IN LIBYA ASSESSMENT OF DATA OF DATA ASSESSMENT COLLECTION AND STATISTICS AND COLLECTION STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION MIGRATION ON INTERNATIONAL
Assessment of Data Collection and Statistics on International Migration in Libya The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Eurasylum Ltd. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM and Eurasylum concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. ______
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11_15 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
(February 2015)
Foreword
The information complied in this report is proudly presented as an investigation of country-specific data collection and statistics on international migration flows affecting Libya. Several people have contributed to the comprehensive report, which brings together solid information on international migration in Libya, and provides a comprehensive assessment of Libya’s migration data capacity and statistical systems. It is envisioned that the assessment of priorities concerning Libya´s statistical system, as well as the data itself, will be useful in the development of Libya’s migration policies. The data collated is intended for use by Government and other actors, including information on current proposals for the improvement of existing systems.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) will continue to workin partnership with stakeholders to ensure that this data is shared widely and utilized as extensively as possible. We will also actively seek ongoing support ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA to continue to improve systems for collection and management of migration- related data in Libya.
I am honored to have been afforded the opportunity to write a foreword for this unique and important collection of data, in full appreciation of the diligence and efforts provided by all who have contributed.
Othman Belbeisi Chief of Mission IOM Libya
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Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank the representatives of the Libyan agencies (Directorate for Combating the Illegal Migration, Ministry of Interior; Project Department, Ministry of Labour and Capacity Building; International Cooperation Office, Ministry of Justice; and Bureau of Census and Statistics) andthe International Organization for Migration (Migration Research Divison, Mission to Libya, and other services and missions) for their support and collaboration in undertaking the assignment and preparing this report. Thanks are also due to the representatives of different international organizations and national institutions and experts based outside Libya who provided information or data, advice on data or other suggestions helpful for the preparation of this study, in particular on the statistics available at the international level. The names of all contributors as well as the authors and other stakeholders of reports on migration in Libya or international databases relevant for the study are presented in the list of contacts annexed to this document. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
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Contents Foreword...... iii Acknowledgments...... v Abbreviations and acronyms...... ix Map of Libya...... xi Objectives and structure of the study...... xiii Executive Summary...... 1 a. Introduction to migration issues in Libya...... 5 A1. Context of the country...... 5 A2. Main migration trends and aspects...... 6 A3. National institutional framework relevant for registering and measuring migration...... 10 A4. International cooperation and coordination ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA in the field of migration...... 13 B. Analysis of systems and statistics on migration available in Libya...... 19 B1. Libyan administrative systems...... 19 B2. Libyan statistical system...... 29 C. Analysis of data and statistics on migration in Libya available at the international level...... 33 C1. Data and statistics available from international organizations...... 33 C2. Data and statistics reported by other countries...... 57 D. Summary and conclusion ...... 65 D1. Summary on the available data registration systems and statistics on international migration in Libya...... 65 D2. Gaps, needs and opportunities...... 68 D3. Recommendations for improving the data management, statistics and analysis ABOUT migration in Libya ...... 80 Bibliography...... 89 Annexes...... 99 Annex I. Glossary of migration terms...... 99 Annex II. Assessment questionnaire proposed for future action...... 111 Annex III. Main statistical sheets and snapshots on migration in Libya available from international organizations...... 117 Annex IV. Detailed list of relevant tables of EUROSTAT vii “migr” domain...... 127 Annex V. Statistical tables ...... 129 Annex VI. List of tables with data reported by Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt available in the CARIM Database...... 211 Annex VIII. List of contacts...... 224
Abbreviations and acronyms
AVRR Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration BMWG Border Management Working Group (Libya) BSC Bureau of Statistics and Census (Libya) CARIM Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (European University Institute, linked to Migration Policy Centre) CAS Central Administration for Statistics (Lebanon) CIA Central Intelligence Agency (United States) DCIM Department for Combating Illegal Migration (Libya) DIOC Database on Immigrants in OECD countries DPC Department of Passports and Citizenship DPI Department of Passport Investigations DRC Danish Refugee Council ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA DWIOS Directorate for Work Inspection and Occupational Safety EASO European Asylum Support Office EC European Commission EMWGMS Euro-Mediterranean Working Group on Migration Statistics (post- MEDSTAT III framework) ENP European Neighbouring Policy EU European Union EUBAM European Union Border Assistance Mission in Libya EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Union FIDH Fédération International des Ligues des Droits de I’Homme (International Federation for Human Rights) FRU Foreign Recruitment Unit (Libya) GFMD Global Forum on Migration and Development GIA General Information Authority (Libya) IBM Integrated Border Management ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy Development IDP Internally Displaced Person ILO International Labour Organization IOM International Organization for Migration ISMU Iniziative e Studi sulla Multietnicità (Initiatives and Studies on Multiethnicity) ix IU Inspection Unit MEDSTAT Euro-Mediterranean Statistical Cooperation (EC cooperation programme) MED-HIMS Mediterranean Household International Migration Surveys MENA Middle East and North Africa MMIS Migration Management and Information System MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Libya) MoI Ministry of Interior (Libya) MoLCB Ministry of Labour and Capacity Building MPC Migration Policy Centre (European University Institute, linked to CARIM) MTM Mediterranean Transit Migration NGO Non-governmental Organization OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development RAVEL Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Egypt and Libya (IOM programme) RAVL Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Libya (IOM programme) RSD Refugee Status Determination SOPEMI Système d’observation permanente des migrations (Continuous Reporting System on Migration) START Stabilizing at-risk communities and enhancing migration management to enable smooth transitions in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya (IOM project) TWG Technical Working Group UIS UNESCO Institute of Statistics UN DESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR (Office of the) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNSD United Nations Statistics Division UNSMIL United Nations Support Mission in Libya
x Map of Libya ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
Source: University of Texas at Austin, Perry-Castañeda Library, Map Collection, Libya. Available from www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/libya.html
xi Territory and administrative division of Libya1
Area: 1,770,000 sq km, the third largest country in Africa Boundaries: Mediterranean Sea, 1,770 km; Egypt, 1,115 km; Chad, 1,055 km; Algeria, 982 km; Tunisia, 459 km; Sudan, 383 km; Niger, 354 km. Border points: 6 international airports, 9 international seaports, and 10 land border points or simply checkpoints or customs points in remote desert areas. Administrative division: 22 districts (singular form – shabiyat or shabya), namely Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, AzZawiyah, Benghazi, Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus (Tripoli), Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati. Main cities: Tripoli (capital), Benghazi, Misratah. Population: 6.25 million (estimate as of July 2013, according to medium fertility variant). Density: 3.5 inhabitants per sq km (estimate as of July 2014).
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1 Sources: CIA, 2014, UN DESA, 2013c, and ICMPD, 2010. Slight dfferent information on for instance the numbers of border points or the border lank kilometres are reported by the different referred sources or other international sources. Objectives and structure of the study This study on data collection and statistics on international migration in Libya first provides a preliminary inventory of the national institutions and procedures involved in the management and collection of data on international migration in Libya and the currently available proposals for improving the systems. It has been accomplished taking into account the situation the country stood before the 2014 crisis. At the same time, the study offers a wide review and assessment of statistics on migration of foreigners to and from Libya and mostly emigration of Libyans available through the sources of international organizations and other countries, providing a huge set of data extracted from these international sources and advice on their careful use. Finally, it suggests some proposals to improve the processes regulating the registration, elaboration, sharing and use of migration data at the national level. This is based on a series of successive steps and activities to be implemented with the support of international organizations ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA and cooperation with neighbouring countries aiming to set the components and working procedures of what could be, in the long term and at peace, an integrated system for managing and informing about migration.
The study, which was commissioned by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and prepared by Mr Giambattista Cantisani, is intended for representatives of government agencies dealing with the production and use of migration data, the Bureau of Statistics and Census, other relevant users and producers of data as well as the international communities of donors supporting Libya in the transition phase. It has been conceived in parallel with another IOM study on the management of migration and the short- and medium-term opportunities for migration policy in Libya around three years after the 2011 crisis (Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision), which was prepared during the first half of 2014 by Michael Petersen on behalf of Eurasylum.
The assignment was initially planned with the aim of mapping the existing data sources, analysing the frequency and the methodology used for data collection and analysis, identifying data gaps and capacity-building needs, and developing recommendations for a short- and medium-term data management and dissemination strategy. These recommendations should have first pointed out the measures necessary for strengthening the human and physical capabilities of Libyan institutions, improving the availability and quality of data collection, and improving statistics on the different migration topics. Atthe xiii same time, they should have indicated better methods to collect, share, and use data for programming and policy purposes. As a second main component, the recommendations should have defined organizational and methodological guidelines for the development and update of a migration profile holding a tentative template, the establishment of a technical working group, the definition of respective roles of data producers, and so on and forth. Due to delays in issuing the visa in the first half of 2014 and the further adverse circumstances coming from the new crisis in Libya, unfortunately, the consultant could only undertake a short mission in the country. Therefore, the study was executed mainly through desk work, without enough contacts with representatives of the national institutions, neither the officials ofIOM nor other international organizations generally working from end-July 2014 onwards, in difficult conditions from Tunisia or even on emergency activities. In particular, it was not possible to undertake in-depth interviews with relevant data producers and users in Libya using a standardized questionnaire useful to gather the necessary information.
Despite the difficulties and the incomplete coverage mentioned, the study tried to answer as much as possible the initial mandate. In particular, it should represent an important reference tool for the involvement of Libyan institutions’ officials in strengthening the national systems for migration, ideally towards setting up of a migration management information system in the long term and preparing a migration profile as soon as the stability in the country is established. In this direction, the study also integrates an assessment questionnaire specifically developed for such purposes as well as an extraction ofIOM’s Glossary on Migration2 as annexes. Furthermore, it provides some suggestions for international organizations on improving and extending the collection and dissemination of data on migration in Libya.
Concerning the structure of the study, Chapter A summarizes the evolution of the migration phenomenon in Libya, with some reference to the framework regulating migration, the national institutions intervening in this topic, and the involvement and cooperation of the international community. The chapter does not cover in detail some aspects such as the management of migration in Libya, due to the lack of direct information and also because this is widely covered by the other study recently prepared on behalf of IOM (Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision) as well as other internationally available studies.
Chapter B focuses on the effective or potential information systems on migration available in Libya. Given the limited information available, it makes partial but substantial reference to the registration and management of data carried out by the involved national agencies and provides an exhaustive overview on the operations implemented under the national statistical system. This chapter also
OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY AND STRUCTURE OBJECTIVES introduces and assesses the results of the last census and as well as several other recent statistical operations relevant to informing about foreign immigration in xiv Libya. It also provides a short assessment of the general situation of the national statistical agency.
2 The IOM Glossary is currently under revision, and some definitions may be altered. Chapter C illustrates and assesses the abundant data produced by international organizations and other external bodies, mainly covering the emigration of Libyans. Moreover, it addresses the possibility of using data directly provided by the countries of origin or destination of migrants, in particular in the case of neighbouring countries such as Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia, which are less represented than the European and other Western countries in the collection and dissemination of migration data under international frameworks.
The results of extractions and elaborations of data accessed are presented in part in Chapters B and C and mainly in Annex V. The long series of basic and detailed tables presented throughout the report also intends to make visible all at once the varying coverage, terminology and presentation adopted by the international organizations.
Lastly, Chapter D summarizes the inventories of data registration systems and
statistics, and the gaps, needs and opportunities for improvement. It provides ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA some examples on constraints and openings based, for instance, on data on stocks of migrants in Libya and abroad available from different sources. Furthemore, it points out recommendations for national institutions and international organizations aiming at improving the management of migration data and the production of statistics at different levels.
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Executive Summary
Introduction i) This study of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) provides a preliminary assessment of the national institutions and procedures for the registration, management and use of data on international migration in Libya and a review of statistics on the same subject available through the sources of international organizations and countries of origin/destination of migrants. The inventory refers to the situation of the country just before the summer 2014 crisis, while the review of statistics relates to the spring/summer 2014. The study was conceived by IOM in parallel with another study on the management of migration and short- and medium- term opportunities for migration policy in the country. Differently from the original plans, due to the difficult circumstance deriving from the ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA crisis mentioned, the study was undertaken mostly through review of available literature, access of international databases available online, and consultation from distance (via e-mail and phone) with national and international representatives and experts.
Migration issues in Libya on the eve of the crisis of 2014 ii) The recent history of Libya was dominated by the dictatorial regime of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. This was accompanied by Libya’s varying relationships with the neighbouring countries and other countries worldwide that used to contribute to Libya’s labour force and by the instability in the neighbouring countries and other African and Middle Eastern countries whose nationals make complex migratory movements towards Libya. The transitory governments established after the 2011 crisis did not succeed in creating political stabilization and good functioning of national institutions. This period witnessed emerging political conflicts between the main parties and the formation of innumerable armed groups (brigades) taking control of many parts of the territory of the country, although often in cooperation with State security forces, before the occurrence of the new crisis. iii) Given the need for foreign workers, historically Libya has been an immigration country, although according to varying policies and phases. Its profile significantly changed in the last few decades, with many migratory movements of refugees, asylum-seekers, economic migrants and other irregular migrants to, through and from the country. Distinguishing 1 between the two main components of regular migration and irregular/ mixed migration, at eve of the 2014 crisis, Libya was an important country of destination for regular and irregular migrants arriving mainly for the great employment opportunities. Furthermore, it was the crossroad of other important irregular flows and movements of refugees looking for protection often in transit from sub-Saharan Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East to Europe. Most of these irregular economic migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers were facing very hard conditions in their journeys towards and through the country and their staying there, also including arrest, trafficking, extortion and violence. Moreover, many of them were expecting to go ahead, reaching Italian and Maltese shores, or had indefinite migration prospects, while many other intended to stay in Libya, under specific conditions, for seasonal work or for some other limited period of time. iv) A series of international initiatives such as the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), the European Union Border Assistance Mission in Libya (EUBAM), and the EU-funded START Project implemented by IOM jointly in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia were supporting stabilization and migration-related issues. Moreover, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), IOM, all other relevant international organizations, bilateral-cooperation agencies and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) were actively operating within the country on different aspects of migration management, according to the accessibility of remote locations and depending on security conditions. In addition, several international consultative dialogues and initiatives like the EUROMED Migration III and Euro-Mediterranean Statistical Cooperation (MEDSTAT) programmes were supporting the participation of Libya in the coordination and development on migration issues at the regional level, although sometimes at a limited extent, given the security situation of the country and difficulties in travelling abroad.
Gaps, needs and opportunities for the data registration systems
v) The policy framework regulating migration in Libya before is weak. In particular, it has limited instruments to facilitate the immigration of foreigners and regulate the status of irregular immigrants and people looking for refuge. Moreover, it has no regulation on asylum. Concerning this last aspect, UNHCR is operating without a formal agreement and is not conducting systematically the refugee status determination. On the other hand, also given the support of international actors, there are attention and initiatives towards a comprehensive national policy and the possible amendment of legislation on migration issues. vi) Libyan administrative systems relevant to international migration present grave gaps in the registration and management of data regarding both
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE citizens and foreigners in terms of coverage, quality, accessibility and sharing. This situation first depends on reasons attributable to the government and 2 the organization of public administration. This mainly derives from the limited control of external borders, the absence of a structured migration policy, the huge reorganization and difficult functioning of services, the lack of tradition for this kind of operations, the discontinuity of responsibility and decision-making, and the fear of involved departments/agencies to step over the line and assume the responsibility of the other agencies. Furthermore, there are relevant practical constraints and lack of information and communication systems. This particularly occurs in the cases of services and offices located in specific governorates or areas and places like remote border points. Among others, in most cases, the administrative procedures are recorded only on paper. vii) Other important constraints for the administrative registration of migration reside in the lack of knowledge of procedures or the unfair attitude of migrants or their reference persons in the country towards reporting their movements to the authorities. In the case of foreign migrants, many people do not know the necessary procedures or lack practical conditions and opportunities for systematically undertaking them, while others find it feasible to escape authorizations or even use forced identity documents and permissions. viii) Many Libyan agencies and officials are aware of the opportunity of better collaboration between national services, well-defined and strictly adopted
measures, and adequate means. They often propose developments for ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA their respective areas of competence, such as the introduction of an online portal to process the applications of employers for foreign recruitment or electronic work permits. Concerning the means for data registration and management as well as the activities before that, they ask for vehicles for monitoring the borders, the refurbishment of premises, the computerization of offices and work modalities, better communication facilities (Internet), more staff and training on international standards. More comprehensive proposals arise from the projects and studies of the international organizations, IOM in primis. However, the concretization of progresses and revisions at different levels proceed at a slow pace.
Gaps, needs, and opportunities for statistics and data analysis ix) Given the situation of administrative registration as well as the lackof targeted statistical operations, the availability of statistics on migration within Libyan institutions is very poor. On the other hand, the availability of internationally available statistics is much better but presents also some constraints in terms of frequency, coverage, quality and comparability of data. In fact, these statistics result particularly relevant for the emigration of Libyans, but cover partially the other main components of irregular emigration and return migration of Libyans, regular migration of foreigners to/from Libya, and mixed migration of foreigners to, through and from Libya (phenomena from limited to highest relevance). Second, a relevant part of these statistics is available only through the census or other occasional operations, follows different concepts and definitions, derives 3 from estimations or approximations, or has limited reliability. Finally, it is not enough to use these statistics to monitor migration over time and cover all migration components. However, on the whole, they turn to be useful also to assess or establish other statistics for occasional evaluations and even for implementing methodological and capacity-building exercises. x) In combination with the weak availability of statistics, Libyan authorities carry out very limited analysis of migration data. Therefore, the national agencies should try to address needs and opportunities emerging from international studies such as those prepared in 2013 by Altai Consulting (on behalf of UNHCR) and the Danish Refugee Council (DRC). National agencies should also support the extension over time and territory of that or similar exercises as well as the operations recommended by these studies. Similarly, they should take benefit from the participation in regionally coordinated initiatives on migration profiles or other similar processes, even if concrete steps would require a long period. Adequate statistics and analysis, together with an enhanced national collaboration, seem fundamental to operate properly in the field of migration in Libya and to address the challenges as well as the opportunities posed.
Concluding recommendations
xi) At this partial stage of assessment of Libyan systems, it is possible to propose a broad road map for enhancing the collection and management of data and the production and use of statistics on international migration in Libya. This is based on a series of activities under the following successive phases:
0 Detailed documentation of national systems and completion of assessment of migration data management; 1 Creation of a technical working group and design of activities and projects in priority working areas; 2 Implementation of activities and projects in priority working areas, including launching the preparation of a national migration profile; 3 Consolidation and extension of activities and projects and setting of an initial migration management and information system (MMIS); 4 [Successive cycles of consolidation and extension of activities and projects].
xii) Concretization of the road map mentioned means innovations towards an integrated MMIS at a large scale; and in such particular and unpredictable context as the Libyan one, it is particularly challenging and risky. This road map asks for the stability of the country and involves institutions as well as many other conditions. The latter mostly includes a comprehensive
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE migration policy, high-level commitment, effective collaboration between national services, changed attitudes of civil servants and migrants, adequate 4 human and material resources, collaboration with private sectors and other countries, and support and funding from international organizations. Reaching such a situation is only conceivable in the long term; however, precisely for this, at least some of the mentioned components should be addressed as soon as possible, in combination with changes in policies and procedures of the administrative systems. a. Introduction to migration issues in Libya a1. Context of the country3
Since Libya’s independence in 1951, its history is mainly dominated by the dictatorial regime of Colonel Gaddafi and its varying relationships with neighbouring countries and the international community, including some periods of isolation and embargo. The dictatorial regime, which started in 1969, collapsed with the rebellion in spring 2011 and the following civil war. Then the country entered a post-crisis period with conflicting pushes still struggling towards the creation of a pluralist and democratic State. The transitory governments resulting from the general elections held in June 2012 did not succeed in creating the conditions for political stabilization, functioning of national institutions and initiating economic recovery. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA In the situation before the last crisis, just after the new general elections in June 2014, the parliamentary systems witnessed strong political conflicts between the main parties and the Government still deals with innumerable armed groups or brigades (kata’ib).4 These brigades – which include, among others, entities originally set during the civil war for supporting Gaddafi and entities representing local tribes – control the security in many parts of the country’s territory, in some cases cooperating with the State security forces.
In general, the southern part of Libya has become somewhat of a closed military region, with at times a lack of border control or closing of border points. The western and eastern border regions in the north of the country also lack some control and security. Moreover, in the eastern region of Cyrenaica, two rival political groups with military arms call for an autonomous federalist formof government. This situation results in trafficking of armaments, drugs and human beings; shootings and attacks towards sensitive sites; murders and kidnappings of people, also including diplomats and foreign workers; displacements and abductions of people like irregular migrants; and even their detention in facilities set by the Government and brigades over the country. As of April 2014, about 20 out of about 100 detention centres or camps5 presumably set within the country were reported by representatives of the Ministry of Interior and IOM Libya as fully under the control of government authorities.
3 This section is based on the following sources: UN DESA, 2013c; DRC, 2013; MPC, 2013a; BBC, 2014; HRW, 2014b; ICG, 2013; and Frontex, 2014a. 4 According to the Small Arms Survey Project, in Libya, kata’ib (singular, katiba) was the designation for the military units in the Gaddafi army headed by a colonel. During the fighting, the anti-Gaddafi forces 5 appropriated the term to describe any group of insurgents, irrespective of group size. In English-language reporting of the war, it is most commonly translated as “brigade(s)” (SAS, 2012). 5 The number of detention centres in Libya is a controversial issue; moreover, different types of detention centres and prisons are often considered together. The detention centres for migrants should be in the order of 25. The Global Detention Project provides some distinction and details using reports from Human Right Watch and Fortress Europe (based on information obtained from interviews with former detainees), UNHCR, an EU mission to Libya and other sources, however limitedly to the situation of 2009 (Global Detention Project, 2009). The economy heavily based on the natural resources of oil and gas makes Libya a rich country. However, this wealth is not distributed equally throughout the population and living conditions vary widely for the estimated 6.3 million people believed to be living in the country’s extremely wide and largely desert territory. The population, which is young, with a median age of 27–28 years, cannot take all the work positions available in the predominant industries as well as many other sectors, including the less attractive ones. The informal work sector is particularly developed, taking benefit of the wide number, profiles and adaptability of the many irregular migrants present in the country.
A2. Main migration trends and aspects
International migration in Libya is important in the country’s history and has assumed an incredible relevance in recent years. The evolution in the last decades has been determined mainly by the course of national economy and labour shortages, the policies adopted under Gaddafi’s regime, the conflicts and economic conditions in the (neighbouring) countries of origin, and the EU cooperation aiming at combating irregular migration to Europe.
Distinguishing between the two major categories of regular migration and irregular migration,6 Libya is today an important country of destination for regular labour migrants and irregular migrants arriving mainly for the great employment opportunities and the crossroad of other important irregular flows and movements of refugees looking for protection often in transit from Africa and the Middle East to Europe. The changing status of many migrants suggests referring within this study to mixed migration more than irregular migration, intending to cover also the flows formally under asylum.
Starting after independence, regular foreign inflows into the country were favoured by the important need for migrants to work on the exploitation of natural resources and other industries like construction. Waves of immigrants were drawn to Libya by the introduction of the pan-Arab and pan-African policies (adopted respectively in 1969 and 1990), the resulting bilateral agreements and immigration procedures, and as a way to escape persecution and famines in sub- Saharan African countries. Therefore, during the time immigrants from Chad, Egypt, Niger and Tunisia were joined by those coming from Algeria, Eritrea, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, other sub-Saharan African countries, and several southern Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and the Philippines. A. INTRODUCTION TO MIGRATION ISSUES IN LIBYA ISSUES MIGRATION A. TO INTRODUCTION
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6 In accordance with the study Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2015), the term “irregular migration” is used here to denote that migrants do not possess the permissions for entering and staying in a given country or exiting from there, while the term “regular migration” is used to denote that migrants have been granted permissions. By the way, as pointed out in the aforementioned IOM document, in Libya regular migrants are considered those who have been able to integrate in society, regardless of their legal status. Furthermore, the term “mixed migration” is also used to denote irregular migration, in particular in the case of non-Libyans. Many of mixed migrants, in particular those from sub-Saharan Africa, were facing very hard journeys when travelling towards and through Libya and staying in the country. Given their irregular status in Libya and the racist attitudes of some local people, they might be easily victims of arrest at border crossings, checkpoints or any other place in Libya by the national authorities, as well as trafficking, extortion, and violence by smugglers and other people entering in contact with them (FIDH, 2012).
The inflows into Libya in general did not change too much with the measures introduced in the last 10 years of Gaddafi’s regime aiming to fight mixed migration through the expulsion and detention of people, in particular those from sub-Saharan African countries. This was due to a series of reasons, including the continuous deterioration of the political and employment situations in the involved countries of origin and the repetition of migration process by migrants previously deported from Libya (MPC, 2013a).
However, the paths and trends of labour immigration had an important downturn ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA with the uprising in 2011, with the massive outflows of foreigners mainly belonging to this kind of migration. In fact, according to IOM, approximately 800,000 of the 2.5 million migrants present prior to the conflict left Libya in the period from February to November 2011. This mass exodus disrupted critical services and national capacities in important sectors in Libya and remittance systems of the countries of origin, creating a particular pressure on Egypt and Tunisia that were already struggling with social and economic challenges of their own transition periods (IOM, 2012a).
Since 2012, more foreign migrants have left Libya on a voluntary or forced basis, but many of those who suddenly left during the civil war returned and many others arrived for the first time. Within the unstable political and security situation, migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and some other origin countries face harassment, rights violations, forced labour, other kinds of contrast and exploitation as well as arrests by brigades and government forces more than in the past. Smuggling still constitutes a necessity for irregular/mixed migrants in their long journeys in wide desert areas and so an important feature of migration in the country. Nevertheless, Libya still represents an important destination for migrants looking for better economic conditions or seeking to escape their countries of origin for various reasons.
More in-depth descriptions on the recent migratory trends, the profiles of the main categories of migrants and the impact of migration in Libya are provided by several works recently issued at the international level, in particular the following: 7
• Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2015);
• Humanitarian Response to the Libyan Crisis: February–December 2011 Report (IOM, 2012a); • Migrants Caught in Crisis: The IOM Experience in Libya (IOM, 2012b);
• Two Years after the Crisis: Returnees from Libya Revisited (IOM, 2013a);
• MPC - Migration Profile – Libya (MPC, 2013a);
• Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads. Mapping of Migration Routes from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Post-revolution Libya (Altai Consulting, 2013a); and
• “We Risk Our Lives for Our Daily Bread”: Findings of the Danish Refugee Council Study of Mixed Migration in Libya (DRC, 2013).
However, for the purposes of this report, a summary of the main features of migration in Libya for the broad population categories ofLibyans and non-Libyans is provided through Schema 1. This summary is based on the main references listed above and should be still valid overall, despite some impact of the 2014 crisis.
Schema 1: Summary of main categories of migrants in Libya Category of Inflow/Stay in Libya Outflow/Stay abroad migrants Libyan −− Businesspersons, students, people −− Businesspersons, regular in need of health care, and other students, people in need migrants categories of persons returning to of health care, and other Libya to settle there after a short or categories of persons long period of stay abroad. moving/residing abroad or frequently going there • In general, marginal phenomenon. for different durations of time. −− People moving abroad regularly in order to join family members already abroad. • In general, marginal phenomenon.
Libyan −− People who escaped in 2011 or later −− People moving abroad irregular and subsequently returned. irregularly, mostly due migrants to the instability and
A. INTRODUCTION TO MIGRATION ISSUES IN LIBYA ISSUES MIGRATION A. TO INTRODUCTION • Limited phenomenon. conflicts in the country or to reach family 8 members. • Limited phenomenon. Category of migrants Inflow/Stay in Libya Outflow/Stay abroad Non-Libyan −− Migrants regularly arrived/arriving −− Migrants at end of their regular to work in Libya in the oil and experience in Libya migrants other specialized industries (e.g. regularly leaving the Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Indians), country on permanent construction (e.g. Egyptians), or temporary terms. agriculture (e.g. Chadians and • Important phenomenon. Nigerins), health (e.g. Filipinos), services (e.g. Tunisians) and other sectors. • Important phenomenon.
Non-Libyan −− Complex migratory movements −− Asylum-seekers, mixed including refugees, asylum-seekers, refugees and irregular migrants economic migrants and other migrants seeking to ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA migrants, as opposed to movements reach Italy or Malta. that consist entirely of one category of The majority come from migrants. sub-Saharan African 99 Irregular migrants looking for countries (e.g. Sudan, work and more favourable living Ethiopia, Somalia) and conditions and incomes, mainly the Syrian Arab Republic. entering Libya on temporary, −− Economic irregular seasonal or circular basis or with migrants going back the ultimate destinations in Europe. to their countries of They often come from the southern origin for short or long neighbouring countries, the sub- periods. They are mainly Saharan African countries and the Egyptians, Tunisians, most represented countries of Malians, Nigeriens and regular migration (e.g. Egypt and Chadians. Tunisia). Many of them enter the −− Irregular migrants country without visas and do not and asylum-seekers regularize their long-term residence returning to their or working conditions, while others countries of origin under (workers) partially follow the international assistance permission and registration rules. programmes or on their 99 Asylum-seekers and refugees own. without defined plans yet (first −− Irregular migrants escaping from war or persecution), mainly from African intending to settle in Libya or countries deported from transiting through the country. detention centres or They are mainly coming from the other locations to their Horn of African countries, West countries of origin or 9 African countries and more recently countries of transit. the Syrian Arab Republic, through • Very important transit countries and informal land phenomenon. routes, crossing the desert or the sea. Most of them would tend to go beyond Libya. Category of Inflow/Stay in Libya Outflow/Stay abroad migrants Non-Libyan 99 Unaccompanied/separated mixed children, stateless persons, victims migrants of trafficking and other vulnerable categories of people, in general from the same main countries of origin (i.e. the Syrian Arab Republic and countries in the Horn of Africa and West Africa). −− Precarious and uncertain solutions in different kinds of accommodation as well as arbitrary and indefinite detention in overcrowded centres mainly feature the stay in Libya of most of these migrants, in particular those from other African countries. • Very important phenomenon.
A3. National institutional framework relevant for registering and measuring migration
During Gaddafi’s regime, the entry and stay of foreigners in Libya was characterized by the unpredictability of central decisions, and conflicting policies were quickly introduced or amended. The policy framework regulating migration at present is weak. In particular, there are limited instruments for facilitating the regular immigration of foreigners and for regularizing the status of irregular immigrants and people looking for refuge in the country. Moreover, there is no framework on asylum issues yet. However, consultations for a comprehensive migration policy are undertaken by the relevant national agencies within the so-called Legislation and Policy Task Force established under the START Project, and a proposal should be submitted to the Government.
Libya adhered to a series of international conventions on matters such as the protection and anti-discrimination of several population categories including migrant workers and their family members, stateless persons, children and
A. INTRODUCTION TO MIGRATION ISSUES IN LIBYA ISSUES MIGRATION A. TO INTRODUCTION women, or combatting transnational organized crime as well as regional conventions on refugees, but it did not sign the 1951 Refugee Convention (UNHCR, 10 2014b; MPC, 2013a; DRC, 2013). The right of asylum is endorsed by the current, interim constitutional provisions of August 2011; however, there is no national asylum system to determine the eligibility for refugee status or to take charge of refugee protection and there is only a draft refugee law established in 2013. This makes it easy to violate the principle of non-refoulement. Therefore, in this area, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) operates in Libya without a formal agreement; because of this, refugee status determination (RSD) of migrants is not conducted systematically. Moreover, the documents provided by UNHCR to these refugees are not systematically recognized.
Apart from national legislation and international agreements and conventions, Libya holds a series of bilateral agreements with neighbouring countries, the EU Member States, and other countries worldwide on matters like free movement of people between countries, labour exchange and social security.
The migration legislative framework of Libya and full detail of agreements is given by other reports recently prepared, namely, Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2015) and
National Assessment Report on Labour Market Management in Libya (IOM, ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 2014e). Some administrative procedures are described in the following section, for the purposes of introducing the (possible) registration of data. Therefore, this section aims to introduce the national institutions and services currently involved in the collection of migration data or with the capacity to do so in the future. Information is mainly based on various documents (IOM, 2014e, 2014f, 2015; MPC, 2013a; Altai, 2013a; DRC, 2013) and reports from several Libyan officials and IOM Libya representatives who could be consulted.
The main national institutions responsible for migration management or intervening in migration-related issues in Libya are the following:
• Ministry of Interior (MoI), with the following agencies and departments:
−− Coast Guard, responsible for search and rescue of migrants at sea;
−− Police, with responsibilities including detection and apprehension of irregular migrants, at borders and within the country;
−− Department for Combating Illegal Migration (DCIM), in charge of coordinating interventions to prevent and combat irregular migration and oversee the detention of irregular migrants;
−− Department of Passport Investigations (DPI);
−− Department of Passports and Citizenship (DPC); 11 −− Department of Immigration;
−− Department of Information Security;
−− Department of International Relations. • Ministry of Defence, with:
−− Border Guard, responsible for patrolling the border areas outside the border crossing points;
−− Other services responsible for running some processing and detention centres jointly with the DCIM.
• Ministry of Finance, with the Customs Administration, with overall responsibility for controlling movements outside the border crossing points – that is, patrolling of the border line and inland and inspection of vehicles entering the country;
• The inter-institutional Border Management Working Group (BMWG), which is the central body set in 2013 coordinating the inputs of all national agencies involved in the border management and developing the procedures implemented at border points, in cooperation with the EUBAM;
• Ministry of Justice, which is responsible for legislation issues and administrative decisions on detention and expulsion/deportation of migrants and their appeal to courts;
• Ministry of Labour and Capacity Building (MoLCB), with mainly the following agencies:
−− Directorate for Employment and Foreign Recruitment, with the Foreign Recruitment Unit (FRU) in particular providing services;
−− Directorate for Work Inspection and Occupational Safety (DWIOS), with the Inspection Unit (IU) in particular providing services;
−− Centre for Documentation and Information;
−− Labour Offices.
• Ministry of Planning, with the Bureau of Statistics and Census (BSC) providing services;
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA), with the help of the following agencies: A. INTRODUCTION TO MIGRATION ISSUES IN LIBYA ISSUES MIGRATION A. TO INTRODUCTION −− Department of Visas; 12 −− Department of Consular Affairs;
−− Directorate of Expatriates;
−− Directorate of Protocol. • Ministry of Health, which is responsible for examinations of foreign workers for infectious diseases and other procedures that may have relevance to the registration of at least some categories of migrants.
In addition to these ministerial agencies, as of spring 2014 most of the brigades ensuring security across the territory of Libya were controlling irregular migrants, eventually bringing them to concerned government agencies or directly running detention centres without formal agreements.
Furthermore, a group of national committees and organizations – such as the National Council for General Liberties and Human Rights, the Libyan Authority for Relief and Humanitarian Aid, and the Libyan Red Crescent – often set after the 2011 crisis, intervenes on migration matters and operations (UNHCR, 2014b; IOM, 2014d; MPC/CARIM, 2013a).
The main national institutions involved in the field of migration data management ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA are further considered in the next chapter, although not extensively covered, given the impossibility of gathering information due the crisis in July 2014.
A4. International cooperation and coordination in the field of migration
Libya is member of the United Nations and most other international and regional organizations, including the African Union, the Community of Sahel Saharan States (CEN-SAD), the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the League of Arab States (LAS) and the Organization for the Islamic Conference (OIC).
In the last decade and in particular after the crisis in 2011, the United Nations, the EU, regional organizations and individual countries played a significant role in Libya in areas such as reconciliation, elections and State reform, security, development, migration, human rights, civil society and media. Among the main initiatives relevant to migration, since 2011, the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) is mandated to support the Libyan Government in the democratic transition, promotion of the rule of law and human rights, ensuring security (including mine action and demobilization), general development and coordination of international assistance. The EUBAM, which has been operating since May 2013, specifically supports Libya in developing border management and security at the country’s land, sea and air borders. This is mainly done through the provision of training on international standards and best practices 13 and advice on cooperation with neighbouring countries as well as, in the long term, the development of a national Integrated Border Management (IBM) Strategy. In cooperation with the BMWG, the EUBAM leads and coordinates the International Coordination Meeting on Border Management, the body that brings together all organizations and countries intending to support this sector (UNSMIL, 2014; EUBAM, 2014a, 2014b; EEAS, 2014). As of spring 2014, all relevant international actors such as international and organizations and bilateral cooperation agencies were actively operating within Libya, although according to the accessibility of remote locations and depending on the security conditions.
Among UN agencies, UNHCR has been operating in Libya since 1991. Given the level of adhesion of Libya to international conventions concerning refugees and the country’s lack of a national system on asylum (cfr. Section A3), UNHCR first undertakes the activities of registration, documentation and RSD of migrants. In addition, UNHCR assists urban refugees and all other people of concern to the organization, including migrants rescued at sea or detained in selected processing and detention centres, facilitating their repatriation and resettlement. These activities are carried out in close collaboration with the DCIM, other national institutions and partners, other international organizations and other UNHCR country offices, such as those in Italy and Malta. Moreover, the organization provides technical assistance to the national authorities on the establishment of the legislation and institutions dealing with asylum and training of the Libyan civil society, government agencies and partner agencies on the principles of international protection, including the compatibility between asylum principles and Shari’a law. Apart from covering the migrants and refugees arriving in Libya from abroad, UNHCR deploys important efforts in assisting internally displaced persons due to the 2011 crisis and those affected by the most recent internal conflict (UNHCR, 2014b, and other references).
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) actively works in Libya on the movement, emergency and post-crisis migration management (e.g. assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR)), counter-trafficking, immigration and border management, migration and health, migration management as well as on emergency operations under the funding of different donors or the IOM Development Fund. As first key activities, under the project START,7 IOM is supporting the Libyan Government in reviewing and strengthening migration‐ related policies and legislation and assisting Libya as well as Egypt and Tunisia in complex labour migration challenges in the three countries from the mass exodus in 2011. Furthermore, in general, IOM is assisting Libya in assessing human resources gaps and strengthening capacities and mechanisms to address labour market needs, upholding the dignity and human rights of migrants. Besides, under different projects,8 IOM addresses irregular migration along the West and East African migration routes, by providing capacity-building training
A. INTRODUCTION TO MIGRATION ISSUES IN LIBYA ISSUES MIGRATION A. TO INTRODUCTION for civil society and State actors and return solutions and in-kind reintegration support in countries of origin for stranded migrants, particularly those in 14 vulnerable situations coming from countries like Ethiopia and Sudan.
7 Stabilizing at‐risk communities and enhancing migration management to enable smooth transitions in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. 8 Mainly the projects RAVEL (Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Egypt and Libya) and RAVL (Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme for Stranded Migrants in Libya). Under a US-funded project,9 IOM recently contributed to improve the capacity of Libyan staff in providing adequate protection to irregular migrants passing through processing and detention centres. This also includes the introduction of biometric migrant registration and case management systems in some centres managed by the Government and the development of context-specific operational procedures manual for these centres. This represented a completely new approach for security and migration management aspects as well as human rights issues, with the push towards the establishment of different relations between the officials responsible for managing the centres and the mixed migrants there.
Furthermore, in cooperation with UNHCR and the governments of countries of destination and origin of the involved foreigners, during the 2011 crisis IOM supported foreign migrants and Libyans escaping the country and managed the return and resettlement of many of them, centralizing – jointly with UNHCR –
the contributions of individual donors. Although the scale of the 2014 crisis was ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA small, the Organization is further strongly intervening in this kind of operations. The IOM activities in this context includes the provision of shelter and protection, health and psychosocial assistance, evacuation to the countries of origin – all following the design and implementation of reintegration programmes for return migrants in the communities of origin. These emergency operations are widely documented through periodic situation reports and statistics on a website10 (limitedly to 2011) and a series of publications, with the latter also including assessments and recommendations should similar situations arise (cfr. IOM, 2012a and 2012b, and other IOM references in Bibliography).
Many individual countries worldwide such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Turkey, Australia or other Arab countries were supporting Libya in restoring security and building a democratic national framework or were assiting with migration aspects such as search and rescue of migrants at sea and construction and upkeep of detention centres. Apart from bilateral cooperation, a group of international humanitarian agencies and NGOs – such as the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI), Consiglio Italiano per i Rifugiati (CIR, Italian Council for Refugees), the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) and Fédération International des Ligues des Droits de I’Homme (FIDH, International Federation for Human Rights) – directly operate in Libya by supporting migrants, local populations and ministerial agencies working in this sector, managing return programmes and raising awareness of the situation of migration.
As other international initiatives relevant to migration, it is useful to recall the participation of Libya in the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) 15 and in the interregional, intergovernmental consultative fora such as the Rabat Process, the Mediterranean Transit Migration (MTM) Dialogue and the 5+5 Dialogue on Migration in the Western Mediterranean. All these initiatives aim to
9 Enhancing the Protection of Irregular Migrants. 10 Migration Crisis from Libya; see www.migration-crisis.com/libya/main build common understanding and develop evidence-based comprehensive and sustainable systems for migration management. Most of these initiatives see the involvement of the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) as secretariat.
Strictly referring to the European Commission (EC) frameworks, Libya benefits from the financial and technical cooperation and the use of the different instruments under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), and may have access to or benefit from more general instruments like the Thematic Programme11 and MIEUX.12 Furthermore, Libya now officially belongs to the Euro-Mediterranean regional cooperation in the areas of migration and statistics (more specifically migration statistics). Concerning the former, the EUROMED Migration project is part of a wider programme on the justice and home affairs sector comprising two other regional cooperation initiatives on justice and police. The current Project III (2012–1014) mainly aims to foster cooperation on migration issues between the ENP-South countries13 and the EU countries and among ENP-South countries themselves, as well as to assist partner countries in their efforts to govern international migration. The project is made up of three thematic components dealing with legal migration, irregular migration, and migration and development. Furthermore, a crosscutting, horizontal component encompasses the three thematic areas, aiming to assist ENP-South countries in improving awareness of and collaboration on migration and possibly developing sustainable migration profiles processes at the national level (see Box 1).
Concerning the EU’s support for statistics, this is mainly implemented through the MEDSTAT programme, which covers migration statistics as a priority sector since its launch in 1996. The MEDSTAT projects implemented from 2006 to 2013 (phases II and III) focused on strengthening the capacities of the Mediterranean statistical systems for using national administrative sources and statistical operations for more frequent, reliable and comparable statistics on international migration. With the support of MEDSTAT and several international organizations, the Mediterranean Arab countries participating in the programme jointly developed a set of model questionnaires and tools for migration household surveys and started using them within a regionally coordinated survey programme (MED-HIMS). Additionally, in general, the steps since 2010 towards the better use of administrative sources, such as the pilot work on elaborating and comparing individual data records, have not been consolidated or reproduced in other countries in the region. Waiting for MEDSTAT IV, in parallel with the
A. INTRODUCTION TO MIGRATION ISSUES IN LIBYA ISSUES MIGRATION A. TO INTRODUCTION implementation of MED-HIMS in priority countries, this regional cooperation is currently implemented through the Euro-Mediterranean Working Group on 16 Migration Statistics (EMWGMS), coordinated by the Central Administration for Statistics (CAS) of Lebanon. The EMWGMS activities mainly aim to evaluate the ongoing surveys and further develop the methodology of MED-HIMS and
11 Thematic Programme for Cooperation with Third Countries in the Areas of Migration and Asylum. 12 Migration EU Expertise. 13 “ENP-South countries” includes the Mediterranean countries (formally part of MENA countries). to support relevant initiatives such as migration profiles under the EUROMED Migration framework.
Box 1: Migration profiles
Since 2005, several international organizations like the European Commission, the World Bank, IOM and the ICMPD as well as the GFMD have been identifying, discussing and supporting the preparation of national migration profiles as tools for improving migration management. Different migration profiles have been elaborated in more than 100 countries, particularly in the Americas, Western and Central Africa, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. These documents were established according to varying templates, ranging from simple statistical snapshots to more analytical reports, sometimes including assessments of the impact of migration on development, and approaches in terms of involvement of national and international stakeholders. As a milestone and key reference tool, in 2011, IOM published the guidelines called Migration Profiles: Making the Most of the Process, which includes a template for an “extended migration profile” based on the country experiences and the contribution ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA of many practioners worldwide (IOM, 2011c).
Specifically concerning the Mediterranean countries, the only national migration profiles elaborated so far by or under an international framework are theshort ones prepared by the Migration Policy Centre/Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (MPC/CARIM) through deskwork (cfr. MPC, 2013a, in the case of Libya). As from above under the EUROMED Migration III, the European Commission supports the preparation of national profiles as sustainable and country-owned tools, however at a first stage concentrating on the process leading to the improvement of inter-institutional collaboration, information exchange and management of migration flows more than the output as such. So far, Jordan, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Algeria has decidedly started working towards a migration profile process. Therefore, the effective preparation of possibly extended and harmonized national migration profiles can be foreseen only later in the time, probably with different timetable, depending on country.
Unfortunately, due to the delayed development of national systems (compared with other countries in the Mediterranean region) and the unstable political situation, Libya’s participation in EUROMED Migration and MEDSTAT has been limited and irregular. However, both these frameworks constitute important reference for the present study.
Finally, as regards research, for many years the Migration Policy Centre (MPC) and the Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM), established at the European University Institute of Florence, have formally covered Libya. In addition to data, the MPC and CARIM have undertaken various 17 studies that deal with the regional response to forced migration from Libya due to the 2011 crisis and issues like the country’s positioning as a migration corridor and the juridical aspects of selected migratory components (MPC, 2013a and 2013b, and other references reported as the MPC or CARIM).
B. Analysis of systems and statistics on migration available in Libya
According to the possibilities of carrying out the assignment (cfr. Objectives and structure of the study), this assessment of Libyan administrative systems and statistics was mainly undertaken through the consultation of documents and direct contacts with representatives of the Department for Combating Illegal Migration (DCIM), the Ministry of Labour and Capacity Buliding (MoLCB), the Bureau of Statistics and Census (BSC) and IOM Libya as well as several other international stakeholders. The part dealing with labour migration of foreigners is mainly based on the report National Assessment Report of Labour Market Management in Libya (IOM, 2014e) prepared on behalf of IOM through a two-
phase project undertaken between 2013 and 2014. Other main references were ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA the IOM reports Proposal for a Comprehensive Migration Management Strategy for Libya and Assessment of Priorities for the Development of Libya’s Migration Policy: A Strategic Vision (IOM, 2014f and 2015).
B1. Libyan administrative systems B1.1 Migration of Libyans
Due to the difficulty contacting Libyan institutions during research, itwas unfortunately not possible to gather comprehensive information about the procedures concerning the emigration or return migration of Libyans and mostly the registration and processing of data deriving from that operated in the national systems, if for instance on electronic format or on paper only. Therefore, the text here is a preliminary description of the procedures surrounding the migration of Libyans.
Given the traditional low relevance of emigration of nationals, in Libya there are limited provisions setting the conditions and opportunities applicable to Libyans for leaving, residing abroad or returning to the country. With regard to emigration abroad or return of Libyan nationals after a medium/long period, from the point of view of Libyan authorities, the current rules encompass the following main administrative procedures:
• Exit permissions, applying to specific categories of people (e.g. students 19 going abroad for tertiary education);
• Registration of emigration or return from abroad at local registers (e.g. Brotherhood or Popular Offices); • Consular registration, with registration abroad depending on the access to services or opportunities (as it was for the possibility to vote for the political elections in June 2014 at consulates);
• Loss of Libyan citizenship, occurring to Libyans who acquire a foreign citizenship.
As in many countries around the world, some existing provisions are disregarded or partially followed by people, as for instance in the case of students who are formally expected to return to Libya at the end of their tertiary education abroad (MPC, 2013a).
On the other hand, there was no evidence of administrative procedures and registration of data on irregular migration of Libyans operated by the Libyan authorities. As from statistics collected by EU countries inventoried in the next chapter, under normal conditions this phenomenon is generally marginal.
B1.2 Regular migration of foreigners
Work permits
Granting work permits is a key part of administrative procedures for foreigners regularly working or intending to work in Libya. In fact, migrants may have short-term permissions for entering (or even no permission, in case of free movement agreements) and may even skip the obligation of residence permit (due to the omission of request for residence permits by the employers once the work permits are granted). However, in order to be formally employed, start an activity or continue working in Libya, migrants have to go through the approval and issuance or renewal of work permits. The employment of foreigners is linked to specific occupations and generally determined based on gaps in the national workforce.
The Foreign Recruitment Unit (FRU) of the MoLCB, under the Directorate for Employment and Foreign Recruitment, grants work permits through three modalities:
• Foreign recruitment permits: These are work permits granted to foreign workers recruited from abroad (first-time permits) or work permits granted to workers already in Libya changing companies or employers. B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION AVAILABLE IN LIBYA AVAILABLE ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF SYSTEMS B. ANALYSIS These permits are granted upon application from employers, invitation 20 before arrival and legal entry (for those arriving from abroad), and a medical screening. In fact, following the issuance of a work permit, the employer has to apply for the migrant’s entry visa and later on register the person for a residence permit. Given the disconnect between national registers, the registration of residence permits is often omitted (IOM, 2014e). Work permits are issued with one-year validity. • Renewal of work permits: The renewal procedure and the related procedure for application for permission to stay in Libya are also undertaken by the employer. However, this applies only in the case of continuation of the position already held by the migrant employee.
• Work permits through regularization: In this case, permits are occasionally granted to irregular migrants, under the condition that they entered the country legally and that their skills match the demand for labour within a period of three months since the registration.
Regularization permits may also be granted by the Labour Offices, which are the local entities of the MoLCB in charge of providing employment services, basically matching labour offer and demand.
The Directorate of Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) grants work permits and visas to specific categories of labour migrants, such as diplomatic ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA officials and representatives of international organizations. Granting permissions for this category of foreigners remains under the sole responsibility of the MoFA, without any involvement of the Ministry of Interior (MoI) or the MoLCB.
Finally, the Ministry of Health also plays a role in the procedure for granting work permits, as the foreign workers must go through a medical examination for attesting their good health and the absence of infectious diseases.
Through the process of granting the work permit, various characteristics of the applicant are recorded, such as demographic characteristics, citizenship, qualification and occupation, and information concerning the sponsoring employer. However, the whole process and all procedures – from the application to the issuance of permits – under the MoLCB (the FRU and the Labour Offices), the Ministry of Health and the MoFA (Directorate of Protocol) are done on paper only. This represents an important constraint for practical aspects and the time necessary for handling the dossier, overseeing the processes, sharing information between relevant agencies, monitoring respect for employment conditions and the phenomenon more in general, and fighting fraudulent employment, which often occurs in Libya. Most of these constraints were reported by ministerial officials in the framework of the assessment of labour market management undertaken by IOM.
Regarding work permits and the other procedures relevant to labour migration, detailed in the following section, no statistics obtained from Libyan administrative systems or even reference to the availability of such data were found. 21
Labour matching and work inspections
Seventy-two Labour Offices at the district level continuously register thejob vacancies from employers and the demands of job-seekers, for both Libyans and foreigners. The current legal provisions set for keeping such information in a database; however, most offices hold this information in hard-copy registers only. This is another important constraint for what should be the management of data for efficient labour matching, a systematic communication among the Labour Offices and between them and the FRU, and a systematic meansof checking the status of companies and employers generally.
The mandate of the Inspection Unit of the MoLCB, under the Directorate for Work Inspection and Occupational Safety (DWIOS), mainly includes conducting field visits to employers’ premises to ascertain if labour laws are respected and safety at work is ensured, and acting as a mediator in the case of disputes between employers and employees. There are about 720 inspectors across the country (IOM, 2015). Reporting of outcomes of inspections in workplaces and infringement of labour rules involving foreign workers represents an important step in data management for labour migration and migration more in general when irregular migrants are found in workplaces. However, reporting of such cases and updating of related information (e.g. at the level of work permits) suffers from the lack of electronic registration or is not effective (e.g. due to the absence of a management system on irregular migration).
Entry visas
Apart from the cases of labour migrants considered previously, short-term visas for business, tourism or other reasons are issued prior to entry into the country and normally renewed in Tripoli (in a limited number of cases, according to some sources). Some visa holders must register their presence in Libya at local police offices and obtain a stamp on the passport as authorization to leave the country upon the expiration of visa. Apart from members of diplomatic missions or people in transit on boats or commercial flights, visas do not apply in cases of foreigners belonging to countries with free movement regimes with Libya and Arab countries, and foreigners belonging to specific categories of workers/ countries. Concerning the latter, in fact, Libya set a series of agreements (among others, with Tunisia and Eypt for works in contruction, transport, catering and retail sales, and with the Philippines and Ukraine for paramedic); however, it is not clear as to what extent these agreements are still in force or implemented (IOM, 2015).
The procedure for application and granting of entry visas in Libya involves the
B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION AVAILABLE IN LIBYA AVAILABLE ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF SYSTEMS B. ANALYSIS following entities:
22 • The MoFA, which is responsible for gathering requests for entry visas through the consular missions or local offices in Libya. In fact, also in cases of tourists intending to visit Libya, a request is generally undertaken by service providers or law companies based in the country. Moreover, the MoFA directly grants visas to specific categories of foreigners through the Directorate of Protocol or the consulates. • The Department of Passports and Citizenship of the MoI, which is the decision-making authority on applications arriving through the consular missions and other channels. Furthermore, the services of the MoI also directly grant visas at border crossing points and in other specific cases.
Among the work consulted for the study, only a report prepared by CARIM covers “Libyan statistics on visas”, as noted in the box below. Unfortunately, itwas not possible to gather any recent and direct information on that. It is possible that the information obtained by CARIM comes from an occasional count and so, similar to other Libyan systems possibly relevant to migration, there is no registration in a unique database of applications or even issued or revoked visas, neither there is registration of visas granted to foreigners in another national register or system covering foreigners.
In the 2010 CARIM report, 400,000 visas were issued annually on average in the period
2002–2006. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
Besides, due to the lack of general registration of border-crossing passages, it is not possible to identify foreigners who overstay in Libya beyond the validity of their visas.
Residence permits
The IOM report on management of labour migration in Libya (IOM, 2014e) is a unique source of information on foreigners legally residing in Libya collected and disseminated by the MoI. However, this information applies to 10 years ago only and so may represent another case of ad hoc provision of information by the department responsible for this administrative procedure, anyway without any reporting on values, as from the box below, at least in the consulted source.
According to the reference in the IOM report (2014e), in 2004 the Arab citizens residing legally in Libya were mainly from Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia and the Occupied Palestinian Territory; sub-Saharan African citizens came from Chad, Niger, Ghana and Mali; Asian citizens originated mainly from India, the Philippines, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Permissions for long-term residence in Libya may be given to foreigners with Arab background having resided in Libya for more than 10 years. However, no information was found on the existence of registration on granting these 23 permissions within the Department of Immigration.
Exit visas
Where it applies, exit authorizations for foreigners holding short-term entry visas are stamped on their passports by the local police office upon entry. Additionally, exit visas apply to all work-permit holders wishing to leave Libya for a short period during the validity of their permits or definitively leaving before or upon expiration of their permits. It is not clear if the authorization is granted by a local police office and the authority having released the work or residence permits, neither there is registration of the administrative procedure in parallel to simple stamps on passports or other personal documents.
Temporary movements abroad are in principle irrelevant to migration matters, unless the permit holders end up remaining for longer periods. In any case, a comprehensive information system should enable these individual cases to be tracked, so there is registration of the temporary movements and most importantly the definitive departures of workers in Libya, following expiration of their permits. Unfortunately, there is apparently no registration of such cases linked to work permits, and so the work-permit holders are considered living in the country until the expiration of their permits.
Acquisition of Libyan citizenship
In general terms, Libyan citizenship is granted to children born of a Libyan father, but for those born outside Libya the birth should be registered within one year. Libyan mothers transmit their nationality only in the case of unknown or stateless fathers. Their children can be naturalized and have free access to public services only when of age, and following demonstration of at least three years of residence in Libya. Dual citizenship is not allowed. The provisions governing granting Libyan citizenship are quite complex. Naturalization is generally allowed after 10 years of residence; it is also possible for Arab descendants who have resided in Libya for 5 years or even without previous residence for scientists who can contribute to the development of the country. Among the conditions, the applicants must be registered in the registry of the Brotherhood or the respective Popular Offices of the applicants’ residence (DRC, 2013, and laws/amendments).
It seems that currently there are few foreigners who apply for Libyan citizenship – generally women who marry Libyan men and foreigners who are established in Libya definitively.
In the framework of this assignment, it was not possible to know exactly the involvement of national institutions and so the registration of cases of acquisition of Libyan citizenship; however, the presumably low frequency of the
B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION AVAILABLE IN LIBYA AVAILABLE ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF SYSTEMS B. ANALYSIS phenomenon makes this gap of lesser concern.
24 B1.3 Mixed migration of foreigners
In the absence of a formal asylum system in Libya, management of mixed migration and its eventual data registration by the Libyan government services means covering the apprehension, detention and deportation of irregular migrants, and other issues related to irregular migration. Apprehension and detention of irregular migrants
A lot of foreigners who need permission to enter or work in Libya do so irregularly, many with the idea of eventually moving on. This applies to irregular migrants intending to transit through Libya, and to those discouraged by the length of procedures for visa application and the inefficiency of regulations, and itis facilitated by the lack of rigorous border control, in particular along the paths towards desert zones (Altai, 2013a). Moreover, some foreigners disregard the obligation of employers who asked for them or even simply follow working at end of their contracts in the informal labour market (DRC, 2013).
The MoI, specifically through the DCIM, has the primary responsibility to reduce irregular migration by carrying out investigations on identification documents of migrants, travel routes, means of transportation and costs of irregular migration to, through and from Libya. The institution also manages the detention centres.
The DCIM coordinates the interventions of national services under the MoI (e.g. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA the Coast Guard, the Police, the Department of Passports and Citizenship (DPC) and the Department of Passport Investigations (DPI)) and those outside the Ministry (e.g. the national courts in charge of first-level judgement or the airport authorities).
Theoretically, detention of irregular migrants may be up to three months. The law foresees the deportation of irregular migrants following a sentence from court. Identified traffickers of irregular migrants should be tried in court and imprisoned.
As of April 2014, irregular migrants were generally sent to the DCIM and detained in detention centres. Practices also include the detention of irregular migrants in ordinary prisons. Sometimes they are taken care of by Libyans for humanitarian reasons, for instance the Somali and Eritrean migrants, with no judicial procedures and involvement of courts. The DCIM generally informs the consulates of countries of origin of irregular migrants about their nationals’ detention, particularly when a group of new migrants of the same citizenship is detained or if there are certain needs or requests for assistance made by the migrants. In fact, the DCIM generally solicits the collaboration of foreign consulates in order to verify the identity of undocumented migrants and obtain support for their return to their countries of origin.
Estimates of the number of irregular migrants in Libya are extremely abstract and vary significantly from one source to another (Libyan institutions, international organizations and entities representing the sending countries). In the case of 25 Egyptian migrants, for instance, estimates from national agencies available in different sources range from 1 million to 3 million.
The statistics on irregular migrants occasionally issued by Libyan institutions in the past were obviously far from complete, given the hidden nature of the phenomenon. This was the case of figures for an undefined date in 2004 provided by the DPC and reported in the assessment of labour market management undertaken by IOM (2014e), displayed in Table 1. In addition to the lack of a reference date, there is no information on the origin and coverage of the data (e.g. whether the counted migrants entered Libya irregularly or became irregular following a regular entry) nor on the methodology of collection.
Table 1: Irregular migrants in Libya by selected countries of citizenship, 2004 Origin Number of migrants Arab region Egypt 130,861 Sudan 74,890 Mauritania 16,099 Africa Chad 47,428 Niger 40,284 Senegal 3,897 Europe Italy 2,506 Greece 1,085 Ex-Yugoslavia 553 Asia India 6,677 Philippines 4,076 Bangladesh 3,964 Total 332,320
Source: DPC (reported in IOM, 2014e).
Apart from these shortcomings in the data, the numbers themselves also seem surprising – for instance, that there could be 2,500 irregular migrants from Italy and perhaps 3,000 to 7,000 from the selected Asian countries. Moreover, considering the main trends and features of migration in Libya, as outlined in Section A2., one might expect numbers of African migrants to be higher.
B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION AVAILABLE IN LIBYA AVAILABLE ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF SYSTEMS B. ANALYSIS On the other hand, the DCIM reported for this study a total of 37,881 apprehensions of irregular migrants in Libya in 2013, with a distinction between 26 the apprehensions executed by the DCIM and those operated by other services or the brigades. Table 1 shows an evaluation by the MoI of the presence of irregular migrants from Chad, Egypt, Sudan, Niger and other selected countries in 2004. According to ministerial officials, since 2004 the number of irregular migrants in Libya has increased, and there is now an important presence of Syrians, generally refugees, but often irregularly working in Libya (IOM, 2015).
For a more recent period, a total of about 38,000 apprehensions of irregular migrants in 2013 were recorded, of which 12,960 were conducted directly by the DCIM and 24,921 by the Coast Guard, the Police and brigades.
According to the consultant’s discussion with a representative of the DCIM during the mission, information on apprehensions of irregular migrants may be transmitted to the DCIM on a daily basis. Unfortunately, it was not possible to determine the frequency at which this information is actually transferred or the detailed contents of these communications. Concerning the collected information, it likely covers basic personal data (i.e. name, gender, date of birth ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA and citizenship); however, there is no record on the modalities of registration and storage of data. On the other hand, it is clear that the registration of data on irregular migrants in detention centres was limited to basic variables and that some more data was asked at moment of deportation only (see section on deportation). In fact, this lack of registration was one of the reasons for implementing the pilot project on the biometric registration and case management systems in some detention centres (cfr. Section A4.).
In any case, further detail on apprehensions and detentions of irregular migrants on a yearly or more frequently basis and a regular dissemination of statistics on that could be aimed and expected by the DCIM, at least in the situation of the country as of spring 2014. It is evident that the introduction and utilization of a registration system, such as the biometrics tested in several centres just before the last crisis, could represent a significant progress, not only in terms of data but also regarding changing the attitude of Libyan guards towards migrants and their custody duties. However, even in such a situation it would have been necessary to overcome communication constraints for exchanging even basic data with headquarters and mostly at the level of full and rigorous control of detention centres by government authorities.
Deportation of irregular migrants
According to a direct report from an expert on this matter, irregular migrants intercepted by government authorities should be – in principle – deported to 27 their origin countries. However, other sources say that no formal deportation decisions are taken by the MoI and the return of migrants is considered an assisted voluntary return, with the exception of some persons such as those suffering from communicable diseases and or using forced documents (IOM, 2015). Anticipating the sentence from the court, some detained irregular migrants seemed to be requesting assisted voluntary return from the DCIM. “Deportation orders” and “instructions to move” formally applied to, respectively, rejected migrants and those who asked for assisted voluntary return.
The extent and application of readmission agreements with sending countries are not clear.
Deportation of irregular migrants – undertaken by transportation companies – is most often implemented through land journey until the borders. Border post offices have to acknowledge the provision of transportation by the companies. As of spring 2014, deportation of irregular migrants was not implemented systematically, depending on fights around the concerned detention centres and along the deportation paths, the costs, the practicability of desert routes and the varying collaboration of authorities in the countries of destination. Acknowledgement of the provision of transportation of deportation and what the transportation covers should be registered.
Under Gaddafi’s regime, the DPI used to provide some figures on deportations, taken from the fragmented information found for most years between 2003 and 2007 (Table 2). This information was gathered through the IOM report on labour migration management in Libya (IOM, 2014e). The table also includes further observation for 2013, as reported by the DCIM during the meeting held for this study.
As from Table 2, deportations of irregular migrants from Libya in 2013 were in the order of about 36,500.
Regardless of the reference period of the figures, it is not possible to know more than a few details or any at all, on how the information is compiled and disseminated and the particularities of each individual deportation. In fact, recorded deportations from centres do not necessarily correspond with those who actually end up leaving the country. However, it is known that at the time of deportation the registration of irregular migrants is generally updated and complemented with, for instance, information such as the address and contact person in the place of origin abroad, which is important in case of death or occurrence of other problems during the deportation journey.
B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION AVAILABLE IN LIBYA AVAILABLE ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF SYSTEMS B. ANALYSIS As in the case of apprehensions and detentions, registration of deportations is not fully or systematically operated at the central level. Data collection is 28 mainly done at the local level for operational purposes and often deviates from available instructions, with late or partial follow-up at the DCIM headquarters and no disaggregation. In addition to these shortcomings, any registration process concerning irregular migrants is complicated by the lack of identification documents or the false documents and declarations of migrants. Table 2: Deportations of irregular migrants in Libya by selected countries of citizenship, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2013
Number % Rank 2003 43,000 2004 55,129 of whom Ghananians 10,566 19 1 Nigerians 7,398 13 2 2006 33,147 of whom Egyptians n.a. n.a. 1 Nigerians 2,187 7 n.a. 2007 30,940 of whom Egyptians n.a n.a 1 Nigerians 3,302 11 n.a ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Ghananians 2,209 7 n.a 2013 36,514
Source: Department of Passport Intelligence for 2004–2007 (reported in IOM, 2014e); and Department for Combating Irregular Migration for 2013.
Alternate outcomes of irregular migration
According to the information gathered and some consulted sources, some irregular migrants apprehended by Libyan government authorities may have an issue different from deportation or the assisted voluntary return under the national procedures. The same applies to irregular/mixed migrants who access the assistance of international organizations and NGOs and have no requirements for asylum. In most of these cases, migrants enter in a regular status in Libya, through the granting of permissions by the local authorities, or are assisted in their voluntary return to their home countries or other kinds of settlement abroad.
B2. Libyan statistical system
Official statistics in Libya are compiled by the National Board for Information and Documentation, the General Information Authority (GIA) and the BSC. In 2012, the BSC, which was originally a department within the GIA structure, was moved to under the Ministry of Planning and provided with an independent budget. Since then, the BSC has been the only specialized source of information 29 on population and migration statistics.
The availability of migration statistics from the Libyan statistical agencies is very limited. The information mainly derives from two manpower surveys and the Population Census of 30 April 2006, carried out by the GIA, and the Labour and Unemployment Survey and an ad hoc population survey undertaken in 2012 by the BSC. Moreover, the results of most these operations were of limited reliability.
The Manpower Survey of 2001 represents the first household survey under the national statistical system and is similar in its scope and method tothe standard Labour Force Surveys usually undertaken by countries at short regular intervals. According to sources consulted, this survey provided a good qualitative assessment of the labour migration situation in Libya, much more than the two successive sample surveys on the labour market in Libya in 2007 and 2012, which were based on cluster sampling instead of simple random sampling.
For the 2001 survey, it was possible to gather the following tables (fully reproduced in the statistical annex):
99Distribution of workers by educational qualification, group of citizenship (Libyans/non-Libyans) and sex 99Distribution of workers by main sector of occupation, group of citizenship (Libyans/non-Libyans) and sex 99Distribution of foreign employees in Libya by job classification and sex
The review of the 2001 Manpower Survey in the box below was drawn from A Comprehensive Survey of Migration Flows and Institutional Capabilities in Libya (ICMPD, 2010) and National Assessment Report on Labour Market Management in Libya (IOM, 2014e).
One of the main findings of the 2001 Manpower Survey suggested a considerable decrease in the number of regular labour migrants in Libya in 1995–2001, with an estimate of 123,000 foreign workers in regular employment in 2001 (compared with about 409,000 legal resident foreigners in 1995 and experts’ assumptions on percentage of foreign workers at the time).
All labour market surveys highlighted the imbalance between the occupation of Libyans and non-Libyans in the different sectors of economic activity. As of 2001, Libyan workers were mainly in the social and public services sectors (about 55%). On the other hand, foreign workers were mainly employed in production activities (52% were in manufacturing, building and construction), scientific activities (20% were presumably in high-skilled professions) and services (21% were in sales and
B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION AVAILABLE IN LIBYA AVAILABLE ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF SYSTEMS B. ANALYSIS merchandise fields). Furthermore, according to the more detailed and reliable survey in 2001, non-Libyan workers constituted nearly 60 per cent of total employment 30 in building and construction activities and Egypt was by far the most represented country, followed by Iraq, India, the Philippines, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and Bangladesh. The Population Census of 2006 experienced several problems mainly due to the implementation of the optical character reading technology for data entry, which necessitated the adoption of an extensive data editing process and estimation of results. The main census tables are disseminated through the Demographic and Economic Module of the CARIM Database,14 as follows:
• POP03 – Population by citizenship 99 Distribution of non-Libyan population by country of nationality and sex • POP04 – Population born in the country by citizenship, age and sex 99 Distribution of non-Libyan population by nationality (grouped countries), age and sex • POP11 – Population by citizenship and family status 99 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and over, by marital status and sex ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA • POP14 – Population by citizenship and level of education 99 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 10 years and over, by educational status and sex • POP19 – Working age population, by type of activity and nationality 99 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and over, by type of activity and sex 99 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and over, by economic status, gender and shabya (district) • POP21 – Working age population, by profession and nationality 99 Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population, economically active and aged 15 years and over, by major and sub-major occupation and sex The series of census tables reported by CARIM is reproduced in Tables 13–19. However, apart from some small inconsistencies between the available tables and the slight change in the reported total value of foreign population, the coverage of the overall presence of foreigners in Libya at the time seems unrealistic, in the sense of an undercount.
31
14 Anticipating here what should be part of Section C1.3, the Demographic and Economic Module of CARIM Database is a tool irregularly updated with tables at the national or subnational levels, covering a wide range of statistics on migration and related phenomena. These tables are collected through a network of correspondents belonging to the national institutions of the 18 Mediterranean and sub-Saharan countries covered by the Consortium and presented under a series of collections and different formats and contents, depending on the availability of data from countries. The original data is obtained through data collection and processing methods, which vary according to the country. According to different tables and timetables of releasing the total foreign population in Libya, from the results of the 2006 Census, there were 349,040 foreigners (probably preliminary data) and 359,540 foreigners (final data).
Eighty-five per cent of enumerated foreigners were nationals of other Arab countries, in particular Egypt (about 46%), Sudan (11%), Morocco (6%) and Tunisia (4%). Eleven per cent were from other non-Arab African countries, in particular Chad (6%). They were prevalently men (about 69%), with exceptions mainly for Morocco (with about 63% of women) and the less represented European countries, the United States and Canada (in average with about 70% of women).
The same source states about 200,000 foreign workers and about 90,000 inactive foreigners out of the total population of about 2 million, aged 15 years and over.
Finally, according to the ad hoc population survey in 2012, there were 187,400 foreigners in the country. However, this figure reported by the BSC was unprovable, as this covered a limited area of Libyan territory.
Furthermore, an episodic table on remittances data from the Central Bank of Libya is also available in the CARIM Database, as follows:
• ECO01 – Remittances by expatriates (total) 99 Net current transfers of the Libyan balance of payments, 2004–2007 The data, which is shown in the statistical annex, does not appear reliable. B. ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION AVAILABLE IN LIBYA AVAILABLE ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF SYSTEMS B. ANALYSIS
32 C. Analysis of data and statistics on migration in Libya available at the international level
C1. Data and statistics available from international organizations
The list of data or statistics on migration to/from Libya produced or simply disseminated by the international organizations presented within this section as well as in the statistical annex is based on the source of information (e.g. the organization publishing the data). ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Under this section, the contents of each dataset are introduced, evaluated and shortly referred for the main findings (within a text box). Some data is further considered in Chapter D, depending on the existence of alternative or similar data (e.g. the data on people of Libyan origin or with Libyan citizenship residing abroad, which is available from different sources) and other reasons.
The tables presented in Annex V generally provide the historical series and particularly the most recent reference years for the concerned measurement/ topic available in the data sources of origin. Generally, the tables present full details on the countries of citizenship, birth, origin/destination or the countries reporting data on Libyan migrants taken from the original source. In some cases, such as the data on residence permits issued to Libyans, the tables focus on selected reporting countries like the United Kingdom because of the aim to show the kind of information and detail which can be available in the original source.
Ci.i International organizations
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
The main migration information related to Libya available from the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) are published in Migration Profile for Libya, part of Migration Profiles Common Set of Indicators (UN DESA, 2014a). The “sheet” for Libya is fully 33 reported in Annex III. The country sheets, which are established jointly with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), often represent estimates and are split in four parts dealing with the following: global legal instruments, population indicators, development indicators and international migration stocks (for the general categories of migrants, refugees and students, including an age pyramid for migrant stocks). Data is provided for the reference years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013.
UN provides more complete/detailed estimates on stocks of migrants in Libya and migrants of Libyan origin abroad as well as yearly migration flows through a series of datasets accessible at UN DESA’s thematic web page,15 as follows:
• Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (UN DESA, 2013a)
99 International migrant stock at midyear by sex and major area, region and country, for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (Table 1 of the database) • Refugees stock at midyear by major area, region and country, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (Table 6 of the database)
99 Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision – Migrants by Age and Sex (UN DESA, 2013a) • International migrant stock at midyear by age and sex and by major area, region, country or area, for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (Tables 1–4 of the database)
99 Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin (UN DESA, 2013b) • Total migrant stock at midyear by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013, by sex (Tables 1–2 of the database)
The estimates of these datasets are based on official statistics on the foreign- born or the foreign population, classified by country of origin. These estimates are obtained from population censuses combined with statistics on the number and composition of international migrants available from administrative registers and nationally representative surveys in the countries of destination (reporting countries), or from imputation based on a regional level. In some cases, data also includes the refugees counted by UNHCR.
• United Nations Global Migration Database (UN DESA, 2014b)
C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS 99 Population stocks by country of citizenship and/or country of birth by sex and age, from early 1990 to 2008 – with data availability depending 34 on reporting country The data contained in this database derives from numerous sources, including the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) Demographic Yearbook, tabulations collected by the Population Division and official national publications. Given
15 See www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/international-migration/index.shtml the use of different sources, the Population Division reports about possible discrepancies from the concepts and definitions set by the UN international recommendations on migration statistics (e.g. UN DESA, 1998) andother international standards. Therefore, the organization advices for the cautionary use of data drawing conclusions on level, trends and characteristics of international migration. In any case, there is no data with Libya as reporting country.
• International Migration Flows to and from Selected Countries: The 2010 Revision (Web-based database) (UN DESA, 2011)
99 Migrant flows by country of origin or country of destination, from early 1990 to 2010 – with availability of data depending on reporting country
The origin and limitations of data reported above apply here, too. In particular, there is no data with Libya as reporting country. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
Data relevant to Libya extracted from most the datasets above is presented in Tables 21–24.
Concentrating on the UN data on stocks only, the table on immigration to Libya shows a change from about 460,000 migrants in 1990 to about 755,000 in 2013, with a major increase in the last few years (from 2010 to 2013) compared with the two previous decades. The overall percentage of female migrants was quite stable during the same period (1990–2013) and at different age groups; however, it presents important variations at the level of single country of citizenship. From 1990 to 2013, the Occupied Palestinian Territory was the most represented country, with the proportion ofits nationals in Libya strangely remaining the same (37.1%) in 2000, 2010 and 2013. This trend of a constant proportion was observed in all countries.
On the other hand, concerning the data on emigration of Libyans or people born in Libya, depending on the reporting county of destination, the total varies from about 80,000 in 1990 to about 142,000 in 2013, with an increase mainly between 2000 and 2010 (about 50,000 units). According to this data, people of Libyan origin are mainly in Italy, the United Kingdom, Israel, Viet Nam and Egypt. Among these top countries, Israel appears because of Jewish Israeli citizens born in Libya, almost all are elderly now, who moved from Libya to Israel in the past (MPC, 2013a). On the other hand, the presence of an important number of Libyan citizens in Viet Nam (about 11,300 in 2013) was not confirmed by the Libyan counterpart consulted for this study.
35 World Bank
Always considering first the stock of international migrants at the international level, the World Bank also provides estimates in the Libya Sheet of the Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 (World Bank, 2010), fully presented in Annex III. In this sheet, the stocks of foreign immigrants in Libya and people of Libyan origin abroad are presented, including the following:
• The total number of migrants and the top countries of origin and residence of migrants, the latter without indications of values, for the year 2010 (presumably midyear); and
• The total number of physicians and nurses born in Libya and the total number of physicians trained in the country and residing abroad, probably for mid-2000.
Besides, the same sheet presents the total values of remittance inflows and outflows for 2003–2009. This can be complemented by the longer series made available elsewhere by the World Bank, so for the periods 1977–2012 for the outflows and 2003–2009 for inflows.
According to the World Bank Libya Sheet, there were 682,000 immigrants and 110,000 emigrants in total in 2010. Furthermore, as indicated in the sheet, immigrants accounted for 10.4 per cent and emigrants represented 1.7 per cent of the total migrant population of Libya. Among immigrants, 35.5 per cent were females. Egypt, Tunisia, the Occupied Palestinian Territory and the Syrian Arab Republic were the top countries of origin for immigration to Libya, while Israel, the United Kingdom, Chad, the United States, Jordan, Egypt, Germany, Turkey, Canada and Italy were listed as the top destination countries for emigration from Libya.
The sheet also provides estimates on the emigration of professionals in the health sector for the year 2000 – 800 physicians trained in the country (10.6% of total), 585 physicians born in the country (8.4%) and 391 nurses born in the country (2.2%) emigrated from Libya.
The World Bank information above on stocks of migrants is very limited and does not indicate if this is based on the country of citizenship or country of birth. Finally, this study clarified that the source of data is a previous revision of UN Trends in International Migrant Stock. C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS
36 The focus on the skilled migrants in the health sector is particularly important for Libya, because of the shortages of workers and the policies or simple initiatives for staffing in this sector (e.g. under the START Project implemented by IOM). However, unfortunately, the data derived from elaborations under the projects implemented by the organization in the past is episodic, without enough elements of assessment, and quite outdated by now. (Office of the) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
At the central level, UNHCR releases statistics on a regular basis through mainly the following publications:
• Asylum Trends (in Europe and the most developed countries) (published at midyear or yearly);
• Global Trends (published at midyear);
• Statistical Yearbook (published at the beginning of the year).
More complete information is accessible through the Statistical Online Population Database.
The UNHCR data is collected on a monthly basis, depending on the topic and reporting country. The availability is generally from year 2000 to 2013 (provisional ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA values, as of time of accessing the last publications or the database) and shorter periods for the last/current year (as for the “statistical snapshots” available in the UNHCR Libya Fact Sheet of April 2014 or in the UNHCR Libya web page as of July 2014, with main totals for dates in 2014). UNHCR widely applies estimates based on 10-year recognition of asylum-seekers or other criteria.
The following list may represent the type and time reference of information available from UNHCR (UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database (2014), UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 2012 (2013) and UNHCR Global Trends 2013 (2014)) on entire calendar years, as of July 2014:
• Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons, returnees (including refugees and internally displaced persons), stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by country/territory of asylum or country/ territory of origin, 2000–2013 (end of year) (type respectively Table 1 and Table 2 in the last issues of Statistical Yearbook and Global Trends);
• Refugees and people in a refugee-like situation, excluding asylum-seekers, and changes by country/territory of asylum or country/territory of origin, 2000–2013 (type respectively Table 3 and Table 4 in the publications mentioned above);
• Asylum applications and refugee status determination (RSD) by country/ territory of asylum or/and country/territory of origin, 2000–2013 (type 37 respectively Table 9, Table 11 and Table 12 in the publications mentioned above); • Demographic composition of populations of concern to UNHCR and refugees and people in refugee-like situations by type of location, 2000– 2013 (end of year) (type Table 13 and Table 14 in Statistical Yearbook and Global Trends);
• Refugees, including people in a refugee-like situation, by type of accommodation and major locations, 2000–2013 (end of year) (type Table 17 in the publications mentioned above).
Despite the different origins of UNHCR data, adoption of estimates and complex data generation processes, the extractions for Libya from UNHCR data sources allow for close and fast monitoring of the evolution of asylum-seekers, refugees and other population of concern to UNHCR for both the Libyan citizens with any of these statuses abroad – in principle in all countries worldwide – and for many non-Libyans seeking asylum or in an irregular/mixed migration situation in Libya (cfr. Tables 26–37). Some values available from various dissemination means reflecting the different timing and progressive improvement of statistical production are anyway acceptable.
On the other hand, the data on recognized refugees in Libya suffers from the fact that the RSD in the country is not systematically implemented by UNHCR. Furthermore, the preference of asylum-seekers for reaching the more protective systems of European countries could probably be the reason for the lower number of applications addressed to the UNHCR local offices in Libya, thus underestimating the dimension of the refugee phenomenon and distorting the information on people looking for protection (DRC, 2013). In any case, results on the demographic characteristics and other information, such as the location of the people counted or estimated by the UNHCR statistics offices in Libya or abroad, are very limited (cfr. Tables 36 and 37). C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS
38 Table 3: Statistical snapshot on refugees, asylum-seekers, and other people of concern to UNHCR in Libya and originating from Libya, 1 January 2014 Residing in Originating Libyaa from Libyaa Refugeesb 25,561 3,322 Asylum-seekersc 6,608 2,091 Returned refugeesd – – Internally displaced persons (IDPs)e 53,579 53,579 Returned internally displaced personsf 5,350 5,350 Stateless personsg – – Varioush – 3 Total 91,098 64,345
Source: UNHCR/Governments. Compiled by UNHCR, Field Information and Coordination Support
Section (2014d). ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Notes: • a Country or territory of asylum or residence. In the absence of government estimates, UNHCR has estimated the refugee population in most developed countries based on 10 years of asylum-seekers recognition. b Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention/1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention, in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, persons granted a complementary form of protection and those granted temporary protection. It also includes persons in a refugee-like situation whose status has not yet been verified. c Persons whose application for asylum or refugee status is pending at any stage in the procedure. d Refugees who have returned to their place of origin during the first six months of 2013. (Source: Country of origin and asylum) e Persons who are displaced within their country and to whom UNHCR extends protection and/or assistance. Persons who are in an IDP-like situation arealso included. f IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR who have returned to their place of origin during the first six months of 2013. g Refers to persons under the statelessness mandate of UNHCR. h Persons of concern to UNHCR not included in the previous categories but to whom UNHCR extends protection and/or assistance. • The data is generally provided by governments, based on their own definitions and methods of data collection. • A dash (–) indicates that the value is zero, not available or not applicable.
According to the data presented in Table 3 and in Tables 26 and 27 in Annex V, the number of Libyans abroad with recognized refugee status strongly increased in 2011 (4,384 at the end of the year) and 2012 (5,251). The latest estimate at the beginning of 2014 (about 3,300, provisional) is still higher than the ones before the crisis. However, 39 the refugee phenomenon is more important within Libya, with the number of such people reaching about 25,600 at the beginning of 2014 as an effect of recognition of refugee status given to the many people who arrived from the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011. Concerning the asylum-seekers, Libya generally does not appear among the countries more represented in the applications lodged in recent years. However, 1,726 and 2,118 applications were recorded in 2012 and 2013, respectively, in the 38 European countries providing data on a monthly basis (UNHCR, 2013a). The value for 2013 represents only 0.5 per cent of the total and Libya is rank 36th as the country of origin. The total asylum-seekers (pending cases) at the end of 2012 and 2013 were respectively 1,866 and 2,044 (cfr. Tables 3 and 27). On the other hand, in the same period, more applications were lodged within Libya by people coming from countries like Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic, at least in part in transit in the country, with about 6,500 total pending cases at the end of 2012 (cfr. Table 26).
Besides, there was a strong reduction in the number of internally displaced persons – from about 458,000 in 2011 to about 177,500 in 2012 and about 5,000 in 2013.
As anticipated, UNHCR also significantly entered in the emergency operations – jointly with IOM – following the war in 2011 and the most recent unrests.
International Organization for Migration
According to its mandate and prevalent recent activities, IOM collects, elaborates and/or disseminates data on migration phenomena relevant to Libya on an ad hoc basis mainly on the following:
• Stock of migrants present in Libya;
• Arrivals of people at the main border points at times of emergency, and their returns, evacuations and repatriations, depending on cases;
• Arrivals at the countries of origin of migrants returning home following the crisis, also for profiling exercises and needs assessments in the communities where they returned;
• Detection and rescue of irregular migrants, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea;
• Stranded and trafficked migrants and other people seeking assistance for their voluntary return to the country of origin; and
• Other topics and measurements on an occasional basis, such as the C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS arrivals of migrants at neighbouring countries outside the crisis periods. 40
Concerning the stock of migrants living in Libya, IOM mainly provided estimates for a time just before the start of the crisis in February 2011, with details on selected countries of citizenship. These estimates, which appear in the publication “Libyan Crisis: One Month into IOM’s Response” (IOM, 2011d) and are reported here in the following box and Table 7, was well recognized at the international level, among others by Altai Consulting (2013a), as the best appraisal of the presence of all categories of migrants in Libya. Despite the plausibility or at least the wide acceptance of the estimate of 2.5 million foreign migrants overall, breakdown by citizenship appears too vague, with about 1.3 million people (more than 50%) attributed to a residual category of migrants including “a large population of sub-Saharan Africans, mainly from Niger, Chad, Mali, Nigeria and Ghana”. Egypt was the most represented country, with 1 million people, while Tunisia was included in the residual category. In addition, some other IOM publications generically refer this estimate as migrant workers and with a different incidence of Egyptians (e.g. the report “Libya Crisis: IOM Response and Appeal” (IOM, 2014i)16), or indicated about 1.8 million of migrant workers in Libya (Migrants Caught in Crisis: The IOM Experience in Libya (IOM, 2012b)17).
Registration of data and compilation of statistics on migrants and other people ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA fleeing Libya at moments of crisis were important activities in 2011 and 2014. During the 2011 crisis, IOM – together with UNHCR – centralized the contributions of individual donors for assisting the affected population and managing their return or resettlement. Data on foreigners who left Libya by country of arrival and country of citizenship were directly collected with the support of national authorities at the Tunisian, Algerian, People from Niger, Chadian, Sudanese and Egyptian borders as well as in Italy and Malta. As a summary and milestone on measuring migration outflows from Libya, information as in Table418 was continuously updated and published in situation reports successively issued during the operations and the Migration Crisis from Libya 19 website as well as in reports prepared by IOM and other organizations in 2012–2013. More importantly, the registration of these people ensured that unprecedented solutions for repatriation were undertaken. The successful experience in 2011 was replicated and among the best practices during the 2014 unrest, although there was lower incidence of migration and repatriation/resettlement in the latter event and so far the need for humanitarian aid is not that high.
Despite the usefulness of data management and publication of information during these crisis periods, the Migration Crisis from Libya website is no longer updated. If the situation reports on the last crisis period are accessible through the IOM Libya website,20 the Organization should update some tools on the Migration Crisis website or introduce minor changes, such as highlighting the 2011 crisis and removing inactive features like receiving alerts.
41 16 “Before the crisis, Libya was reported to have according to the local, regional and international media and migrants’ own embassies, approximately 2.5 million migrant workers in Libya, with nearly two-thirds of them being from Egypt, and a high number from sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.” 17 “Given that there were approximately 1.8 million migrant workers in Libya, […].” 18 Table 4 was compiled for the purposes of the study using data published in different IOM publications. 19 The Migration Crisis from Libya website (www.migration-crisis.com/libya/main) was active during the preparation of the study. 20 The IOM Libya website (www.iom.int/cms/libya) was active during the preparation of this study. Profiling exercises and needs assessments following the return of migrants from Libya were undertaken by IOM, as a result of the 2011 crisis, in almost all neighbouring countries and in many other countries like Ghana, Burkina Faso and Bangladesh.21 The information from this kind of operations may be relevant to the migration management of Libya in order to know the expectations and conditions for the return of the same people or the prospects for the arrival of migrants belonging to the same community.
From the main IOM data, there were 2.5 million immigrants present in Libya at the beginning of 2014, including Egyptians (1 million), Pakistanis (80,000), Sudanese (59,000), Bangladeshis (63,000), Filipinos (26,000), Vietnamese (10,500), Nepalese (2,000) and all other countries of citizenship (a residual value of 1,259,000 people).
During the unrest and massive outflows in 2011, 422,912 Libyans and 796,915 foreigners escaped from Libya to the neighbouring countries in the periods between February 2011, 8 June 2011 and January 2012, mainly to Tunisia (345,489 Tunisians and third-country nationals) and Egypt (263,554 Egyptians and third-country nationals).
From the little information on IOM activities in Libya between the two crises that was possible to gather for the study, 1,094 stranded migrants were given return and reintegration support in 2013, bringing the total number of assisted migrants to 13,275 between 2006 and 2013 (IOM, 2014d).
Concerning the unrests in 2014, as of end of September in that year, more than 150,000 Libyans, including migrants, had sought refuge abroad and fled the country. Moreover, there were over 200,000 migrant workers in Libya, of whom 7,000 were vulnerable and in need of evacuation assistance, transit or border reception, health services and psychosocial support (IOM, 2014h). C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS
42
21 This is particulary cited in the publication Humanitarian Response to the Libyan Crisis: February–December 2011 Report (IOM, 2012a). Table 4: Foreign nationals who fled from Libya during the 2011 unrest, by country of arrival and country of citizenshipa Country of arrival Country of nationality Number % Egypt Egypt 173,873 22.0 Third country 89,681 11.3 Subtotal 263,554 33.3 Tunisia Tunisia 137,000 17.3 Third country 208,489 26.3 Subtotal 345,489 43.7 Algeria Algeria 1,666 0.2 Third country 12,296 1.6 Subtotal 13,962 1.8 Niger Niger 79,720 10.1
Third country 5,699 0.7 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Subtotal 85,419 10.8 Chad Chad 50,874 6.4 Third country 808 0.1 Subtotal 51,682 6.5 Sudan All 2,800 0.4 Italy All 27,000 3.4 Malta All 1,574 0.2 Total All 791,480b 100.0 Third country 316,973 40.0
Sources: Daily Statistical Report 28/11/2011 (IOM, 2011e), Humanitarian Response to the Libyan Crisis: February–December 2011 Report (IOM, 2012a, for the period up to December 2011) and Migrants Caught in Crisis: The IOM Experience in Libya (IOM, 2012b, for the period up to January 2012). Notes: a Period from February 2011 to January 2012. Data compiled from different publications (see Sources). b A total of 796,915 is most frequently reported by IOM, probably covering cases where the country of citizenship was not indicated and periods after January 2012.
Concerning the detection of irregular migrants trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea or even the Sahara, IOM mainly intervenes in collecting data on people the Organization is allowed to access and in informing about the outcomes of operations of national authorities generally through press releases. As a recent, 43 new activity, IOM supported an initiative for trying to count the deaths of irregular migrants wordlwide (IOM, 2014j). Despite the partial measurement, the figures on deaths occurring in the Mediterranean Sea may represent another important component in the exercises for estimating the migratory flows from Libya on an annual basis, in particular for years when the irregular trips by boat are frequent (Altai, 2013a). Given the priority on emergency operations, no detailed information was provided by IOM Libya on the assistance and return services for migrants in Libya. However, the registration of these cases should be available and thus inform about the exact type of services, the profiles and experiences of assisted migrants, and of course their destinations. Despite the eventual limited number of involved migrants, these operations could represent a relevant opportunity for gathering follow-up information on such a category of former migrants in Libya and informing the Libyan authorities towards migration management measures.
Among other occasional measurements, IOM may provide information on the assistance given to rejected (refouled) migrants, and some follow-up information on migrants deported from Libya or spontaneously returning to their countries of origin with the logistical support of IOM country offices in the regions of West and Central Africa and the Sahel.
EUROSTAT
In the case of the European Statistical System (EUROSTAT) Population (populat) Database shown in the following schema, first the domain International Migration and Asylum (migr) constitutes a very relevant tool for measuring some aspects of migration on any third country, in this case – for instance – on the flows from and to Libya. C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS
44 The domain “migr” is composed by six collections, and is in principle relevant to the migration trends in a third country like Libya for the following main types of tables within each collection:22
• Collection: International migration flows (migr_flow)
99 Tables on yearly international immigrants by citizenship, country of birth or country of previous usual residence in combination with sex and age group; 99 Tables on yearly international emmigrants by citizenship, country of birth or country of next usual residence in combination with sex and age group.
• Collection: Acquisition and loss of citizenship (migr_acqn)
99 Table on acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA citizenship (migr_acqn).
• Collection: Population by citizenship and by country of birth (migr_stock)
99 Tables on population by citizenship or country of birth in combination with sex and age group; 99 Table on population by sex, citizenship and broad group of country of birth (migr_pop5ctz).
• Collection: Residence permits (migr_res)
99 Tables on first permits issued during the year: i) by reason (distinguished in family, education, remunerated activities, other reasons), length of validity (3–5 months, 6–11 months, 12+ months) and citizenship; or ii) by reason, age, sex and citizenship; 99 Tables on valid residence permits by: i) reason, length of validity and citizenship; or ii) by age, sex and citizenship on 31 December of each year.
• Collection: Enforcement of immigration legislation (migr_eil)
99 Tables on third-country nationals who were refused entry at the external borders, found to be illegally present, ordered to leave and returned following an order to leave. 45
22 The detailed list of tables relevant to Libya within each collection is proposed in Annex IV. In fact, the exact list of relevant tables changes depending on the considered third country and the relevance of migration phenomena and flows with the EU Member States. The collection Asylum (migr_asy) is not considered here. According to the summary description, this set of tables mainly features detailed information on the country or territory of reference23 of the people subject to the movement or the administrative procedure, the calendar year as reference period,24 and the reason for migration movements (for the residence permits collection). Data is generally available as follows:
• Tables on international migration flows, population and acquisition/loss of citizenship from 1995 to 1998;
• Since the year 2008, for the tables on residence permits and enforcement of immigration legislation.
This dataset generally applies only to the 28 EU Member States as reporting countries, at least in terms of availability of data.25
The EUROSTAT dataset widely derives from the implementation of EU Regulation 826/2007 on the collection of statistics on migration and international protection (EU, 2007), which requires the EU Member States to provide data on migration- related matters stated above within a given deadline and according to harmonized concepts and definitions. Concerning the latter, the requirements widely respect the UN recommendations (UN DESA, 1998 and 2008), for instance with reference to the “usual residence” and “short- and long-term migration,” as well as specific standards established within the EU framework. In fact, some of these EU tables aim to measure the impact of migration policies and the introduction of new conditions for migrants such as the Blue Cards for highly skilled workers. Therefore, the requirements clearly set, for instance, the conditions for defining the coverage of data collection (e.g. first permits26) and the specific, predefined categories applicable to each type of permission.
The progressive enlargement of the EU, the coverage of calendar years prior to the implementation of EU Regulation 862/2007, the initial implementation period of the same regulation and the reference to the EU context give some constraints to the EUROSTAT data. On the other hand, the many extractions for Libya (Tables 38–51 in Annex V) present in general a good degree of availability, detail and comparability over time and between countries (cfr. for instance, Figures 1 and 2, Table 5 and other tables with specific combinations of categories of variables and/or focus on one reporting country only). Finally, they may be particularly informative and useful for countries like Libya. C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS
46 23 That is, country of citizenship, country of previous citizenship, country/territory of birth or country/territory of next/previous residence, depending on the table. 24 The beginning of the year is used as reference time for the stock data. 25 Some datasets used in this document were from data collection exercises undertaken by EUROSTAT jointly with other international organizations. In these cases, data from reporting countries that are non-EU Member States should be accessed outside the EUROSTAT source. 26 In the data collection on residence permits, the first permits include all new permits as well as the permits renewed after more than six months from the date of expiration of the previous one. Figure 1: Valid residence permits issued to Libyans in the European Union and the United Kingdom by reason and length of validity, 2013 (end of year) ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
Source: EUROSTAT Database (see Population theme – International migration and asylum domain – table on all valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship, 31 December of each year (migr_resvalid)).
The data extracted from the EUROSTAT Database on international migration for the study provides the following main findings:
• Increase of immigration flows and stocks of Libyans in countries like Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom in 2011 and/or following few observation years, with – for instance – the change in the number of usual residents from 4,827 to 7,970 in Germany and from 207 to 1,321 in Turkey between early 2011 and early 2013; • About 700 acquisitions of citizenship of an EU Member State by Libyans on average in the last five years, mainly by men (about 60%); • Shared reduction in the number of yearly residence permits issued for a first time from 2008 (first year of observation or data collection) to 2011 and then an increase after 2011; for instance, 8,046, 3,296 and 6,201 permits were granted respectively in 2008, 2011 and 2013 in the EU as a whole, with the United Kingdon, Germany, 47 France and Italy as top countries; • General increase of valid permissions, with the same top countries above; family reunification and education for long periods were the main reasons reported during the last observation in 2013, as indicated in Figure 1 too; • Varying but substantial number of Libyans among those who were refused entry at external borders (around 500 in 2013), were found illegally present (about 2,500 in 2013) and were ordered to leave (around 2,000 in 2012–2013), with higher observations in Italy, Malta, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic and Sweden for almost all the cases.
Table 5: First residence permits issued to Libyans in the United Kingdom by specific reason and length of validity, 2013 From 3 to From 6 to 12 months Main reason/Specific reason Total 5 months 11 months or over All reasons 2,772 311 687 1,774 Family 1,207 33 302 872 Person joining an EU citizen 22 0 0 22 Spouse/partner joining an EU 22 0 0 22 citizen Child joining an EU citizen 0 0 0 0 Other family member joining 0 0 0 0 an EU citizen Person joining a non-EU citizen 1,185 33 302 850 Spouse/partner joining a non- 506 15 134 357 EU citizen Child joining a non-EU citizen 675 18 167 490 Other family member joining 4 0 1 3 a non-EU citizen Education 1,328 218 381 729 Study : : : : Other educational reasons : : : : Remunerated activities 64 5 4 55 Highly skilled workers 16 0 0 16 Researchers 1 0 0 1 Seasonal workers 0 0 0 0
C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS Other remunerated activities 47 5 4 38 EU Blue Card 0 0 0 0 48 Other reason 173 55 0 118 International protection status 0 0 0 0 Refugee status and subsidiary 0 0 0 0 protection From 3 to From 6 to 12 months Main reason/Specific reason Total 5 months 11 months or over Humanitarian reasons 0 0 0 0 Residence only 0 0 0 0 Other reasons not specified 173 55 0 118 Unaccompanied minors 0 0 0 0 Victims of trafficking in human 0 0 0 0 beings Source: EUROSTAT Database (see Population theme – International migration and asylum domain – tables on first permits issued for family reasons (migr_resfam), education reasons (migr_resedu), remunerated activities (migr_resocc) and other reasons (migr_resoth), by reason, length of validity and citizenship. Note: The colon (:) in some cells means “not available” or “no data”.
Furthermore, data on Libya migration (generally emigration from Libya) may be available within the same EUROSTAT Database through the Population and Housing Census (cens) domain. However, in this case the information may be ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA available with 10-year breaks of census enumeration (or possibly the census- type counts of countries that have discontinued the traditional census-taking method), and apparently the 2010 census round results are not available yet. Given these reasons, the extractions and analysis of data from this domain are omitted here.
OECD and UNESCO
Moving to another international entity, the Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) also disseminates comprehensive and comparative data on a broad range of demographic and labour market characteristics of immigrants living in its 34 member countries and several non-OECD countries. The OECD online dataset is composed of two parts:
• OECD International Migration Database (OECD, 2014a), which includes the following information (presented through tables), with an annual series generally covering the years 1990–2011:27
−− Inflows of foreign population by nationality; −− Outflows of foreign population by nationality; −− Asylum-seekers by nationality; −− Stock of foreign-born population by country of birth; −− Stock of foreign population by nationality; −− Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality; −− Inflows of foreign workers by nationality; 49 −− Stock of foreign-born labour by country of birth; −− Stock of foreign labour by nationality.
27 Unlike in EUROSTAT, the stock data in the OECD Database is given for the end of the year. For instance, for a given country, a population figure for year t in the EUROSTAT Database may correspond to year t-1 in the OECD Database. Figure 2: Acquisition of citizenship by Libyans in selected OECD countries, 2000–2012a
Sources:EUROSTAT Database, table on acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship (migr_acq); OECD International Migration Database, table on acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality. Note: a Including estimates for missing values.
• Database on Immigrants in OECD and non-OECD Countries: DIOC (OECD, 2014b), which includes two main collections of raw data with mainly census results on the following:
−− Immigrants in 34 OECD countries by different combinations of country of birth, citizenship, sex, age, education, economic status and occupation for the years 2000/2001 and 2005/2006 (data for 2010/2011 is to be released soon);
−− Immigrants in 66 non-OECD countries of destination for the year 2000/2001 (data for 2010/2011 is to be released soon).
Most of the OECD data is taken from the individual contributions of national correspondents constituting the Continuous Reporting System on Migration (Système d’observation permanente des migrations, SOPEMI28), which means that the data has not necessarily been harmonized at the international level. C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS Despite some difference in wording of titles, some OECD tables overlap with the 50 tables of the UN Population Division, the World Bank, EUROSTAT and UNHCR.29 Compared with EUROSTAT, the OECD dataset covers a wider group of developed countries, including non-EU countries such as the Russian Federation, the United
28 SOPEMI covers most OECD member countries as well as the Baltic States, Bulgaria and Romania. 29 As an example, the OECD table on stock of foreign-born population by country of birth corresponds to the EUROSTAT table on population by sex, age group and country of birth. States, Canada and Japan, in a more systematic way and uses the country of birth criterion more than the country of citizenship to identify the immigrant population. However, the OECD dataset is smaller in terms of number, variety and details of tables. In accordance with that, the OECD data on Libya accessed for this assessment was compared with EUROSTAT data and then integrated in selected tables on flows (Tables 39 and 40, Annex V), stocks (Tables 42 and 43, Annex V) and acquisition of citizenship (Table 44, Annex V).
On the other hand, the last three tables of the first OECD collection dealing with labour migration are completely new, not covered by EUROSTAT. However, they currently present almost no detail on Libya as country of citizenship or country of birth, making the census results, in principle every 10 years and with different reference times, the unique solution for profiling the socioeconomic status of Libyans or Libyan-born people in this wide group of developed countries worldwide. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Among the recent OECD publications, Connecting with Emigrants: A Global Profile of Diasporas (OECD, 2012) presents country sheets showing the main features of immigrants to OECD countries originating from any country worldwide (in fact, with more details and data than in the database, although on Libyans aged 15 years and over). The sheet for Libya, which is presented in Annex III of this publication, shows some inconsistency with the data available in the database. The total and summary indicators of Libya-born by sex and in the main destination countries are of course restricted to the OECD countries and few years far in the time, namely 2000 and 2005/2006.30 Apart from that, this sheet proposes an ad hoc measurement on the percentage of Libyans who would like to move abroad permanently if they had the opportunity to do so, taken from the Gallup World Poll Survey 2008–2010.
Compiling national data from another yearly joint data collection,31 OECD and the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) provide data respectively on the following:
• Students from Libya in tertiary education (ISCED 5-6) in selected OECD countries by country of study and category for 2007–201132 (OECD, 2014c);
• Internationally mobile Libyan students worldwide by country of study for 1999–201233 (UNESCO, 2014).
51 30 Further international migration (panel) datasets by origin, destination, sex and education level having the OECD countries as destination (datasets HCM, DLM and DM, respectively as from Brücker, 2013, Docquier et al., 2009 and Docquier and Marfouk, 2006, in Bibliography) were not accessed for the purposes of this study. 31 Joint UNESCO/OECD/EUROSTAT (UOE) Data Collection on Education Systems. 32 School academic years from 2006/2007 to 2010/2011, apart from few reporting countries indicated in the footnote of table. 33 School academic years from 1998/1999 to 2011/2012, apart from few reporting countries indicated in the footnote of table. The table published by OECD (Table 54) offers in principle the possibility to distinguish between foreign students and international/mobile students enrolled, with the latter data trying to present a better view on international mobility of students. Foreign students are defined as non-citizens of the country where they study (category a), and international students are defined either as students who are not permanent or usual residents of their country of study (category b) or alternatively as students who obtained their prior education in a different country (category c). However, beginning in 2008, international mobile students with prior education outside the reporting country and non-resident students are reported together. On the other hand, the UIS presents no data on foreign students enrolled in tertiary education but only data on internationally mobile students (Table 55).
In the case of Libyan students abroad, in Table 54, an anomaly can be noted in the first observation year of estimates of students with prior education abroad for Germany, Ireland and Switzerland only.34 Apart from that, the complete data series of both tables have several estimates, possible specific computations (probably in terms of students per year equivalent) and apparent implausibility for selected countries of destination, which could be explained by the policies of host countries and the effects of the 2011 crisis in Libya. This may be evident with the trend on students in Malaysia drastically increasing in 2009 and significantly decreasing already two years later.
Limiting the presentation of data introduced in this subsection on OECD data to the new topics only, the Gallup World Poll Survey 2008–2010 revealed that 29 per cent of Libyans would desire, at the time of survey, to emigrate (compared with 21% within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region). This applies to 26 per cent of women, 32 per cent of young people (aged 15–24 years) and 31 per cent of highly educated people.
Concerning tertiary education, as shown in the UIS data (Table 55), which has wider geographical coverage and more observations, the total number of Libyans who moved abroad to pursue tertiary education was around more than 7,000 in 2010 and 2011. Most of these Libyans were in the United Kingdom (about 2,700 or 38–40% of total); Malaysia and the United States (more than 1,000); and then France, Canada and Australia (3–4%, but with a fast increase in the latter). Moreover, the table shows the increasing presence of Libyan students in other Arab countries like the United Arab Emirates and Jordan. C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS
52
34 The comparison of series with a corresponding table from the UIS (Table 55) allows for considering these values as for the internationally mobile Libyan students. Frontex and European Asylum Support Office
Frontex, the agency responsible for controlling the EU external borders, collects data from the EU Member States quarterly and annually on the following topics:
• Detections of illegal border-crossing between border crossing points (Table 1A in the source); • Detections of illegal border-crossing at border crossing points (Table 1B in the source); • Detections of suspected facilitators (Table 2 in the source); • Detections of illegal stay (Table 3 in the source); • Refusals of entry (Table 4 in the source); • Asylum applications (Table 5 in the source); • Use of false travel documents (Table 6 in the source); ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA • Return decisions for illegally staying third-country nationals (Table 7A in the source); • Effective returns of illegally staying third-country nationals (Table 7B in the source). The information is generally available by country of citizenship, type of border/ place and other details. Although this data collection is frequently updated, it is only partially disseminated to the public. However, the well-defined localization of illegal flows from Libya to Europe makes it more convenient to access directly the statistics produced by Italy and Malta (cfr. Section C2.2).
The European Asylum Support Office (EASO) assists the EU Member States in dealing with all asylum matters, including setting up and maintaining mechanisms for early warning, preparedness and crisis management. The EASO collection also includes data on the migrants’ intention of applying for asylum. The available data could be relevant to the asylum or intention of applying for asylum of Libyans or foreigners, but in principle without information on the last country of origin. In any case, the EASO data is not published and thus not collected for this study. This remains eventually accessible for Libyan authorities, upon request, although as with Frontex data Libyan authorities could have interest in and opportunity to ask relevant statistics directly from the involved EU Member States.
Other international organizations 53
Concerning some other organizations, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is present in Libya, too; however, no data on Libya was found in the 2012 Global Report. As a part of the Interactive Map on Migration (i-Map)35 and other initiatives (cfr. Section 1.4), the ICMPD covers Libya, too. However, there is no country report yet under the different frameworks, and the report A Comprehensive Survey of Migration Flows and Institutional Capabilities in Libya (ICMPD, 2010) published before the 2011 crisis still represents the best output by this institution.
Ci.2 Other international entities and initiatives
As from the previous chapter, the MPC/CARIM disseminates tables on migration collected from Libya and its neighbouring countries (see Section B2), and compiles and publishes tables on an occasional basis. According to the MPC/ CARIM estimates, there were about 100,000 emigrants of Libyan origin in the main countries of destination in 2009 (MPC, 2013a and 2013b).
Apart from the MPC/CARIM or even IOM, the literature review for this study highlights a wide series of episodic estimates and data (main total figures, often of limited reliability) generally irregularly produced and reported, or reported as mobility happens and upon registration of exact migration movements to and from Libya. This particularly concerns the total number of migrants in Libya and the flows or events linked to irregular migration, rescue operations, and deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean or the zones towards the land borders of Libya. Among the various cases, Fortress Europe – in a blog data – reports on detections of irregular migrants and other topics based on a continuous census of international press, while UNITED for Intercultural Action reports data collected from the media, researchers and its own network (for a complete list, see IOM, 2014j).
In the past decades, some international entities such as NGOs or research centres were particularly active in studying migration or migration-related phenomena (e.g. human rights) pertaining to Libya and possibly collecting data on these issues. As for some international organizations mentioned previously, studies and data collection are undertaken for better understanding of the situation and providing support for migrants, in particular irregular/mixed migrants group, or simply raising awareness of them and the need for intervention from the Libyan authorities, the international community and the public.
As major and recent initiatives of qualitative measurements have been undertaken by these international entities, it seems opportune to highlight two
C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS studies on mixed migration already mentioned in Chapter A, although other relevant studies are listed in Bibliography. 54 First is the study published in 2013 by the DRC on mixed migration in the areas of Tripoli and Sabha (a city in south-western Libya, along the migratory routes from Niger and Algeria). The study, which was based – as its main components – on a collection of data carried out through questionnaires administrated among
35 See www.imap-migration.org. 1,031 mixed migrants and interviews with key informers, intended to alleviate the lack of understanding about the different groups of migrants in Libya and can be a basis for future studies. The dataset from the survey provides information on the origin, experiences, demographic and socioeconomic profiles, living and security conditions, livelihoods and prospects of this community of migrants.
The DRC study “We Risk Our Lives for Our Daily Bread”: Findings of the Danish Refugee Council Study of the Mixed Migration in Libya highlights the following main findings: • The lack of understanding about the different groups of mixed migrants present in Libya, their origins, reasons for moving to Libya and future intentions; • The adverse treatment of mixed migrants in Libya; for instance, they have to go through a difficult procedure on acquiring permit prior to entry, they are subject to tight security, they have to endure harsh living and working conditions, and they are not informed about their rights and responsibilities while in Libya;
• The interest of a large proportion of migrants in short-term or even seasonal ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA migration if a suitable work is available and safe living conditions will be provided; • The need for practical coordination of national and international actors for actions in favour of mixed migrants, with attention paid to the migration-security concerns of Libyan authorities.
The other study was undertaken by Altai Consulting (2013a) on behalf of UNHCR, in parallel with a rapid assessment of the labour market and an assessment of socioeconomic conditions of urban refugees in Libya. Even this study was based on literature review, already available data and new data collection, which consists of interviews with about 500 mixed migrants, representatives of national institutions and international organizations, and other key respondents in Libya, as well as representatives of UNHCR, IOM and NGOs in Niger, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somaliland, Italy and Malta. The aim of the study was to provide enough information for adequately defining support programmes on mixed migration and improving the relationship of stakeholders with the Libyan Government.
The study Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads. Mapping of Migration Routes from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Post-revolution Libya (Altai, 2013a) offered mostly an in-depth review of drivers of recent mixed migration to Libya and a detailed mapping of routes, costs and modalities of the irregular migrants’ journeys as well as their living and working conditions in Libya.
Among the main findings, the study highlighted the following: 55 • The grave vulnerabilities and risks represented at all stages by the irregular migration journeys to, through and from Libya; • The variety of presence of migrants in Libya, and their experiences, conditions and propensity to move on (cfr. Figure 3); • The large prevalence of irregular migrants, with the small number of involuntary migrants, female migrants and unaccompanied minors; • The almost equal composition of regular and irregular migrants in the case of seasonal migration; • The major populations of semi-nomadic tribes crossing borders; • The selective attitude of migrants with respect to information such as the risks of clandestine migration movements; • The lack of hope for return for most of the irregular migrants stranded in Libya keen to go back to their countries of origin; • The complexity of the smuggling industry, with the existence of strong networks within Libya and across countries.
Figure 3: Propensity to settle in Libya according to employment and integration levels
Source: Altai Consulting, Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads. Mapping of Migration Routes
C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Post-revolution Libya, 2013.
56 Furthermore, the Altai study proposed some methodologies for estimating the inflows and the stock of migrants in Libya. One methodology consists of a field- based screening exercise conducted through a network of individuals over a period of 6–12 months at the cities closest to each border crossing or close to the border crossings themselves (ideally Morzouk, Ghat or Tobrouk) combined with the collection of other data (e.g. the number of migrants entering at the detention centres). Another methodology for estimating the stock of migrants involves a mapping exercise (that is, an informal small-scale census) undertaken a number of times throughout the year in the main migrant communities in urban centres by a large team of researchers with good access to local migrant communities. These researchers should interview the community leaders as well as migrants waiting for work at crossroads and in detention centres. Both the proposals are hereby endorsed, apart from the suggestion to consider the centre sampling technique. However, it would be more valuable if any of these methodologies would be undertaken in collaboration with Libyan government authorities (see Section D3.).
C2. Data and statistics reported by other countries
C2.1 Neighbouring countries and other countries ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA of origin/destination of migrants in Africa and Asia
The countries neighbouring Libya as well as many other countries in the MENA region, sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are important for Libya mainly for legal migration (immigration of foreigners) and irregular/mixed migration. Despite the lack of official statistics, this was evident from observation and agreed estimates before the 2011 crisis and after that, with the return of previous immigrants or eventually the arrival of new ones. Moreover, Tunisia, Egypt and Algeria are important for the emigration of Libyans affected by the crisis.
Concerning the legal migration of foreigners and migration of Libyans to/ from Libya, the involved foreign countries do not have satisfactory systems of registration and reporting. Yearly statistics on flows and stocks are generally not determined. Data on residence permits and work permits granted to foreigners is not made available regularly, fully and publicly. Data on permissions for working abroad issued by the countries of origin, where adopted, has a limited coverage (e.g. more data is available on migrant workers belonging to the public administration sector than on those moving through direct arrangements for jobs in private companies).
Recent experiences and steps for possibly more reliable, frequent and comparable statistics in the MENA region represented by the MEDSTAT programme witnessed limited progress in better using administrative data. On the other hand, MEDSTAT significantly contributed to launching the unique round of regionally coordinated migration surveys based on model questionnaires (MED-HIMS programme). 57
Concerning the neighbouring countries of Libya, the contents of the CARIM Database as of June 201436 allows for identifying statistics available – or possibly
36 For the purposes of this study, the CARIM Database was consulted in spring 2014. Updating of the database was discontinued due to the suspension of CARIM in June 2012 but should be soon further integrated with the data collected in the last few years already used for the different analytical reports. available – which may be relevant for measuring migration in Libya. The database presents more tables for Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt than Niger and mostly Sudan and Chad. Therefore, the tables available for the first three countries are listed in Annex VI grouped under the following domains:
• MOV – Movements (for arrivals/departures, asylum applications and work permits); • POP – Population (for population and refugees in the country and expatriates registered in the consulates); • RET – Survey of return migrants; • ECO – Remittances sent by expatriates. The following main aspects feature the datasets extracted for Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt as well as the ones of Niger, Chad and Sudan not represented in detail in the annex:
• There is a very varying situation in general and for the tables presented within each domain, depending on the country.
• Better data on yearly arrivals/departures is available, although these measurements generally do not distinguish the international travellers from the different categories of migrants. However, in some tables from Tunisia, the residence status of people crossing the borders can be distinguished. Despite the possible count of multiple border crossings by a person during a calendar year, compiling this kind of statistics represents a good practice, with hopefully further application for approximating the yearly migration flows between Libya and Tunisia.
• Short and discontinued historical series and old data is presented, with only few tables disseminated in 2011 or 2012 and so more recent data often refers to at least 4–5 years ago. Concerning the three North African countries considerd in detail, the CARIM Database misses the main results of the last censuses of Egypt (2006) and Algeria (2008).37
• The situation for Tunisia is better, due to the availability of the 2004 Population Census results, in particular the tables on population by country of birth or country of citizenship and other variables. Despite the old reference time, these tables widely include the economic status and education level and the stock of migrants returned in the five years prior to the census, showing breakdown by country of origin and other variables and so represent an important expectation for the results of the 38 C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS last census undertaken in April 2014.
58
37 This is due to the suspension of CARIM – see previous footnote. 38 According to Tunisia’s National Institute of Statistics, the preliminary results of the 2014 Census relevant to migration will be published at the beginning of 2015. Furthermore, the Ministry of Interior and Local Development of Tunisia should be able to provide adequate information on border crossings according to the residence status of passengers from 2010 onwards. In accordance with the migration policies adopted in the past in Libya, the number of Libyan nationals from the latest censuses reported in the CARIM Database in Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt was quite low – respectively 10,213 (in 2004), 1,351 (1998) and 2,128 (1996).39 These Libyan emigrants were mostly men in Egypt (57%), and equally shared between males and females and particularly concentrated in the 15–29 years old category in Tunisia.
From the border crossings data, the figures on yearly arrivals at and departures from Tunisia distinguishing the residence status of travellers for the years 2004–2009, at least according to the contents of CARIM Database at time of consultation, seem of most immediate and relevant utilization. According to this data (Tables 56 and 57), the yearly arrivals of Libyans to Tunisia were in the order of 1.7 million and the departures of Libyans from Tunisia were approximately 1.6 million (average during the period, considering the period from October 2007 to December 2008 as one year). Movements of Libyan residents were in the order of few hundreds every year, with positive or negative balance, depending on the year. On the other hand, the
departures of Tunisians non-resident in their own country from Tunisia to Libya ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA (formally not necessarily as country of residence) within the same six-year period varied considerably, from a maximum of 13,400 in 2004 to a minimum of 2,400 in 2005 and then values up to 11,100 departures.40
Despite the limited relevance of emigration of Libyans in the past, the availability of these and improved statistics for the latest calendar years and the future on a regular basis from countries like Tunisia may allow for measuring the effects of a part of migration of Libyans, excluding undercounts of census operations and irregular migration. Moreover, these sources may represent the solution for a better evaluation of migration of foreigners to/from Libya through the so-called “mirror statistics”.
According to a summary inventory of international sources, the availability of statistics relevant to measuring migration in Libya by the country of origin of migrant beyond the group of neighbouring countries (e.g. the Gambia, Nigeria, Somalia, Eritrea, Syrian Arab Republic, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines) is worst. Once again, the censuses represent the main possible source, but with a series of conditions such as the effective measuring of migration through the census enumeration (that is, the adoption of questionnaires with specific questions or modules on migration) and the constraints of the decennial frequence (and often the postponement) of such operations.
For all the concerned countries, counts and statistics established at the level of embassies and other government services in Libya and abroad could help in the direction of specific investigations on and partial measurements of migration 59 in Libya. However, apart from the crisis period and the possible closing of
39 Further considerations on the relevance of tables published by CARIM as well as some main results are given within the list of tables in Annex VI. 40 Based on these concrete cases, during a given calendar year, a person may cross the borders between Libya and Tunisia more than once and so be recorded more than once in the count for the same direction for that year. diplomatic missions in Libya or suspension of visas, the cases reported in many recent studies witness the uncertainity of such evaluations (cfr. in particular the reporting of estimates of Egyptian migrants in Libya, incredibly varying from 1 million to 3 million).
C2.2 European countries and other countries worldwide
In the area of legal migration, the EU Member States and other countries worldwide belonging to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the OECD may, in general, provide data such as the flows and stocks of migrants, acquisition of citizenship, applications for asylum and recognition of refugee status on a yearly basis, as well as data on the socioeconomic situation and even the integration of migrants at the time of censuses or specialized surveys. Migration from these countries to Libya and migration of Libyans towards these countries make a varying interest, depending on the partner country; at the same time, these statistics represent an important source of information, especially on the emigration of Libyans and emigration of irregular migrants towards Europe.
As from Section C1.2, most data is collected by all countries at the same time and made available mainly by EUROSTAT, OECD, UN DESA and UNHCR, with attention to adopting common concepts and definitions and thus achieving international comparability despite the use of different sources, depending on the conditions of each country. This is the principle of EU Regulation 876/2007. However, providing details on single countries of origin/destination, birth or citizenship of migrants is complicated for many countries, and therefore it is not mandatory under the EU Regulation.
Apart from what is collected and may be considered using the data sources of international organizations already covered in Section C1.1, other statistics from EU Member States appear relevant for monitoring the evolution of migration pertaining to Libya. This particularly applies to Malta and mostly to Italy, the countries of destination of irregular migration flows from Libya. In fact, in the last years the departures of migrants from Libya by boat constitute a relevant phenomenon for the country of origin (transit) as for the countries of first and possibly secondary destination. Despite the varying occurrence of flows and the evolution of operations overseeing that, these flows are covered enough through rescue operations or at countries of arrivals. The data on disembarkations of irregular migrants collected for this study and presented in Table 6 witness a
C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS variety of sources and some conflict between figures, the availability of data according to the occurrence of disembarkation or periods of rescue missions, 60 and finally indefinite reporting systems. However, the table gives the alternative, although difficult, path for obtaining information on the specific topic. In fact, as from Section C1.1, Frontex does not collect data with the detail of involved countries, generally publishes aggregated data and anyway has first to receive the data from the national ministerial agencies. c b eople 700* 500* arious boat 1,500* P V sources to reach reach to urope by by E urope died trying IOM, 2014j a a 4,500 route 40,300 64,300 15,900 39,800 11,000 entral the C entral crossings in crossings llegal border border I llegal Frontex, 2014 Frontex, editerranean M editerranean of Italy and Malta of Italy Ministries of Interior of Interior Ministries 2,800 M alta I O M taly ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA at sea and/or sea and/or at disembarked in disembarked of Home Affairs of Home Affairs inistry M inistry M altese igrants rescued rescued M igrants
2014 AIDA/ECRE, AIDA/ECRE, Italian Navy Italian
5,477 8,336 62,692 12,000 42,925 C ouncil talian M o I , I talian Immigration Immigration Liberties and Dept. for Civil for Dept. of Europe, 2014 of Europe, 5,477 8,836 62,692 13,267 42,925 36,951 I O M taly P ublic S ecurity Italian MoI, Dept. of MoI, Dept. Italian Migrants rescued at sea and/or disembarked in Italy disembarked sea and/or at rescued Migrants 5,250 62,692 28,431 13,271 42,925 S ecurity ISMU, 2014 ISMU, talian M o I , I talian Dept. of Public Dept. 61 Type of Type S ource: eported by: eported information: R From Libya only Libya From Women Minors 2009 2010 2011 only Libya From 2012 2013 Total 2008 Table 6: Disembarkations and deaths of irregular migrants trying to reach Italy and Malta, 2008–2014 and Malta, reach Italy to trying migrants of irregular and deaths 6: Disembarkations Table c b eople arious boat P V sources to reach reach to urope by by E urope died trying IOM, 2014j a a route entral the C entral crossings in crossings llegal border border I llegal Frontex, 2014 Frontex, editerranean M editerranean of Italy and Malta of Italy Ministries of Interior of Interior Ministries 474 M alta I O M taly at sea and/or sea and/or at disembarked in disembarked of Home Affairs of Home Affairs inistry M inistry M altese igrants rescued rescued M igrants
2014 7,000 106,000 AIDA/ECRE, AIDA/ECRE, Italian Navy Italian
34,000 36,627 C ouncil talian M o I , I talian Immigration Immigration Liberties and Dept. for Civil for Dept. of Europe, 2014 of Europe, d 11,307 22,017 138,796 I O M taly Eritrea: 9,834 Eritrea: Nigeria: 2,680 Nigeria: Gambia: 2,619 Somalia: 3,263 P ublic S ecurity Pakistan: 1,753 Pakistan: Italian MoI, Dept. of MoI, Dept. Italian Syrian Arab Republic: Republic: Arab Syrian Migrants rescued at sea and/or disembarked in Italy disembarked sea and/or at rescued Migrants 15,166 C. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND STATISTICS ON MIGRATION IN LIBYA AVAILABLE AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE INTERNATIONAL AT AVAILABLE IN LIBYA ON MIGRATION AND STATISTICS OF DATA C. ANALYSIS 129,258 111,271 S ecurity Syrian Arab Arab Syrian ISMU, 2014 ISMU, talian M o I , I talian Tunisia: 833 Tunisia: Egypt: 2,728 Egypt: Eritrea: 9,834 Eritrea: Somalia: 3,263 Dept. of Public Dept. Pakistan: 1,753 Pakistan: 62 11,307 Republic: Type of Type S ource: eported by: eported information: R 18 Oct.–31 Dec. 2014 12 May By 24/31 Aug. By By 15 Sept. By only Libya From 30 Sept. By Six most Six most represented of countries citizenship Minors c b eople arious boat 3,279* P V sources to reach reach to urope by by E urope died trying IOM, 2014j a a route entral the C entral crossings in crossings llegal border border I llegal Frontex, 2014 Frontex, editerranean M editerranean of Italy and Malta of Italy Ministries of Interior of Interior Ministries M alta I O M taly ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA at sea and/or sea and/or at disembarked in disembarked of Home Affairs of Home Affairs inistry M inistry M altese igrants rescued rescued M igrants
2014 AIDA/ECRE, AIDA/ECRE, Italian Navy Italian
C ouncil talian M o I , I talian Immigration Immigration Liberties and Dept. for Civil for Dept. of Europe, 2014 of Europe, 15,464 I O M taly P ublic S ecurity Italian MoI, Dept. of MoI, Dept. Italian Syrian Arab Republic: Republic: Arab Syrian 32,681 32,537 Eritrea: Mali: 8,532 6,951 Nigeria: Gambia: 6,179 Occupied Palestinian Occupied Palestinian 4,223 Territory: Migrants rescued at sea and/or disembarked in Italy disembarked sea and/or at rescued Migrants 12,149 S ecurity ISMU, 2014 ISMU, talian M o I , I talian Dept. of Public Dept. Eritrea: 30,678 Eritrea: Syrian Arab Arab Syrian 28,554 Republic: Mali: 8,073 Nigeria: 6,117 Nigeria: Gambia: 5,605 Somalia: 3,946 63 Estimate. Estimate. Including 18,095 migrants preliminarily reported as from sub-Saharan African countries. African sub-Saharan as from reported preliminarily Including 18,095 migrants Including media, national authorities, IOM, UNHCR, United States Border Patrol, among others. among others. Patrol, Border States authorities, IOM, UNHCR, United Including media, national Also including deaths of irregular migrants trying to reach Greece and Spain, although the majority of cases concerns Italy. Italy. concerns and Spain, although the majority of cases Greece reach trying to migrants of irregular Also including deaths Including Apulia and Calabria. c d a b * Type of Type S ource: eported by: eported information: R Six most Six most represented of countries citizenship Women By 31 Dec. By : Indicated within the table. : Indicated Sources : Notes
D. Summary and conclusion
D1. Summary on the available data registration systems and statistics on international migration in Libya
Despite the constraints of only few interviews with the representatives of Libyan authorities and international organizations, the assessment carried out on the management and dissemination of data and statistics on international migration in Libya allowed for gathering and analysing important information available through direct contacts, many reference documents and online tools. Moreover, it allowed for establishing a dialogue with IOM and BSC on the opportunities, needs and possible steps towards an improvement of the current situation.
Specifically concerning the data registration and statistics, first of all itwas ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA possible to identify the most important procedures and systems under the Libyan government services relevant to international migration, as follows:
• Civil status (MoI) • Exit visas and permissions (MoI) • Consular registration (MoFA, Department of Consular Affairs and Department of Expatriates) • Entry visas (MoI/DPC and Department of Immigration, and MoFA/ Department of Visas, Department of Consular Affairs and Directorate of Protocol) • Residence permits (MoI/DPC) • Work permits (MoLCB/FRU) • Labour Offices registration (MoLCB) • Work inspections (MoLCB/Inspection Unit) • Medical examination (Ministry of Health) • Acquisition of citizenship (MoI) • Apprehensions, detentions and deportations of irregular migrants (MoI/DCIM) • National statistical system (BSC and GIA)
On the other hand, the project allowed for an inventory of many statistics on 65 international migration to/from Libya available on a regular or an ad hoc basis at the international level through data collections or estimations undertaken by international organizations, other international entities, research centres and other countries, in particular the EU and OECD countries. The inventory of all that is summarized in Schema 2, while the whole set of gathered and consulted tables is presented in Annex V. neighbouring ) neighbouring U O E , ECD 41 ) ) Outflows/Stay abroad Outflows/Stay ) T ) occasional A ) T – occasional/census O ST A O ST , EUR T , OECD) T ) recent data colection data T – recent , OECD – T , OECD A A A A , EUR O ST O ST O ST O ST Acquisitions of citizenship of EU and other countries by Libyans, by main variables by main by Libyans, countries of EU and other Acquisitions of citizenship ( EUR Libyan emigrants in neighbouring countries by main variables ( main variables by in neighbouring countries emigrants Libyan ) – occasional/census countries (UN DESA, main variables by and neighbouring countries in Western workers Libyan O ECD Valid residence permits for Libyans living in the EU countries by different variables different by living in the EU countries Libyans permits for residence Valid ( EUR ( abroad education tertiary pursuing students Libyan Libyan emigrants (in selected countries) abroad by main variables (UN DESA, (UN DESA, main variables by abroad countries) (in selected emigrants Libyan EUR Libyan emigrants in selected countries abroad by main variables (UN DESA – proxy/ (UN DESA main variables by abroad countries in selected emigrants Libyan occasional ( main variables by neighbouring countries to of Libyans Arrivals – proxy/occasional countries variables different by in the EU countries Libyans permits issued to residence First ( EUR 12. 8. 9. 10. 11. Stocks 7. Flows 4. 5. 6. T – A O ST ) EUR proxy/occasional through proxy/occasional D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. Inflows/Stay in Libya Inflows/Stay ) proxy from of Libyans Departures neighbouring selected main variables by countries – (neighbouring countries proxy/occasional by main population Libyan to possibly referred variables (GIA, background migration BSC – surveys or censuses, in the surveys or censuses, about of investigation case ) migration history 66 from immigrants Libyan by abroad countries selected ( main variables
2. Stocks 3. Flows 1. Libyan regular migrants regular Libyan migrants Selected international organizations in bold face are data sources that are most useful for this case of Libya. for this useful are most that sources data are face in bold organizations international Selected Category of Category Schema 2: Summary inventory of available statistics on international migration in Libya in migration international on statistics of available Schema 2: Summary inventory 41 T ) A O ST EUR ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Outflows/Stay abroad Outflows/Stay ) UNHCR – proxy ) – proxy UNHCR , EUROSTAT T ) A O ST Libyan asylum-seekers, refugees and other people of concern to UNHCR by main UNHCR by to and other people of concern refugees asylum-seekers, Libyan ( variables group age by countries in the EU and EFTA present be illegally to found Libyans ( EUR Libyan asylum-seekers, refugees and other people of concern to UNHCR by main UNHCR by to and other people of concern refugees asylum-seekers, Libyan ( variables ( refusal for ground by countries EU and EFTA to entry refused Libyans ) – proxy (EUROSTAT main variables by countries in selected emigrants Non-Libyan Stocks 17. 18. Flows 15. 16. Flows 21. Stocks Not applicable. ) T ) A O ST Inflows/Stay in Libya Inflows/Stay
Libyan irregular migrants migrants irregular Libyan under AVRR returning main variables by programmes ( I O M , UNHCR – occasional the from who returned Libyans Trade Free EU and European countries (EFTA) Association an order following Libya, and to ( EUR leave to from immigrants Non-Libyan main by countries selected ) – proxy (EUROSTAT variables main by immigrants Non-Libyan (GIA, UN DESA BSC, variables through – proxy/occasional ) surveys or censuses 67
Stocks Not applicable. Flows 13. 14. Flows 19. Stocks 20.
Libyan mixed migrants mixed Libyan migrants regular Non-Libyan migrants Category of Category Category of Inflows/Stay in Libya Outflows/Stay abroad migrants Flows Flows 22. Non-Libyan asylum-seekers, 27. Disembarkations of refugees and other people of irregular migrants concern to UNHCR by main arriving by boat to Italy variables (UNHCR – proxy) and Malta by main variables ( , , 23. Apprehensions of irregular migrants Italy Malta Frontex, IOM, UNHCR – by main variables (DCIM – proxy/ proxy/occasional) totals/occasional) 28. Deportations of irregular Stocks migrants by main variables ( – proxy/ 24. Non-Libyan immigrants by selected DCIM totals/occasional) countries of citizenship (IOM – proxy/occasional, that is, estimate 29. Arrivals of mixed for before the 2011 crisis, covering migrants to border both regular and mixed migrants) points or other Non-Libyan mixed migrants mixed Non-Libyan destinations at moments 25. Non-Libyan asylum-seekers, of crisis in Libya ( , refugees and other people of IOM , neighbouring concern to UNHCR by main UNHCR countries – occasional/ variables (UNHCR – proxy) crisis) 26. Qualitative data on mixed migrants living in selected areas of Libya Stocks (DRC, Altai Consulting – occasional) Not applicable.
D2. Gaps, needs and opportunities D2.1 Data registration systems
According to this preliminary assessment, the Libyan administrative systems relevant to international migration present grave gaps at the level of registration and management of data on both the citizens and foreigners. This situation relies on different reasons that might be ascribed to government and public administration authorities. Indeed, it is mainly due to a limited control of external borders, the absence of a structured migration policy, the lack of deposited practices for this kind of operations, the recent huge reorganization of national services, the functioning of services and local offices, and the discontinuity
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. of responsibility and activities. In some cases, the procedures are feasible in principle and there are also laws or rules stated at different hierarchical 68 levels; however, there are no adequate practical means or capabilities for its implementation (e.g. the reporting of apprehensions of irregular migrants to the DCIM headquarters or the communication between local Labour Offices and the MoLCB headquarters). Among other indirect reasons, other assessments of Libyan institutional frameworks for migration highlighted the fear of ministerial services of stepping over the line and assuming the others’ responsibilities and the high influence of politics on decisions towards innovation (IOM, 2014e).
Furthermore, there are relevant practical constraints and lack of information systems, which limit the coverage and quality of administrative procedures. This is especially true for the services and offices located in specific governorates and in specific places like remote border points. In most cases, the whole procedures for processing the applications for permissions or simply the recording of personal data are conducted only on paper (e.g. the registration of work permits and job- seekers by the FRU and most Labour Offices, respectively, and what determines very limited exchanges among the Labour Offices and between these entities and the MoLCB headquarters).
Other important constraints for the administrative registration of migration in Libya reside in the lack of knowledge of procedures or the unfair attitude of migrants
or their reference persons in the country towards reporting their movements to ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA the authorities. As main examples, it can be recalled that the migrants have the habit of not declaring their definitive departures and the employers of work- permit holders skipping the successive application for residence permits. In fact, since many foreign migrants do not know the necessary procedures, they find it feasible to enter, reside or work in Libya without any authorization, or even use fraudulent permissions obtained through criminal recruitment networks. Other migrants simply lack practical conditions and opportunities for undertaking the procedures of renewing permissions. The wide proportion of migrants in Libya in an indefined migration process (possibly irregular migrants transiting through the country) and the lack of an asylum system naturally emphasize the lack of administrative registration.
On the other hand, the recent series of international initiatives addressing the socioeconomic development, management and stabilization process, and assessing the systems of Libya are increasing the awareness among Libyan ministerial agencies of the usefulness of well-defined and strictly adopted measures and new means as well as the important role they play to improve the management and registration of migration. Regarding this last point, it is relevant to underline the direct and indirect proposals provided to improve the management and registration of migration, including the introduction ofthe following:
• An integrated border management system (reported in IOM, 2014f);
• An electronic registration system for the border crossing control and visa 69 issuing at border points offices (IOM, 2014f);
• Libyan consular services in key locations in neighbouring countries useful to facilitate the visa process for seasonal and other temporary migrants and provide the possibility to allow entry into Libya with identification documents other than passports (IOM, 2015); • An online portal informing about procedures for legal migration into Libya (IOM, 2015);
• An online portal for processing the applications of employers for foreign recruitment (IOM, 2014e);
• Seasonal or circular migration programmes (IOM, 2015);
• Involvement of foreign countries’ consular services in Libya in facilitating Libyan employers’ search for foreign labour (IOM, 2015);
• An electronic registration system for long-term foreign residents (IOM, 2014e);
• A system of electronic work permits (IOM, 2014e);
• A database of foreign labour migrants present in Libya, with data on education levels, economic activities, skills, occupations and so on (IOM, 2014e);
• Databases of job-seekers and employers at the level of local Labour Offices (IOM, 2014e);
• Communication mechanisms between the local Labour Offices (IOM, 2015); a database of irregular migrants for facilitating and following their medical controls and other purposes (IOM, 2014f and 2015);
• The extension of electronic registration systems in other detention centres (IOM, 2015).
Box 2 describes the features that a migration management and information system (MMIS) should have in general. Obviously, the concretization of such an innovation at a large scale and in such peculiar and evolving context of Libya is particularly challenging. Apart from a stable situation, it asks for a series of conditions such as a comprehensive migration policy, a high-level commitment, an effective collaboration between national agencies, changes in the attitude of officials responsible for the procedures as well as possibly the migrants, adequate means, and the collaboration of the private sector, international organizations and other countries. However, this can be obtained only in the long term, and precisely for this reason at least some components should be addressed as soon D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. as possible, in combination with changes in policies and procedures. Therefore, 70 at this stage it is highly opportune to analyse in detail the data collected or potentially available from each relevant national service as well as the possibility and conditions for linking some procedures and/or administrative registers. Box 2: Features of an efficient migration management and information system
Migration management at the State level may be adequately operated only through an integrated electronic system able to ensure the registration, linkage, management, and reporting of migration data derived from the administrative procedures and effective international movements. Such a migration management and information system (MMIS) should possibly cover both the citizens and non-citizens of the involved country and be composed of different modules, according to the availability of basic registers or databases on international migration, protection, mobility and other related sectors (e.g. border crossing, visas, residence permits) and the attribution of responsibilities at the central and local levels.
The MMIS should allow for monitoring the whole migration or migration-related process of different categories of population as far as possible according to the legal provisions of the country. Thus, for instance, in the case of a foreigner seeking authorization to enter and stay, the system should register: the personal data and the dates of application, granting, renewal and expiration of entry visas; the effective border crossings; the application, granting and expiration of residence permits; the registration in a labour office database of job-seekers; and so on. Moreover, the system should record changes in status (e.g. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA the reason for holding a residence permit) and ID or permission documents (e.g. a new passport number) as well as coverage (e.g. databases of falsified identification documents).
An efficient MMIS should integrate modules useful to promptly inform about its contents and analyse specific aspects of migration for the benefit of single national agencies and mostly the inter-institutional and inter-State entities in charge of migration management and monitoring. Thus, for instance, the system should support the definition of yearly quota of migrant workers from foreign countries (where applicable) and allow at any moment for the identification of overstayers through the registration of border crossing of visa and residence permit holders or the size and composition of migrants held in identification and shelter centres.
Different national authorities should be able to access the system according towell- established rules and restrictions, depending on the mandate of each agency. Special care should be given to the protection of individual records, more in general, of data disclosure issues. Moreover, it should be flexible enough to ensure that it can be extended or linked with the registers maintained by other national institutions (e.g. a social protection register) or international organizations, and can be adapted on a continuous basis, according to relevant legislation and policy.
In terms of needs, among national institutions directly contacted for this project, the DCIM requested the refurbishment of premises, computerization of offices and work modalities, better communication facilities including access to the Internet, and training of staff on the provision of services and implementation of procedures respecting international standards. The introduction of information systems and an effective collaboration within each institution and between the different institutions and their units were also reported as the highest priorities by the relevant departments of the MoLCB interviewed for the assessment of labour market management. This was recommended in IOM (2014e) as well as in other reports (e.g. IOM, 2014f and 2015). Among other institutions, according 71 to another IOM assessment (2014f), the departments or agencies responsible for border control do not have enough equipment and vehicles for monitoring the borders – tools that could already discourage or reduce irregular migration. Finally, similar priority needs should apply to the other involved national agencies. D2.2 Statistics and data analysis
The availability of statistics through Schema 2 and the set of detailed tables presented in Annex V may look huge. However, it is not satisfactory in terms of frequency, coverage, quality and comparability of data.
First of all, most of the inventoried statistics were not produced by Libyan institutions but were obtained from sources available at the international level, almost exclusively international organizations, the EU Member States and other developed countries that are more relevant, frequent and reliable in general.
Second, in accordance with the above, these statistics are more relevant to the emigration of Libyans than the other migration phenomena pertaining to Libya. These numbers partially cover the other main components of irregular emigration and return migration of Libyans (which is of limited relevance), regular migration of foreigners to/from Libya (low/medium relevance), and mixed migration of foreigners to, through and from Libya (high relevance).
Third, an important part of these statistics is based on different concepts and definitions. Moreover, they may derive from estimations or approximations, may be available on an occasional basis only (e.g. through the decennial censuses or surveys rarely implemented) and may have very limited reliability (what applies in particular to Libyan statistics on stocks of foreign migrants). In short, this part of available statistics has limited usefulness, for the purposes of monitoring migration over the course of time and even for occasional evaluations.
Finally, another group of available statistics comes from emergency operations following the crisis, mostly the concentration of people escaping Libya at borders with the neighbouring countries.
It may be useful to take into account two examples based on recent measurements that are presented in Tables 7 and 8. In the case of stocks of foreign migrants in Libya (Table 7), from the last Libyan census results (listed in the table as GIA) to the UN DESA and IOM estimates, too varying total levels and compositions by country of citizenship can be observed. Moreover, based on UN DESA estimates, the percentage distribution by country of citizenship is constant over time (cfr. Section C1.2), while IOM estimates are available for one point in time only and do not present details about migrants from some relevant
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. neighbouring countries like Chad, Niger and Tunisia. Finally, details on other variables such as sex, age, economic status or shabya (district) are available but 72 rather unreliable (e.g. the last census results from GIA, cfr. Section B2.) or not available at all (e.g. IOM estimates). In the case of stocks of migrants of Libyan origin abroad (Table 8), the comparison between the most recent population data available at the international level is compromised by the adoption of different concepts and the acquisition of citizenship of the host country by Libyans abroad. As a matter of fact, data refers to Libya as the country of birth (this is the only solution for countries like Israel, the United States, Canada and Australia, at least according to the consulted version of the OECD Database) or country of citizenship of concerned migrants. The UN DESA data is useful because in principle its coverage is global. However, the numbers are estimates, indicating Italy has the most number of Libyan emigrants who presumably are mainly people born in Libya with no more ties with the country. On the other hand, taking into account the valid residence permits from the EUROSTAT Database (Table 8), the values are lower but identify clearly only those who are Libyan citizens. In fact, as discussed in Section C1.2, data collection on residence permits recently launched by EUROSTAT may be very relevant to Libyan emigration, even if restricted to a group of reporting countries
only. Then complication would remain with the apparent progressive removal of ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Libyans from the statistics of destination countries, at least for countries like the United Kingdom, data for which shows a significant number of Libyans who have been naturalized (cfr. Table 44).
73 2,000 10,500 26,000 63,000 59,000 80,000 1,000,000 2,500,000 Beginning of 2011 All migrants IOM estimates otal Nepal Viet Nam Viet Philippines Bangladesh Sudan Egypt Pakistan T of whom (9) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) (25) (20) (19) (18) (17) (16) (15) (14) (13) (12) (11) (10) Rank (Weight) 3,024 4,803 4,928 6,559 6,891 7,090 7,103 7,766 9,690 10,587 10,849 12,806 14,143 20,005 20,590 20,957 27,214 34,773 67,123 102,471 280,475 755,974 Mid-2013 2,797 4,442 4,558 6,066 6,373 6,557 6,569 7,182 8,962 9,791 10,033 11,843 13,080 18,501 19,042 19,382 25,168 32,159 94,768 62,077 259,390 699,144 Mid-2010 UN DESA estimates UN DESA Stock of immigrants Stock otal Tunisia Morocco France Italy Germany United Kingdom United Russian Federation Malaysia United States United Kuwait Lebanon Indonesia Sudan Jordan Egypt Yemen Syrian Arab Republic Arab Syrian Saudi Arabia Somalia Occupied Palestinian Occupied Palestinian Territory Iraq of whom T (9) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (2) (1) (3) (21) (20) (19) (18) (17) (16) (15) (14) (13) (12) (11) (10) Rank (Weight) GI A 404 713 807 966 1,150 1,195 1,429 1,570 2,053 3,075 3,694 4,593 6,498 19839 Stock of foreigners Stock 11,614 14,124 17,017 20,683 43,680 28,596 164,348 359,540 D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. April 2006 74 GIA (data reported Demographic and Economic Module of the CARIM Database (2014)); Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision – Migrants by Migrants – Revision 2013 The Stock: Migrant International in Trends (2014)); Database CARIM the of Module Economic and Demographic reported (data GIA (IOM, 2011d). Response” the IOM’s into Crisis: One Month 2013a); and “Libyan (UN DESA, and Sex Age otal Bulgaria Turkey Bangladesh Lebanon Ukraine Ghana Philippines India Jordan Pakistan Mali Algeria Iraq Nigeria Tunisia Syrian Arab Republic Arab Syrian Morocco Chad Sudan Occupied Palestinian Occupied Palestinian Territory of whom Egypt T : Sources Table 7: Stock of foreign migrants in Libya by country of origin – comparison between inventoried international sources for recent years recent for sources international inventoried between of origin – comparison country by in Libya migrants of foreign 7: Stock Table Among other statistics disseminated at the international level, probably the most valuable – taking into consideration the specific peculiarities and improvement needs of each type of statistics – are the following:
• Statistics on residence permits and other procedures, available through the recently established EUROSTAT systems;
• Statistics on asylum-seekers and refugees in Libya and abroad, produced by UNHCR;
• Occasional statistics on foreigners and Libyans escaping the country at the time of crisis, made available mainly by IOM and UNHCR;
• Statistics on disembarkations from Libya, produced by Italy and Malta. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
75 b 818 210 193 187 185 167 353 825 203 232 784 592 475 7,881 3,639 1,610 T A O ST Beginning of 2013 (C) EUR alid residence permits alid residence V France Austria Poland Republic Czech Slovakia Greece Ireland United Kingdom United Germany Sweden Hungary (The) Netherlands Italy Malta Switzerland Spain b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 866 970 467 578 145 (2012) (2012) (2012) (2012)
1,033 1,756 35,928 504 2,900 18,000 15,184 Beginning of 2013 (B) a b n.a. n.a. n.a. 888 513 468 338 212 161 (2012) (2012) (2008) (2012)
7,970 1,841 1,321 574 621 504 T and O ECD 23,000 A O ST EUR Beginning of 2013 (C) Stock of population with usual residence with usual of population Stock United Kingdom United Israel Germany Australia Italy Turkey France Sweden Switzerland Malta Spain Greece Ireland Austria Belgium Republic Czech (C) (B) (B) (B) (B) b (B) (B) (B) (C,R) (C,R) (C,B) (B,R) (B,R) (B,R) (B,R) (C,R) A 1,791 3,056 2,093 2,311 2,581 4,065 142,192 1,979 20,069 4,665 1,604 8,648 4,549 4,121 38,548 11,278 17,574 Stock of Stock UN DES emigrants D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. Mid-2013 (B/C) 76 United Kingdom United Israel Algeria Viet Nam Viet France Indonesia Sweden Sudan Total of whom Italy Germany Egypt Tunisia Australia Turkey d’Ivoire Côte Canada Table Table 8: Stock of migrants of Libyan origin abroad by country of residence, sources 2013 – comparison between inventoried international b 6 2 35 22 83 79 88 27 108 100 T A O ST Beginning of 2013 (C) EUR alid residence permits alid residence V Romania Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland Norway Belgium Portugal Croatia Slovenia b ). 266 196 315 878 170 229 494 (2011) (2006) (2004)
262 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 2,620 5,422 Beginning of 2013 (B) a b 24 20 n.a. n.a. 150 119 108 100 (2012) (2011)
49 114 T and O ECD A O ST EUR Beginning of 2013 (C) Stock of population with usual residence with usual of population Stock Hungary (The) Netherlands Norway Finland Denmark Poland Russian Federation Bulgaria Canada States United (C) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) (B) b (B) (C,R) (B,R) 411 441 917 873 713 A 848 977 1,569 1,083 1,061 Stock of Stock UN DES emigrants Mid-2013 (B/C) 77 Type of data: B = Libya-born population; C = Libyans; R = including refugees. R = including C = Libyans; population; B = Libya-born of data: Type Underlined values are from the OECD Database. Database. the OECD from are Underlined values
Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision – Migrants by Age and Sex (UN DESA, 2013a); EUROSTAT Database – Population theme – International International – theme Population – Database EUROSTAT 2013a); DESA, (UN Sex and Age by Migrants – Revision 2013 The Stock: Migrant International in Trends 2014a (OECD, Database Migration International 2014); and OECD Domain (EUROSTAT, and asylum migration a b Austria Jordan Norway Netherlands States United Switzerland Malta Chad Morocco Ireland : Sources : Notes Table 9: Libyan mobile students pursuing tertiary education in the United Kingdom – comparison between inventoried international sources for recent years of whom: Year Population category (reference Total From From 12 time/period) 3 to 5 6 to 11 months months months or over Mobile students Academic year 1,686 (a) – – – 2006/2007 Academic year 1,623 (b) – – – 2007/2008 Academic year 2,623 – – – 2010/2011 Academic year 1,755 (c) – – – 2011/2012 First residence 2012 723 75 173 475 (d) permits issued for education reasona Valid residence End-2012 2,293 58 312 1,923 permits for education reason Mobile students End-2012 2,230 (e=c+d) – – – (estimate) (solution 1) End-2012 1,893 – – – (solution 2) [e'=c+d-(a/5)] First residence 2013 1,328 218 381 729 (f) permits issued for education reasona Valid residence End-2013 2,739 88 488 2,163 permits for education reason Mobile students End-2013 2,959 (g=e+f) – – – (estimate) (solution 1) End-2013 2,297 – – – (solution 2) [g'=e+f-(b/5)]
Sources: UNESCO UIS.Stat (2014), table on inbound internationally mobile students by country of origin; EUROSTAT Database (2014), tables titled “First permits issued for education D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. reasons by reason, length of validity and citizenship” (migr_resedu) and “All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year” (migr_resvalid). 78 Note: a All permits issued for “study”.
In any case, despite the partial coverage, infrequent updates and other constraints, many statistics inventoried may turn useful for implementing methodological and capacity-building exercises to assess other statistics and to improve the existing ones in order to estimate other migration data. As an example based on different international data collection systems, Table 9 illustrates two alternative solutions for estimating the number of Libyan mobile students pursuing tertiary education in the United Kingdom at end-2012 and end-2013, using the number of mobile students until the academic year 2011/2012 and the residence permits for education purposes for 2012 and 2013.
Finally, in terms of gaps in data registration and collection, the most important problem concerns the already mentioned lack of production and dissemination of statistics by Libyan institutions. In particular, administrative registers are not used enough, and targeted statistical operations are not implemented regularly and adequately. The inventory here might be partial, but it seems that Libyan institutions produce and disseminate migration statistics less frequently than every 8–10 years. This means that the following needs to be urgently addressed:
• Enhanced awareness of the usefulness of migration statistics;
• Better coordination between partner institutions; ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA • More tools and staff for the implementation of operations; • Capacity-building through training and other targeted measures.
In the initial stage, Libya’s overall objective can be regional-level collaboration and alignment with the practices in other North African countries.
Among the government departments or agencies consituting the Libyan national statistical system, despite the recent reorganization, the BSC still aims to improve its own infrastructure and the general setting in order to fulfil its mandate adequately. The most important needs would concern the following aspects: functioning of local offices in the governorates; acquisition of IT equipment; recruitment; stabilization and capacity-building of staff; and funding for fieldwork for major statistical operations. In the first half of 2014, the Bureau set a training programme for the staff responsible for horizontal activities and selected sectors under an international cooperation framework. However, it did not start during the year since nothing specifically addressing the improvement of migration statistics had been set or was already officially planned. Nonetheless, the BSC expects to move on in this sector in 2015–2018, in coordination with the other MENA countries through the participation in the MEDSTAT IV Programme.
Linked to the particularly weak availability of statistics, the analysis of migration data seems very limitedly addressed by Libyan authorities in general. The national agencies should try to address the needs and opportunities emerging from 79 initiatives like the studies undertaken in 2013 by the DRC and Altai Consulting, and should support the geographical and temporal extension of those studies and similar exercises. Finally, the consideration of relevance of statistics and data analysis bythe government institutions in Libya and targeted measures in order to improve the operations in these areas seem to be fundamental for the challenges and opportunities posed by international migration flows to Libya. With this aim, the effective participation of the country in regionally coordinated initiatives may be an important condition for that, although concrete steps would ask a relatively long period.
D3. Recommendations for improving the data management, statistics and analysis ABOUT migration in Libya
Due to the constraints of this assessment, most of the gaps, needs and opportunities referred to in the previous section are not addressed in detail. However, for the moment it is possible to propose a broad road map for enhancing the collection and management of data and the production and use of statistics in the different areas of international migration pertaining to Libya, for successive phases, in the long term. The recommendations presented here were based on the situation of the country in the spring of 2014 and the level of commitment of the Libyan Government in addressing issues related to migration. Furthermore, some recommendations for the production and dissemination of statistics at the international level are also provided.
Phase 0. Detailed documentation of national systems and completion of assessment of migration data management As a priority activity for the improvement of migration data registration and management in Libya, it is suggested that the information presented in Chapter B of this report be enhanced and integrated by having the relevant national institutions and agencies answer the assessment questionnaire (see Annex II) and then eventually holding meetings with the respondents and specialized experts. The output of this activity should be an enhanced version of the present report and a comprehensive inventory of all relevant national systems. The inventory should detail the features of each system, such as the coverage of population categories, the data registered through the administrative procedures, the exact modalities, the types and tools of management or use of information, the interoperability and linkage between systems, and so on. The “sheet” of each system could build on the template proposed by IOM in the Guidelines
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. for Migration Profiles (IOM, 2011c).42 This would allow for an application of the same tool considered in other MENA countries for a regional publication on the 80 documentation of the administrative registers and statistics on international migration planned under the MEDSTAT/EMWGMS framework (MEDSTAT, 2014).
42 See Annex III (National Data Sources) ofMigration Profiles: Making the Most of the Process for the template. Phase 1. Creation of a technical working group (TWG) and design of activities and projects in priority working areas It is suggested that a TWG for the improvement and extension of national systems and statistics on international migration in Libya be created first. ThisTWG should be composed of representatives from all potentially relevant government agencies and be set, at least initially, under the umbrella of the Legislation and Policy Task Force already operating with support from the START Project (or its follow-up initiative, depending on the duration/extension of project). The TWG should work in close coordination with all relevant entities and initiatives. All relevant international organizations and missions to Libya (e.g. EUBAM) should be associated with the TWG, while other national and international entities like research centres, NGOs and bilateral cooperation agencies should be kept informed and invited to contribute as data users and to some other endeavours, depending on needs and opportunities.
The TWG should meet regularly, every 3–4 months, to review the progress ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA and more frequently in case of specific activities (e.g. definition of projects and activities or preparation or review of output) carried out by inter-service teams. In the current government setting in Libya, without a specific department responsible for migration issues in general, the TWG could be chaired byan agency of the MoI.
The TWG should – as its first main activities – take ownership of documents and outcomes issued during Phase 0 and organize a national consultative and promotion workshop. The workshop should review and discuss the findings of the inventory/assessment report (including the sources and statistics available at the international level) and migration data management implemented in neighbouring countries and in other relevant contexts. It should also raise awareness of migration data management among key national stakeholders and encourage their commitment to this. Finally, the TWG should make a preliminary proposal for the possible improvements useful for assisting further consultations and informing decisions. The proposal should include a range of activities to be possibly launched in the short/medium/long term, depending on further careful evaluations, availability of means and human resources, funding, practical conditions, and mostly developments expected in legislation and policymaking.
At this point, building on the inventory/assessment and the proposal revised after the workshop mentioned previously, the TWG and some key international organizations like IOM should design specific activities/projects in priority working areas (e.g. labour migration, irregular migration) simultaneously at 81 different levels (i.e. systems, statistics and data analysis). This activity could be supported by national development workshops.
The next step should be the submission of the proposed set of projects for funding by the international community, with possibly the organization of a donor conference, depending on preliminary possibilities of funding by the organizations closer to the TWG.
Phase 2. Implementation of activities and projects in priority working areas The next step for developing the Libyan migration systems should be the concrete preparation and implementation of activities and projects in priority working areas.
• Concerning the development of data management systems, perhaps it will be opportune to start working more in-depth on few systems, initially at the level of individual systems only and then progressively extend the activities to other cases in the following years. The objective of this phase should be to make the coverage comprehensive as well as improve the quality of registration and access to it. This can be achieved through the computerization of administrative procedures and recording/managing and exchanging of data between the involved government agencies and offices.
According to the analysis accomplished under this assignment together with the features and information needs on labour migration, the development of a work permits system is recommended as a priority. The proposed portal for processing the applications (cfr. Section D2.1) should be included and linked to the systems for labour matching (involving the local Labour Offices), work inspections, medical examinations, residence permits and visas. This would be particularly beneficial for sharing information on labour supply and demand and coordinating employment of labour migrants, which is a priority need of the Libyan labour market, and also considering the presence of many irregular migrants in Libya who intend to stay and work under favourable conditions. However, the decision will depend on different factors including the situation in the country. Finally, even partial and apparently less ambitious developments, such as the extension of the biometric registration system for irregular migrants to new detention centres, would be of high usefulness.
• Besides, in the case of statistical production, national institutions or agencies should initiate or improve their production of statistics and indicators on a regular basis if possible, and share these with other
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. stakeholders. The output should first aid migration policymaking and management, and should also be disseminated to the public, at least 82 partially.
As a particular case, the national statistics agencies should conceive, prepare and implement relevant surveys or simply introduce measurement tools (e.g. migration modules in general surveys) according to the needs expressed in the framework of TWG and related contexts. This will be facilitated by the cooperation initiatives such as the regional MEDSTAT Programme and the recent practices of other countries (cfr. Sections A4. and C2.1). Recalling the experiences of other countries, the improvement of migration statistics on the basis of administrative registers as well as the statistical operations may be a relatively difficult process, as it depends mostly on the proactive coordination between national institutions, as well as on the access to administrative records and on political willingness. From this assessment, in the case of Libya, registration and collection of data are not structured at all; however, even in the short term it should be possible to produce more than the current statistics.
Within this phase, the TWG could find it convenient to promote the two operations proposed by Altai Consulting to estimate the inflows and the size of mixed migrants in Libya (cfr. Section C1.2), as well as other quantitative and qualitative surveys useful for providing better and more
up-to-date information on migration. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
• Finally, in the context of follow-up and analysis of migration data, the national institutions and agencies should start assembling and analysing jointly their statistics, possibly receiving support from international organizations and research entities. Information on migration maybe relatively useful even if limited to a topic or category of migrants only (e.g. the work permit holders), apart from the need for operational functioning of entities or staff to manage the system. Moreover, the case of Libya addresses migration data management to mostly cover and distinguish the mixed migration flows, what necessarily may come from various and fragmented sources. Therefore, already within this phase, it is recommended that a national migration profile be produced using the primary national statistics and most statistics available from international organizations that have been inventoried here, alongside the many sources of information available on the Libyan migration framework. As for statistics, working in this area could be eased by the subregional, regional, and global frameworks and tools of reference such as the follow- up initiative to the START Project, the EUROMED Migration project and the IOM Guidelines for Migration Profiles (cfr. Section A4.).
Phase 3. Consolidation and extension of activities and projects in priority/new working areas and setting of an initial migration management and information system (MMIS) In this phase, consolidation of the previously launched activities together with 83 the enlargement of working areas should occur at different levels.
This first implies the computerization of infrastructure and work modalities at headquarters and local offices of more Libyan institutions and systems. A varying pace of progress may be expected, depending on the number and localization of offices and the connections intervening each time as well as the tasks, equipment needs, and availability and capabilities of staff. The development of some systems will necessarily depend on synergy with other wider frameworks and activities (e.g. integrated border management, in the case of a registration system covering border crossings). In parallel, extension of activities in the areas of statistical production and data analysis should be pursued, hopefully facilitated by the progressive digitization of the systems and increased capability to record and manage data. This should serve to refresh the national migration profile so as to improve the evidence basis and coordination, which are useful for better policymaking on migration.
Finally, during this phase all the available/developed components (i.e. IT systems, work procedures, and mechanisms/tools for data management and analysis) should be assembled and harmonized as far as possible in order to create the first version of an MMIS for Libya.
Successive phases Given the current situation in Libya as well as any developments concerning migration-related information and measurements, data management and information needs on migration will entail continuous improvements. In case of developments following the proposed road map, for the fourth phase and the successive ones, it is acceptable to imagine further cycles for the consolidation of activities in working areas already launched and the opening of new working areas more or less in parallel. This should progressively enhance the national coordination on migration and the necessary systems and tools.
Schema 3 – Proposed broad road map for the improvement of data management, statistics and analysis on migration in Libya Tentative Phase Main activities duration (months) 0. Detailed • Administration of assessment questionnaires 6–12 documentation of to all the relevant national institutions and national systems agencies and completion • Meetings between national officials and of assessment of data management experts on the full migration data documentation of systems and description management of work procedures and data flows/linkages
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. • Preparation of inventory of national systems and sources 84 • Upgrading of the assessment report Tentative Phase Main activities duration (months)
1. Creation of a • Creation of a TWG for the improvement and 18–30 TWG and design extension of national systems and statistics of activities and on migration projects in priority • Establishment of partnership with relevant working areas frameworks and projects • Taking ownership of the inventory and assessment report by the TWG • National workshop(s) for the establishment and review of a proposal for possible improvements
• Consultations and decisions for the ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA identification of specific activities/projects • Design of specific activities/projects in priority working areas simultaneously at different levels • Submission of project proposals to international donors and sourcing of funding 2. Implementation • Computerization of administrative 18–30 of activities and procedures and registration and projects in priority management of data for selected systems working areas • Production and sharing of statistics and indicators on a regular basis if possible, using administrative sources and statistical operations • Extension of data analysis in selected national services according to the progress in data registration and statistical production • Preparation of a national migration profile based on national and international data • Design of specific activites/projects for new working areas 3. Consolidation • Consolidation of activities/projects already 18–30 and extension launched and implementation of new of activities and activities/projects according to planning projects and 85 • Setting of an MMIS on the basis of the setting up of the available IT systems, work procedures, and first MMIS data management and analysis tools 4. and succeeding [Successive cycles of consolidation and extension phases of activities and projects] Apart from the stability of Libya and other fundamental preconditions and contributions, the implementation of this kind of proposal would encompass a series of delicate aspects and cross-cutting issues such as the following:
• The formalization of the entity responsible for overseeing and monitoring the whole programme, if different from the Legislation and Policy Task Force. In fact, given the huge funding needs and the support from the international community, perhaps such an entity should assume more the form of a steering committee. More in general, given the wide implications migration has with other sectors, formalization of relationships between the directly involved entities and all other relevant institutions and initiatives should be solved;
• The huge size of international funding and the modalities of its concretization, with features like the pooling of resources under a unique organization or financial programme and the continuous search for funds, for activities to be progressively implemented;
• The different interests that international organizations and other supporting entities could have on the contents and improvement priorities;
• The synergy with existing, planned and future initiatives, and theuse of available tools at the national, regional or global level (e.g. statistics available at the international level);
• The exact definition and duration of each phase, the timespan between them, and the long period of operations;
• The involvement and collaboration of population on, for instance, awareness campaigns on changes to selected administrative procedures or the opportunity for timely and systematic registration of migration movements at the right government agencies.
Finally, looking at the entire assessment presented in this report, it is possible to state some general recommendations for the enhancement of statistics available at the international level:
• To UNHCR: Secure more resources needed to enlarge the data collection on population of concern to the organization, refugees and people in
D. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY D. refugee-like situations residing in Libya in locations different from Tripoli, with details on sex and age (cfr. Table 36); 86 • To IOM: Publish detailed statistics on the operations of AVRR programmes implemented in Libya and to use or adapt the Migration Crisis from Libya website as suggested in Section C1.1; • To EUROSTAT and the OECD: Extend the availability and documentation of data disseminated online and resolve some discrepancies between values presented in the respective databases (cfr. for instance Table 42);
• To Italy and Malta: Complete, harmonize and disseminate on a regular basis summaries with detailed statistics on rescue operations and disembarkations of irregular migrants, including a distinction by country of provenience (last departure);
• To all countries relevant to migration in Libya: Improve statistics – in terms of frequency, coverage, quality and international comparability – and to cooperate with Libya, among others, by sharing and exchanging data, as a matter of fact, even partial statistics may give benefits to national measurements;
• To the international organizations active in the development of statistics: Reinforce the regional consultative tools and support for national ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA statistical systems for the enhancement and harmonization of statistics on migration and international protection, paying special attention to the specific case of Libya.
87
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98 Annexes
Annex I. Glossary of migration terms
Note: The IOM Glossary is currently under revision, and some definitions may be altered. Extraction from Glossary on Migration, Second Edition (IOM, Geneva, 2011), fully available at http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_ page=product_info&products_id=698.
Acquisition of nationality Obtaining the nationality of a State by a person who is a non-national by birth, whether on the person’s application, following from a change in personal status, or as the result of the ceding of territory from one State to another. See also loss of nationality, nationality.
Administrative detention ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA A measure to deprive a person of his or her liberty taken by the competent administrative authority of a State. Legislation in many countries foresees the placement in administrative detention of migrants in an irregular situation, either on their arrival in the territory or with a view to their expulsion. See also detention.
Arrival/departure card A card which is filled out by an individual prior to or upon arrival in the country of destination and presented (along with passport and, if requested, a visa) to officials at the border checkpoint. In some States, border officials collect the card upon entry, while in other States, the card or portion of it is returned to the traveller and must be presented upon departure from the State. International standards for such cards are defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in Annex 9, Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944. See also visa.
Assisted voluntary return Administrative, logistical, financial and reintegration support to rejected asylum- seekers, victims of trafficking in human beings, stranded migrants, qualified nationals and other migrants unable or unwilling to remain in the host country who volunteer to return to their countries of origin. See also repatriation, return voluntary repatriation, voluntary return.
Asylum 99 A form of protection given by a State on its territory based on the principle of non-refoulement and internationally or nationally recognized refugee rights. It is granted to a person who is unable to seek protection in his or her country of nationality and/or residence in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. See also asylum-seeker, refoulement, refugee status determination. Asylum-seeker A person who seeks safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and awaits a decision on the application for refugee status under relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative decision, the person must leave the country and may be expelled, as may any non-national in an irregular or unlawful situation, unless permission tostay is provided on humanitarian or other related grounds. See also non-national, refugee.
Border management Facilitation of authorized flows of persons, including business people, tourists, migrants and refugees, across a border and the detection and prevention of irregular entry of non-nationals into a given country. Measures to manage borders include the imposition by States of visa requirements, carrier sanctions against transportation companies bringing irregular migrants to the territory, and interdiction at sea. International standards require a balancing between facilitating the entry of legitimate travellers and preventing that of travellers entering for inappropriate reasons or with invalid documentation.
Citizen See national.
Citizenship See nationality.
Consular registration Inscription in a consular register of a national of that State’s principal details (identity, family situation, place of residence, etc.). The object of consular registration is to facilitate the action of the consular mission, particularly the exercise of consular protection.
Deportation The act of a State in the exercise of its sovereignty in removing a non-national from its territory to his or her country of origin or third state after refusal of admission or termination of permission to remain. See also refoulement.
Detention Restriction on freedom of movement through confinement that is ordered by an administrative or judicial authority. There are two types of detention: criminal ANNEXES detention, having as a purpose punishment for the committed crime; and 100 administrative detention, guaranteeing that another administrative measure (such as deportation or expulsion) can be implemented. In the majority of countries, irregular migrants are subject to administrative detention, as they have violated immigration laws and regulations that are not considered to be crimes. In many States, a non-national may also be administratively detained pending a decision on refugee status or on admission to or removal from the State. Diasporas Diasporas are broadly defined as individuals and members or networks, associations and communities, who have left their country of origin, but maintain links with their homelands. This concept covers more settled expatriate communities, migrant workers based abroad temporarily, expatriates with the nationality of the host country, dual nationals, and second-/third-generation migrants.
Dual/multiple nationality Simultaneous possession of the nationality of two or more countries by the same person. See also nationality.
Emigrant A person undertaking an emigration. See also emigration, immigrant.
Emigration ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA The act of departing or exiting from one State with a view to settling in another. See also immigration.
Entry Any entrance of a non-national into a foreign country, whether voluntary or involuntary, authorized or unauthorized.
Family reunification/reunion Process whereby family members separated through forced or voluntary migration regroup in a country other than the one of their origin.
Forced migration A migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists, including threats to life and livelihood, whether arising from natural or man-made causes (e.g. movements of refugees and internally displaced persons as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects). See also internally displaced persons, refugee.
Foreigner A person belonging to, or owing an allegiance to, another State. See also non- national, third-country national.
Habitual/usual residence A place within a country where a person lives and where he or she normally spends the daily period of rest. See also country of habitual/usual residence, 101 domicile, internal migration.
Illegal migrant See irregular migrant, undocumented migrant. Illegal migration See irregular migration.
Immigrant A person undertaking an immigration. See also emigrant.
Immigration A process by which non-nationals move into a country for the purpose of settlement. See also brain gain, emigration.
Internal migration A movement of people from one area of a country to another area of the same country for the purpose or with the effect of establishing a new residence. This migration may be temporary or permanent. Internal migrants move but remain within their country of origin (e.g. rural to urban migration). See also de facto refugees, habitual/usual residence, internally displaced persons, international migration.
Internally displaced persons/IDPs Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border (Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UN Doc E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2.). See also de facto refugees, displaced person, externally displaced persons, uprooted people.
International migration Movement of persons who leave their country of origin, or the country of habitual residence, to establish themselves either permanently or temporarily in another country. An international frontier is therefore crossed. See alsointernal migration.
Involuntary repatriation The return of refugees, prisoners or war and civil detainees to the territory of their State of origin induced by the creation of circumstances which do not leave any other alternative. Repatriation is a personal right (unlike expulsion and deportation which are primarily within the domain of State sovereignty),
ANNEXES as such, neither the State of nationality nor the State of temporary residence or detaining power is justified in enforcing repatriation against the will of an 102 eligible person, whether refugee or prisoner of war or civil detainee. According to contemporary international law, prisoners of war, civil detainees or refugees refusing repatriation, particularly if motivated by fears of political persecution in their own country, should be protected from refoulement and given, if possible, temporary or permanent asylum. See also deportation, forced return, refoulement, repatriation, return, voluntary repatriation, voluntary return. Irregular migrant A person who, owing to unauthorized entry, breach of a condition of entry, or the expiry of his or her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country. The definition covers, inter alia, those persons who have entered a transit or host country lawfully but have stayed for a longer period than authorized or subsequently taken up unauthorized employment (also called clandestine/ undocumented migrant or migrant in an irregular situation). The term “irregular” is preferable to “illegal” because the latter carries a criminal connotation and is seen as denying migrants’ humanity. See also documented migrant, illegal entry, irregular migration, undocumented migrant.
Irregular migration Movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries. There is no clear or universally accepted definition of irregular migration. From the perspective of destination countries it isentry, stay or work in a country without the necessary authorization or documents required under immigration regulations. From the perspective of the sending ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA country, the irregularity is for example seen in cases in which a person crosses an international boundary without a valid passport or travel document or does not fulfil the administrative requirements for leaving the country. There is, however, a tendency to restrict the use of the term “illegal migration” to cases of smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons. See also irregular migrant, regular migration, undocumented migrant.
Long-term migrant A person who moves to a country other than that of his or her usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence. From the perspective of the country of departure, the person will be a long-term emigrant and from that of the country of arrival, the person will be a long-term immigrant. See also permanent settlers, short-term migrant.
Loss of nationality Loss of nationality may follow an act of the individual (expatriation, deliberate renunciation of nationality by an individual, or automatic loss of nationality upon acquisition of another nationality) or of the State (denationalization). Denationalization is a unilateral act of a State, whether by decision of administrative authorities or by the operation of law, which deprives an individual of his or her nationality. Although there are no uniform provisions for denationalization, some States have developed a number of statutory grounds for it, including: entry into foreign civil or military service, acceptance of foreign distinctions, conviction for certain crimes. Although acquisition and loss of nationality are in principle 103 considered as falling within the domain of domestic jurisdiction, the States must, however, comply with norms of international law when regulating questions of nationality, such as Art. 15(2), Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.” See also acquisition of nationality, nationality. Migrant At the international level, no universally accepted definition for “migrant” exists. The term “migrant” was usually understood to cover all cases where the decision to migrate was taken freely by the individual concerned for reasons of “personal convenience” and without intervention of an external compelling factor; it therefore applied to persons, and family members, moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family. The United Nations defines migrant as an individual who has resided in a foreign country for more than one year irrespective of the causes, voluntary or involuntary, and the means, regular or irregular, used to migrate. Under such a definition, those travelling for shorter periods as tourists and businesspersons would not be considered migrants. However, common usage includes certain kinds of shorter-term migrants, such as seasonal farm-workers who travel for short periods to work planting or harvesting farm products. See also migration.
Migrant flow The number of migrants counted as moving or being authorized to move, to or from a given location in a defined period of time.
Migrant stock The number of migrants residing in a country at a particular point in time.
Migrant worker “A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national” (Art. 2(1), International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990). See also seasonal worker.
Migration The movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international border, or within a State. It is a population movement, encompassing any kind of movement of people, whatever its length, composition and causes; it includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, economic migrants, and persons moving for other purposes, including family reunification. See alsonet migration.
Migration management A term used to encompass numerous governmental functions within a national
ANNEXES system for the orderly and humane management for cross-border migration, particularly managing the entry and presence of foreigners within the borders 104 of the State and the protection of refugees and others in need of protection. It refers to a planned approach to the development of policy, legislative and administrative responses to key migration issues. Mixed flows Complex migratory population movements that include refugees, asylum- seekers, economic migrants and other migrants, as opposed to migratory population movements that consist entirely of one category of migrants.
National A person, who, either by birth or naturalization, is a member of a political community, owing allegiance to the community and being entitled to enjoy all its civil and political rights and protection; a member of the State, entitled to all its privileges. A person enjoying the nationality of a given State. See also nationality.
Nationality Legal bond between an individual and a State. The International Court of Justice defined nationality in the Nottebohm case, 1955, as “…a legal bond having as its basis a social fact of attachment, a genuine connection of existence, interests and sentiments, together with the existence of reciprocal rights and duties…the ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA individual upon whom it is conferred, either directly by law or as a result of the act of the authorities, is in fact more closely connected with the population of the State conferring the nationality than with any other State.” According to Art. 1, Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 “it is for each State to determine under its own laws who are its nationals. This law shall be recognized by other States in so far as it is consistent with international conventions, international custom, and the principles of law generally recognized with regard to nationality.” The tie of nationality confers individual rights and imposes obligations that a State reserves for its population. Founded on the principle of personal jurisdiction of a State, nationality carries with it certain consequences as regards migration suchas the right of a State to protect its nationals against violations of their individual rights committed by foreign authorities (particularly by means of diplomatic protection), the duty to accept its nationals onto its territory, and the prohibition to expel them. See also acquisition of nationality, dual/multiple nationality, loss of nationality, national.
Non-national A person who is not a national or citizen of a given State. See also foreigner, third-country national.
Overstay To remain in a country beyond the period for which entry was granted. Also sometimes used as a noun, e.g. “the undocumented migrant population is evenly divided between overstays and those who entered irregularly”. See also irregular migrant, residence permit, undocumented migrant. 105
Permit Documentation, usually issued by a governmental authority, which allows something to exist or someone to perform certain acts or services. In the migration context, reference to residence permits or work permits is common. See also residence permit, visa, work permit. Readmission Act by a State accepting the re-entry of an individual (own national, third-country national or stateless person).
Refugee A person who, “owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” (Art. 1(A) (2), Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 80 International Migration Law Art. 1A(2), 1951 as modified by the 1967 Protocol). In addition to the refugee definition in the 1951 Refugee Convention, Art. 1(2), 1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention defines a refugee as any person compelled to leave his or her country “owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country or origin or nationality.” Similarly, the 1984 Cartagena Declaration states that refugees also include persons who flee their country “because their lives, security or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violations of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order.” See also forced migration, refugee status determination.
Refugee (mandate) A person who meets the criteria of the UNHCR Statute and qualifies for the protection of the United Nations provided by the High Commissioner, regardless of whether or not he or she is in a country that is a party to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 or the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, or whether or not he or she has been recognized by the host country as a refugee under either of these instruments. See also refugee.
Refugee status determination A process (conducted by States and/or UNHCR) to determine whether an individual should be recognized as a refugee in accordance with applicable national and international law. See also asylum, refugee.
Regular migration Migration that occurs through recognized, authorized channels. See also irregular migration, undocumented migrant workers/ migrant workers inan
ANNEXES irregular situation.
106 Regularization Any process or programme by which the authorities in a State allow non-nationals in an irregular or undocumented situation to stay lawfully in the country. Typical practices include the granting of an amnesty (also known as “legalization”) to non-nationals who have resided in the country in an irregular situation for a given length of time and are not otherwise found inadmissible. Reintegration Re-inclusion or re-incorporation of a person into a group or a process, e.g. of a migrant into the society of his or her country of origin or habitual residence.
Remittances Monies earned or acquired by non-nationals that are transferred back to their country of origin.
Repatriation The personal right of a refugee, prisoner of war or a civil detainee to return to his or her country of nationality under specific conditions laid down in various international instruments (Geneva Conventions, 1949 and Protocols, 1977, the Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Annexed to the Fourth Hague Convention, 1907, human rights instruments as well as customary international law). The option of repatriation is bestowed upon the individual personally and not upon the detaining power. In the law of international armed conflict, repatriation also entails the obligation of the detaining power to ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA release eligible persons (soldiers and civilians) and the duty of the country of origin to receive its own nationals at the end of hostilities. Even if treaty law does not contain a general rule on this point, it is today readily accepted that the repatriation of prisoners of war and civil detainees has been consented to implicitly by the interested parties. Repatriation as a term also applies to diplomatic envoys and international officials in time of international crisisas well as expatriates and migrants. See also assisted voluntary return, involuntary repatriation, return, voluntary repatriation, voluntary return.
Residence permit A document issued by the competent authorities of a State to a non-national, confirming that he or she has the right to live in the State concerned during the period of validity of the permit. See also overstay, permit, residence.
Return In a general sense, the act or process of going back to the point of departure. This could be within the territorial boundaries of a country, as in the case of returning internally displaced persons (IDPs) and demobilized combatants; or between a host country (either transit or destination) and a country of origin, as in the case of migrant workers, refugees, asylum-seekers, and qualified nationals. There are subcategories of return which can describe the way the return is implemented, e.g. voluntary, forced, assisted and spontaneous return; as well as sub-categories which describe who is participating in the return, e.g. repatriation (for refugees). See also assisted voluntary return, deportation, expulsion, readmission agreement, refoulement, repatriation, voluntary repatriation, voluntary return. 107
Return migration The movement of a person returning to his or her country of origin or habitual residence usually after spending at least one year in another country. This return may or may not be voluntary. Return migration includes voluntary repatriation. See also circular migration, forced return, reintegration, voluntary return. Seasonal migrant worker/migration A migrant worker whose work, or migration for employment, is by its character dependent on seasonal conditions and is performed only during part ofthe year (Art. 2(2)(b), International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990). See also migrant worker, temporary migrant worker.
Short-term migrant A person who moves to a country other than that of his or her usual residence for a period of at least three months but less than a year, except in cases where the movement to that country is for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends or relatives, business or medical treatment. For purposes of international migration statistics, the country of usual residence of short-term migrants is considered to be the country of destination during the period they spend in it. See also long-term migrant, temporary migrant workers.
Smuggled person/migrant A migrant who is enabled, through providing financial or material benefit to another person, to gain illegal entry into a State of which he or she is not a national or a permanent resident.
Smuggler (of migrants) An intermediary who moves a person by agreement with that person, in order to transport him/her in an unauthorized manner across an internationally recognized state border. See also smuggling.
Smuggling “The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident.” (Art. 3(a), UN Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000). Smuggling, contrary to trafficking, does not require an element of exploitation, coercion, or violation of human rights. See also illegal entry, smuggler (of migrants), trafficking in persons.
Stateless person “A person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation
ANNEXES of its law” (Art. 1, UN Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954). As such, a stateless person lacks those rights attributable to nationality: 108 the diplomatic protection of a State, no inherent right of sojourn in the State of residence and no right of return in case he or she travels. See also nationality.
Student A person following a course of study at an accredited institution. Stock (foreign) The number of foreign nationals in a given area on a certain date (e.g. 1 January or 31 December) of the year in question. See also migrant flow.
Trafficker, human An intermediary who is involved in the movement of person in order to obtain an economic or other profit by means of deception, physical or psychological coercion for the purpose of exploitation. The intent ab initio on the part of the trafficker is to exploit the person and gain profit or advantage from the exploitation. See also smuggler, trafficking in persons.
Trafficking in persons “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of
the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.” (Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000). Trafficking in persons can take place within the borders of one State or may have a transnational character. See alsosmuggling, trafficker, human, victims of human trafficking.
Transit A stopover of passage of varying length while travelling between two or more countries.
Unaccompanied children Persons under the age of majority in a country other than that of their nationality who are not accompanied by a parent, guardian, or other adult who by law or custom is responsible for them. Unaccompanied children present special challenges for border control officials, because detention and other practices applied to undocumented adult non-nationals may not be appropriate for children.
Unaccompanied minors See unaccompanied children.
Undocumented migrant A non-national who enters or stays in a country without the appropriate documentation. This includes, among others: a person (a) who has nolegal 109 documentation to enter a country but manages to enter clandestinely, (b) who enters or stays using fraudulent documentation, (c) who, after entering using legal documentation, has stayed beyond the time authorized or otherwise violated the terms of entry and remained without authorization. See alsoillegal entry, irregular migration. Visa An endorsement by the competent authorities of a State in a passport ora certificate of identity of a non-national who wishes to enter, leave, or transit the territory of the State that indicates that the authority, at the time of issuance, believes the holder to fall within a category of non-nationals who can enter, leave or transit the State under the State’s laws. A visa establishes the criteria of admission into a State. International practice is moving towards issuance of machine-readable visas which comply with ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) standards, printed on labels with security features. See also exit visa, permit.
Visitor In the migration context, the term is used in some national legislation to designate a non-national authorized to stay temporarily on the territory of a State without participating in a professional activity.
Voluntary repatriation Return of eligible persons to the country of origin on the basis of freely expressed willingness to so return. Most often used in the context of refugees, prisoners of war, and civil detainees. Also, one of the three durable solutions to address the plight of refugees. See also assisted voluntary return, involuntary repatriation, repatriation, return.
Voluntary return The assisted or independent return to the country of origin, transit or another third country based on the free will of the returnee. See also assisted voluntary return, forced return, involuntary repatriation, return, return migration, repatriation, spontaneous return, voluntary repatriation.
Work permit A legal document issued by a competent authority of a State giving authorization for employment of migrant workers in the host country during the period of validity of the permit. See also permit. ANNEXES
110 Annex II. Assessment questionnaire proposed for future action
Reference tool for assessing the available data sources and procedures adopted by the national services in Libya (25 July 2014 version)
National agency Department/unit/sector Respondent Function ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Phone Email Skype Date
Contact person(s) for requests of clarification: ______
A. Topics/areas of responsibility and data management
Please report the topics/areas such as the border crossing/control, visa, immigration, immigration for employment, immigration for study, emigration, emigration for employment, emigration for study, population and civil registration, acquisition/loss of citizenship, irregular migration, forced migration, trafficking in human beings, asylum, return and readmission, integration of migrants, support to diaspora, remittances…
Data source, register or database Topic/area and subcategory No. Name e.g.: Immigration (short/long 1 Register of residence permits term, for foreigners)
111 B. Description of data sources
For each relevant data source, register or database, please provide as far as possible the following information:
1. Name of data source, register or database
2. Main legislative provisions involved in the data registration/collection (e.g.: initial provisions, recent evolution, upcoming changes)
3. Procedures involved in the data registration/collection (e.g.: modality for entering/leaving the country, number of registration points, adoption of forms, coding of variables, type and validity of permission/ order, attribution of personal identification numbers, application/execution modalities, duration of process, necessary documents, costs, conditions for specific categories of persons such as unaccompanied minors, minor children and other family members, measures for information to the public, feedback from the public, renewal of permission, changes of status – when permission depends on a new reason, notification of movements and de-registrations from system, administrative checks)
4. Reference population, coverage and definitions (e.g.: foreigners/nationals, legal/irregular migrants, other distinctions, subcategories, geographical coverage, relevant definitions)
5. Type of registered/collected information (e.g.: type of event/permission/order, name, sex, date of birth, place/country of birth, citizenship, information on the permission – first issuance / renewal, validity, reason…) ANNEXES
112 6. Availability, timeliness and reliability of data (e.g.: frequency of registration/updating – if continuously, daily, weekly, …, annually or other, time series, evaluation of data accuracy, reliability and quality, recurrent missing information)
7. Level of computerization and features of data collection/registration (e.g: fully automated, partially automated, paper records / locally or centrally stored, ICT infrastructure and means, existence of formal instructions for registration, structure and accessibility of the recorded data, software adopted for data registration and processing – if commercial product or self-developed application, data protection issues, planned/wished developments of system)
8. Linkage with other data sources (e.g.: updating of information/status, communication with other sources within and outside the same department/unit/service, common work programs or projects) ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
9. Production of statistics (e.g.: tables/variables and indicators, reason and frequency of production – if upon request, regularly on annually or other, last reference period/date, methods and tools for data processing and tabulation)
To possibly provide the set of published/available tables with historical series of the main totals/indicators and statistics based on the collected data in the breakdown by main variable (e.g. table on number of residence permits by type/duration, age group and country of citizenship issued during the year 2013)
10. Use and sharing of data/statistics (e.g.: if disseminated/published or not, for which internal and external users – i.e. other national services, the public, mass media, national users, other countries’ agencies and international organizations, frequency and means of publication/transmission, definitions and classifications, compliance with international recommendations extraction of micro data, type of data analysis and reporting)
11. Links/references to public information (e.g.: websites presenting tables, metadata, titles of reports) 113
C. Infrastructure, human resources and financial means
Please provide as far as possible the following information, eventually distinguishing by data source or responsible unit/service where applicable.
1. Premises, infrastructure and IT means (e.g.: number, type and general conditions of occupied premises, existence of and accessibility to computer and other machines, communication and data transmission facilities – LAN, Internet, email system, specialized programmes, procurement, maintenance and reparation issues, outsourcing, requirements for the accomplishment of current tasks, planned developments and needs)
2. Staff (e.g.: evolution, repartition by offices/territorial levels, characteristics – age, gender, education level, geographical provenance, skills, type of activity, type of recruitment, …, level of pay, commitment, opinion about salary, mandate, tasks, work premises and conditions, staff turnover, participation in training courses, events, relationship and cooperation with staff of other authorities, knowledge of other countries’ systems, staff needs)
3. Cooperation (e.g.: synergies/collaboration with other national authorities/services, international institutions and bilateral donors, inter-institutional working groups)
4. Budget (e.g.: evolution, repartition by main items – staff, premises, IT equipment, other equipment, …, access to external funding, opinion about budget, areas
ANNEXES of more/less concern) 114 Annex 1 – List of migration management procedures
The following list, which is not exhaustive, intends to help the respondents to the questionnaire in identifying the topics/areas and its sub-categories of responsibility for their department/unit/service.
1 Border control Passport control at the border 2 Border control Immigration control at the border 3 Border control Registering border crossing and/or border card data 4 Border control Apprehension of irregular migrants at borders 5 Border control Use of falsified travel documents for entering the country 6 Border control Refusal to entry at border 7 Visa Issuing visas abroad 8 Visa Issuing visas at the border 9 Visa Issuing visas inside the country ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 10 Visa Registering foreigners for temporary stay 11 Immigration Registering immigrating nationals 12 Immigration Registering foreigners for temporary/ permanent residence 13 Immigration Issuing or renewing residence permits to foreigners 14 Immigration for employment Issuing permits to employers to hire foreigners 15 Immigration for employment Issuing or renewing work permits to foreigners 16 Immigration for study Issuing permits to foreigners for education purposes 17 Emigration Deregistering emigrating nationals 18 Emigration Deregistering foreigners for temporary/permanent residence 19 Emigration for employment Issuing permits to nationals for employment abroad 20 Emigration for study Registering foreign education of nationals 21 Irregular migration Apprehension and identification of irregular migrants within the country 22 Irregular migration Detention of irregular migrants 23 Irregular migration Detection of irregular migrants at exit 24 Irregular migration Issuing orders to leave the country to irregular migrants 25 Irregular migration Deportation of irregular migrants 26 Irregular migration for employment Control over foreigners’ employment 115 27 Irregular migration for employment Issuing sanctions to employers 28 Asylum Registering asylum applications 29 Asylum Decisions on asylum applications 30 Asylum Granting refugees status to asylum-seekers 31 Asylum Granting other status to asylum-seekers 32 Asylum Issuing documents to asylum-seekers or refugees 33 Asylum Appeals to negative decisions on asylum application 34 Return and readmission of nationals Support to readmitted nationals at borders 35 Return and readmission of nationals Processing readmission applications and taking decisions 36 Return and readmission of nationals Reintegration of readmitted nationals 37 Return and reintegration Facilitating return and integration of foreign migrants in the countries of origin 38 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Registering applications for acquisition of citizenship 39 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Decisions on acquisition of citizenship 40 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Decisions on denunciation of citizenship 41 Acquisition/loss of citizenship Decisions on citizenship loss
Annex 2 – Glossary
Please refer to the relevant definitions from the IOM publication Glossary on Migration (Second Edition) in Annex I of the study or its full version at http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_ info&cPath=56&products_id=1380 ANNEXES
116 Annex III. Main statistical sheets and snapshots on migration in Libya available from international organizations
“UN Migration Profile for Libya” from UN DESA “Migration Profiles Common Set of Indicators”, 201443 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
117
43 Available from http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/indicators.htm ANNEXES
118 DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES States parties to United Nations legal instruments: Indicates whether a country has ratified the relevant international instrument and if so, the year of ratification. The relevant instruments are the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees; the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, and the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. In addition, two Protocols relevant to international migration supplement the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, namely the 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and the 2000 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air. Source: United Nations Treaty Collection. See: http://treaties.un.org Males: De facto male population as of 1 July of the year indicated. Data are presented in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Females: De facto female population as of 1 July of the year indicated. Dataare presented in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Total population: De facto population in a country, area or region as of 1 July of the year indicated. Figures are presented in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Percentage urban population: Urban population as a percentage of the total population. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2012). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. Percentage rural population: Rural population as a percentage of the total population. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2012). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. Annual rate of change: Average exponential rate of growth of the population over a given period. It is expressed as a percentage. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Annual rate of natural increase: Crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Represents the portion of population growth (or decline) determined exclusively by births and deaths. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Crude net migration rate: The ratio of net migration during the year to the average population in that year. The value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Total net migration: Net number of migrants, that is, the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants. It is expressed in thousands. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013) World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Total population at end of period: Total population on 30 June of the final year of 119 the period. Data are from the medium variant (see below) of the World Population Prospects. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES Population change during period: Total population change over a period, that is, the difference between the population at the end of the period and that at the beginning of the period. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Medium variant: The medium projection variant combines the medium fertility assumption together with normal-mortality and normal international migration assumptions and is a central reference for trends over the longer term that results from the probabilistic approach that simulates future fertility paths for each country. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Zero-migration variant: Under this assumption, the medium variant is modified so that international migration for each country is set to zero starting in 2010-2015. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay thesame throughout the infant’s life. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Adult literacy rate:The percentage of population aged 15 years and older who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on his/her everyday life. Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Institute for Statistics (2012). http://stats.uis.unesco.org Combined gross enrolment ratio in education: Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. For the tertiary level, the population used is that of the five-year age group following on from the secondary school leaving. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Institute for Statistics (2012). http://stats.uis.unesco.org GDP per capita (PPP in USD): Gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current international dollars.Source : World Development Indicators - World Bank (2013). Human development index (HDI): A composite measure of achievements in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, access to education and a decent standard of living. For ease of comparability, the average value of achievements in these three dimensions is put on a scale of 0 to 1, where greater is better, and these indicators are aggregated using geometric means. Source: United Nations Development
ANNEXES Program (2013). HumanDevelopment Report Office. Remittances: Remittances are defined as the sum of workers’ remittances, compensation 120 of employees, and migrants’ transfers. Regional aggregates were calculated by the United Nations Population Division. All data are reported in current U.S. dollars. Remittance inflows refer to the sum of workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’ transfers received by the country of enumeration, while outflows refer to remittance outflows by the country of enumeration.Source : World Bank staff calculation based on data from IMF Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 2012 and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies, and World Bank country desks. DEFINITIONS AND SOURCES Remittance inflows as share of GDP: Source: World Bank staff calculation based on data from IMF Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 2012 and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies, and World Bank country desks. International migrant stock by age and sex: The midyear (1 July) estimate of the number of people living in a country or area other than that in which they were born. If the number of foreign-born was not available, the estimate refers to the number of people living in a country other than that of their citizenship. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/ MIG/Stock/Rev.2013). See: www.unmigration.org Migrant stock by origin (2013): The five countries from which the largest numbers of migrants originate for the reporting country. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013). Migrant stock by destination (2013): The five countries in which the largest numbers
of migrants originating from reporting country reside. Source: United Nations, ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/ MIG/Stock/Rev.2013). Refugee population by origin (end 2012):Persons by country of origin who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol or under the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa; those granted refugee status in accordance with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Statute; those granted humanitarian status or temporary protection by the State in which they find themselves; those in refugee-like situations; and Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA. Source: UNHCR (2013). 2012 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum- seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. See: www.unhcr.org/ statistics Refugee population (destination) (end :Persons 2012) by country of destination who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol or under the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa; those granted refugee status in accordance with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Statute; those granted humanitarian status or temporary protection by the State in which they find themselves; those in refugee-like situations; and Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA. Sources: UNHCR (2013). 2012 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. See: www.unhcr.org/statistics Tertiary students: Student population by country of origin and destination enrolled in programmes with an educational content more advanced than what is offered at ISCED levels 3 and 4. The first stage of tertiary education, ISCED level 5, covers level 5A, composed of largely theoretically based programmes intended to provide sufficient 121 qualifications for gaining entry to advanced research programmes and professions with high skill requirements; and level 5B, where programmes are generally more practical, technical and/or occupationally specific. The second stage of tertiary education, ISCED level 6, comprises programmes devoted to advanced study and original research, and leading to the award of an advanced research qualification. Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Institute for Statistics (2012). http:// stats.uis.unesco.org Libya Sheet from the World Bank Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011, 201044 ANNEXES
122
44 Available from http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/0,,contentMDK: 21352016~menuPK:3145470~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:476883,00.html. Libya Country Notes from the OECD publication Connecting with Emigrants: A Global Profile of Diasporas, 201245 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA
123
45 Available from www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/connecting-with- emigrants_9789264177949-en ANNEXES
124 Libya Facts and Figures from the IOM Libya website46 Capital Tripoli Population (2013) 6.2 million Area 1,770,000 sq km Language Arabic Currency Libyan dinar (LYD) Human Development Index rank (2012) 64 of 187 Net migration rate (2010–2015) -9.9 migrants/1,000 population Immigrants (2013) 12.2% Women as a percentage of immigrants (2013) 34.1% Population under 15 (2013) 29%
Definitions and sources Capital, language and currency based on data from http://untermportal.un.org/ ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA portal/welcome
Area refers to the total surface area. Data from United Nations Statistics Division Demographic Statistics 2008.
Population (2013) is based on data from World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division, 2013).
GDP (purchasing power parity) is the sum value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year valued at prices prevailing in the United States of America.
GDP per capita (PPP) (2013) is GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by the population. GDP PPP is based on data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. Data is in current international dollars.
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite indicator that measures development and human progress based on health, education and purchasing power. The higher the HDI rank, the higher a country’s level of development. The HDI rank 2013 is based on data from the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Report 2014.
Workers’ remittances (USD) (2013) estimates are the sum of workers’ remittances, compensation of employees and migrants’ transfers. The World 125 Bank staff calculation is based on data from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics database and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies and World Bank country desks.
46 Available from www.iom.int/cms/libya, as of June 2014. Net migration rate (2010–2015) is the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons. An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g. 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country is referred to as net emigration (e.g. -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). Net migration rate based on data from the UN DESA Population Division’s World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.
Immigrants as a percentage of the population (2013) is the estimated number of immigrants divided by the total population, expressed as a percentage. The number of immigrants generally represents the number of persons born in a country other than that in which they live. Data is from UN DESA Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/ DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013).
Women as a percentage of all Immigrants (2013) is the percentage of women migrants among all immigrants. Data is from UN DESA Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/ Stock/Rev.2013).
Population under 15 (2013) refers to the percentage of persons below 15 years old with respect to the total population. Data is from UN DESA Population Division’s World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision.
Adult HIV prevalence (2013) refers to the percentage of adults aged 15 to 49 years old infected with HIV. It is calculated by dividing the number of adults aged 15 to 49 years who have HIV in a given year by the population of adults of the same age group. Data is from www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/ globalreport2013/ ANNEXES
126 Annex iv. Detailed list of relevant tables of EUROSTAT “migr” domain
Detailed list of tables of EUROSTAT Database, Theme Population (populat)47, Domain International Migration and Asylum (migr), relevant for Libya within each collection, excluding Collection Asylum (migr_asy). The list mainly applies to emigration from Libya to the EU Member States (cfr. the availability of data in the tables presented in the statistical annex). Italic denotes the tables with less relevance.
• International migration flows (migr_flow)
−− Immigration (migr_immi)
99 International immigrants by citizenship, sex and age group (Table
migr_imm1ctz) ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 99 International immigrants by country of birth, sex and age group (migr_imm3ctb) 99 International immigrants by previous usual residence, sex and age group (migr_imm5prv) 99 International immigrants by citizenship and sex: native-born and foreign-born (migr_imm6ctz)
−− Emigration (migr_emi)
99 Emigration by sex, age group and citizenship (migr_emi1ctz) 99 Emigration by sex, age group and country of birth (migr_emi4ctb) 99 Emigration by sex, age group and country of next usual residence (migr_emi3nxt)
• Acquisition and loss of citizenship (migr_acqn)
99 Acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship (migr_acq) 99 Loss of citizenship by sex and new citizenship (migr_lct)
• Population by citizenship and by country of birth (migr_stock)
99 Population by sex, age group and citizenship (migr_pop1ctz) 99 Population by sex, age group and country of birth (migr_pop3ctb) 99 Population by sex, citizenship and broad group of country of birth (migr_pop5ctz) 127
47 Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/browse-statistics-by-theme • Residence permits (migr_res)
−− Residence permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resval)
99 First permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resfirst) 99 First permits issued for family reasons by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resfam) 99 First permits issued for education reasons by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resedu) 99 First permits issued for remunerated activities by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resocc) 99 First permits issued for other reasons by reason, length of validity and citizenship (migr_resoth) 99 Change of immigration status permits by reason and citizenship (migr_reschange) 99 All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year (migr_resvalid) 99 Long-term residents by citizenship on 31 December of each year (migr_reslong)
−− Residence permits by reason, age, sex and citizenship (migr_resage)
99 First permits by reason, age, sex and citizenship (migr_resfas) 99 All valid permits by age, sex and citizenship on 31 December of each year (migr_resvas) 99 Long-term residents by age, sex and citizenship on 31 December of each year (migr_reslas)
−− EU Blue cards (migr_resbcard)
99 EU Blue Cards by type of decision, occupation and citizenship (migr_resbc1) 99 Admitted family members of EU Blue Cards holders by type of decision and citizenship (migr_resbc2)
• Enforcement of Immigration Legislation (migr_eil)
99 Third-country nationals refused entry at the external borders – annual data (rounded) (migr_eirfs) ANNEXES 99 Third-country nationals found to be illegally present – annual data 128 (rounded) (migr_eipre) 99 Third-country nationals ordered to leave – annual data (rounded) (migr_eiord) 99 Third-country nationals returned following an order to leave – annual data (rounded) (migr_eirtn) Annex v. Statistical tables
General Information Authority Table 10: Distribution of workers by educational qualification, group of citizenship and sex, Libya, 2001
Educational Libyans Non-Libyans qualification Males Females Total Males Females Total Illiterate 61,220 13,137 74,357 33,709 511 24,220 No primary school 47,565 4,659 52,224 19,376 290 19,666 certificate Primary school 71,182 13,479 84,661 10,711 230 10,941 certificate Preparatory 88,701 17,753 106,454 9,457 314 9,771 school certificate
Intermediate 75,413 43,717 119,130 14,844 1,117 15,961 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA institute Secondary 145,231 125,398 276,029 17,987 2,513 20,500 certificate University degree 53,513 40,900 94,413 14,651 2,236 16,887 Master’s and 3,546 436 3,982 4,289 584 4,873 doctorate Total 546,371 259,479 805,850 115,024 7,795 122,819
Source: GIA, Manpower Survey 2001 (reported in IOM, 2014e).
129 Table 11: Distribution of workers by main sectors of occupation, group of citizenship and sex, Libya, 2001 Sector of economic Libyans Non-Libyans activity Males Females Total Males Females Total Agriculture and 56,272 3,864 60,136 7,561 29 7,590 forestry Manufacturing 74,938 16,430 91,368 21,102 199 21,301 industries Electricity, gas and 30,373 2,288 32,661 637 4 641 water Building and 10,852 1,125 11,977 17,537 87 17,624 construction Wholesale and retail 83,506 5,068 88,574 16,284 670 16,954 trade and services Transportation 32,213 3,353 35,566 710 52 762 Administrative and 225,551 220,076 445,627 34,407 6,455 40,862 social service Others* 32,666 7,275 39,941 16,786 299 17,085 Total 546,371 259,479 805,850 115,024 7,795 122,819
Source: GIA, Manpower Survey 2001 (reported in IOM, 2014e). Note: *“Others” includes itinerant vendors, workers in the transformation industry, employees in financial institutions and other unspecified activities.
Table 12: Distribution of foreign employees by job classification and sex, Libya, 2001 Job classification Males Females Total Total (%) Working alone 13,957 154 14,111 11.5 Self-employed 3,497 55 3,552 2.9 Expatriate contract 32,179 4,374 36,553 29.8 Local contract with the right to transfer 3,517 212 3,729 3.0 Local contract without the right to transfer 14,931 2,043 16,974 13.8 Without contract 46,943 957 47,900 39.0 Total 115,024 7,795 122,819 100.0
Source: GIA, Manpower Survey 2001 (reported in IOM, 2014e). ANNEXES
130 Table 13: Distribution of non-Libyan population by country of nationality and sex, Libya, 2006 Country Total Males Females Non-Libyan Arab region 304,863 209,135 95,728 Jordan 2,053 1,080 973 Morocco 19,839 7,409 12,430 Algeria 4,593 2,464 2,129 Tunisia 14,124 7,315 6,809 Egypt 164,348 129,738 34,610 Sudan 43,680 30,155 13,525 Syrian Arab Republic 17,017 10,203 6,814 Lebanon 966 474 492 Occupied Palestinian Territory 28,596 15,034 13,562
Iraq 6,498 3,361 3,137 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Other Arab 3,149 1,902 1,247 Western Europe 722 249 473 Italy 160 58 102 United Kingdom 165 38 127 Germany 68 26 42 Greece 106 42 64 Malta 46 23 23 Portugal 4 – 4 France 65 26 39 Spain 30 11 19 Other Western European 78 25 53 Africa 40,801 30,089 10,712 Chad 20,683 13,667 7,016 Mali 3,694 2,581 1,113 Ghana 1,195 955 240 Nigeria 11,614 9,925 1,689 Gambia 214 163 51 Ethiopia 78 50 28 Senegal 333 271 62 Benin 89 66 23 Togo 75 63 12 131 Burkina Faso 224 199 25 Country Total Males Females Other African 2,602 2,149 453 Eastern Europe 2,334 843 1,491 Bulgaria 423 130 293 Poland 148 44 104 Romania 72 19 53 Russian Federation 107 43 64 Czech Republic 19 3 16 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 130 41 89 Ukraine 1,150 436 714 Other Eastern European 285 127 158 Asia 8,203 4,965 3,238 Turkey 713 475 238 Pakistan 3,075 1,833 1,242 India 1,570 928 642 Bangladesh 807 531 276 Philippines 1,429 676 753 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 29 27 2 Republic of Korea 67 58 9 China 75 73 2 Taiwan Province of China 32 30 2 Japan 7 5 2 Other Asian 399 329 70 Americas 85 17 68 Cuba 1 1 0 United States of America 46 7 39 Canada 21 7 14 Brazil 7 0 7 Argentina 2 0 2 Other Americas 8 2 6 Other countries 2,532 1,641 891 Unspecified 0 0 0
ANNEXES Total 359,540 246,939 112,601
132 Source: GIA, Libya Population Census of 30 April 2006. Extracted from CARIM Database, Libya, POP03 – Population by citizenship (updated: 20 September 2009), on 18 April 2014. 0 854 444 215 145 9,695 4,672 2,207 25,113 23,686 20,848 30,905 48,958 50,440 42,478 34,064 26,813 21,867 16,136 359,540 otal T 7 0 1 0 68 40 21 13 207 202 169 214 262 242 333 249 190 195 104 2,517 Other countries 1 4 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA New Zealand New Australia and Australia 4 7 2 1 2 1 1 8 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 13 12 15 13 85 Americas 9 2 2 0 52 66 51 46 54 96 48 16 145 315 382 469 608 446 249 3,056 Nationality Western) uropean E uropean (Eastern and (Eastern 5 1 0 0 30 10 493 605 614 552 448 659 892 856 813 992 701 400 132 8,203 Asia 0 56 36 19 601 359 800 207 107 3,562 3,067 2,128 3,361 6,373 6,827 5,382 3,868 2,356 1,692 40,801 Africa 0 707 367 176 123 8,368 4,041 1,899 20,797 19,743 17,884 26,730 41,820 42,562 35,545 28,694 22,973 18,363 14,071 304,863
Arab non-Libya Arab 133 Sex/Age otal Males and females 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 70–74 75–79 80–84 85+ Unspecified T Table 14: Distribution of non-Libyan population by nationality (grouped countries), age and sex, Libya, 2006 Libya, sex, age and countries), (grouped nationality by population of non-Libyan 14: Distribution Table 0 92 57 378 141 8,592 5,498 2,711 1,244 12,626 11,968 10,647 21,944 39,796 41,022 32,110 24,762 18,926 14,425 246,939 otal T 3 0 0 0 79 50 98 30 12 10 108 102 122 183 167 247 168 116 137 1,632 Other countries 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 New Zealand New Australia and Australia 1 2 5 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 17 Americas 0 0 0 2 0 28 31 29 22 14 46 91 88 34 19 169 227 184 108 1,092 Nationality Western) uropean E uropean (Eastern and (Eastern 7 3 1 0 0 24 256 311 324 294 249 383 508 517 491 676 505 305 111 4,965 Asia 0 57 24 25 14 614 445 255 131 1,732 1,566 1,083 2,407 5,405 5,747 4,417 3,030 1,828 1,309 30,089 Africa 0 66 41 303 111 9,956 9,112 7,204 4,587 2,281 1,058 10,500 19,099 33,945 34,678 26,843 20,957 16,321 12,073 209,135 ANNEXES
134 non-Libya Arab GIA, Libya Population Census of 30 April 2006. Extracted from CARIM Database, Libya, POP04 – Population born in the country by citizenship, age and age citizenship, by country the in born Population – POP04 Libya, Database, CARIM from Extracted 2006. April 30 of Census Population GIA,Libya 2009), on 18 April 2014. 19 September (updated: sex Sex/Age otal Of which, males 0–4 5–9 10–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 70–74 75–79 80–84 85+ Unspecified T : Source Table 15: Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population, aged 15 years and over, by marital status and sex, Libya, 2006 Marital status Nationality/ Never Total Sex Married Divorced Widowed Unspecified married Non-Libyans Total 137,617 144,746 1,502 6,028 0 289,893 Females 19,391 52,277 960 5,567 0 78,195 Males 118,226 92,469 542 461 0 211,698 Libyans Total 1,957,519 1,535,868 27,738 131,194 0 3,652,319 Females 890,810 772,349 22,888 119,787 0 1,805,834 Males 1,066,709 763,519 4,850 11,407 0 1,846,485
Libyans and non-Libyans ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Total 2,095,136 1,680,614 29,240 137,222 0 3,942,212 Females 910,201 824,626 23,848 125,354 0 1,884,029 Males 1,184,935 855,988 5,392 11,868 0 2,058,183
Source: GIA, Libya Population Census of 30 April 2006. Extracted from CARIM Database, Libya, POP11 – Population by citizenship and family status (updated: 19 September 2009), on 18 April 2014.
135
2,436 1,340 2,036 2,042 19,938 143,486 435,278 440,494 153,456 368,359 226,736 364,252 2,159,853 Females 4,503 4,103 5,838 4,541 9,071 otal T 167,844 582,195 538,103 168,940 181,955 255,094 423,913 M ales 2,346,100 6,939 7,178 6,577 otal 24,041 11,113 T 311,330 978,597 322,396 550,314 481,830 788,165 1,017,473 4,505,953 182 333 236 381 2,273 6,613 4,110 88,396 14,778 13,472 18,426 12,400 15,192 Females 887 764 352 1,464 1,145 9,184 11,585 41,240 37,298 48,806 38,002 31,618 M ales 222,345 Non-Libyans 588 1,069 3,037 1,797 1,526 otal 18,198 56,018 50,770 13,294 67,232 50,402 46,810 T 310,741 2,254 1,007 1,800 1,661 17,665 136,873 420,500 427,022 149,346 349,933 214,336 349,060 Females 2,071,457 3,616 3,339 4,374 4,189 7,926 156,259 540,955 500,805 159,756 133,149 217,092 392,295 M ales 2,123,755 L ibyans 5,870 5,381 5,989 9,587 otal 21,004 T 293,132 961,455 927,827 309,102 483,082 431,428 741,355 4,195,212 ANNEXES
136 (updated: 20 September 2009), on 18 April 2014. 20 September (updated: GIA, Libya Population Census of 30 April 2006. Extracted from Database,CARIM Libya, POP14 – Population by citizenship level of education and otal T Unspecified Others Doctorate PhD Doctorate Bachelor certificate Post-graduate diploma Post-graduate Master’s degree Master’s Preparatory or Preparatory proportion Secondary or Secondary proportion Intermediate diploma Intermediate Illiterate Able to read and write read Able to Elementary or Elementary proportion Table 16: Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 10 years and over, by educational status and sex, Libya, 2006 Libya, sex, status and by educational over, and years aged 10 population and non-Libyan of Libyan 16: Distribution Table : Source 7,287 60,895 39,017 38,044 otal 884,695 181,033 862,322 348,517 T 2,066,006 1,876,206 1,520,402 3,942,212 780 8,567 32,296 15,312 38,044 90,138 439,293 862,322 488,195 397,277 1,395,834 1,884,029 Females 0 0 Libyans and non-Libyans Libyans 6,507 28,599 30,450 670,172 445,402 165,721 258,379 M ales 1,388,011 1,123,125 2,058,183 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 479 1,318 5,530 1,591 2,675 7,731 otal 89,567 26,314 52,139 T 200,326 289,893 192,116 32 642 501 241 2,675 1,567 9,124 67,472 11,274 52,139 10,723 78,195 Females Non-Libyans 0 0 676 447 5,029 1,350 6,164 22,095 15,040 M ales 189,603 211,698 182,992 6,808 59,577 33,487 35,369 858,381 179,442 810,183 340,786 otal T 1,976,439 1,675,880 1,328,286 3,652,319 748 8,066 31,654 15,071 35,369 88,571 428,019 810,183 477,472 388,153 L ibyans 1,328,362 1,805,834 Females 0 0 6,060 25,421 27,923 648,077 164,371 430,362 252,215 940,133 M ales 1,198,408 1,846,485
137 GIA, CensusLibya Population of 30 April 2006. from CARIM Extracted Working Libya, Database, POP19 age – population, by type of activity and nationality 2009), on 18 April 2014. 20 September (updated: otal Others Subtotal T Retired Disabled Student Housewife Economically inactive Economically housewife Working Seeking work for the for Seeking work time first Subtotal Seeking work with Seeking work work previous Economically active Economically Employed Table 17: Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and over, by type of activity and sex, Libya, 2006 Libya, sex, by type of activity and over, and years aged 15 population and non-Libyan of Libyan 17: Distribution Table : Source otal 3,299 2,230 2,846 1,862 2,446 1,710 2,881 5,262 2,288 4,323 3,349 3,005 T 15,869 14,414 2,718 1,698 1,925 1,416 1,802 1,179 1,918 3,834 1,504 2,931 2,408 2,308 11,619 10,247 Females Non-Libyans , Libya, 2006 Libya, , shabya 581 532 921 446 644 531 963 784 941 697 4,250 1,428 4,167 1,392 M ales otal 50,055 47,800 61,976 59,401 59,138 16,519 64,137 90,019 85,650 T 278,678 203,200 158,016 392,665 148,237 31,073 29,297 38,098 38,470 38,863 10,303 41,340 93,983 56,380 51,518 164,367 138,763 107,636 244,479 Non-economically active population active Non-economically L ibyans Females 6,216 18,982 18,503 23,878 20,931 20,275 22,797 64,437 50,380 54,254 33,639 34,132 M ales 114,311 148,186 3,669 2,998 6,075 5,479 9,791 2,597 otal T 22,138 10,016 21,946 12,321 36,818 18,947 12,000 10,616 332 298 418 223 385 175 514 964 431 545 522 1,557 3,521 1,065 Females Non-Libyans 3,337 2,700 5,657 5,256 9,406 2,422 9,502 20,581 20,982 11,890 33,297 17,882 11,455 10,094 M ales otal 47,313 55,069 61,901 57,094 46,079 11,210 52,179 96,015 T 155,565 130,257 123,249 305,507 140,585 101,782 Economically active population active Economically 3,454 16,448 21,705 22,934 19,717 39,144 12,559 16,736 25,147 31,729 87,191 47,819 35,508 41,784 L ibyans Females ANNEXES 7,756 30,865 33,364 38,967 37,377 33,520 35,443 91,520 92,766 60,507 59,998 116,421 105,110 218,316 138 M ales Al Butnan Al-Shabya* Darnah Al Jabal al Akhdar Al Marj Benghazi Al-Wahat Al-Kufra Surt Misratah Al Marqab Tripoli Al-Jafara AzZawiyah Al-Nikaht Al-Nikaht Al-Khames Table 18: Distribution of Libyan and non-Libyan population aged 15 years and over, by economic status, gender and gender status, economic by over, and years 15 aged population non-Libyan and Libyan of Distribution 18: Table 813 725 520 otal 1,577 4,304 1,096 T 74,819 546 476 791 279 1,183 2,770 53,552 Females Non-Libyans 394 267 249 305 241 1,534 M ales 21,267 6,961 otal 27,371 66,060 23,588 22,902 T 101,122 1,963,495 4,122 63,805 16,429 37,194 13,719 13,221 Non-economically active population active Non-economically L ibyans Females ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 1,233,060 9,869 9,681 2,839 37,317 10,942 28,866 M ales 730,435 848 4,415 4,096 3,634 otal 10,397 10,425 T 209,226 41 387 170 763 176 132 12,619 Females Non-Libyans 807 4,245 9,662 3,920 3,502 10,010 M ales 196,607 7,017 otal 97,335 32,165 66,208 23,303 25,770 T 1,635,603 Economically active population active Economically 9,104 2,851 34,373 13,372 25,394 11,022 517,991 L ibyans Females 4,166 62,962 18,793 40,814 14,199 14,748 M ales
1,117,612 139 GIA, preliminary results of the CensusLibya Population of 30 April 2006. from CARIM Extracted Working Libya, POP19 Database, age – population, by type of 2009), on 18 April 2014. 20 September (updated: activity and nationality to a district. division, equivalent administrative is Libyan * Shabya otal Al Jabal al Gharbi Nalut Al-Shabya* Sabha Wadi al Hayat Wadi Murzuq Ghat T : Source : Note 1,684 5,663 9,864 3,621 21,536 31,080 64,440 11,063 11,196 12,593 62,732 62,922 14,023 123,092 270,700 M ales 114 552 105 2,129 9,918 4,446 3,756 1,345 2,939 2,079 2,427 10,120 22,474 52,435 244,249 Females 1,798 6,215 Libyans and non-Libyans Libyans 7,377 otal 23,665 19,782 68,886 41,200 12,541 15,532 64,811 65,349 33,537 14,128 T 367,341 323,135 88 99 238 957 161 469 162 1,466 1,867 5,225 5,102 1,766 2,196 2,356 13,817 M ales 8 5 11 98 13 73 49 167 135 648 337 344 1,264 2,609 1,098 Females Non-Libyans 96 249 112 234 211 1,564 3,131 7,711 1,124 5,360 1,567 2,414 2,533 2,361 otal 14,161 T 1,596 5,425 7,997 3,459 20,070 30,123 59,215 10,594 11,097 12,432 60,536 49,105 11,667 117,990 268,934 M ales 106 541 100 2,031 8,654 9,953 4,311 3,707 1,332 2,866 1,742 2,083 21,376 51,787 L ibyans 241,640 Females 1,702 5,966 7,166 otal 22,101 16,651 40,076 63,526 31,970 12,429 15,298 62,278 51,188 11,767 T 359,630 320,721 ANNEXES
140 Major and sub-major occupations Administrative managerial workers managerial Administrative Managers, supervisors and building supervisors Managers, (not in government) contractors Specialists in physical science, in physical Specialists and engineering computers mathematics, Life scientists and specialists in health and specialists scientists Life Specialists in education and instruction in education Specialists Technical and related workers and related Technical Technical assistants in engineering, math assistants Technical and computer science and in life assistants Technical health Salesmen in scientific equipment industry equipment Salesmen in scientific Specialists in insurance services in insurance Specialists supervisors Clerical servicesClerical services in personal Workers Marketers and salesmen Marketers Sales of scientific agricultural agricultural Sales of scientific equipment manufacturing Table 19: Distribution ofTable Libyan and non-Libyan population,economically active and aged yearsby major15 and over, and sub-major 2006 Libya, and sex, occupations
1,019 8,021 42,476 78,560 11,169 10,320 51,678 46,702 11,304 20,526 11,113 130,535 258,379 M ales 1,388,011 0 4 1 21 140 884 177 1,034 1,831 3,832 19,405 11,640 90,138 488,195 Females 1,159 9,055 Libyans and non-Libyans Libyans otal 78,560 42,497 11,173 11,204 51,679 22,357 14,945 58,342 11,481 T 149,940 348,517 1,876,206 334 759 5,122 2,163 1,538 2,283 7,696 5,674 6,164 59,241 13,036 39,614 10,010 M ales 189,603 4 0 0 4 0 91 31 91 35 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 913 164 964 1,567 10,723 Females Non-Libyans 338 850 5,213 2,163 1,569 2,283 5,709 7,731 8,660 otal 40,527 59,241 13,040 10,174 T 200,326 685 2,899 9,006 8,782 5,630 49,395 90,921 19,319 29,440 10,516 10,354 39,006 252,215 M ales 1,198,408 4 1 0 17 136 943 853 142 1,667 3,741 18,492 10,676 88,571 L ibyans 477,472 Females 821 3,842 9,010 9,635 5,772 otal 29,457 49,396 19,319 49,682 12,183 14,095 T 109,413 340,786 1,675,880
141 (updated: 19 September 2009), on 18 April 2014. 19 September (updated: GIA, Libya Population Census of 30 April 2006. Extracted from CARIM Database Libya POP21– age Working population by and nationality profession Major and sub-major occupations Machinery fitters and related workers related and Machinery fitters Other craftsman Stationary engine and related equipment equipment related engine and Stationary operators Agricultural and forestry workers and forestry Agricultural workers Metal Collectors and worked machines and worked Collectors workers and moving-machine Drivers Construction workers Construction Initial occupations in sales and servicesInitial occupations workers and hunting Agricultural and quarrymen Miners Workers not classifiable by occupation not classifiable Workers time the first for Seeking work rand total G rand : Source Central Bank of Libya
Table 20: Net current transfers of the Libyan balance of payments, 2004–2007 (million Libyan dinar) Items 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total -3,261.0 830.7 -435.2 -275.6 General government -2,263.0 146.7 162.5 -684.8 Other sectors -998.0 -684.0 -1,167.3 -960.4 Oil sector -273.0 -339.0 -367.0 -380.0 Workers’ transfers abroad -928.0 -354.0 -800.3 -580.4 Others 203.0
Source: Central Bank of Libya. Extracted from CARIM Database, Libya, ECO01 – Remittances by expatriates (total) (updated: 20 September 2009), on 18 April 2014.
UN DESA
Table 21: Migrant stock, Libya and other North African countries, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (midyear) Type of 1990 2000 2010 2013 dataa World 154,162.0 174,515.7 220,729.3 231,522.2 Africa 15,630.9 15,591.3 17,125.7 18,644.5 North Africa 2,408.2 1,872.5 1,925.7 1,862.8 Libya C 457.5 558.8 699.1 756.0 As % of North 19% 30% 36% 41% Africa Males 295.1 360.4 458.0 498.2 Females 162.4 198.4 241.2 257.7 Females, as % 35% 35% 34% 34% of both sexes Algeria C R 274.0 250.1 245.0 270.4 Egypt B R 175.6 169.1 280.7 297.4 Morocco C 57.6 53.1 50.1 50.8 Sudanb B R 1,402.9 801.9 612.7 446.7 Tunisia C 38.0 36.2 33.6 36.5 Western I 2.7 3.3 4.5 4.9 Sahara
ANNEXES Source: Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision, United Nations database, POP/ 142 DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013 (UN DESA, 2013). Notes: a This column indicates whether the data used to produce the estimates refer to the foreign-born population (B) or to foreign citizens (C). It also indicates in which cases the number of refugees, as reported by UNHCR, was added to the estimate of international migrants (R). Estimates for countries or areas having no data on the number of international migrants were obtained by imputation (I). b The estimates for 1990 and 2000 refer to Sudan and South Sudan. 20.1 29.1 42.4 16.5 16.5 19.0 23.3 29.5 37.0 43.6 49.4 53.1 55.9 53.1 34.1 % Females 2013 32,232 23,348 21,353 43,249 56,544 70,969 80,743 84,932 79,571 68,916 56,529 46,633 43,374 47,581 otal 755,974 T ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 21.0 30.9 44.6 16.8 16.5 18.8 23.0 29.2 37.0 43.8 49.9 53.7 57.1 54.7 34.5 % Females 2010 29,111 21,007 18,032 39,188 51,447 65,356 74,965 79,813 75,331 65,575 53,812 43,922 40,465 41,120 otal T 699,144 20.6 31.9 44.2 16.9 15.6 16.7 20.5 26.8 35.6 46.2 53.4 55.4 55.3 55.3 35.5 % Females 2000 17,665 13,644 11,956 24,016 34,132 46,463 59,625 67,002 67,431 58,515 46,512 38,355 34,234 39,220 otal 558,770 T 19.8 30.7 42.6 16.2 15.0 16.0 19.7 25.8 34.2 44.5 51.3 53.3 53.2 53.2 35.5 % Females 1990 8,723 7,960 10,455 14,532 22,248 32,220 44,678 56,988 64,892 58,733 43,480 31,399 28,511 32,663 otal 457,482 T
143 Trends Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013Revision, United Nationsdatabase, (UN POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013 DESA, 2013). otal 60–64 65+ T 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 Table 22: Migrant stock by sex and age, Libya, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (midyear) Libya, and age, sex by stock 22: Migrant Table : Source 0.7 50.6 16.3 42.8 30.2 29.9 37.6 23.4 29.1 34.3 26.5 31.4 39.7 15.5 27.4 58.4 27.2 25.4 23.1 34.1 33.6 % Females 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 22.1 100.0 2013 Total (%) Total 843 395 603 585 305 426 330 332 351 351 1,795 4,212 3,520 1,944 1,397 1,099 4,803 2,794 20,590 otal 755,974 169,185 T 780 365 558 541 282 394 305 307 325 325 1,660 3,895 3,255 1,798 1,292 1,016 4,442 2,584 19,042 otal 699,144 156,466 T 2010 622 293 446 432 227 316 243 246 812 260 260 1,327 3,114 2,602 1,437 1,031 3,550 2,066 15,218 558,770 125,052 otal T 2000 8.8 8.0 2.0 3.6 26.3 45.1 16.0 49.8 21.0 37.5 28.5 33.9 17.0 28.6 14.2 14.7 18.7 56.5 14.6 35.5 33.3 % Females 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 15.0 100.0 1990 Total (%) Total 75 872 611 595 201 284 376 695 689 434 276 1,231 1,620 1,553 1,024 8,391 1,097 1,507 1,676 73,039 otal 457,482 T ANNEXES
144 orld Chad Congo Ghana W Comoros d’Ivoire Côte Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau Africa Algeria Democratic Republic Democratic of the Congo Eritrea Kenya Djibouti Egypt Mali Mauritania Niger Senegal Morocco Nigeria Table 23: Migrant stock by sex and country of citizenship, Libya, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (midyear) Libya, of citizenship, and country sex by stock 23: Migrant Table 5.5 34.2 19.4 37.8 42.5 34.0 34.1 44.6 26.7 30.0 32.6 30.3 33.3 33.2 34.5 38.0 43.3 28.3 33.0 % Females 2.7 1.0 9.9 0.2 0.2 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 12.9 67.6 2013 Total (%) Total 986 404 261 315 635 234 252 949 3,024 4,747 1,742 3,015 1,226 20,005 12,806 67,123 14,143 otal 102,471 528,025 T 912 374 241 291 587 216 233 878 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 2,797 4,390 1,611 2,788 1,134 18,501 11,843 62,077 13,080 94,768 otal 488,478 T 2010 729 299 193 233 469 173 186 702 905 9,465 2,236 3,510 1,287 2,230 14,785 49,611 10,454 75,738 390,793 otal T 2000 36.4 36.0 14.9 34.1 48.1 13.0 38.5 13.6 29.5 34.2 31.8 34.2 49.2 40.0 48.4 45.1 13.4 15.7 35.3 % Females 0.9 2.1 0.4 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 8.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 55.6 1990 Total (%) Total 384 446 678 544 118 512 319 4,160 9,676 4,232 3,883 1,416 2,290 4,757 3,921 1,092 1,368 38,630 otal 255,514 T
145
Iran (Islamic Republic of) (Islamic Republic Iran Japan Jordan Sudan Republic United of Tanzania Asia Afghanistan Indonesia Iraq South Africa Sierra Leone Sierra Tunisia Armenia India South Sudan Somalia Bahrain Bangladesh China 53.4 26.5 29.7 33.7 35.0 27.9 24.1 33.0 29.6 35.8 22.8 45.2 34.2 19.0 26.1 14.6 30.4 44.3 25.5 25.0 22.9 % Females 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.1 3.8 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.1 3.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.9 0.1 1.0 0.1 36.7 2013 Total (%) Total 703 657 361 234 370 666 787 4,324 1,387 2,411 1,661 2,486 2,722 7,766 2,794 34,773 27,214 20,957 10,849 10,587 otal 280,475 T 650 608 334 216 342 616 728 3,999 1,283 2,230 1,536 2,299 2,517 7,182 2,584 9,791 32,159 25,168 19,382 10,033 otal 259,390 T 2010 519 485 266 173 273 492 582 3,197 1,025 1,783 1,228 1,837 2,013 5,739 2,066 8,018 7,825 25,701 20,115 15,493 207,308 otal T 2000 6.8 41.7 33.5 22.2 22.4 32.2 37.0 28.5 28.5 29.7 17.0 26.3 16.4 27.6 11.9 12.0 35.0 32.2 42.3 49.3 31.9 % Females 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.0 3.2 2.2 1.7 1.2 0.1 34.7 1990 Total (%) Total 59 820 807 199 711 244 134 404 1,931 1,105 1,247 2,199 1,324 6,986 2,765 6,621 6,010 12,987 15,026 10,965 otal 152,386 T ANNEXES
146 Qatar of Korea Republic Occupied Palestinian Occupied Palestinian Territory Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore Pakistan Sri Lanka Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Oman Republic Arab Syrian Tajikistan Turkey Emirates Arab United Yemen Malaysia Thailand Kazakhstan Lebanon Kuwait 36.9 55.2 46.9 47.4 48.0 36.5 41.1 48.0 54.2 44.6 50.7 37.7 38.0 44.5 62.6 43.4 61.5 42.4 45.2 38.4 45.2 % Females 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.1 8.2 2013 Total (%) Total 295 737 746 663 323 332 756 271 330 666 815 585 713 734 2,567 1,735 6,891 6,559 4,928 7,103 46,613 otal T ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 273 682 690 613 299 307 699 251 305 616 754 541 659 679 2,374 1,605 6,373 6,066 4,558 6,569 43,110 otal T 2010 220 546 552 489 240 246 559 199 243 492 602 432 526 543 1,896 1,284 5,093 4,848 3,643 5,250 34,454 otal T 2000 25.6 40.6 43.2 37.6 37.3 43.0 40.7 37.6 40.1 36.1 28.1 31.6 34.1 34.3 46.6 34.7 35.4 34.9 32.4 49.4 38.6 % Females 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 5.8 2.8 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 8.1 25.8 1990 Total (%) Total 67 316 703 351 797 177 303 539 646 2,046 1,920 3,733 3,051 1,164 8,828 1,284 1,022 27,696 13,306 26,607 otal 108,538 T
147 E urope Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Hungary Denmark Germany Greece Italy Monaco Norway Finland (The) Netherlands Poland Romania France Russian Federation Spain Sweden 49.7 42.1 55.6 46.8 41.8 38.3 38.4 35.7 43.1 38.4 35.7 % Females 0.2 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.4 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.1 2013 Total (%) Total 915 946 859 252 694 734 734 7,090 2,794 9,690 12,484 otal T 846 875 794 233 642 679 679 6,557 2,584 8,962 11,546 otal T 2010 676 699 635 186 513 543 543 5,240 2,066 7,163 9,229 otal T 2000 35.6 36.3 32.9 45.3 44.7 34.8 30.1 35.4 44.9 35.2 34.8 % Females 1.1 1.8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 4.2 0.2 4.3 0.3 1990 Total (%) Total 190 850 391 459 947 5,073 8,719 1,501 1,501 19,083 20,030 otal T ANNEXES
148 Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 revision, United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013 (UN DESA, 2013). (UN POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013 database, Nations United revision, The 2013 Stock: Migrant in International Trends Switzerland Ukraine and the America Latin C aribbean Brazil United Kingdom United El Salvador N orth America Canada of America States United Oceania Australia : Source – 40.7 19.7 42.9 51.2 33.3 38.7 42.4 40.1 47.9 50.3 48.3 45.3 47.7 48.6 46.6 44.2 100.0 % Females 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.0 6.1 2.9 0.7 0.0 1.5 1.1 3.3 56.5 43.5 17.2 100.0 2013 Total (%) Total 4 0 31 145 152 163 300 977 1,569 8,648 4,121 2,093 1,604 4,665 otal 80,394 61,798 24,472 T 142,192 4 1 32 177 137 160 297 932 1,549 8,161 3,996 1,079 1,701 4,226 otal 76,650 58,054 22,452 T 2010 134,704 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 0 1 5 68 38 150 139 1,642 4,575 5,303 1,286 1,153 2,465 2,325 otal 85,570 30,696 54,874 19,150 T 2000 – 0.0 16.9 41.0 54.2 40.1 38.1 45.3 40.7 60.0 46.0 57.1 48.6 43.3 47.0 42.5 49.1 45.7 % Females 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.2 0.2 0.1 3.9 6.7 0.1 1.4 1.5 2.9 2.5 31.8 68.2 21.6 100.0 1990 Total (%) Total 0 2 89 42 50 100 142 1,780 3,129 5,379 1,096 1,225 2,374 1,982 otal 80,565 25,627 54,938 17,390 T I I I E E E E E E E E E E E b on based Origin C C C B a C R C B C R B R B R B R B R B R B R B R data Type of Type c d
149 e orld More developed regions developed More Less developed regions Less developed Sudan South Sudan Seychelles South Africa Niger Morocco Mauritania Madagascar W Egypt Côte d’Ivoire Côte Uganda Tunisia Chad Africa Algeria Table 24: Migrant stock of Libyan origin by sex and country of residence, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2013 (midyear) of residence, and country sex origin by of Libyan stock 24: Migrant Table 0.0 39.3 25.0 46.9 41.7 41.4 43.9 34.6 40.1 38.8 41.4 22.9 35.8 40.2 48.6 37.1 55.1 42.8 33.3 48.8 48.3 % Females 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 7.9 0.2 3.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 2.1 0.6 1.6 1.4 0.2 0.1 12.4 51.2 25.9 2013 Total (%) Total 3 12 49 239 184 207 411 347 314 245 848 269 183 4,549 3,056 2,311 1,979 otal 11,278 17,574 72,745 36,860 T 3 14 47 218 180 194 393 320 303 237 200 150 4,180 3,021 2,236 1,006 1,921 otal 10,199 17,294 69,394 35,150 T 2010 3 49 99 25 45 61 170 319 218 536 189 104 6,511 3,081 2,698 1,441 1,183 4,480 otal 19,423 20,814 35,363 T 2000 0.0 6.9 35.2 28.0 35.3 43.8 40.9 47.4 41.9 55.4 35.3 46.8 26.1 25.2 46.2 51.5 46.4 52.0 40.4 42.7 50.8 % Females 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 3.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.9 1.8 1.7 0.4 0.1 0.0 23.8 17.2 23.6 46.1 1990 Total (%) Total 3 71 25 34 32 34 57 29 254 738 332 154 747 338 2,806 1,438 1,354 otal 19,180 13,860 19,015 37,167 T I I I I E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E b on based Origin C B B C B B B B B B I R a C R C R C R C R B R B R B R B R data Type of Type ANNEXES
150 g f Faroe Islands Faroe Finland Denmark Czech Republic Czech Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina E urope Austria Viet Nam Viet Turkey Philippines Hungary Greece Lebanon Germany Asia Cyprus Israel Jordan Indonesia France 0.0 27.4 51.6 31.9 37.0 41.9 50.0 51.7 40.7 27.0 16.7 45.7 41.7 32.3 27.5 35.8 45.6 100.0 % Females 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 14.1 27.1 2013 Total (%) Total 1 6 2 27 30 36 40 917 262 713 257 441 263 1,061 1,083 1,791 otal 20,069 38,548 T 1 7 2 27 29 35 44 702 905 265 971 640 266 296 252 1,364 otal 24,579 32,043 T 2010 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 1 3 0 19 11 27 19 72 409 618 339 718 374 562 316 219 8,464 3,371 otal T 2000 – 0.0 35.3 42.3 46.9 50.0 50.9 39.8 37.5 49.8 35.8 33.3 50.0 42.9 14.3 38.8 10.3 44.4 % Females – 0.2 8.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.0 6.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 1990 Total (%) Total 1 2 8 3 8 0 7 84 58 54 201 435 373 636 293 433 6,650 5,450 otal T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E b on based Origin B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B a B R data Type of Type
151 h i Norway (The) Netherlands Serbia United Kingdom United Lithuania Malta Latvia Russian Federation Switzerland Romania Italy Sweden Portugal Slovenia Iceland Ireland Poland Slovakia 0.0 32.4 50.0 20.6 29.4 33.3 10.5 20.0 50.0 66.7 28.6 48.5 14.3 39.7 33.0 % Females 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 2013 Total (%) Total 6 5 3 7 34 17 24 18 38 10 28 97 68 111 466 otal T 5 5 3 7 30 16 21 16 37 10 26 96 72 108 452 otal T 2010 4 5 6 8 3 0 5 23 13 13 33 22 119 107 361 otal T 2000 – 0.0 0.0 37.9 25.0 45.5 50.0 34.3 11.1 18.2 50.0 66.7 58.8 39.8 37.3 % Females 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 1990 Total (%) Total 4 4 3 0 2 11 18 35 27 11 12 17 124 381 113 otal T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E b on based Origin B B B B B B B B B B a B R B R B R B R data Type of Type ANNEXES
152 Venezuela (Bolivarian (Bolivarian Venezuela of) Republic Peru Panama Nicaragua Mexico Ecuador Dominican Republic Dominican Cuba Costa Rica Costa Colombia Chile Brazil Bolivia (Plurinational State State Bolivia (Plurinational of) Latin America and the America Latin C aribbean Argentina 21.8 52.3 52.3 46.0 46.3 46.9 % Females 0.6 2.9 0.1 1.8 1.9 3.5 2013 Total (%) Total 873 130 4,065 2,581 2,711 4,938 otal T 842 118 3,904 2,392 2,510 4,746 otal T 2010 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 100 5,780 2,503 1,499 1,599 8,283 otal T 2000 39.7 50.9 41.7 45.8 45.7 40.9 % Females 5.8 0.7 0.1 1.6 1.7 6.5 1990 Total (%) Total 48 593 4,646 1,325 1,373 5,239 otal T E E E E b on based Origin B B B B a data Type of Type
153 j Including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island. Islands and Norfolk (Keeling) Island, Cocos Including Christmas Including Åland Islands. This indicates whether the origin is based on empirical data (E) or was obtained by imputation (I) based on a regional model. (I) based on a imputation by obtained (E) or was data the origin is based on empirical whether This indicates Polynesia. and and the Caribbean plus Melanesia, Micronesia America Japan), Latin Asia (except of Africa, all regions comprise regions Less developed Islands. and Jan Mayen Including Svalbard This indicates whether the data used to produce the estimates refer to the foreign-born population (B) or to foreign citizens (C). It also indicates in which cases in which indicates It also (C). citizens foreign to or (B) population foreign-born the to refer estimates the produce to used data the whether indicates This data having on areas no countries for or Estimates (R). migrants of by international UNHCR, added was as the the to reported estimate number of refugees, (I). by imputation obtained were migrants the number of international and Japan. Zealand, and New Australia Northern America, Europe, comprise regions developed More The estimates for 1990 and 2000 refer to Sudan and South Sudan. refer for 1990 and 2000 The estimates Including northern Cyprus. Including UNSC resolution 1244-administered Kosovo. The estimates for 1990 and 2000 refer to Serbia and Montenegro. refer for 1990 and 2000 The estimates Kosovo. 1244-administered Including UNSC resolution
Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 revision, United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013 (UN DESA, 2013). (UN POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2013 database, Nations United revision, The 2013 Stock: Migrant in International Trends a b c d e f g h i j Australia Oceania United States of America States United Canada N orth America New Zealand New : Source : Notes World Bank
Table 25: Migrant remittance outflows, Libya, 1977–2012 Year Amount Year Amount Year Amount (USD million) (USD million) (USD million) 1977 840 1989 472 2001 683 1978 932 1990 446 2002 786 1979 832 1991 409 2003 676 1980 1,052 1992 394 2004 975 1981 1,531 1993 324 2005 914 1982 1,575 1994 283 2006 945 1983 2,032 1995 222 2007 762 1984 1,240 1996 272 2008 964 1985 859 1997 192 2009 1,361 1986 490 1998 208 2010 1,609 1987 466 1999 213 2011 650 1988 497 2000 463 2012 1,971
Source: The World Bank staff calculation based on data from the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics database and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies and World Bank country desks. See Migration and Development Brief 12 for the methodology for the forecasts. Notes: • All numbers are in current (nominal) USD. • For a discussion of the definition of remittances, see: D. Ratha, “Workers’ remittances: An important and stable source of external development finance”, in Global Development Finance 2003 (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2003). • For latest data and analysis on migration and remittances, please visit http://web. worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/0,,contentMDK:21924020~pagePK:510598 8~piPK:360975~theSitePK:214971,00.html Date: April 2013. ANNEXES
154 – – – – a 6,608 5,350 53,579 25,561 25,561 25,561 53,579 2013 – – – 7,065 7,065 7,065 6,555 1,055 2012 59,425 59,425 177,452 a 6,577 5,350 2013 25,556 53,579 7,065 6,555 1,055 59,425 2012 177,452 2,894 10,130 93,565 2011 148,951 458,047 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 7,923 3,194 2010 9,005 3,317 2009 6,713 4,834 2008 4,098 2,777 2007 2006 2,760 1,994 200 2005 12,166 200 2004 12,166 58 2003 11,897 30 2002 11,666 15 2001 11,664
208 155 2000 11,543 g f s h c
b e d s and of whom: by assisted UNHCR eturned eturned eturned IDP eturned Refugees R refugees Other people of concern R IDPs protected/ IDPs by assisted UNHCR in IDP- Persons situations like People in People refugee-like situations Population Population category and Refugees people in refugee-like situations Asylum-seekers Asylum-seekers (pending cases) IDP people in IDP- situations like Table 26: Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs) and and other IDPs) people of concern to (refugees returnees (IDPs), displaced persons internally asylum-seekers, 26: Refugees, Table 2000–2013 (end of year) in Libya, UNHCR with asylum/residence – – – – a 91,098 2013 – – – – 2012 251,552 a 2013 91,062 2012 251,552 2011 713,587 2010 11,117 2009 12,322 2008 11,547 6,875 2007 2006 4,755 2005 12,366 2004 12,366 2003 11,955 2002 11,696 2001 11,679 ANNEXES
156 2000 11,750 Individuals who do not necessarily fall directly into any of the other groups but to whom UNHCR may extend its protection and/or assistance services. These assistance activities be might and/or its protection extend but of whom to the UNHCR may other any groups Individuals into who do directly not necessarily fall or other special grounds. based on humanitarian IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR who have returned to their place of origin during the calendar year. their place of origin during the calendar to returned UNHCR who have by protected/assisted IDPs Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention/1967 Protocol, the 1969 OAU Convention, in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, persons granted a complementary complementary a granted persons Statute, UNHCR the with accordance in Convention, OAU 1969 the Protocol, Convention/1967 UN 1951 the under refugees as recognized Persons protection. temporary and those granted of protection form procedure. in the asylum stage at any is pending status refugee or for asylum whose application Persons other the of any into directly fall necessarily not do who people and mandate statelessness UNHCR’s the under falling people situations, stateless-like in people persons, Stateless services (see Glossary). assistance and/or its protection extend whom UNHCR may but to groups Refugees who have returned to their place of origin during the calendar year. Source: country of origin and asylum. country Source: year. their place of origin during the calendar to returned who have Refugees Provisional data. data. Provisional Persons who are displaced within their country and to whom UNHCR extends protection and/or assistance. This category is descriptive in nature and includes groups of persons persons of groups includes and nature in descriptive is category This assistance. and/or protection extends UNHCR whom to and country their within displaced are who Persons be not could reasons, or other practical for who, but IDPs by faced those to similar risks protection face who and residence habitual or nationality of country their inside are who as such. reported Persons who are not considered nationals by any State under the operation of its law. This category refers to persons who fall under the agency’s statelessness mandate because because mandate statelessness agency’s the under fall who persons to refers category This law. its of operation the under State any by nationals considered not are who Persons nationality. persons with undetermined may also include countries from some data but definition, this international to according stateless are they This category This is category descriptive in and nature includes of groups who persons are outside theircountry orterritory of origin andface who risks similar protection to faced those by reasons, not been ascertained. or other practical has, for status whom refugee but for refugees,
UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2013c) and UNHCR Global Trends 2013: War’s Human Cost (UNHCR, Geneva, 2014), Table 1 in both sources, for the last the for sources, in both 1 Table 2014), Geneva, (UNHCR, Cost Human War’s 2013: Trends Global UNHCR and 2013c) (UNHCR, Database Reference Statistics Population UNHCR in this table. columns two i
a b c d e f g h i j j otal otal Persons under Persons UNHCR’s statelessness mandate Persons in Persons stateless-like situations Population Population category Stateless persons excluding stateless-like Various T of population concern : Sources : Notes
– – – – – – 3 3 a 25 3,322 3,322 2,091 5,350 2013 53,579 64,345 53,579 – – – – – – – 38 5,249 1,055 5,251 1,866 2012 59,425 59,425 245,049 177,452 * a 345 3,284 2,044 5,350 2013 64,602 53,579 615 5,251 1,866 2012 59,425 244,609 177,452 4,384 1,505 2011 18,909 93,565 576,410 458,047 37 566 2010 2,309 2,912 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 90 641 2009 2,202 2,933 49 765 2,084 2,898 2008 250 623 2007 1,954 2,827 22 671 2006 1,573 2,266 35 769 2005 1,575 2,379 46 820 2004 1,713 2,579 201 904 2003 1,570 2,675 18 923 2002 1,455 2,396 888 474 2001 1,362 619 542 2000 1,161 d c i 157 g s f b UNHCR ReferenceDatabase Population (UNHCR, Statistics 2013c) and UNHCR Trends Global 2013: HumanWar’s Cost Table (UNHCR, 2014a), 1 in both sources, for thelast two in this table. columns j eturned IDP eturned IDPs and people in IDP-like and people in IDP-like IDPs situations Refugees Returned refugeese Returned Persons under UNHCR’s under UNHCR’s Persons mandate statelessness of whom: assisted by UNHCR by of whom: assisted (pending cases) Asylum-seekers Various Other people of concernh situations in stateless-like Persons R Population category Population and people in refugee- Refugees situations like People in refugee-like situations in refugee-like People Total population of concern of population Total Stateless persons excluding excluding persons Stateless stateless-like IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR by protected/assisted IDPs situations in IDP-like Persons Table Table 27: Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs) and other people of concern year) 2000–2013 (end of Libya, from UNHCR originating to : Sources ANNEXES
158 Individuals who do not necessarily fall directly into any of the other groups but to whom UNHCR may extend its protection and/or assistance services. be These activities might assistance and/or its protection extend whom UNHCR may but to of the other groups any into directly Individuals who do not necessarily fall or other special grounds. based on humanitarian IDPs protected/assisted by UNHCR who have returned to their place of origin during the calendar year. their place of origin during the calendar to returned UNHCR who have by protected/assisted IDPs Persons recognized as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention/1967 Protocol, the 1969 OAU Convention, in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, persons granted a complementary complementary a granted persons Statute, UNHCR the with accordance in Convention, OAU 1969 the Protocol, Convention/1967 UN 1951 the under refugees as recognized Persons countries refugee population Inindustrialized in the UNHCR 25 absencethe figures, protection. estimated has oftemporary Government andof thoseprotection granted form recognition. of individual refugee based on 10 years procedure. in the asylum stage at any is pending status refugee or for asylum whose application Persons other the of any into directly fall necessarily not do who people and mandate statelessness UNHCR’s the under falling people situations, stateless-like in people persons, Stateless services (see Glossary). assistance and/or its protection extend whom UNHCR may but to groups Provisional data. An asterisk (*) denotes values between 1 and 4. between values (*) denotes An asterisk data. Provisional Refugees who have returned to their place of origin during the calendar year. Source: country of origin and asylum. country Source: year. their place of origin during the calendar to returned who have Refugees Persons who are not considered nationals by any State under the operation of its law. This category refers to persons who fall under the agency’s statelessness mandate because because mandate statelessness agency’s the under fall who persons to refers category This law. its of operation the under State any by nationals considered not are who Persons nationality. persons with undetermined may also include countries from some data but definition, this international to according stateless are they Persons who are displaced within their country and to whom UNHCR extends protection and/or assistance. This category is descriptive in nature and includes groups of persons persons of groups includes and nature in descriptive is category This assistance. and/or protection extends UNHCR whom to and country their within displaced are who Persons who are inside their country of nationality or habitualresidence and whoface risks protection similar to those faced by IDPs butpractical for who, or other reasons, could not as such. be reported This category is This indescriptive andcategory nature includes of groups who persons outside are theircountry or territory of origin and risksface similar to who faced protection those by reasons, not been ascertained. or other practical has, for status whom refugee but for refugees,
a b c d e f g h i j : Notes Table 28: Changes in refugees and people in a refugee-like situation with asylum/residence in Libya, 2012–2013 2012 2013a Stock at beginning of year 10,130 7,065 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 2,590 7,065 Increases Spontaneous arrivals, group recognitions 431 – Spontaneous arrivals, temporary protection – 13,035 Spontaneous arrivals, individual recognitions – 1,715 Resettlement arrivals – – Births – – Other increases 34 – Decreases Voluntary repatriationsb 615 345 Resettlements – 1 Cessations – – Naturalizations – – Deaths 5 –
Other decreases 3,481 33 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Stock at end of year 7,065 25,561 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 7,065 25,561
Sources: UNHCR, 2013a and 2014a (Table 3 in both sources). Notes: a Provisional data. b Best estimate, based on reports from the country of asylum and the country of origin.
Table 29: Changes in refugees and people in a refugee-like situation originating from Libya, 2012–2013 2012 2013a Stock at beginning of year 4,385 5,235 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 19 38 Increases Spontaneous arrivals, group recognitions – 1 Spontaneous arrivals, temporary protection – 47 Spontaneous arrivals, individual recognitions 473 679 Resettlement arrivals 37 14 Births 2 2 Other increases 13 1 Decreases Voluntary repatriationsb 1,055 – Resettlements – 7 Cessations – – Naturalizations 6 6 Deaths – – Other decreases 34 542 Stock at end of year 5,251 3,322 of whom: UNHCR-assisted 38 25 159
Sources: UNHCR, 2013a and 2014a (Table 4 in both sources). Notes: a Provisional data. b Best estimate, based on reports from the country of asylum and the country of origin.
* * 5 6 a 32 31 23 20 480 2,530 2013 1 5 3 6 32 28 23 19 477 2,532 2012 1 5 3 6 40 29 30 80 90 301 917 2,736 2011 1 1 6 3 6 41 29 39 20 976 2010 2,885 1 1 2 3 1 6 1 34 37 21 25 134 622 2,777 2009 2 2 1 8 4 3 4 8 32 53 26 147 312 2008 2,217 2 2 1 1 8 3 4 6 11 72 19 21 144 1,055 2007 1 2 7 4 8 3 4 6 19 34 24 153 2006 1 5 4 2 2 4 10 43 25 152 2005 1 5 4 2 2 4 10 43 25 152 2004 1 9 5 1 4 2 4 24 43 2003 1 2 2 4 43 2002 55 2001 29 2000 ANNEXES
160 Nigeria Mauritania Democratic Republic Democratic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Haiti Iraq Jordan Liberia Cameroon Chad Côte d’Ivoire Côte Eritrea Burundi Bosnia and Herzegovina Country of origin Country Afghanistan Algeria Table 30: Refugees residing in Libya by country of origin, 2000–2013 (end year) country by in Libya residing 30: Refugees Table a 167 651 4,815 2013 16,796 25,556 1 165 635 3,138 7,065 2012 1 818 150 2,213 2,710 2011 10,130 1 834 342 2010 2,739 7,923 1 919 643 3,777 9,005 2009 1 9 3 94 372 573 2008 2,842 6,713 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 2 1 2 5 92 181 513 1,953 4,098 2007 1 5 10 108 488 2006 1,883 2,760 3 1 9 94 2,938 8,873 2005 12,166 3 1 9 94 2,938 8,873 2004 12,166 3 3 9 96 2,906 8,787 2003 11,897 3 3 9 96 2,899 8,604 2002 11,666 1 1 10 107 2,906 8,584 2001 11,664 9 2 10 102 2,891 8,500 2000 11,543
161 Provisional data. An asterisk (*) denotes values between 1 and 4. between values (*) denotes An asterisk data. Provisional a UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2014c); data extracted on 26 July 2014. extracted data Database (UNHCR, 2014c); Reference Statistics UNHCR Population Togo Somalia Sudan Republic Arab Syrian Stateless (sum) Total Sierra Leone Sierra Tunisia of Republic United Tanzania Various Country of origin Country Occupied Palestinian Territory Rwanda : Source : Note * * * * * * * * * * * * * 5 a 50 533 457 3016 2013 2 2 1 1 2 72 25 547 1213 2012 2 1 2 1 1 1 87 25 515 1347 2011 3 2 2 1 1 2 25 530 126 1624 2010 4 7 1 4 1 3 4 1 2 1 79 16 501 248 1443 2009 1 7 3 9 4 1 3 7 2 12 55 68 26 10 10 796 219 546 1141 2008 1 5 1 1 1 1 8 3 7 1 44 13 10 65 940 199 119 449 2007 1 2 7 1 1 6 1 56 49 13 13 51 453 155 311 2006 1 1 3 1 1 61 48 15 2005 1 1 3 1 1 61 48 15 2004 6 1 4 2 1 1 3 13 2003 1 2 3 5 1 1 2002 7 5 2001 19 160 2000 ANNEXES
162 Namibia Morocco Jordan Liberia Mali Iraq Guinea-Bissau Guinea (The) Gambia Ghana Ethiopia Democratic Republic Democratic of the Congo Egypt Eritrea Congo d’Ivoire Côte Bangladesh Benin Burundi Cameroon Country of asylum Country Afghanistan Algeria Angola African Central Republic Chad Table 31: Asylum-seekers residing in Libya by country of origin, 2000–2013 (end year) country by in Libya residing 31: Asylum-seekers Table * * * * * a 686 1830 6,577 2013 1 1 1 302 591 3794 6,555 2012 1 1 1 315 594 2,894 2011 1 1 1 318 557 3,194 2010 8 2 4 2 9 537 440 3,317 2009 1 1 1 1 8 9 1 12 63 16 31 185 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 1585 4,834 2008 9 3 1 2 7 6 1 11 38 646 185 2,777 2007 8 1 1 2 7 7 4 17 671 156 1,994 2006 1 1 19 48 200 2005 1 1 19 48 200 2004 1 9 8 9 58 2003 3 30 14 2002 2 1 15 2001 12 17 208 2000
163 Provisional data. An asterisk (*) denotes values between 1 and 4. between values (*) denotes An asterisk data. Provisional
a Syrian Arab Republic Arab Syrian Tunisia Ukraine of Republic United Tanzania Sahara Western Various Total (sum) Total Stateless Sudan Togo Somalia Pakistan Rwanda Country of asylum Country Niger Occupied Palestinian Occupied Palestinian Territory Serbia (and UNSC resolution 1244-administered Kosovo) Nigeria Leone Sierra : UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2014c); data extracted on 26 July 2014. extracted data Database (UNHCR, 2014c); Reference Statistics : UNHCR Population Source : Note * * * * * * * * 5 6 7 11 42 19 10 a 197 230 141 174 309 2013 1 9 2 1 1 5 1 1 1 6 2 9 14 25 27 14 12 142 241 500 127 2,280 2012 9 2 1 1 1 8 1 5 2 9 6 13 20 75 27 13 29 28 686 246 500 2011 2 1 1 3 1 8 2 2 8 9 1 6 9 19 18 10 27 67 636 292 2010 2 1 1 3 1 8 2 2 7 9 6 25 14 13 26 79 10 571 305 2009 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 7 8 1 3 24 14 13 28 558 127 323 2008 5 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 7 8 6 3 23 11 32 470 129 308 2007 2 1 1 3 9 1 1 2 7 8 6 1 28 32 64 339 156 2006 2 1 1 4 9 1 1 2 8 6 2 27 31 64 353 199 2005 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 6 3 25 38 11 62 651 189 2004 2 1 1 4 9 1 1 1 1 2 6 3 23 36 62 535 198 2003 2 1 1 8 8 1 1 2 1 6 4 19 34 93 495 184 2002 2 1 1 8 8 2 2 1 4 21 33 86 12 168 2001 ANNEXES
164 Finland France Germany Belarus Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Cyprus Cameroon Canada Chad Chile Czech Republic Czech Denmark Egypt Ghana Greece Iceland Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Austria Hungary Country of asylum Country Albania Algeria Australia Table 32: Refugees originating from Libya by country of asylum/residence, 2001–2013 (end of year) 2001–2013 (end of of asylum/residence, country by Libya from originating 32: Refugees Table * * * * * * 5 6 8 5 38 a 380 199 159 828 325 180 3,284 2013 1 2 1 8 1 2 6 9 6 12 50 68 355 208 137 655 309 5,251 2012 1 1 5 1 1 5 8 81 40 346 223 115 515 311 1,049 4,384 2011 1 3 1 1 1 8 1 51 83 17 213 264 240 303 2,309 2010 1 1 1 8 1 1 50 80 11 200 299 219 245 2,202 2009 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 1 2 2 1 8 1 2 49 79 10 177 298 178 157 2,084 2008 1 1 2 2 1 8 1 1 63 75 10 154 321 169 130 1,954 2007 1 1 2 2 1 8 1 68 77 86 10 111 389 155 1,573 2006 1 1 2 2 1 9 2 1 27 77 86 11 105 419 120 1,575 2005 1 1 1 2 1 8 2 1 40 52 30 77 66 11 421 1,713 2004 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 2 8 9 1 31 48 33 63 58 418 1,570 2003 1 3 1 2 6 1 1 8 9 1 24 52 47 44 395 1,455 2002 1 3 2 6 1 6 8 9 1 20 55 16 16 33 362 888 2001
165 Provisional data. An asterisk (*) denotes values between 1 and 4. Excluding some countries with *. some countries 1 and 4. Excluding between values (*) denotes An asterisk data. Provisional a Slovakia Romania Sudan Sweden Switzerland Republic Arab Syrian Total (sum) Total Yemen Portugal Tunisia Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Arab United United Kingdom United United States of America States United Nigeria Norway Pakistan Poland New Zealand New (The) Netherlands Malta Morocco Lebanon Country of asylum Country Jordan : UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2014c); data extracted on 26 July 2014. extracted data Database (UNHCR, 2014c); Reference Statistics : UNHCR Population Source : Note
* * * * * * * * * 9 5 5 a 69 14 70 11 44 23 25 455 313 2013 4 5 2 4 2 9 2 5 1 3 10 11 41 19 44 249 106 200 2012 1 9 4 1 6 1 3 2 10 17 11 33 23 17 160 178 164 2011 4 5 3 3 1 6 27 74 12 2010 4 2 1 23 61 14 2009 1 2 1 1 42 12 49 10 2008 1 2 1 3 9 46 12 46 2007 2 1 7 1 10 71 40 16 10 2006 1 5 2 3 14 34 28 110 2005 3 1 5 2 1 46 15 31 2004 3 7 1 2 6 1 54 19 55 2003 4 3 2 6 1 -6 90 21 78 2002 4 3 1 9 2 3 75 113 2001 9 1 1 3 8 2 1 1 1 48 99 2000 ANNEXES
166 Egypt Finland France Georgia Germany Hungary Greece Cyprus Republic Czech Denmark Cameroon Canada Chad Croatia Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Country of asylum Country Algeria Argentina Table 33: Asylum-seekers originating from Libya by country of asylum/residence, 2000–2013 (end of year) 2000–2013 (end of of asylum/residence, country by Libya from originating 33: Asylum-seekers Table * * * * * * * * * 9 a 29 16 61 18 12 2013 3 1 4 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 65 33 18 211 110 2012 7 1 2 3 2 5 1 1 1 3 12 18 33 13 109 211 2011 2 9 2 1 21 12 107 2010 3 8 2 4 2 58 48 2009 1 9 1 76 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 2008 1 7 1 50 2007 1 1 3 2 1 2 7 1 49 48 2006 5 1 1 2 1 52 2005 3 1 1 6 2 8 83 2004 1 1 1 6 1 4 137 2003 2 1 2 129 2002 2 1 1 1 -4 130 2001 8 2 1 9 141 2000
167 Romania Portugal of Korea Republic Norway Pakistan Poland New Zealand New Niger (The) Netherlands Montenegro Morocco Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mexico Italy Jordan Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Ireland Israel India Indonesia Country of asylum Country Iceland * * * * * * 7 9 a 31 81 12 447 119 150 2,044 2013 8 4 1 5 5 7 1 17 37 35 350 112 107 3,878 2012 5 2 2 1 3 20 37 10 110 252 3,516 2011 3 1 5 22 246 2,576 2010 1 2 4 23 381 2,650 2009 1 2 4 24 529 2,773 2008 1 6 9 9 419 2,630 2007 1 8 1 19 26 343 2,677 2006 5 4 1 27 20 453 2,774 2005 2 1 1 17 13 578 2,824 2004 7 1 1 1 15 47 533 2,907 2003 4 9 1 1 17 93 465 2,925 2002 4 9 3 1 18 104 2,481 2001 1 8 9 5 1 183 2,542 2000 ANNEXES
168 Provisional data. An asterisk (*) denotes values between 1 and 4. between values (*) denotes An asterisk data. Provisional UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2014c); data extracted on 26 July 2014. extracted data Database (UNHCR, 2014c); Reference Statistics UNHCR Population a (Bolivarian Republic Republic (Bolivarian of) Venezuela (sum) Total Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates Arab United of States United America United Kingdom United Uruguay The former The former of Republic Yugoslav Macedonia Syrian Arab Republic Arab Syrian Switzerland Slovakia South Africa Spain Sudan Sweden Country of asylum Country Serbia (and UNSC resolution 1244-administered Kosovo) : Source : Note a * * * * * * * * * * 50 533 457 3,016 by year ersons ersons UNHCR P assisted assisted at end of at * * * * * * * * * * 50 533 457 3,016 otal otal year T persons persons pending at end of at * * 5 50 otal otal T decisions 5 38 wise closed Other- ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Re- jected status) Positive Positive mentary mentary (Comple- decisions protection protection * * * 12 tion status) Positive Positive (conven- decisions * * * * * * 5 36 26 385 1,812 year ersons ersons during applied P by ersons ersons of year at start start at UNHCR P assisted assisted * * * * 72 25 547 1,213 otal otal T of year at start start at persons persons pending c FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI RSD level level code procedure procedure b U U U U U U U U U U U U U U RSD type
code 169 procedure procedure Iraq Guinea- Bissau Ghana (The) Gambia Ethiopia Eritrea Egypt Democratic Democratic of Republic the Congo Côte d’Ivoire Côte Congo Chad Cameroon Country of Country origin Algeria Afghanistan Table 34: Asylum applications and refugee status determination (RSD) for asylum-seekers residing in Libya by country of origin, 2013 country by residing in Libya asylum-seekers for (RSD) determination status refugee and applications 34: Asylum Table
* * * * * * * * 5 686 1,830 6,608 by year ersons ersons UNHCR P assisted assisted at end of at * * * * * * * * 5 686 1,830 6,608 otal otal year T persons persons pending at end of at * * 16 1,677 1,766 otal otal T decisions * * * 51 wise closed Other- Re- jected UNHCR Global Trends 2013: War’s Human Cost (UNHCR, 2014a), status) Positive Positive mentary mentary (Comple- decisions protection protection * 16 1,677 1,715 tion status) Positive Positive (conven- decisions * * * * * * * 403 1,244 1,677 5,610 year ersons ersons during applied P 2,764 by ersons ersons of year at start start at UNHCR P assisted assisted * * * * * 302 591 2,764 otal otal T of year at start start at persons persons pending c FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI RSD level level code procedure procedure ANNEXES b U U U U U U U U U U U U U RSD type 170 code procedure procedure G = government; U = UNHCR; J = government and UNHCR jointly. U = UNHCR; J government G = government; Provisional data. An asterisk (*) denotes values between 1 and 4. between values (*) denotes An asterisk data. Provisional NA = new applications; FI = first instance decisions; AR = administrative review decisions; RA = repeat/reopened applications; IN = US Citizenship and immigration services; EO services; and immigration Citizenship US = IN applications; = repeat/reopened RA decisions; review = administrative AR decisions; instance first = FI applications; new = NA protection. temporary TP = and appeal; instance first = FA procedure; BL = backlog protection; subsidiary = SP review; = judicial JR Review; of Immigration Office Executive US = Table 12 (for total). 12 (for Table UNHCR PopulationStatistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2014c), extracted data on 29 July 2014; and
a b c otal United States States United of America T Ukraine Tunisia Togo Sudan Somalia Occupied Palestinian Territory Leone Sierra Nigeria Morocco Mali Country of Country origin Liberia Jordan : Notes : Sources * * * * * 11 25 year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at end of at by UNHCR by * * * * * 5 70 11 44 23 20 25 293 otal otal T at end at of year persons persons pending * * * * * * * * * 9 10 60 30 32 189 otal otal T decisions * * * * * * 9 10 32 closed Otherwise * * * * * * 37 21 16 Rejected ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA status) Positive Positive decisions protection protection (complementary (complementary * 9 23 173 status) Positive Positive decisions (convention (convention * * * * * * 11 31 19 37 26 13 318 the year ersons ersons during applied P * * * * * 5 11 44 year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at start of start at by UNHCR by * * * * * * * * 5 7 11 41 19 44 106 171 otal otal T of year at start start at persons persons pending c JR FI FI FI FA FI RA FI FI FI JR RA FI FI FI FA AR FI FI FI RSD level level code procedure procedure b G G G G G G G G U G G G G G G G G G G U RSD type code
procedure procedure 171 a Croatia Cyprus Canada Croatia Chad Cameroon Bulgaria Burkina Faso Bulgaria Brazil Bosnia and Herzegovina Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Belarus Belgium Austria Australia Australia Argentina Algeria Country/territory Country/territory of asylum/ residence Table 35: Asylum applications and refugee status determination (RSD) for asylum-seekers originating from Libya by country of asylum/ of country by Libya from originating asylum-seekers for (RSD) determination status refugee and applications Asylum 35: Table 2013 residence, * * 9 year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at end of at by UNHCR by * * * * * * * * 6 8 5 9 20 37 32 433 otal otal T at end at of year persons persons pending * * * * 6 5 6 9 32 13 57 44 18 11 10 118 otal otal T decisions * * * * * 5 26 13 37 18 closed Otherwise * * * 6 * 5 6 6 9 67 47 35 11 Rejected * * 5 14 status) Positive Positive decisions protection protection (complementary (complementary * * * * 9 10 status) Positive Positive decisions (convention (convention * * * * * * * 5 6 * 8 5 9 33 12 82 42 24 57 346 the year ersons ersons during applied P * * * * year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at start of start at by UNHCR by * * * * * * 5 * 5 9 9 24 36 225 otal otal T of year at start start at persons persons pending c FI AR FI AR AR FI FI RA AR FI JR NA RA FI RA FA FI RA AR FA FI FI FI AR RSD level level code procedure procedure b ANNEXES G G G G G G G G G G G G G G U U G G U G G G G U RSD type code
172 procedure Ireland Ireland Indonesia Indonesia Greece Greece Hungary Hungary Iceland India Germany Germany Germany Iceland France Georgia France Finland France Egypt Finland Denmark Czech Republic Czech Denmark Country/territory Country/territory of asylum/ residence * * * * 9 year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at end of at by UNHCR by * * * * * * * 9 11 18 61 16 11 18 otal otal T at end at of year persons persons pending * * * * * * * * * * * * 89 82 22 169 125 117 otal otal T decisions * * * * * 7 * 68 10 13 closed Otherwise * * * * * * 82 14 17 62 139 Rejected ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA * * 5 20 47 38 status) Positive Positive decisions protection protection (complementary (complementary * * * * * * * 65 17 status) Positive Positive decisions (convention (convention * * * * * * * * * * 7 64 71 37 16 53 147 108 the year ersons ersons during applied P * * * * * * year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at start of start at by UNHCR by * * * * * * 6 * * * 9 41 17 32 110 otal otal T of year at start start at persons persons pending c FA FI AR FI RA FI FI RA FI JR RA FI FI FA FI FI FI AR FI FI SP FA FI FA RSD level level code procedure procedure b G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G U G G U U U U RSD type code
procedure procedure 173 Republic of Korea Republic Portugal Norway Norway Norway Poland Romania Romania (The) Netherlands (The) Netherlands (The) Netherlands Niger Montenegro Morocco Mexico Mauritania Luxembourg Malta Malta Lebanon Ireland Israel Italy Jordan Country/territory Country/territory of asylum/ residence * * * * 7 * * year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at end of at by UNHCR by * * * * 7 * * 6 7 23 12 113 127 otal otal T at end at of year persons persons pending * * * * * * 33 16 19 151 116 131 otal otal T decisions * * * * * 8 16 57 19 141 closed Otherwise * * * 17 46 16 108 Rejected * * * 7 10 status) Positive Positive decisions protection protection (complementary (complementary * * * * 21 status) Positive Positive decisions (convention (convention * * * * * * * 11 10 37 14 95 21 140 399 the year ersons ersons during applied P * * * 5 5 year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at start of start at by UNHCR by * * * * 5 5 5 5 35 41 101 107 otal otal T of year at start start at persons persons pending c AR FI FI FA FI RA AR FI FI AR FI AR FI FI AR FI FI RSD level level code procedure procedure b ANNEXES J G G U G G U G G G G G G G G U U RSD type code
174 procedure Turkey Tunisia Togo The former The former Republic Yugoslav of Macedonia Switzerland Arab Syrian Republic Syrian Arab Arab Syrian Republic Switzerland Sweden Switzerland Spain Sweden Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Africa Serbia/UNSC resolution 1244-administered Kosovo Country/territory Country/territory of asylum/ residence * * * 24 118 year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at end of at by UNHCR by * * * 5 6 76 78 24 369 2,091 otal otal T at end at of year persons persons pending * 6 35 13 369 106 2,390 otal otal T decisions * 8 6 13 32 600 closed Otherwise 6 12 72 170 1,064 Rejected (UNHCR, Cost Human War’s 2013: Trends Global UNHCR ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA * * 162 status) Positive Positive decisions protection protection (complementary (complementary 15 28 564 167 status) Positive Positive decisions (convention (convention * 69 13 14 93 494 3,064 the year ersons ersons during applied P * * 6 17 133 year ersons ersons P assisted assisted at start of start at by UNHCR by * * 7 36 17 109 241 1,704 otal otal T of year at start start at persons persons pending c FI IN RA EO AR FI FI FA AR FI RSD level level code procedure procedure b G G G G G G G G G U RSD type code
procedure procedure 175 NA = new applications; FI = first instance decisions; AR = administrative review decisions; RA = repeat/reopened applications; IN = US Citizenship and Immigration and Immigration Citizenship US = IN applications; = repeat/reopened RA decisions; review = administrative AR decisions; instance first = FI applications; new = NA and appeal; instance first = FA procedure; BL = backlog protection; subsidiary = SP review; = judicial JR review; of Immigration Office Executive US = EO Services; protection. TP = temporary G = government; U = UNHCR; J = government and UNHCR jointly. U = UNHCR; J government G = government; Provisional data. An asterisk (*) denotes values between 1 and 4. between values (*) denotes An asterisk data. Provisional UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2014c), data extracted on 29 July 2014, and 2014, 29 July on extracted data 2014c), (UNHCR, Database Reference Statistics Population UNHCR 2014a), Table 12 (for total). 12 (for 2014a), Table
a b c Total Uruguay United States of States United America United Kingdom United United States of States United America United Kingdom United United Kingdom United Turkey Uganda Ukraine Ukraine Country/territory Country/territory of asylum/ residence : Sources : Notes
292 240 362 292 240 94% 29% 1,906 6,122 1,403 5,716 7,900 2,402 6,122 1,403 9,404 9,200 30,000 32,169 30,000 13,617 85,748 73,042 otal total T Overall Overall otal T 7,733 18,600 60+ 646 326 3,518 18–59 12,294 M ales 1,840 2,186 12–17 5–11 2,222 1,152 0–4 551 1,598 otal T 5,884 13,569 60+ 414 199 7,962 2,236 18–59 Females 1,421 1,895 12–17 5–11 2,235 1,024 0–4 530 1,537 ANNEXES
176 Ghadames Kufra Misrata Nalut Sabha Sirte Tewargha Tripoli Western Western Mountains Total concern of population as % of overall Total Bani Walid Ghadames Kufra Misrata Nalut Sabha Sirte Tewargha Tripoli Western Western Mountains Total concern of population as % of overall Total Location of Location residence ear Y 2013 2012 Table 36: Population of concern to UNHCR residing in Libya by type of location, sex and age group, 2000–2013 age sex and by type of location, residing in Libya to UNHCR concern of 36: Population Table 15% 100% 100% 100% 100% 6,876 9,200 1,403 11,547 12,322 11,117 13,025 22,692 10,716 19,554 30,000 otal 106,590 total T Overall Overall otal T 4,046 6,898 7,192 6,590 6,207 60+ 176 355 432 361 355 18–59 2,919 4,954 5,141 4,799 4,416 M ales 12–17 410 693 721 571 624 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 5–11 346 583 586 557 545 0–4 195 313 312 302 267 otal T 2,830 4,649 5,130 4,527 4,228 60+ 81 169 216 167 168 18–59 1,818 3,004 3,353 3,012 2,752 Females 12–17 409 653 685 543 572 5–11 329 540 566 522 495 0–4 193 283 310 283 241
177 residence Location of Location Dispersed in Dispersed country As % of overall population of concern of population As % of overall concern of population As % of overall Dispersed in Dispersed country As % of overall population of concern of population As % of overall Tripoli As % of overall population of concern of population As % of overall Western Western Mountains Total concern of population as % of overall Total Tripoli Bani Walid Misrata Nalut Sirte Tewargha Tripoli ear Y 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 17% 17% 100% 100% 100% 100% 1,709 9,987 2,036 1,000 1,043 4,754 11,955 12,366 otal total T Overall Overall otal T 793 7,157 3,695 818 400 436 2,933 7,373 60+ 175 122 284 160 120 121 120 18–59 307 4,286 196 80 122 2,226 4,471 M ales 12–17 273 5–11 205 2,046 246 120 121 214 2,077 0–4 106 703 92 40 53 99 705 otal T 916 6,292 4,798 1,218 600 607 1,821 4,993 60+ 135 176 270 180 90 59 176 18–59 431 2,578 496 180 312 1,245 2,726 Females 12–17 250 5–11 238 1,476 276 120 152 200 1,532 0–4 112 568 176 120 53 67 559 ANNEXES
178 residence Location of Location Tripoli As % of overall population of concern of population As % of overall in country Dispersed Tripoli in Dispersed country As % of overall population of concern of population As % of overall concern of population As % of overall concern of population As % of overall Somali Compound Tripoli concern of population As % of overall Tripoli Tripoli As % of overall population of concern of population As % of overall ear Y 2002 2003 2001 2000 2006 2004 : UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2014c), data extracted on 29 July 2014. extracted data Database (UNHCR, 2014c), Reference Statistics : UNHCR Population Source Table 37: Population of concern to UNHCR and refugees and people in refugee- like situations residing in Libya by age group and sex, 2012–2013 (end of year) 2012 2013a Population Refugees Population Refugees Information/ Category of concern and people of concern and indicator to UNHCR in refugee- to UNHCR people in like refugee-like situation situation Total population 251,552 7,065 91,098 25,561 Population 13,617 7,065 32,169 25,561 for which demographic data is available Share of age group in total 0–4 8% 4% 10% 12% ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 5–11 16% 14% 14% 17% 12–17 30% 23% 10% 11% 18–59 42% 53% 63% 57% 60+ 4% 6% 3% 4% Percentage female per age group 0–4 49% 50% 49% 49% 5–11 47% 47% 50% 50% 12–17 46% 48% 44% 45% 18–59 39% 45% 39% 44% 60+ 38% 35% 39% 40% Total 43% 45% 42% 45% Coverage Age/sex 5% 100% 35% 100% Sex only 5% 100% 35% 100%
Sources: UNHCR Population Statistics Reference Database (UNHCR, 2013c) and UNHCR Global Trends 2013: War’s Human Cost (UNHCR, 2014) (Tables 13 and 14). Note: a Provisional data.
179 EUROSTAT (and OECD)
Table 38: Libyan long-term immigrants in the EU Member States and selected European countries, 1998, 2000 and 2005–2012 1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 EU-28 : : : : : : : : : : Belgium : : : : : 31 20 29 27 47 Bulgaria : : : : 0 0 : : : 2 Czech : : 85 45 31 18 35 15 6 17 Republic Denmark 9 1 2 6 8 3 5 3 13 14 Germany 0 : 486 620 558 691 674 902 948 : Estonia 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland : : : 14 11 15 16 17 19 21 Greece 24 : : 29 62 : : : : : Spain 5 53 44 66 90 33 44 60 114 78 France 0 36 60 59 65 53 90 95 79 : Croatia 0 : : 0 0 0 : : 2 0 Italy 39 62 70 96 70 75 66 108 258 283 Cyprus 0 17 0 0 0 2 : : : : Latvia 0 : : : : : : : : : Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Luxembourg 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 2 1 9 Hungary 34 34 21 30 17 25 26 23 28 47 Malta 0 0 : : 135 : : : : : (The) 16 22 16 18 32 16 24 13 24 17 Netherlands Austria 36 32 72 193 31 19 70 70 55 46 Poland : 159 150 1 1 8 63 56 55 : Portugal : : : : : 0 : : : : Romania : : : : : 2 3 0 1 12 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 Slovakia : : 23 26 18 47 99 103 2 0
ANNEXES Finland 2 6 10 4 10 5 7 6 3 6 Sweden 4 14 114 132 147 117 145 126 215 124 180 United 40 2,767 192 : : : : : : : Kingdom Iceland 0 0 : : 0 : 1 0 0 0 Liechtenstein : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Norway 9 8 4 10 11 20 7 9 24 21 Switzerland 75 130 100 55 58 75 44 25 23 62 Bosnia and : : : : 6 : : : : : Herzegovina The former Yugoslav : : 1 0 : 0 : : 0 0 Republic of Macedonia Turkey : : 382 : 6 9 9 34 30 : Belarus : : : 2 2 : : : : : Russian : : 0 7 28 2 15 4 22 : Federation Israel : : : : : : : : : :
United States ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA : 180 223 271 186 285 296 355 357 : of America Canada : 406 418 468 340 402 380 505 545 : Mexico : : : : 0 0 1 1 1 : Chile : : : : : : : 1 0 : Republic : 145 100 78 26 38 62 66 52 : of Korea Japan : : : 73 45 43 20 46 42 : Australia : 7 6 7 11 7 13 14 8 : New Zealand : 8 3 9 2 2 : : 3 :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Immigration by sex, age group and citizenship” (migr_ imm1ctz, data extracted on 21 August 2014), and OECD International Migration Database, Table “Inflows of foreign population by nationality” (data extracted on 15 July 2014).
Notes: • Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available. • No value available in the OECD Database. • Value taken from the OECD Database. • Different value available in the OECD Database.
181 Table 39: Libya-related immigrants by type of reference, sex and age, Belgium, 2012 Libya as country Libya as country Libya as country of citizenshipa of birthb of previous residencec Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females Total 47 37 10 74 54 20 58 40 18 0–4 3 0 3 13 5 8 11 7 4 5–9 2 2 0 2 2 0 3 3 0 10–14 4 2 2 4 3 1 4 3 1 15–19 6 6 0 9 7 2 5 5 0 20–24 5 4 1 6 5 1 5 4 1 25–29 6 6 0 10 6 4 7 5 2 30–34 12 10 2 16 14 2 12 9 3 35–39 2 2 0 3 3 0 1 0 1 40–44 2 2 0 4 4 0 4 2 2 45–49 3 1 2 5 3 2 5 1 4 50–54 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 55–59 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 60–64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65–69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70–74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75–79 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80–84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 85+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 of whichd born in 1 0 1 – – – : : : Belgium born 46 37 9 – – – : : : abroad
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “International immigrants by citizenship, sex and age group” (migr_immictz, for columns denoted by a), Table “International immigrants by country of birth, sex and age group” (migr_imm3ctb, for b), Table “International immigrants by previous usual residence, sex and age group” (migr_imm5pvr, for c) and Table “International immigrants by citizenship and sex: native-born and foreign-born” (migr_
ANNEXES imm6ctz, for d, i.e. distinction by country of birth under c). Data extracted on 21 August 2014. 182 Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available. Table 40: Libyan long-term emigrants from the EU Member States and other selected European countries, 1998, 2000 and 2005–2012 1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 EU-28 : : : : : : : : : : Belgium : : : : : : : 24 24 30 Bulgaria : : : : 0 0 : : : 1 Czech : 0 41 39 47 : : : : : Republic Denmark 2 0 3 4 2 0 3 0 3 1 Germany 0 0 495 638 598 616 683 635 633 : Estonia 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland : : : 32 21 22 18 17 22 25 Greece : : : : : : : : : :
Spain : : 14 22 61 41 36 30 54 33 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA France : : : : : : : : : : Croatia 0 : : 0 0 0 : : 3 1 Italy 0 4 4 8 11 2 2 4 9 20 Cyprus : 19 0 0 0 0 : : : : Latvia 0 : : : : : : : : : Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Luxembourg 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 66 22 6 3 12 4 1 5 8 0 Malta : : : : 42 : : : : : (The) 21 6 15 14 11 23 15 16 16 16 Netherlands Austria 46 19 44 107 47 54 36 55 20 26 Poland : : : : 0 7 : : : : Portugal : : : : : : : : : : Romania : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 Slovenia 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 Slovakia : : 52 20 16 12 21 8 0 0 Finland 0 9 0 0 11 10 6 4 0 1 Sweden 21 10 11 10 25 13 11 6 28 61 United 711 0 872 : : : : : : : Kingdom 183 Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liechtenstein : : : : : : : 0 0 0 Norway 0 1 3 1 6 0 5 5 2 15 1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Switzerland 104 22 50 32 87 55 80 48 35 110 The former Yugoslav : 0 : : : 0 : : 0 0 Republic of Macedonia Russian : : 0 0 0 1 3 0 6 : Federation Israel : ...... : United States : ...... : of America Canada : ...... : Mexico : ...... : Chile : ...... : Republic of : ...... 63 : Korea Japan : .. .. 55 42 37 31 13 12 : Australia : ...... : New Zealand : ...... 1 1 2 1 1 :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Emigration by sex, age group and citizenship” (migr_emi1ctz, extracted on 21 August 2014), and OECD International Migration Database, Table “Outflows of foreign population by nationality” (extracted on 15 July 2014). Notes: • Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available. • The two dots (..) indicate that the data comes from a different dataset/table. • No value available in the OECD Database. • Value taken from the OECD Database. • Different value available in the OECD Database. ANNEXES
184 Table 41: Long-term emigrants from the EU Member States and other selected European countries to Libya, 1998, 2000 and 2005–2012 1998 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 EU-28 : : : : : : : : : : Belgium : : : : : : : 25 17 14 Bulgaria : : : : 4 1 : : : 4 Czech Republic : 0 41 39 116 : : : : : Denmark 3 1 12 10 3 7 5 3 2 6 Germany 357 393 527 666 632 684 : : : : Estonia 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ireland : : : 122 39 32 34 57 57 58 Greece : : : : : : : : : : Spain : : 15 10 9 61 46 99 6 7 France : : : : : : : : : : Croatia : : : 0 0 0 : : 3 1 Italy : 123 21 32 63 63 54 44 26 56 Cyprus : : 21 0 0 31 : : : : ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Latvia 0 : : : : : : : : : Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Luxembourg : : 0 : : : : : : : Hungary : : : : : : : : : : Malta : 0 : : : : : : : : (The) Netherlands 25 12 37 31 42 65 : : : 38 Austria 79 26 52 113 55 56 : 46 27 : Poland : : 1 6 2 12 : : : : Portugal : : : : : : : : : : Romania : : : : : : : : : : Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 5 0 Slovakia 0 0 0 0 : 0 17 8 0 1 Finland 0 9 3 0 6 0 6 4 0 1 Sweden 12 1 35 18 42 18 15 12 32 63 United Kingdom 530 : 872 0 : : : : : : Iceland 0 0 : : 0 : 0 0 0 0 Liechtenstein : : : : : : : 0 0 0 Norway 0 0 7 5 5 0 11 8 1 15 Switzerland : : : : : : : : : 134 The former : 0 : : 1 0 : : 0 0 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Belarus : : 114 15 4 : : : : : Russian : : 0 2 0 : : : : : Federation 185 Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Emigration by sex, age group and country of next usual residence” (migr_emi3nxt), extracted on 21 August 2014. Notes: • Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
: : : : : : : : 0 0 1 20 24 27 33 212 513 161 100 468 150 119 338 2013 1,841 7,970 : : : : : : : : 0 1 19 89 22 16 18 222 452 158 453 504 116 126 312 2012 1,563 5,459 : : : : : : : : : : : .. 2 17 84 72 13 203 410 153 449 157 125 2011 1,516 4,827 : : : : : : : : : : .. 3 21 85 76 10 171 400 972 159 447 149 125 2010 1,468 4,300 : : : : : : : : 2 24 79 76 24 18 170 411 876 181 543 261 204 110 228 2009 1,471 4,054 : : : : : : : : 4 1 26 76 72 54 224 130 627 412 204 574 138 267 2008 1,517 3,726 1,086 : : : : : : : : : : 0 2 1 70 73 51 322 587 332 248 133 343 2007 1,551 3,604 1,308 : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 .. 0 1 67 324 448 366 164 253 2006 1,523 3,138 : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 .. 0 1 65 716 299 414 353 179 226 2005 1,532 2,963 : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 0 0 1 57 42 284 165 694 119 2000 1,924 2,643 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 2 41 42 610 162 720 130 1998 2,077 2,370 ANNEXES
186 Bulgaria France EU-28 Croatia Czech Republic Czech Belgium Italy Denmark Germany Cyprus Estonia Latvia Ireland Lithuania Greece Luxembourg Spain Hungary Malta (The) Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Table 42: Stock of Libyans usually residing in the EU Member States and other selected European and OECD OECD and European selected other and States Member EU the in residing usually Libyans of Stock 42: Table of year) 1998, 2000 and 2005–2013 (start countries, : : : : : : : : : : 9 2 0 6 21 108 888 1,321 : : : : : : : 9 2 0 21 91 71 320 107 911 114 23,000 : : : : : : : 2 0 10 98 76 207 239 100 783 101 24,000 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA : : : : : : : : : 2 0 12 50 175 104 700 111 24,000 : : : : : : : : : 1 0 79 48 118 104 595 132 17,000 : : : : : : : : : : 1 39 40 117 109 514 118 9,000 : : : : : : : : : : : 1 41 47 107 413 122 11,000 : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 46 106 308 112 : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 93 104 230 109 10,305 : : : : : 0 53 344 145 : : : : : : 0 47 183 No value available in the OECD Database. in the OECD available No value Database. the OECD from taken Value Database. in the OECD available value Different
187 Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data. provisional denote values in italics in time series; breaks denote Underlined values is not available. data (:) denotes The colon EUROSTAT Database, Table “PopulationDatabase, by Table sex, ageEUROSTAT group and citizenship” (migr_pop1ctz,data extracted on 6 August 2014), and OECD International MigrationDatabase, Table “Stock of foreign population nationality”by 2014). (data extracted on 15 July • • • • • Slovakia Finland Turkey Israel Sweden United States of States United America United Kingdom United Canada Iceland Mexico Liechtenstein Chile Norway Republic of Korea Republic Japan Switzerland Australia New Zealand New : Source : Notes : : : : : : : : : : 4 4 3 578 970 196 145 866 229 315 878 467 266 2013 35,928 : : : : : : : : : : 4 27 566 834 191 504 150 802 218 276 890 449 264 2012 36,475 : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25 523 828 197 143 744 216 315 795 413 344 2011 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 775 146 749 208 461 260 696 396 338 2010 : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25 849 164 754 207 442 259 612 378 323 2009 2,236 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 9 977 723 199 401 253 590 392 2008 2,046 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5 7 936 625 196 258 568 442 2007 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3 759 196 584 356 2006 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3 1 713 194 589 323 2005 1,811 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2 424 164 403 2000 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 1998 ANNEXES
188 Bulgaria Greece EU-28 Czech Republic Czech Spain Belgium Denmark France Germany Croatia Estonia Italy Ireland Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta (The) Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Table 43: Stock of Libya-born population usually residing in the EU Member States and other selected European European selected other and States Member EU the in residing usually population Libya-born of Stock 43: Table of year) 1998, 2000 and 2005–2013 (start countries, : : : : : : : : : : : 3 1 37 41 170 494 1,033 1,756 : : : : : : : : 2 1 36 42 159 391 1,002 1,589 2,900 15,184 18,000 : : : : : : : : : 2 1 35 971 143 302 1,364 2,510 15,619 17,000 : : : : : : : : : : 2 1 46 138 284 1,234 2,120 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 16,087 19,000 : : : : : : : : : : 1 1 46 133 275 1,069 1,910 15,867 11,000 : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 43 134 916 249 1,800 16,351 : : : : : : : : : 1 39 130 768 236 102 2,620 1,750 16,826 17,000 : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 38 125 625 219 1,700 17,244 : : : : : : : : : : 1 37 334 111 503 197 5,422 1,680 17,665 : : : : : : : : : : : : 0 38 72 70 353 3,072 11,853 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 37 10,370 No value available in the OECD Database. in the OECD available No value Database. the OECD from taken Value Database. in the OECD available value Different
Underlined values denote breaks in time series; values in italics denote provisional data. provisional denote values in italics in time series; breaks denote Underlined values is not available. data (:) denotes The colon 189 EUROSTAT Database, Table “Population by sex, age group and country of birth” (migr_pop3ctb, data extracted on 21 August 2014), August 21 on extracted data (migr_pop3ctb, birth” of country and group age sex, by “Population Table Database, EUROSTAT 15 July on extracted (data of birth” country by population foreign-born of “Stock Table Database, Migration International OECD and 2014). • • • • • Slovenia Turkey Slovakia Israel Finland United States of States United America Sweden Canada United Kingdom United Mexico Iceland Chile Liechtenstein Republic of Korea Republic Norway Japan Switzerland Australia New Zealand New : Source s: Note Table 44: Acquisition of citizenship by Libyans, EU Member States, and other selected European and OECD countries, 1991, 1995, 2000 and 2005–2012 1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 EU-28a : : : : : : 661 815 629 670 777 Belgium : : : 1 4 11 4 10 12 6 9 Bulgaria : : : 3 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 Czech : : : 0 0 2 2 0 : : 1 Republic Denmark : 3 8 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 2 Germany 5 : 17 44 30 40 51 85 84 84 61 Estonia : : 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland : : : 52 20 19 27 22 25 9 87 Greece : 5 : : : 3 4 : 3 5 4 Spain 1 6 4 6 12 12 6 11 7 7 4 France 13 2 : 11 : 18 37 18 22 11 26 Croatia : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 Italy 3 13 : : : : 41 28 17 15 9 Cyprus : : 0 : 1 6 3 1 8 1 1 Latvia : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 Lithuania : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Luxembourg : : 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary : : 3 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 Malta : : : : : 27 14 26 18 18 23 (The) 1 5 3 5 12 12 6 4 8 15 20 Netherlands Austria 1 : 4 10 9 8 13 9 1 9 1 Poland : : : 4 3 2 4 2 6 5 5 Portugal 0 : 0 0 0 : 1 0 0 0 1 Romania : : : 0 0 : 14 0 : : : Slovenia : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Slovakia : : : 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Finland : : 0 3 6 0 6 3 9 1 3 Sweden : : 7 35 40 30 38 51 59 79 107
ANNEXES United 105 180 211 790 460 405 385 543 349 404 412 Kingdom 190 Iceland : : : : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liechtenstein 0 : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Norway 0 : 2 : 2 10 9 28 19 22 9 1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Switzerland 2 3 2 15 17 13 19 22 18 20 26 Turkey : : : 1 2 : : : : : : Russian : : : 1 2 3 0 4 1 0 : Federation Israel : : : : : : : : : : : United States : : 181 173 142 136 198 249 173 180 : of America Canada : : 191 237 294 185 207 227 186 287 : Mexico : : : 1 0 0 1 0 : : : Chile : : : : : 1 : : : : : Republic of : : : : : : : : : : : Korea Japan : : : : : : : : : : : ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Australia : : 1 2 4 11 6 11 8 5 : New Zealand : : 19 10 2 5 5 2 7 3 :
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship” (migr_acq, data extracted on 6 August 2014), and OECD International Migration Database, Table “Acquisition of nationality by country of former nationality” (data extracted on 15 July 2014). Notes: • Values in italics denote break in time series. • aSum of available values. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available. • Value taken from the OECD Database.
191 Table 45: Acquisition of citizenship by Libyans by sex, EU Member States and other selected European countries, 2008–2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Sex: Males Sex: Females EU-28a 382 509 381 423 467 279 306 248 247 310 Belgium 2 5 7 6 5 2 5 5 0 4 Bulgaria : 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 Czech 2 0 : : 1 0 0 : : 0 Republic Denmark 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Germany 34 56 53 52 37 17 29 31 32 24 Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland 12 10 15 5 45 15 12 10 4 42 Greece 4 : 3 1 0 0 : 0 4 4 Spain 5 10 3 7 4 1 1 4 0 0 France 22 11 13 8 13 15 7 9 3 13 Croatia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Italy 27 21 11 12 7 14 7 6 3 2 Cyprus 1 1 5 0 1 2 0 3 1 0 Latvia 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : 0 Lithuania 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 : Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Malta 12 25 17 14 20 2 1 1 4 3 (The) 6 4 6 13 15 0 0 2 2 5 Netherlands Austria 8 5 1 5 0 5 4 0 4 1 Poland 4 2 6 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 Portugal 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Romania 8 0 : : : 6 0 : : : Slovenia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Finland 3 2 4 1 1 3 1 5 0 2 Sweden 33 46 47 63 72 5 5 12 16 35 United 194 309 189 230 239 191 234 160 174 173 Kingdom Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ANNEXES Norway 8 22 17 12 5 1 6 2 10 4 Switzerland 8 13 10 8 15 11 9 8 12 11 192 Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Acquisition of citizenship by sex, age group and former citizenship” (migr_acq), extracted on 06 August 2014. Notes: • Values in italics denote break in time series. • a Sum of available values. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
Table 46: First residence permits issued to Libyans in the EU Member States and selected European countries, 2008–2013 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 EU-28a 8,046 6,311 7,015 3,296 4,612 6,201 Belgium 39 29 25 46 7 7 Bulgaria 7 10 3 1 6 6 Czech Republic 95 73 80 16 30 58 Denmark 3 5 11 6 8 4 Germany 415 295 249 210 1,041 1,176 Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland 34 37 24 43 59 238 Greece 40 24 14 12 28 36 Spain 49 35 76 54 97 141
France 173 258 259 89 376 729 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Croatia : : : : : 2 Italy 423 189 360 796 478 475 Cyprus 5 22 10 3 12 8 Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lithuania 0 0 0 1 0 3 Luxembourg : 2 0 0 0 2 Hungary 88 34 28 65 65 : Malta 217 88 184 157 461 : (The) Netherlands 64 123 82 39 28 53 Austria 15 45 31 31 23 18 Poland 52 52 30 10 79 261 Portugal 21 7 6 3 16 33 Romania 22 9 7 3 12 17 Slovenia 1 1 0 0 0 2 Slovakia 71 72 68 25 21 22 Finland 9 11 8 8 11 10 Sweden 137 189 178 274 192 128 United Kingdom 6,066 4,701 5,282 1,404 1,562 2,772 Norway 17 11 31 36 20 18 Switzerland : : : : 29 31 193 Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “First permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship” (migr_resfirst), extracted on 6 August 2014. Notes: • Sum of available values, with variable definitions. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
Table 47: First residence permits issued to Libyans by reason and length of validity, European Union and United Kingdom, 2008–2013 GeoUnit/Duration/Reason 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 GeoUnit: EU-28a Duration: Total Total 8,046 6,311 7,015 3,296 4,612 6,201 Family reasons 3,433 2,203 2,467 1,091 1,267 1,973 Education 3,562 3,174 3,328 1,107 1,242 2,302 Remunerated activities 229 204 257 178 175 199 Other reasons 822 730 963 920 1,928 1,727 Duration: From 3 to 5 months Total 52 164 312 447 1,014 1,090 Family reasons 0 33 45 24 54 62 Education 35 17 82 314 123 261 Remunerated activities 16 3 4 3 10 27 Other reasons 1 111 181 106 827 740 Duration: From 6 to 11 months Total 255 553 621 705 1,335 1,971 Family reasons 15 183 230 215 353 648 Education 166 218 141 149 387 800 Remunerated activities 39 31 64 56 57 53 Other reasons 35 121 186 285 538 470 Duration: 12 months or over Total 7,739 5,594 6,082 2,144 2,263 3,139 Family reasons 3,418 1,987 2,192 852 860 1,262 Education 3,361 2,939 3,105 644 732 1,241 Remunerated activities 174 170 189 119 108 119 Other reasons 786 498 596 529 563 517 GeoUnit: United Kingdom Duration: Total Total 6,066 4,701 5,282 1,404 1,562 2,772 Family reasons 2,742 1,659 1,890 534 613 1,207 Education 3,112 2,740 2,931 585 723 1,328 ANNEXES Remunerated activities 36 73 93 56 64 64 194 Other reasons 176 229 368 229 162 173 GeoUnit/Duration/Reason 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Duration: From 3 to 5 months Total : 0 0 2 125 311 Family reasons : 0 0 0 29 33 Education : : : : 75 218 Remunerated activities : : : : 4 5 Other reasons : 0 0 2 17 55 Duration: From 6 to 11 months Total : 7 0 23 287 687 Family reasons : 0 0 0 108 302 Education : : : : 173 381 Remunerated activities : : : : 4 4 Other reasons : 7 0 23 2 0 Duration: 12 months or over ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Total 6,066 4,694 5,282 1,379 1,150 1,774 Family reasons 2,742 1,659 1,890 534 476 872 Education 3,112 2,740 2,931 585 475 729 Remunerated activities 36 73 93 56 56 55 Other reasons 176 222 368 204 143 118
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “First permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship” (migr_resfirst), extracted on 6 August 2014. Notes: • aSum of available values, with variable definitions. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
195 Table 48: Valid residence permits issued to Libyans in the EU Member States and other selected European countries, 2008–2013 (end of year) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 EU-28a : : : : 18,228 19,625 Belgium 214 192 165 194 88 79 Bulgaria 23 30 20 20 22 18 Czech Republic 238 203 206 182 187 201 Denmark : : : 89 100 100 Germany 2,058 2,144 2,493 2,367 3,639 3,642 Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland 395 371 340 341 353 414 Greece 213 169 167 159 167 182 Spain 326 337 363 393 475 475 France 620 640 699 777 818 1,355 Croatia : : : : : 6 Italy 1,321 1,091 1,106 1,280 1,610 1,766 Cyprus 161 90 114 104 108 51 Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lithuania 0 0 : 1 1 4 Luxembourg : 0 : 0 0 2 Hungary 252 179 171 206 203 : Malta 419 357 454 397 784 : (The) Netherlands 82 29 0 345 232 179 Austria 166 189 190 206 210 209 Poland 124 121 138 51 193 232 Portugal 24 10 13 16 27 60 Romania 31 36 38 36 35 48 Slovenia 2 3 3 3 2 4 Slovakia 84 122 179 168 185 155 Finland 87 80 82 67 83 35 Sweden 574 681 683 775 825 1,184 United Kingdom : : : : 7,881 9,224 Norway 54 49 58 76 79 75 ANNEXES Switzerland : : : : 592 570 196 Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “All valid permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship on 31 December of each year” (migr_resvalid), extracted on 6 August 2014. Notes: • aSum of available values, with variable definitions. • The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
: : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 erson erson P to be a to considered considered public threat : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 issued An alert has been : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 45 N o sufficient sufficient means of subsistence : : : 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA stayed 3 stayed months in a months erson already already erson P 6-month period 6-month : 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 25 35 45 20 190 justified conditions conditions of stay not of stay P urpose and : : : 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 False False visa or permit residence residence : 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 35 25 40 195 visa or permit No valid No valid residence residence : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 False False travel travel document : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 travel travel No valid No valid document(s) : 0 5 0 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 20 10 90 45 70 510 135 otal T 197 EU-28 Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Germany Czech Republic Czech Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Croatia Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Table 49: Libyans refused entry at the external border by ground for refusal, EU Member States and selected European countries, 2013 countries, European selected and States Member EU refusal, for ground by border external the at entry refused Libyans 49: Table (rounded) : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 erson erson P to be a to considered considered public threat : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 issued An alert has been : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 N o sufficient sufficient means of subsistence : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 stayed 3 stayed months in a months erson already already erson P 6-month period 6-month : 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 15 justified conditions conditions of stay not of stay P urpose and : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 False False visa or permit residence residence : 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 60 visa or permit No valid No valid residence residence : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 False False travel travel document : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 travel travel No valid No valid document(s) : 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 25 15 65 ANNEXES otal T 198 EUROSTAT Database, Table “Third-country nationals refused entry at the external borders – annual data (rounded)” (migr_eirfs), extracted on 16 August 2014. August 16 on extracted (migr_eirfs), (rounded)” data annual – borders external the at entry refused “Third-country nationals Table Database, EUROSTAT is not available. data (:) denotes The colon (The) Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden Kingdom United Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland : Note : Source Table 50: Libyans found to be illegally present by age group, EU Member States and selected European countries, 2013 (rounded) Total Below 14 From 14 to From 18 to 35 years years old 17 years old 34 years old old or over EU-28 2,440 185 145 1,405 705 Belgium 100 0 10 75 15 Bulgaria 10 0 0 10 0 Czech Republic 295 30 : 100 165 Denmark 5 0 0 0 0 Germany 705 25 75 365 240 Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 Ireland 5 5 0 0 0 Greece : : : : :
Spain 20 0 0 15 5 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA France 250 5 20 195 30 Croatia 30 0 0 20 5 Italy 75 0 0 65 10 Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0 Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 Luxembourg 10 10 : : : Hungary 5 0 0 5 0 Malta 210 0 5 130 75 (The) Netherlands : : : : : Austria 90 5 10 60 15 Poland 10 0 0 5 5 Portugal 20 0 0 15 5 Romania 10 0 0 0 5 Slovenia 5 0 0 5 0 Slovakia 10 0 0 5 0 Finland 20 0 0 15 5 Sweden 270 30 25 175 40 United Kingdom 295 75 5 145 75 Iceland : : : : : Liechtenstein 0 0 0 0 0 199 Norway 20 0 0 15 5 Switzerland 110 0 5 90 15
Source: EUROSTAT Database, Table “Third-country nationals found to be illegally present – annual data (rounded)” (migr_eipre), extracted on 16 August 2014. Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available.
: : 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 830 2013 : : 5 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 10 50 20 35 10 985 2012 : 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 615 2010 : : : eturned to a third country a third to eturned 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 10 R 20 445 2008 : : 0 0 0 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 10 10 35 10 15 1,075 2013 : : 5 0 5 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 50 45 35 25 1,170 2012 : 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 20 15 780 otal returned otal T 2010 : : 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 25 25 670 2008 : 0 0 0 0 0 10 80 20 10 20 20 75 35 105 130 330 1,830 2013 : 5 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 15 70 55 35 130 305 475 155 2,270 2012 : : 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 45 10 20 10 75 75 1,095 2010 Total ordered to leave to ordered Total : : : 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 55 25 70 20 80 95 10 1,055 2008 ANNEXES
200 EU-28 Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Czech Denmark German Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Croatia Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Table 51: Libyans ordered to leave and returned following an order to leave, EU Member States and selected European countries, 2008, countries, European selected and States Member EU leave, to order an following returned and leave to ordered Libyans 51: Table 2010, 2012 and 2013 (rounded) : : 0 5 5 0 5 0 75 10 15 30 210 135 315 2013 : : 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 45 25 10 155 190 425 2012 : 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 65 45 15 225 240 2010 : : : eturned to a third country a third to eturned 5 5 0 5 0 0 0 20 R 20 145 110 115 2008 : : 0 5 5 0 5 0 75 25 15 35 210 250 390 2013 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA : : 0 0 0 0 0 45 15 25 10 15 155 315 430 2012 : : : 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 65 45 10 350 255 otal returned otal T 2010 : 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 25 10 10 25 145 295 115 2008 : 5 5 0 25 20 15 10 10 85 10 210 245 150 295 2013 : 0 0 5 0 30 25 10 10 20 165 205 275 295 110 2012 : : : 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 65 10 135 430 185 2010 Total ordered to leave to ordered Total : : 5 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 40 10 140 380 110 2008
201 EUROSTAT Database, Tables “Third-country Database, Tables nationalsto ordered leave – annualEUROSTAT data (rounded)” (migr_eiord) and “Third-country nationalsreturned following 2014. on 16 August (migr_eirtn), extracted (rounded)” – annual data leave to an order is not available. data (:) denotes The colon Malta (The) Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovakia Finland Sweden United Kingdom United Iceland Liechtenstein Norway Switzerland : Source : Note OECD and UNESCO
Table 52: Stock of Libyan workers in OECD countries and other countries, 2000–2011 (end of year) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Belgium : : : : : : : : : : : : Bulgaria : : : : : : : : : : : : Czech Republic : : : : : : : : : : : : Denmark : : : : : : : : : : : : Germany : : : : : : : : : : : : Estonia : : : : : : : : : : : : Ireland : : : : : : 207 : : : : : Greece 0 0 205 0 0 0 395 355 261 : : : Spain : : : : : : : : : : : : France : : : : : : : : : : : : Croatia : : : : : : : : : : : : Italy : : : : : : : : : : : : Cyprus : : : : : : : : : : : : Latvia : : : : : : : : : : : : Lithuania : : : : : : : : : : : : Luxembourg : : : : : : : : : : : : Hungary : : : : 2 2 5 : 1 2 : : Malta : : : : : : : : : : : : (The) : : : : : : : : : : : : Netherlands Austria : : : : : : 29 28 35 34 : : Poland : : : : : : : : : : : : Portugal : : : : : : : : : : : : Romania : : : : : : : : : : : : Slovenia : : : : : : : : : : : : Slovakia : : : : : : : 1 2 3 : : Finland 10 12 16 16 25 26 34 41 29 : : : Sweden : : : : : : : : : : : : United Kingdom : : : : : : : : : : : : Iceland : : : : : : : : : : : : Norway : : : : : : 88 93 102 88 : : Switzerland : : : : : : : : : : : : Russia Federation : : : : : : : 21 21 18 : : Turkey : : : : : : : : : : : : Israel : : : : : : : : : : : : United States of : : : : : : : : : : : : America Canada 67 102 133 159 192 240 295 367 334 : : : Mexico : : : : : : : : : : : : ANNEXES Chile : : : : : : : : : : : : Republic of Korea : : : : : : : : : : : : 202 Japan : : : : : : 3 3 2 4 : : Australia : : : : : : : : : : : : New Zealand : : : : : : : : : : : :
Source: OECD International Migration Database, Table “Stock of foreign labour by nationality”, extracted on 15 July 2014. Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available. Table 53: Stock of Libya-born workers in OECD countries and other countries, 2000–2011 (end of year) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Belgium : : : : : : : : : : : : Bulgaria : : : : : : : : : : : : Czech Republic : : : : : : : : : : : : Denmark : : 46 44 47 48 62 59 61 : : : Germany : : : : : : : : : : : : Estonia : : : : : : : : : : : : Ireland : : : : : : : : : : : : Greece 164 162 329 214 348 128 395 355 261 : : : Spain : : : : : : : : : : : : France : : : : : : : : : : : : Croatia : : : : : : : : : : : : Italy : : : : : : : : : : : : Cyprus : : : : : : : : : : : : Latvia : : : : : : : : : : : :
Lithuania : : : : : : : : : : : : ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA Luxembourg : : : : : : : : : : : : Hungary : : : : : : : : : : : : Malta : : : : : : : : : : : : (The) : : : : : : : : : : : : Netherlands Austria : : : : : : : : : : : : Poland : : : : : : : : : : : : Portugal : : : : : : : : : : : : Romania : : : : : : : : : : : : Slovenia : : : : : : : : : : : : Slovakia : : : : : : : : : : : : Finland 27 28 37 39 45 51 61 74 63 : : : Sweden : : : : : : : : : : : : United : : : : : : : : : : : : Kingdom Iceland : : : : : : : : : : : : Norway : : : : : : : : : : : : Switzerland 255 : : : : : : : : : : : Russia : : : : : : : : : : : : Federation Turkey : : : : : : : : : : : : Israel : : : : : : : : : : : : United States : : : : : : : : : : : : of America Canada : : : : : : 1,345 : : : : : Mexico 8 : : : : : : : : : : : Chile : : : : : : : : : : : : Republic of : : : : : : : : : : : : Korea 203 Japan : : : : : : : : : : : : Australia : : : : : : : : : : : : New Zealand : : : : : : : : : : : :
Source: OECD International Migration Database, Table “Stock of foreign-born labour by country of birth”, extracted on 15 July 2014. Note: The colon (:) denotes data is not available...... (x) (x) (n) (n) 12 79 10 20 0 0 0 0 270 427 country resident resident reporting reporting students of students Libyan non- Libyan 2011 ...... 1 1 (n) 76 28 12 15 16 33 11 39 44 0 317 100 324 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting ...... 1 9 (x) (x) (n) (n) 11 17 0 0 0 0 182 243 183 country resident resident reporting reporting students of students Libyan non- Libyan 2010 8 .. 1 2 .. (n) (n) 20 45 36 14 31 11 38 38 0 0 277 219 303 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting ...... 3 2 .. (x) (x) (n) (n) 12 19 0 0 0 0 189 251 114 country resident resident reporting reporting by country of study and accademic category, year a students of students Libyan non- Libyan 2009 .. .. 1 2 .. (n) (n) 22 10 59 11 22 14 19 31 0 0 218 245 316 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting ...... (x) (x) (x) (n) (n) (n) 22 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 195 300 of non- ibyan L ibyan country resident resident students students reporting reporting ...... 2008 (n) (n) (n) 11 21 11 16 22 53 72 0 0 0 216 349 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting ...... (x) (x) (n) 25 0 0 0 229 ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting with prior education education outside the ...... (x) (x) (n) 10 64 0 0 0 132 2007 country resident resident reporting reporting students of students Libyan non- Libyan .. .. 1 .. .. 2 (n) ANNEXES 11 20 15 23 37 66 21 86 0 250 228 279 of
204 L ibyan country students students reporting reporting a Japan Germany Belgium C ountry Finland France Ireland of Republic Korea Mexico Canada Greece Hungary Iceland Luxembourg Czech Republic Czech Denmark Austria Australia Italy Table Table 54: Students from Libya in tertiary education in selectedOECD countries 2007–2011 .. 3 4 3 .. 3 5 27 26 43 2,623 1,465 country resident resident reporting reporting students of students Libyan non- Libyan 2011 3 5 4 6 .. (n) 28 31 52 15 10 0 3,042 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting .. 1 4 .. 6 3 (x) (n) 28 39 0 0 2,827 1,055 country resident resident reporting reporting students of students Libyan non- Libyan 2010 1 5 8 .. 6 (n) (n) 23 29 42 11 0 0 3,290 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting .. 2 .. 4 2 (n) (n) 30 21 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA 0 (m) 0 0 656 2,112 country resident resident reporting reporting students of students Libyan non- Libyan 2009 1 2 2 9 5 .. (n) 29 25 22 12 0 2,501 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting ...... 8 1 (n) (n) (n) 30 16 0 0 0 155 1,623 of non- ibyan L ibyan country resident resident students students reporting reporting 1 4 2 4 .. 2008 (n) 35 25 17 11 18 0 1,955 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting ...... 6 .. .. ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting with prior education education outside the ...... 2 3 (n) (n) 14 95 0 0 1,686 2007 country resident resident reporting reporting = included elsewhere. students of students Libyan non- Libyan x 3 9 3 5 .. (n) (n) 35 14 34 16 0 0 1,981 of ibyan L ibyan country students students reporting reporting 205 = negligible value; = negligible value; The original table does not include Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia. Israel does not include Chile, Estonia, The original table The year shown is the year in which the end of the school academic year falls (e.g. 2009 refers to the school academic year 2008/2009), with the exceptions of the Republic of Korea, where the year refers toyear the in which theyear school begins, Chile Zealand and the andrefers where ofyear New the Australia, where Korea, Republic of theof exceptions year. the calendar to corresponds year school academic The two dots (..) indicate that the data comes from a different dataset/table. a different from comes the data that dots (..) indicate The two a b n • • • • C ountry Portugal Poland New Zealand New Norway Slovak Republic Slovak Switzerland (The) Netherlands Sweden Spain Turkey United Kingdom United United States of States United America on 3 July 2014. extracted enrolled”, students Table “Foreign/international Database, Online Education : OECD Source : Notes
...... 7 6 7 (‡) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 76 11 45 13 25 10 12 10 14 17 18 ...... 134 352 636 84 2012 ...... 8 4 4 4 (‡) (‡) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 86 12 76 16 10 12 33 39 10 74 15 20 28 ...... 317 427 79 1,000 234 2011 ...... 5 8 9 7 6 (‡) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (‡n) 11 45 12 15 31 38 14 17 36 ...... 132 169 277 183 270 .. 1,479 182 2010 ...... 3 7 1 3 7 .. 4 9 (‡) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 47 59 10 31 12 11 19 22 ...... 245 114 243 1,453 189 2009 ...... 6 2 3 4 .. 9 (a) (‡) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 72 11 53 17 76 11 22 21 49 ...... 615 235 251 195 2008 ...... 1 1 .. 9 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 86 43 10 15 23 66 37 64 11 64 25 21 46 ...... 621 228 229 300 2007 ...... 5 2 4 5 .. (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 86 47 23 94 73 57 17 10 49 42 21 91 ...... 466 223 257 132 2006 ...... 1 5 8 5 .. 1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 47 16 15 54 24 12 11 58 81 ...... 131 117 246 109 264 243 2005 ...... 9 .. .. 1 4 (a) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 22 14 14 13 12 85 46 42 15 30 32 ...... 501 168 159 2001 ...... 4 1 4 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 20 13 14 18 15 56 33 16 14 24 27 ...... 174 175 138 2000 ...... 2 8 9 .. .. 3 (a) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 17 14 51 24 66 71 41 16 13 26 ...... 173 165 1999 ANNEXES
206 b Chile India Italy Belarus C ountry Malta Croatia Cyprus Finland Greece Kuwait Lithuania Malaysia Czech Republic Czech France Hungary Latvia Kazakhstan Brazil Bulgaria Japan Belgium Morocco Germany Estonia Iceland Ireland Austria Australia Canada Jordan Israel Bahrain Table 55: Internationally mobile Libyan students worldwide by country of study, 1999–2001 and 2005–2012* study, of country by worldwide students mobile Libyan 55: Internationally Table ...... 3 2 4 1 3 1 7 (n) (n) (n) (n) 28 17 32 12 15 27 46 ...... 120 1,286 1,755 4,836 2012 .. 3 3 4 3 2 1 8 1 5 (n) (n) (n) 85 21 26 30 27 27 10 43 43 ...... 108 1,465 2,623 7,046 2011 .. .. 3 1 2 4 1 4 1 6 6 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 18 28 20 18 23 17 39 ...... 1,055 2,827 7,019 2010 .. .. 2 5 2 1 1 2 5 4 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 13 30 10 19 10 25 15 21 ...... 656 2,112 5,422 2009 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA .. .. 2 6 4 4 3 8 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 14 13 30 30 10 25 16 ...... 155 1,623 3,595 2008 .. .. 3 8 1 3 1 5 2 8 2 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 12 95 35 14 ...... 1,686 3,775 2007 ...... 3 3 9 6 8 2 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 14 13 39 14 51 ...... 1,243 3,109 2006 ...... 3 8 3 1 4 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 17 41 71 12 11 19 ...... 1,306 2,944 2005 ...... 4 3 2 2 3 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (‡n) 18 16 31 10 16 ...... 670 .. 1,942 2001 ...... 3 7 6 1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (‡n) 23 14 56 14 35 ...... 492 .. 1,397 2000 ...... 9 7 3 1 (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 16 15 30 83 43 ...... 517 1,423 1999 = category not applicable; n = magnitude nil or negligible; ‡ = UIS estimation. not applicable; = category a
207 Cyan reports OECD-countries not available in the OECD table; green denotes non-OECD countries normally included in previous tables; orange denotes denotes orange tables; normally included in previous countries non-OECD denotes green table; OECD in the not available OECD-countries reports Cyan Year in which the end of the school academic year falls (e.g. 2009 refers to the school academic year 2008/2009), with the exceptions of the Republic of Republic the of exceptions the with 2008/2009), year academic school the to refers 2009 (e.g. falls year academic school the of end the which in Year Korea (year in which the school year begins), and of Australia, Chile and New Zealand (where academic year corresponds to calendar year). calendar to corresponds year academic (where Zealand Chile and New begins), and of Australia, in which the school year (year Korea * b countries not reported in previous tables. in previous not reported countries estimation; + = national The two dots (..) indicate that the data comes from a different dataset/table. a different from comes the data that dots (..) indicate The two b UNESCO UIS.Stat, Table “Inbound internationally mobile students by country of origin”, extracted on 16 October 2014. on 16 October extracted of origin”, country by students mobile “Inbound internationally Table UIS.Stat, UNESCO • • • • : Spain Sweden New Zealand New Niger Saudi Arabia Romania Russian Federation Qatar Norway Viet Nam Viet C ountry Oman South Africa Poland Turkey (sum) Total Serbia Switzerland Thailand Republic of Korea Republic Portugal United Arab Emirates Arab United Slovakia (The) Netherlands United Kingdom United of America States United Slovenia : Notes S ource Tunisia
Table 56: Arrivals and departures of Libyans by residence status, Tunisia, 2004–2009 (thousands) Residents in Tunisia Non-residents in Tunisia Total Arrivals 2004 0.1 1,435.8 1,435.9 2005 0.5 1,404.0 1,404.5 2006 0.2 1,472.4 1,472.6 Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 0.3 2,134.4 2,134.7 2009 0.2 1,995.2 1,995.4 Departures 2004 0.4 1,466.1 1,466.5 2005 0.3 1,385.9 1,386.2 2006 0.3 1,336.1 1,336.4 Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 0.2 1,913.4 1,913.6 2009 0.1 1,800.9 1,801.0 Arrivals - departures 2004 -0.3 -30.3 -30.6 2005 0.2 18.1 18.3 2006 -0.1 136.3 136.2 Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 0.1 221.0 221.1 2009 0.1 194.3 194.4
Source: Ministry of Interior and Local Development of Tunisia. Note: Extracted from CARIM Database: Tunisia, on 18 April 2014.
Table 57: Annual departures of Tunisians to Libya by residence status, 2004–2009 (thousands) Residents in Tunisia Non-residents in Tunisia Total 2004 1,261.2 13.4 1,274.6 2005 1,123.8 2.4 1,126.2 2006 1,151.9 8.8 1,160.7 Oct. 2007–Dec. 2008 2,194.1 8.5 2,202.6 2009 1,226.9 11.1 1,238.0
Source: Ministry of Interior and Local Development of Tunisia. Note: Extracted from CARIM Database: Tunisia, on 18 April 2014.
Table 58: Libyan nationals residing in Tunisia by sex and age group, 2004 Males Females Total
ANNEXES 0–4 108 104 212 5–14 640 588 1,228 208 15–29 3,351 3,513 6,864 30–44 637 681 1,318 45–64 234 150 384 65+ 98 109 207 Total 5,068 5,145 10,213
Source: Recensement Général de la Population et l’Habitat, 2004. Note: Extracted from CARIM Database: Tunisia, on 18 April 2014. Iniziative e Studi sulla Multietnicità (Initiatives and Studies on Multiethnicity)
Table 59: Disembarkations of irregular migrants in Italy from 1 January to 15 September 2014 Number of disembarkations 787 Number of disembarked migrants 129,258
Disembarked migrants by region Disembarkations of migrants Region Number % arriving from Libya Sicily 90,321 69.9 Number 607 Apulia 15,220 11.8 Number of migrants 111,271 Calabria 14,980 11.6 of which: men 83,956 Sardinia 115 0.1 of which: women 12,149 Campania 8,514 6.6 of which: minors 15,166 Liguria 108 0.1 ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA % men 75.5 Total 129,258 100.0 % minors 13.6
Disembarked migrants rescued from the Disembarkations of migrants operations of Mare Nostrum and/or Frontex* arriving from Tunisia Mercantiles Italian Number 62 Region upon Navy Total Number of migrants 697 authorization units of which: men 628 Apulia 763 13,454 14,217 of which: women 9 Calabria 1,007 11,169 12,176 of which: minors 60 Campania - 8,514 8,514 % men 90.1 Liguria 108 - 108 % minors 8.6 Total 1,878 33,137 35,015
* Including migrants still in ships; all included in the total count.
Disembarked migrants by country of origin of boats
Country of Number % departure Disembarkations Migrants Disembarkations Migrants Libya 607 111,271 77.1 86.1 Egypt 55 14,066 7.0 10.9 Turkey 20 1,734 2.5 1.3 Greece 31 1,005 3.9 0.8 Tunisia 62 697 7.9 0.5 209 Syrian Arab 2 279 0.3 0.2 Republic Algeria 9 104 1.1 0.1 Not stated 1 102 0.1 0.1 Total 787 129,258 100.0 100.0 Repatriations of Tunisians under escort Total number 762 of which: with charter fligths 677 with comm. flights or boats 85
Countries of citizenship declared by migrants at moment of disembarkation Country* Number % Eritrea 30,678 23.7 Syrian Arab Republic 28,554 22.1 Mali 8,073 6.2 Nigeria 6,117 4.7 Gambia 5,605 4.3 Somalia 3,946 3.1 Occupied Palestinian Territory 3,657 2.8 Egypt 3,386 2.6 Pakistan 3,000 2.3 Bangladesh 2,805 2.2 Other* 33,437 25.9 Total 129,258 100.0
* Including migrants still under identification procedures.
Source: ISMU elaborations based on data from the Ministry of Interior, the Department of Public Security, the Central Direction of Immigration and the Border Police. ANNEXES
210 expatriates in Libya. expatriates E gypt Probably unreliable, with 0.1 per cent Probably unreliable, with 0.1 per cent to 0.4 per cent of total remittances from remittances of total 0.4 per cent to Remittances by expatriates by country of origin of remittances,1999/2000–2007/2008 millionUSD, (27 2010) February Annual permanent departures migrants destination, by of 2000–2007 country 2010) of February (27 Egyptian atabase ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA unisia T t h e CARIM D Remittances from Libya to Tunisia to from Libya Remittances migrants in the concerned period. in the concerned migrants possible relative presence of Tunisian of possible relative presence increased from 32.4 milion in 2004 to increased from 32.4 milion in 2004 to 50.2 million in 2008 (Tunisian dinars). 50.2 million in 2008 (Tunisian About 2 per cent of total of remittances of remittances of total About 2 per cent from Libya; it may be reliable due to the it may be reliable due to from Libya; Remittances by expatriates by country of origin of the remittances, 2004–2008 (milion of Tunisian dinars) 2011) (24 March Annual arrivals and departures of foreign foreign of departures and arrivals Annual travellers by citizenship and residence status, 2004–2009 2011) March (thousands) (24 ailable in v a , Tu nisia A lgeria , by re p orted w it h data tables Algeria and E gy p t I. L ist of V I.
Arrivals Arrivals by nationality, 2003 (21 March 2005) 211 A nne x remittances) of origin the country (by expatriates by – Remittances ECO02 MOV02 – Annual arrivals (A) and departures (D) by citizenship (D) by (A) and departures – Annual arrivals MOV02 (Extract as of 29 June 2014) Libya. E gypt Very limited coverage of permanent of permanent coverage limited Very year), without detail on emigration to on emigration year), without detail emigrants (about 500 in average every (about 500 in average every emigrants
(see full solde unisia T table in the statistical annex). in the statistical table Yearly total arrivals of Libyans to to arrivals of Libyans total Yearly (in principle to everywhere) in the everywhere) (in principle to departures of Libyans from Tunisia from Tunisia departures of Libyans order of 1.6 million (average during Movements of Libyan residents were residents of Libyan Movements the period, considering from October from October the period, considering Tunisia in the order of 1.7 million and Tunisia 2007 to December 2008 as one year). December 2007 to in the order of few hundred every year, year, hundred every in the order of few with positive or negative
table. by month too. month by Algeria 13,940 arrivals of Libyans. The same data available in a previous available in a previous The same data 10,370 arrivals of Algerians from Libya. 9,361 arrivals from Libya, distinguished distinguished 9,361 arrivals from Libya, ANNEXES Arrivals Arrivals of Algerians residing abroad by country of residence, 2008 (*) (30 June 2009) Arrivals of foreigners recorded at borders by the country of nationality, 2008 (30 June 2009) by of countries Arrivals nationals of Arab country of citizenship and month, 2003 (28 January 2005) 212
E gypt Annual permanent departures migrants destination by of and country workFebruary 2011) 2009 (14 migration, of sector Egyptian before
ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA unisia T Annual arrivals travellers by and citizenship and departures residence status, period of May 2010) (16 February 1999–April 2004 Annual arrivals travellers and resident departures citizenship, of 1999–2004 in (162010) Tunisia February by
Algeria 633 for business and 121 for mission. business and 121 for 633 for distinguished in 8,637 people for visit, in 8,637 people distinguished The total of 9,391 arrivals of Libyans is of 9,391 arrivals Libyans The total 32,248 depatures of Algerians to Libya. 32,248 depatures of Algerians to Arrivals of foreigners by nationality and visit, 2003 (20 January 2005) for reason Departures Departures of registered Algerians at the borders, by country of to 2008 (*) (30 June 2009) destination, abroad,
213 MOV03 – Annual arrivals (A) and departures (D) by citizenship and age and sex and age citizenship (D) by (A) and departures – Annual arrivals MOV03 and type/purpose of migration citizenship (D) by (A) and departures – Annual arrivals MOV04 activity and economic citizenship (D) by (A) and departures – Annual arrivals MOV05
countries. countries. E gypt not appear among the destination not appear among the destination not appear among the destination For both the tables above, Libya does Libya above, both the tables For does Libya above, both the tables For Annual permanent departures migrants destination by of country andFebruary 2011) 2009 (14 migration, of occupation Egyptian before Annual permanent departures migrants destination and by level of education, 2009 of country 2011) (14 February of Egyptian Annual academic an holding migrants permanent departures educationlevel of or higher country by of destination and Egyptian field of specialization, 2011) 2009 (14 February Annual permanent departures migrants destination by and of country group,age 2011) February of Egyptian 2009 (14 unisia T Annual departures of Tunisian travellers by country of destination and residence status, 2004–2009 2011) March (thousands) (24 Algeria ANNEXES Departures of Algerian country of destination and month, 2003 nationals by (20 January 2005) 214 and qualification citizenship (D) by (A) and departures – Annual arrivals MOV06 (D) of destination country by of origin (A) departures country by – Annual arrivals MOV07
countries. No data for Libyans. for No data No data for Libyans. for No data E gypt not appear among the destination not appear among the destination For all tables within MOV07, Libya does Libya within MOV07, all tables For Annual permanent departures migrants destination by and of personal country status, 2011) (14 February 2009 of Egyptian Annual permanent departures migrants destination by and sex, of 2009 (14 February country 2011) of Egyptian the in lodged applications asylum Annual country by country of citizenship, 1996– 2010) 2006 (27 February Work Work permits granted to foreigners by type of permit and (28 January 2005) citizenship, 2002
ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA unisia T table in the statistical annex.) in the statistical table considering from October 2007 to 2007 to from October considering in Tunisia (average during the period, in Tunisia December 2008 as one year). (See full December Yearly total departures of Tunisians to to departures of Tunisians total Yearly in Tunisia and 1.4 million for residents residents and 1.4 million for in Tunisia Libya in order of 8,800 for non-residents non-residents in order of 8,800 for Libya Inflows and outflows Tunisians of to and from by Tunisia country of provenience/ 2011) March (24 1999–2010 destination,
No data for Libyans. for No data Algeria 24,210 Algerians departed for Libya. for 24,210 Algerians departed
Work Work permits issued to 2004 (5 December 2005) nationality, foreigners by
215
of citizenship country by country in the lodged applications – Annual asylum MOV09 MOV13 – Work permits granted to foreigners by citizenship and occupation citizenship by foreigners to permits granted – Work MOV13 in Libya. E gypt No data on permits granted to Egyptians Egyptians to on permits granted No data Work Work permits granted to Egyptianssome in Arab countries 2005) 1985–2002 (%) (7 February by occupation, Work permits abroad granted by country of residence in 2005 to 2008) (7 March nationals
in Tunisia in that year. in Tunisia unisia T not declare their marital status. not declare their marital in Tunisia in the 2004 Census, 7,785 in Tunisia were single, 2,252 married, 118 Among the 10,213 Libyans enumerated enumerated Among the 10,213 Libyans Based on results, 857 Libyans were born Based on results, 857 Libyans were widow, 51 were divorced and 7 did 51 were divorced were widow,
Size of foreign population born in Tunisia, in born population foreign of Size by nationality and sex, 20042006) (10 April Size of population country of birth and matrimonial status, bornabroad, 2004 (10 April 2006) by Algeria ANNEXES
216 residence and occupation of country by abroad, nationals to permits granted – Work MOV14 POP01 – Population born in the country by citizenship country born in the POP01 – Population of birth country by POP02 – Population 2006 Census results. E gypt A total number of 2,128 were A total enumerated in the 1996 Census; enumerated they were mainly males (57%). The they information could be updated with the could be updated information
Foreign populationnationality and sex, by 1996 February (27 country 2010) of
ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA statistical annex.) statistical unisia T The 10,213 Libyans enumerated enumerated The 10,213 Libyans in Tunisia in the 2004 Census were in Tunisia prevalently aged 15–29 years (67%), prevalently almost equally shared between males equally shared between almost and females. (See complete table in the table (See complete and females. Size Size of 2004 populationgroup, age and sex birth, of country bornabroad, (10 April 2004) by Size Size of population,foreign by nationality 2004 (15 April 2006) and sex, Size Size of population 2004 (15 April 2006) and sex, nationality bornabroad, by Stock in 2004 of the foreign population – population foreign the of 2004 in Stock 2004 April to 1999 April from immigrated and sex group of origin, age country – by 2010) (16 February – population foreign the of 2004 in Stock 2004 April to 1999 April from immigrated and– sex by main of reason immigration 2010) (16 February 2008 Census. Algeria time of 1998 Census; the information time of 1998 Census; the information 1,351 Libyans residing in Algeria at the 1,351 Libyans could be updated with the results of be updated could
Distribution offoreigners Algeria in by 1998 (20 January 2005) nationality,
217
POP03 – Population by citizenship POP03 – Population
E gypt
unisia T Size of foreign population born in Tunisia in born population foreign of Size by nationality, sex and age group, 2004 (15 April 2006) Size of population country of born birth and abroad, age (10 April 2006) by group, 2004 nationality, by population, foreign of Size 2004 (15 April 2006) group, and age sex Tunisia, in born population foreign of Size by nationality and marital status, 2004 (10 April 2006) Size of foreign populationby nationality 2004 (15 April 2006) status, and marital Foreign cycle, educational of scholasticyear and nationality population2004 (16 April 2006) by Foreign school populationby nationality 2004 (16 April 2006) group, and age nationality by population, school Foreign 2004 (16 April 2006) and sex, Algeria ANNEXES
218 sex age and by citizenship, country born in the POP04 – Population and sex of birth, age country by POP05 – Population sex age and by citizenship, POP06 – Population status family and by citizenship country born in the POP09 – Population status family and by citizenship POP11 – Population of education of birth and level country by POP13 – Population E gypt
ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA unisia T Foreign school population, by nationality, nationality, by population, school Foreign 2004 (16 April 2006) group, and age sex School population country bornof birth and sex, 2004 (16 April abroad, 2006) by School population bornabroad, sex, by country of birth and age (16 April 2006) group, 2004 School population, by country of birth 2004 (16 April 2006) group, and age Size of foreign population agedten and over and born in Tunisia, by nationality and educationallevel, 20042006) (10 April Size of foreign population agedten and over, by nationality 2004 (16 April 2006) level, and educational of andpopulation born aged Size abroad ten or more, by country 2004 (15 April 2006) level, educational of birth and Size of population aged between 15 and 65 and born abroad, by nationality and 2004 (16 April 2006) occupation, Algeria
219 of education level and by citizenship POP14 – Population nationality by type of activity and population, age POP19 – Working E gypt
drivers. cent unemployed. cent unisia T Service and trade staff, handicraft handicraft Service and trade staff, Among the 8,566 Libyans aged 15+ Among the 8,566 Libyans 38 per cent were employed and 12 per were employed 38 per cent enumerated in the 2014 Census, about enumerated workers, industry-machines workers and workers industry-machines workers, Size Size of population aged born 15 to 65, abroad by country of birth and 2004 (16 April 2006) and status, professonal Size Size of foreign employed aged population, 15 to 2004 (16 April 2006) profession, 65, by nationality and Foreign employed populationaged 15 to 65, by nationality and 2004 (15 April 2006) status, professional of Size population agedforeign 15to 65, by nationality and type of occupation, 2004 (15 April 2006) of andpopulation born aged Size abroad 15 to 65, by nationality and professional 2004 (16 April 2006) group, Algeria ANNEXES
220 POP26 – Working age population, by status at work and birthplace at status by population, age POP26 – Working and nationality by profession population, age POP21 – Working work and nationality at status by population, age POP22 – Working and nationality (public/private) by sector population, age POP23 – Working and birthplace by occupation population, age POP25 – Working
E gypt Libyan refugees not evident in the table. not evident refugees Libyan Libyan refugees not evident in the table. not evident refugees Libyan Egyptiantemporary workers (*)residing residence of country by countries Arab in 2010) 2007 (27 February and sex, Refugees Refugees and asylum-seekers in Egypt by country of citizenship,(31 January 2011) 1990–2008 Refugees Refugees and asylum-seekers in Egypt by country of citizenship and sex, 2010 2011) (14 February
ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA unisia T about 14,000 Tunisian immigrants immigrants about 14,000 Tunisian (probably at 2004 Tunisia Census). (probably at 2004 Tunisia counted by Libya and about 77,000 Libya by counted Table without a time reference, with without a time reference, Table Tunisian emigrants counted by Tunisia Tunisia by counted emigrants Tunisian (16 February 2010) (16 February Numbers of migrants Tunisian according to which country counts (17 September 2009) Stock in 2004 of emigrated from April 1999 to April 2004 Tunisians abroad – – by country of 2010) (16 February group destination and age Emigrants Emigrants by residence, sex and 2004–2008 country of (thousands)
Algeria
221
POP31 – Emigrants by country of residence country by POP31 – Emigrants
nationality by in the country POP29 – Refugees Factors” E gypt Available from Project “Push and Pull Available Egyptiannationals residing abroad country/region by of residence, 1998 and 2012) 2008 (4 May Egyptiantemporary workers (*)residing residence of country by countries Arab in February (27 2007 education, of level and 2010) Return migrants and non-migrants last/preferred by country of 2010) 1997 (%) (27 February Egypt, destination, unisia T Stock Stock in 2004 of emigrated from April 1999 to April 2004 Tunisians abroad – – by country of destinationFebruary 2010) (16 of emigration reason and main Tunisians residing abroad by of country residence 2011) (thousands) (24 March and sex, Tunisians residing abroad by 2004–2009 country of 2012) 2001–2009 (9 May residence, Stock in 2004 from abroad – between of April 1999 and Tunisian April 2004 – returned and resident abroad for 10 years or more by level of education and 2010) of origin (16 February country Algeria ANNEXES
222 consulate in the registered POP32 – Population of education level by POP33 – Emigrants migrants of return RET – Survey E gypt
ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA unisia T Stock Stock in 2004 of Tunisian returned from abroad – between April 1999 and April 2004 – by country of origin 2010) (16 February reason and main Stock in 2004 of Tunisian returned from abroad – between April 1999 and April 2004 – by country of origin and marital 2010) (16 February status Stock in 2004 of Tunisian returned from abroad – between April 1999 and April 2004 – by country of origin, sex and age 2010) (16 February group Algeria
223
Annex VIII. List of contacts
Following are people consulted for the purposes of the study or intervened/ intervening on migration issues in Libya (selection relevant for the study).
• Colonel Zayed Ali Erhoma, Ministry of Interior, Directorate for Combating the Illegal Migration
• Bashir Al Fitori, Ministry of Labour Affairs, Head of Project Department
• Salem Etaib, Ministry of Justice, Head of International Cooperation Office
• Abdella Zidan Amhemad, BSC Libya, Chairman of the Board of Directors, [email protected]
• Abdulhakim Desuki, BSC Libya, Director of Information Technology, Principal National Coordinator for the Euro-Mediterranean Statistical Cooperation [email protected]
• Frank Laczko, IOM, Head of Migration Research Division, [email protected]
• Tara Brian, IOM, Migration Research Division, Research Officer, [email protected]
• Othman Belbeisi, IOM Libya, Head of Mission, [email protected]
• Franz Prutsch, IOM Libya, Senior Programme Officer, [email protected]
• Rana Jaber, IOM Libya, Regional Emergency and Post-crisis Specialist, Libya Crisis Coordinator, [email protected]
• Mansour El Melasati, IOM Libya, Liaison Officer, [email protected]
• Maysa Khalil, IOM Libya, START Project Manager, [email protected]
• Huda Alhadi, IOM Libya, START Project Assistant, [email protected]
• Juma Ben Hassan, IOM Libya, Operations Assistant, [email protected]
• Renato Libanova, Psychosocial Expert, formerly at IOM Libya,
ANNEXES [email protected]
224 • Massimo Ramanzin, Border Management Programme Coordinator, IOM Senegal, formerly at IOM Libya, [email protected]
• Marina Manke, IOM Regional Office for South-Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Regional Labour Migration and Developement Secialist, [email protected] • Flavio Di Giacomo, IOM Italy, Communication Officer, [email protected]
• Ugo Melchionda, IOM Italy, Project Manager, [email protected] (at the time of writing)
• Martine Cassar, IOM Malta, [email protected]
• Giuseppe Loprete, IOM Niger, Head of Mission, [email protected]
• Saado Quol, UNHCR Libya, Officer in Charge, Acting Chief of Mission, [email protected]
• Amy Buchanan, UNHCR Libya, Protection Officer, [email protected]
• Tarek Abou Chabake, UNHCR, Division of Programme Support and Management, Senior Statistician, [email protected] ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN LIBYA • Joseph Tenkorang, UNHCR, Division of Programme Support and Management, Senior Statistician, [email protected]
• Béla Hovy, UN DESA Population Division, Head of Migration Sector, [email protected]
• Pablo Lattes, UN DESA Population Division, Population Affairs Officer, [email protected]
• Ingrid Ivins, World Bank, Statistician, Regional Coordinator MNA Activities, [email protected]
• Giampaolo Lanzieri, EUROSTAT Population Unit, Team Leader for Demography, Migration and Projections, [email protected]
• David Thorogood, EUROSTAT Population Unit, Team Leader for Population Census, Migrant Integration, Administration of Immigration and Asylum, [email protected]
• Francesco Natalini Raponi, EASO, Data Collection and Processing Officer, [email protected]
• Pierre Attard, FRONTEX, [email protected]
• Philippe Hervé, OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, [email protected] 225
• Anna Di Bartolomeo, European University Institute, Research Fellow to MPC/CARIM, [email protected]
• Maria Pia Sorvillo, Istituto Nazionale de Statistica (ISTAT, Italian National Institute of Statistics), Senior Researcher, [email protected] • Paolo Iafrate, Migrants and Islamic Lawyer, Temporary Professor University of Rome “Tor Vergata” and Member Scientific of the Center of Economic and Legal Research (CREG), [email protected]
• Chiara Alonzo, Human Development and International Cooperation Specialist, [email protected]
• Nur Abdelkhaliq, University of Edinburg, Labour Migration Consultant, author of the study on the assessment of labour market in Libya for IOM [email protected]
• Eric Davin, Altai Consulting, Lead Director, [email protected]
• Arezo Malakooti, Altai Consulting, Research Director, [email protected]
• Nigel Jenkins, Danish Refugee Council, Libya Country Director, [email protected]
• Michael Petersen, Migration Policy Expert, author of the parallel study carried out for IOM on behalf of Eurasylum Ltd., [email protected]
• Giambattista Cantisani, Statistical Expert, author of this study forIOM, [email protected] ANNEXES
226 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Eurasylum Ltd. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM and Eurasylum concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. ______
IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.
International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.iom.int
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© 2015 International Organization for Migration (IOM) ______
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher.
11_15 IN LIBYA ASSESSMENT OF DATA OF DATA ASSESSMENT COLLECTION AND STATISTICS AND COLLECTION STATISTICS ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION MIGRATION ON INTERNATIONAL
Assessment of Data Collection and Statistics on International Migration in Libya