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Fundamentals of Plant Pathology Topic: Important Terms Used in Plant Pathology & History of Plant Pathology Course Teacher: Dr

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Fundamentals of Plant Pathology Topic: Important Terms Used in Plant Pathology & History of Plant Pathology Course Teacher: Dr B. Sc. (Ag). First Year, Second Semester Course Title: Fundamentals of Plant Pathology Topic: Important terms used in plant pathology & History of Plant Pathology Course Teacher: Dr. D. S. Tomar, Associate Professor, COA, Tikamgarh Definition of pathology: Pathology: The term pathology etymologically means (Gr. Pathos = Suffering; logos = the study or to speak or discourse) the study of the suffering. Thus plant pathology is the study of the suffering plants. Plant pathology: Plant pathology or Phytopathology (phyton – plant; pathos – ailments; logus – knowledge) is that branch of agricultural, botanical or biological science which deals with the cause; etiology, resulting losses and management of plant diseases. It is a science similar to that of medicine and veterinary which deal with diseases of man and animals, respectively. Objectives of plant pathology: The science of plant pathology has four major objectives: 1. Etiology or aetiology: Study of living and nonliving entities. 2. Pathogenesis: Study of mechanism of disease development. 3. Epidemiology or Epiphytotic: Pathogen multiplies and spread. 4. Control: Development of suitable methods of controlling the disease. Important terms used in plant pathology: Aggressiveness: The capacity of a parasite to invade and grow in its hosts plant and to reproduce on or in it (Term used by Gaumann). Antibiosis: One organism is harmed by another. Atrophy: When the organ or tissue does not develop at all. Biological control: In which one organism is used to eliminate or reduce the disease caused by an another organism. Biotype: A group of microorganisms that have the same genetic characteristic. Colonization: The pathogen advances through the tissues of host to varying extents. Compound interest disease: Some pathogens spread from plant to plant during the growing season. There are several generations of pathogen in life of crop. For example, Late blight of potato and black stem rust. Disease cycle: The chain of event involved in disease development including the stages of development of the pathogen and effect of the disease on the host. Disease: The disease is a pathological process caused by continuous irritation. (or reaction between the plant and the causal agent Disorder: When abnormal physiological changes due to non-parasitic agents. Endemic disease: When a disease is more or less constantly present from year to year in a moderate to severe form in particular country of part of the earth, it is classified as endemic to that area. Epidemic or Epiphytotic: A wide spread and destructive out break of a disease in plant population. Epidemiology: The study of factors affecting outbreak and spread of an infectious disease. Etiology or aetiology: Study of the cause of the plant disease and nature of the causal agent. Facultative parasite: They usually lives saprophytes but under favorable conditions lives as parasite (Ex. Rhizops and Botrytis). Facultative saprophyte: They usually live as parasites but can grow saprophytically (Ex. Phytophthora and Ventura). Hemi-biotroph: When it attacks living tissues in the same way as biotrophs but continuous to grow and reproduce after the tissue is dead. Host: A plant or animal that is invaded by a parasite and from which the parasite obtains its nutrients. Hyper sensitivity: The plants develop minute necrotic flecks or spots resulting from rapid death of the cells in the vicinity of invading pathogen (infection court) so that the progress of pathogen is halted. Hyperplasia: Increase in size of tissue (organs) due to increased cell division (increase in number of cell). Hypertrophy: Abnormal increase in the size of the cell. Hypha (Pl. Hyphae): A single thread of the fungus mycelium. Hypoplasia: Reduced development of the whole plant, parts of the plant, certain tissue, flowers, or fruits (sterility) or chlorophyll (chlorosis). Iatrogenic disease: This term first use by James G. Horsefall (1972). All crop protection chemicals which resulted in either the appearance of a new disease. Johnson (1946) was that first to report an iatrogenic disease due to pesticides. Immune: Exempt from disease, cannot be infected by a given pathogen. Infection court: The location where infection of the host parts take place. Infection: The establishment of parasitic relationship of a parasite with the host. Infectious disease: A disease that is caused by a pathogen which can spread from the disease to a healthy plant. Infestation: Presence of disease or pathogen in a population of plants. Inoculate: To bring a pathogen into contact with a host. Inoculation: The arrival or transfer of a pathogen on to a host. Inoculum potential: The number of infective particles present in the environment of uninfected host, or combined energy of propagules to cause infection (The term coined by Horsfall, 1932). Inoculum: The portion of a pathogen which is transmitted to or contact a host and is capable of infecting the host. Integrated control: An approach to plant disease management that uses all available methods of control of a disease. Invasion: The spread of a pathogen in the host. Life cycle: The successive stages in the growth and development of an organism that occur between the appearance and reappearance of one stage (spore, eggs, etc). Mutualism: Mutually beneficial relationship between organisms. Mycelium: The mass of hyphae that make up body (thallus) of a fungus. Necrosis: A kind of symptom of pathogenic infection by a microorganism, including viruses, characterized by death and consequent disintegration of the infected plants (death of the infected tissue). Necro-troph or Pertho-troph or Perthophyts: When parasite is kill, host tissues in advance of penetration and then lives as a saprophytes. Obligate parasite or biotroph: A parasite that, in nature, can grow and multiply only on a living organism. They can not grow on artificial culture (Ex. Rust, Smut, Powdery mildew). Obligate saprophyte: An organism which feeds on dead organic matter. Pandemic disease: When a disease is prevalent throughout the country, continent or the world it is known as pandemic disease. Parasite: An organism that lives on or in any other living organism. Pathogen: An entity that can incite disease (living organism). Pathogenesis: The chain of events that occur from the time the pathogen enters the host until its effects become visible. Pathogenicity: The ability of a pathogen to cause disease. Pathotype: A subdivision of a species is distinguished by common characters of pathogenicity, particularly relationed to host range. Pathovar: A pathological variety of species of bacteria. Race: A species sub group of fungi, bacteria, nematodes or viruses that differs in virulence symptom expression to some extent in host range from other races (or stains) an the rate of the species. Resistant: Possessing qualities that hinder the development of a given pathogen little or no infection. Seasonal carryover: When susceptible host is absent from the field, the pathogens perennate in different ways. Simple interest disease: Many pathogens do not spread from plant to plant during the growing season of crop. There is only one generation of the pathogen in the life of crop. For example soil borne fungi attacking roots and seed borne smut infecting seedling. Sporadic disease: Diseases which occurs at very irregular intervals and locations na in relatively few instances. Spread: Spread means that pathogen reaches and shall infect plants. Susceptible: Lacking the inherent ability to resist disease or attack of a given pathogen, non-immune. Symbiosis: A mutually beneficial association of two or more organism of different kinds. Symptom-less carrier: The disease causing organism (usually a virus) is present but causes no symptoms. Symptoms: The external and internal reactions of the host to invasion of a pathogen, alteration in the plant due to infection, signs of infection. Syndrome: Thus diseased plants show a number of visible symptoms known as syndrome. Synergism: When the combined effect of two organism acting is greater than the some of two separate effects. Tolerance: The ability of a plant to sustain the effects of a disease without dying or suffering serious injury or crop loss. Transmission or Dissemination or Dispersal: The transport of inoculum from a diseased plant to healthy plant or from one place to another. Virulence: Relative ability to cause disease, the degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen. (Virulence is used as a measure or degree of pathogenicity in a qualitative sense). Virulent: Capable of causing a sever disease, strongly pathogenic, highly aggressive. HISTORY OF PLANT PATHOLOGY: Chinese practicing crop rotation as early as 3000 BC and in the first century BC they were supposed to keep the field fallow for a year if the field gave poor yield in the second year. Fan Sheng-Chin: Seed health was mentioned in china in the first century BC. Theophrastus (384-322 BC): A Greek philosopher and writer, he was disciple of Plato and Aristotle, two of his books Historia Plantarum and Decausis Plantarum. In his writings, mentioned plant diseases (rusts, mildew, blight etc) but expressed the opinion that these diseases were due to bad nutrition and bad air. Varro (116-27 BC) and Maro (70-19 BC): Mention treatments of seed. Varro also believed in worship of the rust god Robigus. In his Rerum Rustcarum the best treatise on agriculture of that time. Varro included 12 councillor gods including Robigus and Flora. Koutilya (3700 BC and later): Kautilya also known as Chanakya and vishnugupt had written Arthashastra and composed the four Vedas. Rigveda and Yajurveda are hymns and rituals. Samveda and Atharveda (3000 BC and later): Which contained charms and spells for warding off evils and diseases. This composition specifically mentioned blight as a disease and its control. During the Vedic period agriculture in India was fairly developed. Other diseases as powdery mildew, rust and tumors on trees, fungi (mushroom) and algae are also mentioned in Veda. Susruta (400 BC): The great Indian pioneer in medicine and surgery who wrote Susruta- Samhita. Charak; He was also a man of medicine, aware of diseased conditions in plants and often compared them to diseases in man.
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