DIIS REPORT Cindy Vestergaard Governing Uranium in Canada DIIS Report 2015:12 DIIS REPORT DIIS . DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 1 DIIS REPORT 2015:12 © Copenhagen 2015, the author and DIIS Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Østbanegade 117, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ph: +45 32 69 87 87 Fax: +45 32 69 87 00 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.diis.dk Layout: Allan Lind Jørgensen ISBN 978-87-7605-763-3 (pdf ) DIIS publications can be downloaded free of charge from www.diis.dk This report is part of the larger global 'Governing Uranium' project led by DIIS which is made possible by support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Cindy Vestergaard, Senior Researcher, International Security
[email protected] 2 DIIS REPORT 2015:12 Contents 1. Introduction 7 2. Domestic Demand for Canadian NPPs 8 3. Uranium Production in Canada 10 Operating Mines 10 Proposed Mines 17 4. Refining and Conversion 21 5. History of Uranium Production 23 6. History of Uranium Regulation: The Path to Responsible Supplier 34 From Military to Civilian Purposes 39 7. Uranium Regulation in Canada Today 46 Non-proliferation and Export Controls 49 Canada–IAEA Safeguards 51 Inventory Controls 53 Uranium Security 54 Transport 56 8. Recent Bilateral NCAs 58 Canada–India Nuclear Cooperation 58 Canada–Kazakhstan Nuclear Cooperation 62 9. Provincial Moratoriums 63 British Columbia 63 Nova Scotia 63 Québec 64 10. Conclusion 66 3 DIIS REPORT 2015:12 Abbreviation AA administrative arrangement AEC Atomic Energy Commission (USA) AECB Atomic Energy Control Board