND DETERMINED DOCTOR DISCOVERED THE CURE—AND NOBODY BELIEVED HIM. BY DANIEL AKST Oblivion is a virtue in a disease. Cancer, AIDS, diabetes, and even tuberculosis are too much with us, but hardly anyone knows what pellagra is because the disfiguring deadly illness is virtually nonexistent in America today. For the first third of this century, pellagra was a scourge across the American South, killing thousands and afflicting hundreds of thousands more. Its cause was unknown, and there was no treatment, let alone cure. Victims were shunned like lepers, and by 1914 the sickness was a national scandal. The conquest of pellagra was a triumph of epidemiology over an affliction perhaps as ancient as the Bible, but it was also a triumph of one remarkable man, a medical Sherlock Holmes who fought ignorance, politics, and injustice as well as the disease. Even when the mystery of this preventable killer was solved, pellagra raged for another generation. It was as if the disease mocked science as crucial but insufficient. Pellagra is no longer a national health threat, and that is exactly why the experience of its conqueror is worth retelling. Pellagra was known as the disease of the three D’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Victims suffered scaling, leprous skin, intestinal distress, lethargy, and depression. The trademark symptom was a butterfly rash—an ugly symmetrical blotch that spread across the victim’s face—marking him or her for all to see. -
Life Course Epidemiology D Kuh, Y Ben-Shlomo, J Lynch, J Hallqvist, C Power
778 GLOSSARY Life course epidemiology D Kuh, Y Ben-Shlomo, J Lynch, J Hallqvist, C Power ............................................................................................................................... J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:778–783 The aim of this glossary is to encourage a dialogue that will life course epidemiology has paid particular attention to the long term effects of childhood advance the life course perspective. and adolescent risk factors on later disease. This ........................................................................... is partly a response to the emphasis on adult factors in most post-war aetiological models of life course approach offers an interdisci- chronic disease. This is in contrast with the focus plinary framework for guiding research on of life span developmental psychology on adult health, human development and aging. human development to counter the dominance 1 A 1 23 4 of child centred developmental psychology. Psychologists, sociologists, demographers, anthropologists,5 and biologists6 have actively Life course epidemiology attempts to integrate promoted such an approach for many years. The biological and social risk processes rather than interdisciplinary research area of developmental draw false dichotomies between them. The science,78 also brings together psychological, interests of life course epidemiology overlap with cognitive, and biological research on develop- social epidemiology, that branch of epidemiology mental processes from conception to death. that studies -
Ignaz Semmelweis: a Victim of Harassment?
main topic Wien Med Wochenschr https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-020-00738-1 Ignaz Semmelweis: a victim of harassment? Sonja Schreiner Received: 4 November 2019 / Accepted: 10 February 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Summary Ignaz Semmelweis’ (1818–1865) discovery 1865, his relatives (including his wife) and friends of the endemic causes of febris puerperalis is a strik- took him from Budapest to Vienna. He thought he ing example of the role of pathology in medicine. was going to spend some time relaxing, but in fact Transdisciplinarity encounters Semmelweis’ biogra- was led into a newly built asylum for the mentally ill, phy, which is neither linear nor totally focused on the Niederösterreichische Landesirrenanstalt.When medicine. He completed the philosophicum (artis- he realized what was happening, he tried to escape. terium), studying the septem artes liberales (1835–1837) Badly abused, he died from sepsis caused by open in Pest, comprising humanities and natural science. wounds and a dirty straightjacket 2 weeks later. This After moving to Vienna, he began to study law, but article will show Semmelweis to be a multilingual turned to medicine as early as 1838. In 1844, he grad- author of scientific literature and (open) letters; it will uated with a botanical doctoral thesis composed in present him as a researcher who became a victim of Neo-Latin, showing linguistic and stylistic talent and harassment and what is referred to as the “Semmel- a broad knowledge of gynecology and obstetrics. The weis reflex” (“Semmelweis effect”); and it will focus style and topoi demonstrate the interchangeability of on his afterlife in (children’s) literature, drama, and what he learnt during his propaedeuticum.Nowa- film. -
Ignaz Semmelweis and the Birth of Infection Control M Best, D Neuhauser
233 Qual Saf Health Care: first published as 10.1136/qshc.2004.010918 on 2 June 2004. Downloaded from HEROES AND MARTYRS OF QUALITY AND SAFETY Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control M Best, D Neuhauser ............................................................................................................................... Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13:233–234. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2004.010918 orldwide, sepsis is the cause of death in about 1400 people each day.1 Many of these people develop Wsepsis from infections acquired as patients while in a hospital. Infections acquired in the hospital are called nosocomial infections. They are the most common complica- tions of hospitalized patients, with 5–10% of patients in acute care hospitals acquiring at least one infection. Nosocomial infections occur in 2 million patients per year in the United States, causing 90 000 deaths and resulting in $4.5–5.7 bil- lion in additional patient care costs.2 INFECTION CONTROL Influenza virus, Legionnaires’ disease, bacterial meningitis, measles, West Nile virus, tularemia, hepatitis A, rotavirus, Norwalk virus, multidrug resistant Pseudomonas, super- resistant Klebsiella, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus are just a few of the infectious organisms and diseases that may be contracted while in hospital. Infection control is essential to limit the spread of these diseases. Cross-infection of patients by the contaminated hands of healthcare workers is a major method of spreading infectious agents. Hand hygiene is noted to be the single most important factor for infection control. Even today, hand washing is performed only one Figure 1 Postage stamp of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, 1818–1865. third to one half as often as it should be.3 Issued in Austria in 1965 on the 100th anniversary of his death. -
The Development of the Germ Theory of Disease and the Impact That Discovery Has Had on Human Health Human Population Growth Over the Millennia
Determinants of the Quality of Human Life Humans have always been interested in infectious diseases even before they knew their cause. In this course we will examine the development of the Germ Theory of Disease and the impact that discovery has had on human health Human population growth over the millennia Causes of Death, 1900-1984 1900 1984 Increasing life expectancy Decreasing pediatric death-rate Again, more data comparing 1900 with 2000 “The Triumph of Death”; Depictions of plague or ‘The Black Death’ from the mid-sixteenth century. Girolamo Fracastoro • Fracastoro, a careful observer of disease transmission – obvious that some diseases were the same regardless of patient – specific diseases passed person to person had same symptoms • “On Contagion”, 1546 – mentions “seminaria” or seeds of disease. – before microbial world • Three general patterns: – Direct contact only – Fomes (fomites) – At a distance Fracastoro’s “Incurable Wound” on rabies, humans not the only ones, but they always die Anton van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope (1632-1723) Recipe for making mice J.B. van Helmont ∼ 1620 AD “If a dirty undergarment is squeezed into the mouth of a vessel containing wheat, within a few days (say 21) a ferment drained from the garments and transformed by the smell of the grain, encrusts the wheat itself with its own skin and turns it into mice. And what is more remarkable, the mice from the grain and undergarments are neither weanlings or sucklings nor premature but they jump out fully formed.” p • Sugar metabolism: Fermentation – with O2 = CO2 + water = – W/O O2 organic acids or alcohol – was considered a chemical process due to unstable molecules – The “ferment” – Schwann, yeast = Etoh – L. -
Infection Control Through the Ages
American Journal of Infection Control 40 (2012) 35-42 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect American Journal of Infection Control American Journal of Infection Control journal homepage: www.ajicjournal.org Major article Infection control through the ages Philip W. Smith MD a,*, Kristin Watkins MBA b, Angela Hewlett MD a a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE b Center for Preparedness Education, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE Key Words: To appreciate the current advances in the field of health care epidemiology, it is important to understand History the history of hospital infection control. Available historical sources were reviewed for 4 different Hospitals historical time periods: medieval, early modern, progressive, and posteWorld War II. Hospital settings Nosocomial for the time periods are described, with particular emphasis on the conditions related to hospital infections. Copyright Ó 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Approximately 1.7 million health careeassociated infections One of the few public health measures was the collection of (HAIs) occur in the United States each year.1 Hospital infection bodies of plague victims. The bodies were left in the street to be control programs are nearly universal in developed nations and have picked up by carts and placed in mass graves outside of town.3,4 significantly lowered the risk of acquiring a HAI since their inception Other infection control measures included hanging people who in the mid 20th century. As we debate the preventability of HAIs, as wandered in from an epidemic region into an uninfected area, well as the ethical and logistic aspects of patient safety, it is impor- shutting up plague victims in their homes, and burning clothing tant to recall the historical context of hospital infection control.