Polar Research in Tromsø in Brief Profile Editorial Retrospective Research Notes Useful Contacts Recent Doctorates Editorial

2010

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ IN BRIEF PROFILE EDITORIAL RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH NOTES USEFUL CONTACTS RECENT DOCTORATES EDITORIAL

and Russia already have bilateral coop- and the Environment, was officially Agreement in the eration on environmental issues and the opened by a delegation led by Prime High North Ministry of Natural Resources of the Rus- Minister Jens Stoltenberg (see the article When Norway and Russia signed a Joint sian Federation has expressed interest in on page 13). The Fram Centre includes Statement on maritime delimitation and implementing an ecosystem-based man- the entities that made up the Polar Envi- cooperation in the Barents Sea and the agement plan for the Barents Sea similar ronmental Centre but also incorporates Arctic Ocean, it made headlines all over to the Norwegian one (see page 8). several other leading research institutes the world. The agreement ended a 40-year In a chronicle published in North Nor- situated in Tromsø and elsewhere. By dispute over a region where both coun- way’s leading paper Nordlys, Bjørn Fossli gathering a wide range of knowledge-in- tries had commercial interests at stake. Johansen and Jan-Gunnar Winther of the tense organisations under a single banner As a result, the area will now be opened Norwegian Polar Institute wrote: “With and providing ample funding, the govern- up for extraction of oil and gas resources. this year’s delimitation treaty between ment hopes to facilitate the interdiscipli- Only time will tell if the seabed holds any- Norway and Russia, and based on mari- nary approach required to meet modern thing worth exploiting, but marine and time law, our two countries have clarified research challenges. Although climate oceanographic researchers now have ac- the rights to the resources in the seabed of change is mentioned as a particular focus, cess to an area that until now has essen- what was previously a disputed area in the the Fram Centre will also be extremely well tially been off limits. Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. [...] This uni- placed to innovate, develop and test new Some people frowned skeptically at ty is the embodiment of Norwegian–Rus- techniques for environmental monitoring the two nations’ promise to “maintain and sian cooperation in the High North. But it and protection. Perhaps some of these ini- enhance cooperation with regard to fish- is also founded on a long history of coop tiatives will be taken in collaboration with eries and management of hydrocarbon eration with our neighbour in the east. our Russian neighbours. resources”. Some thought of Russia’s en- We believe that the recent progression vironmental track record and shuddered towards environmental awareness and Last issue apprehensively at the potential havoc that protective measures in Russia vouches for Polar Research in Tromsø was originally increased economic activity might wreak a continued close and fruitful partnership, produced jointly by several independent on this sensitive region. But others saw not least in environmental management research organisations. Some of them no hopeful signs. Over a year ago, President issues. The delimitation agreement should longer exist and the rest are all linked di- Putin signed a decree to establish a “Rus- not be the stopping point, but rather the rectly or indirectly to the Fram Centre. As sian Arctic” national park. After a personal springboard for Norwegian–Russian coop a consequence these changes, this will be visit to Franz Josef Land, Putin spoke of the eration in the North.” the last issue of Polar Research in Tromsø. environmental destruction he had seen, From next year onwards, you will find an and vowed that Russia would clean up account of the year’s most exciting re- after herself. And indeed, just a few days Moving forward – search results – and more – in a new pub- later it emerged that Russian agencies had the Fram Centre lication called Frammagasinet. We hope to allocated 150 million NOK for clean-up ef- In late September the Fram Centre, the meet you there! forts in Franz Josef Land in 2012. Norway High North Research Centre for Climate

Polar Research in Tromsø Editor

Polar Research in Tromsø is published once Janet Holmén For the Norwegian Polar Institute a year by the University of Tromsø (UiT), c/o Norwegian Polar Institute Gunn Sissel Jaklin the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), the Fram Centre telephone: +47 77 75 06 40 Tromsø branch of the Institute of Marine N-9296 Tromsø e-mail: [email protected] Research and the Polar Environmental e-mail: [email protected] web: www.npolar.no Centre (now incorporated into the Fram Centre), Tromsø, Norway. Its aim is to For the Institute of Marine Research describe all manner of education and Sub-editors Vera Helene Lund research in polar (chiefly Arctic) studies telephone: +47 77 60 97 14 carried out during the past year at these For the University of Tromsø e-mail: [email protected] institutions and at other research insti- Linda Hamrin Nesby web: www.imr.no tutes and companies in the Tromsø area telephone: +47 77 64 60 11 with which they have close ties. email: [email protected] Print run: 3000 copies web: uit.no Layout: Bjørn Hatteng, UiT It is sent on request and free of charge Trykk: HSL trykkeriet, UiT to all persons who are interested in polar For the Fram Centre Printed on eco-friendly paper studies. Helge M. Markusson telephone: +47 77 75 02 06 Front page photographs: This is the last issue of Polar Research in email: [email protected] Ship, ice: Tor Ivan Karlsen, NPI; Kittiwake, Tromsø. web: www.framsenteret.no man with bird: Geir Wing Gabrielsen, NPI; Woman in hard hat, men rinsing sample: Ole Magnus Rapp, Aftenposten

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Tracking the migration of Arctic skuas

Børge Moe [email protected] Sveinn Are Hanssen [email protected] Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Fram Centre, Tromsø

Migration enables animals to choose the optimal habitat for different parts of the year. In the summer, many animals are attracted to Arctic and temperate areas, which offer favourable environmental conditions that help ensure successful reproduction. How- ever, winters at these latitudes can be challenging and many animals migrate long distances to seek better conditions elsewhere. This is especially true of birds because of their ability to fly. Birds undertake the longest annual migrations known on earth. Studying migration is important for understanding the factors that affect animal survival and for identifying the habitats they depend on through- out the year. Traditional methods, like Arctic skua flying over the breeding territory in Kongsfjorden in Svalbard. Photo: E. Biersma bird ringing, have been insufficient to track the migration of many bird spe- tors record light intensity to identify behaviour. They steal food from other cies. We are now using new logger timing of sunrise and sunset, which in seabirds, such as gulls and terns. In technology to meet this challenge. turn are used to calculate latitude and Svalbard they mainly kleptoparasitise Light-level geolocators are miniatur- longitude. kittiwakes. A skua pesters its victims ised electronic loggers that can be at- The Arctic skua (Stercorarius para- until they drop their food. This aerial tached to a bird ring; they are so small siticus) is one of the species we have pursuit is an impressive spectacle, as (weighing only 1.5-2.5 g) that the bird studied with this method. This spe- skuas are consummate fliers. Infor- can easily carry them. These geoloca- cies is famous for its kleptoparasitic mation about skua migration, however, has been very scarce, with very few ring recoveries. To fill this knowledge gap we deployed Arctic skuas with light-level geolocator loggers in 2009. The birds were captured and equipped in their breeding territories in Kongsfjorden in Svalbard. We went back for recaptures in the same territories in 2010 and retrieved eleven loggers. In this, the first study to track the migration of Arctic skuas, we identified two main flyways and three main wintering areas. During autumn migration, ten of our eleven skuas flew west towards Greenland and one skua flew south towards the North Sea. They all spent the winter in tropical or The main flyways and wintering areas of Arctic skuas breeding in Svalbard. Illustration: B. Moe sub-tropical waters: off West Africa, in

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 3 RESEARCH NOTES the Gulf of Guinea or off South Ameri- matic conditions. It is not known the health of the entire North Atlantic ca. The Arctic skuas utilised large oce- whether the identified flyways and Ocean. As this ocean basin is subject anic areas both during migration and wintering areas are fixed individual to intense human exploitation, includ- during winter. The distances covered preferences or whether individuals ing oil industry and fishing, this study were among the longest animal mi- can choose different flyways and win- highlights the need for environmental grations ever recorded. tering areas in different years. Nev- conservation and management on a The annual migration of Arctic ertheless, the species does not seem transatlantic scale. skuas integrates arctic, temperate and to depend entirely on a few well de- tropical waters, and demonstrates fined and restricted habitats, so-called impressive adaptations to cope with hotspots. The viability of Arctic skua contrasting environmental and cli- populations is probably affected by

Seasonal emaciation potentiates the toxicity of persistent organic contaminants in arctic animals

Lisa Bjørnsdatter Helgason [email protected] Heli Routti [email protected] Geir Wing Gabrielsen [email protected] Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre, Tromsø Even H. Jørgensen [email protected] Norwegian College of Fisheries Science University of Tromsø

Even though the Arctic is regarded as a pristine environment far away from point sources of heavy pollu- tion, persistent organic contaminants enter the Arctic through long-range atmospheric transport and ocean currents. The animals living in arctic areas are exposed to persistent organic contaminants through their diet, and species at the top of the food web accumulate these contaminants to a greater extent than animals feeding on a lower trophic level. Hence, the highest levels of persistent organic contaminants in arctic animals are found in arctic top predators such as Caged arctic fox. Photo: Norwegian Polar Institute polar bear (Ursus maritimus), glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) and arctic fox seabirds can lose 10-20% of their body Storage of organic contaminants in (Vulpes lagopus). Arctic animals have mass during the egg laying, brooding adipose tissue is actually an advan- large seasonal variations in their body and chick rearing period due to depo- tage for the animal as concentrations fat stores, which reflect variations in sition of fat in the egg and fat mobili- of contaminants in vital organs such food availability, cost of reproduction sation to meet energy demands dur- as the brain and the liver remain rela- and migration. For example, the body ing nest attendance. tively low. However, when body fat is fat stores of arctic fox are reduced Most persistent organic contami- mobilised during periods of high en- from 25 to 5 percent when the fat is nants are fat-soluble and adipose ergy demands, the organic contami- mobilised to meet energy demands tissue is therefore the major storage nants that are stored in the body fat during the reproduction period. Arctic site for these lipophilic contaminants. are released into the blood and re-

4 POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ RESEARCH NOTES distributed to these vital organs. This means that fat mobilisation may lead to an increased bioavailability of ac- cumulated organic contaminants at “target” sites. This may further lead to biotransformation of contaminants, which increases their toxic potential. In arctic fish, for example, the activity of biotransformation enzymes increased by a factor of 12 when fat was mobilised. Increased biotransformation enzyme activity may in turn influence contaminant levels and pat- terns, and enhance the risk of adverse biological effects. In two recent studies, we inves- tigated the effect of seasonal emaciation on contaminant redistribution and the activity and/or mRNA expres- Dead glaucous gull on a nest with three live chicks. Photo: Norwegian Polar Institute sion of biotransformation enzymes in herring gull chicks and farmed cal effects was down-regulation of down-regulates) the biotransforma- arctic foxes exposed to persistent biotransformation enzymes in farmed tion enzymes. Increased enzyme activ- organic contaminants. The studies arctic foxes, but up-regulation in her- ity could lead to a greater production demonstrated that fasting strongly ring gull chicks. This illustrates that of bioactive metabolites; decreased increased the concentrations of these birds and mammals may respond dif- enzyme activity could result in less contaminants in vital organs. In her- ferently to seasonal emaciation. efficient elimination of organic con- ring gull chicks, also the concentra- The results of these studies illus- taminants. The findings of these stud- tions of hydroxylated metabolites of trate that arctic animals may have ies suggest that two different “time- polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) higher contaminant load in sensitive windows” are of particular relevance increased during fasting periods. In organs during periods of mobilisation when ecotoxicological studies are car- addition, some biotransformation of body reserves and emaciation. This ried out on arctic animals, i.e., when enzymes were induced in lean her- may potentiate the induction of bio they are at their fattest and when they ring gull chicks and lean farmed arctic transformation enzymes. Hence it is are at their leanest. It is important to foxes, but not in well-fed, fat speci- suggested that arctic animals are par- have detailed knowledge about what mens. Moreover, fasting and fat mo- ticularly sensitive to organic contami- happens during these time-windows, bilisation have physiological effects in nants when they are fasting, not only and to take this into consideration themselves, independent of the con- because of the release from fat tissue, when conducting time-trend analy- centration of contaminants. Interest- but also because the physiological ef- ses, monitoring, risk assessments and ingly, the result of these physiologi- fect of fasting in itself affects (up- or effect studies in arctic animals.

Vulpes lagopus

Seasonal changes in fat content (% of skinned carcass mass) of arctic foxes Seasonal changes in body mass (g) of black-legged (modified from Prestrud and Nilssen 1992. J. Wild. Manage. 56: 221-233). kittiwakes (Moe et al. 2002. J. Avian Biol. 33: 225-234). MS = mating season.

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 5 RESEARCH NOTES Influence of climate on accumulation of contaminants in the arctic marine food web

Ingeborg G. Hallanger [email protected] Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre, Tromsø

The Arctic is one of the regions that the Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- mate Change (IPCC) believe will be most affected by climate change. Some of the expected alterations have already been reported: thinning of the ice sheet, less multiyear ice, increased river discharge into the Arctic Basin, increased melting of glaciers, warmer surface temperatures and greater in- flow of Atlantic water masses. These changes may potentially alter species distributions, food web structures, carbon cycling, and subsequently tropho-dynamics and transport and uptake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into and within the Arctic. Additionally, the arctic environment is characterised by high seasonality in light intensity, primary production, food availability, lipid concentration in organisms, migration of organisms, and ice cover. These “naturally occur- ring” factors also influence availability and uptake of POPs in the organisms and in food webs irrespectively of climate change. It is not yet clear how climate change might affect accumulation of POPs in marine food webs. Modelling and sensitivity analyses have identified sea ice cover, temperature, pre- cipitation rates, and altered primary production as having the largest impact on POP transportation and accumulation in the arctic environment. Large uncertainties remain, however, regarding prospective changes in relevant input parameters for the models. Increased empirical knowledge is needed on how alterations in variables that act both regionally and Sampling of zooplankton using a MIK net. Photo: Ole Magnus Rapp, Aftenposten globally, such as climate, might influence the disposition of contaminants fluence of climate on accumulation of can affect uptake and accumulation in ecosystems. contaminants in arctic marine pelagic of organic contaminants in arctic eco- The International Polar Year project food web” was conducted (PhD the- systems. “Contaminants in Polar Regions (CO- sis, Ingeborg G. Hallanger). The thesis Accumulation of POPs in organ- POL)” was designed to provide more work was funded by ConocoPhillips. isms has been shown to vary with the of the empirical knowledge required, The goals were to investigate how season. This is true both for organisms and as a part of COPOL the project “In- seasonal variation and climate change at low trophic levels (zooplankton)

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and for those at higher levels (fish and birds). However, the seasonal pattern in accumulation and magnification can differ depending on the chemical and group of organisms involved. Zooplankton are regarded as well suited for assessments of how sea- sons (and climate change) can alter POP uptake and accumulation in the arctic ecosystem, since they reflect environmental changes in POP expo- sure more rapidly than longer lived organisms at higher trophic levels. Zooplankton also provide the link between primary production and fish, seabirds and marine mammals. In all species of zooplankton studied, the POP concentrations decrease from May to October. This coincides with decreasing POP concentrations in seawater and increasing lipid stores in the plankton during the same period. Investigation of the accumulation and magnification from zooplankton to fish and birds generally identified July as the month when magnification was greatest. This was because the fish species and (for some POP com- pounds) kittiwakes had highest POP concentrations in July. The decreasing POP concentration observed from May to October in the zooplankton species further emphasises the mag- nitude of this increase in accumula- Sorting zooplankton requires knowledge, patience, and a steady hand. Five hours after sam- tion through the food web. These pling the zooplankton will have been sorted and safely stowed in the freezer. results indicate that estimates of the Photo: Ida Beathe Øverjordet uptake and accumulation of POPs are dependent on the time of sampling (i.e. season). Knowledge about the influence of season is essential to be able to differentiate between seasonal variation in accumulation and magnification of POPs and alterations caused by climate change. Elucidating possible climate change-induced alterations in a seasonal environment is a complex and difficult task. Clearly climate change has potential to alter the POP concentrations in the Arctic. However, it is still uncertain to what degree they will be altered, and whether we can expect a net increase or decrease of POPs in the Arctic with a warmer climate.

Scientists at work on deck sorting organisms from bottom sediments for the benthic part of the COPOL project. The author is second from the left. Photo: Ole Magnus Rapp, Aftenposten

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 7 RESEARCH NOTES

Oceans Management 2.0

Alf Håkon Hoel [email protected] ents Sea, which also concerns parts of and lent authority to its implementa- Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø the Norwegian Sea and the coast of tion. Northern Norway southwards to the Third, the actual implementation Climate change, increasing economic Lofoten Islands. The work was over- of the plan made use of pre-existing activity, and a growing understand- seen by an inter-ministerial commit- institutional structures. The only new ing of how oceans are to be managed, tee with representatives from the rele- bodies established serve the purpose has brought the concept of Integrat- vant ministries, and the final plan was of coordination and integration at ed Oceans Management to the fore. adopted by the Storting in 2006. Since ministerial and agency levels. The use Essentially, this concept means that then a second management plan has of existing legislation and agencies, the cumulative effects of various pres- been adopted for the Norwegian Sea, rather than going through a time- sures on marine ecosystems are to be and a third plan for the North Sea is in consuming process of establishing taken into consideration when man- the works. new ones, has provided for swift and aging oceans. The key feature of the Barents Sea effective implementation of the plan. Numerous international agree- Plan is that it identifies areas of - par The Management Plan for the ments advocate the introduction of ticular biological significance (“vulner- Barents Sea is however still a work in Integrated Oceans Management. In able and valuable areas”), assesses the progress. As the scientific underpin- particular, the 2002 World Summit total impact of various activities and nings of the plan evolve, so will the on Sustainable Development (WSSD) pressures on the marine ecosystems, plan itself. Work on the plan is also stated that “Oceans, seas, islands and and on this basis decides where and likely to be affected by changing eco- coastal areas form an integrated and when petroleum activities can take nomic political circumstances. essential component of the Earth’s place. The map shows the areas where The degree to which these expe- ecosystem and are critical for global petroleum activity is regulated. riences are applicable in other Arctic food security and for sustaining eco- The plan will be revised in 2011 countries varies. The form and content nomic prosperity …”. Specifically, the based on the original knowledge of Integrated Oceans Management is WSSD “Encourage(d) the application foundation complemented with new context-dependent and will vary from by 2010 of the ecosystem approach…”. information obtained from monitor- case to case. However, Integrated Similar statements have been made in ing of important parameters and a Oceans Management raises a number a number of international fora, includ- comprehensive assessment of how of issues with commonalities across ing the United Nations General As- various pressures might potentially af- the Arctic region: ice-covered waters, sembly. fect the marine environment. The key transboundary cooperation, fisheries Many countries are now in the issue is whether new areas are to be management, exploitation of petrole- process of developing national ocean opened for petroleum-related activi- um under severe climatic conditions, policies where “integrated oceans ties. long-range transport of pollutants, so- management” or a similar term (“eco- What, then, are the lessons of the cioeconomic growth and sustainabil- system-based oceans management”, Norwegian experience for the wider ity issues, and the impacts of climate “marine spatial planning”) is central. Arctic when it comes to Integrated change. The core issue is however the All the Arctic nations are included in Oceans Management? same: the need to take all pressures this group of countries. The Barents Sea is one of the ar- on marine ecosystems into account In Norway, the growing interest in eas in the Arctic that has been most when managing oceans. petroleum development in the North, widely researched. The work on the together with the evolution in inter- plan therefore benefitted from the Further reading: national standards for oceans man- existence of a major body of science, Hoel AH (ed.) 2009. Best Practices in Eco- agement and concern for the valu- although it was also evident that new system-based Oceans Management. able fisheries resources in the North, data were needed for the integrated Rapportserie Norsk Polarinstitutt, No. triggered work on Integrated Oceans assessments of impact. The central 129 Management. In 2001, the Norwe- role of science in the plan is obviously Hoel AH 2010. Integrated oceans man- gian Storting adopted a white paper a core element of its success. agement in the Arctic: Norway and setting out the broad principles. In A second element is that the proc- beyond. Arctic Review of Law and 2008 a new Ocean Resources Act was ess of formulating the plan was organ- Politics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 186-206 adopted, transforming these princi- ised in a way that gave the outcome a ples into law. high degree of political legitimacy. For The adoption of the white paper example, stakeholders were given op- spurred a comprehensive process in portunities to comment on the plan. developing what came to be called The fact that the plan was adopted by the Management Plan for the Bar- the Storting bolstered its prominence

8 POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ RESEARCH NOTES

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 9 RESEARCH NOTES

Svalbard reindeer enjoying the round-the-clock daylight of the arctic spring. Photo: Thor S. Larsen, Norwegian Polar Institute Biological timing in the Arctic

Karl-Arne Stokkan Several studies suggest that rein- ent light/dark cycle. The finding is in [email protected] deer lack a functional biological clock. complete contrast to other mammals Department of Arctic and Marine In a study of free-ranging Svalbard where melatonin is always rhythmic; Biology and mainland Norwegian reindeer it is generally synchronized by a bio- University of Tromsø we equipped the animals with data- logical clock such that in permanent loggers which recorded movements darkness, levels continue to rise and Reindeer living in the land of the mid- continuously for one year.* The results fall rhythmically. Unusually, melatonin night sun have turned off their bio- revealed no obvious signs of endog- secretion in reindeer appears to be logical clock. enous, circadian activity rhythm at controlled by a mechanism that is de- The ability to display daily or circa- any time of the year. This was the case scribed as an “hour-glass”. This means dian rhythms is a fundamental feature both during permanent darkness that the secretion increases once it of living things. It prepares the organ- in winter, when such endogenous gets dark and decreases when it gets ism for changes related to the day/ rhythmicity is expected to occur, and light, titrating night-length directly night cycle, and long lived organisms around the spring and autumn equi- rather than being driven by a clock. also prepare for predictable seasonal noxes when, despite pronounced We then tested if the basic, mo- changes in their environment. Such changes in ambient light levels, only lecular clockwork of the reindeer cell biological timing results from the ac- weak and intermittent anticipation of is in some way defective. Fibroblast tions of specific “clock” genes. It in- dusk and dawn was detected. cells were collected from reindeer skin volves an intimate interplay between Recently, a collaborative study be- and cultured in the laboratory. Previ- endogenous, self sustained oscillators tween the University of Tromsø and ous studies have shown that fibrob- or clocks and the ambient light/dark the University of Manchester, UK, re- last cells from mice, man and other cycle which synchronises the clocks vealed that in mainland reindeer, the mammals maintain strong circadian such that the right things happen at nocturnally secreted pineal hormone rhythms in culture. The reindeer cells the right time. melatonin is not rhythmically regulat- were then treated with a lentivirus Thus, biological timing relies inti- ed in the dark, but responds directly which had been engineered to insert mately on the daily light/dark cycle. to the light/dark cycle. This hormone clock gene reporters into fibroblasts. But what happens when there is no is critical for daily and seasonal tim- The reporter gene was one which night or day, such as during the arctic ing in mammals and is regarded as codes for a luciferase enzyme, simi- summer and winter, respectively? the physiological link to the ambi- lar to that which makes fireflies glow.

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Thus, whenever the clock genes were Schematic model for daily active the reporter gene was also ac- and seasonal timing. Short- lived rodents have strong tivated and light was emitted. The clock-genes and activity daily rhythms of clock gene activity and hormone rhythms are could therefore be tracked in these robustly circadian under constant conditions. Sea- cells using sensitive photon counting sonal rodents have no methods. Remarkably, the cells were spontaneous reproductive arrhythmic. In marked contrast, when rhythms. Reindeer have weak clock genes and no these reporters were introduced into free-running activity cycles mouse fibroblast cells, the outcome under constant photic con- was highly rhythmic. ditions. Melatonin is acute- ly responsive to photope- Our conclusion is that the behav- riod and not regulated by a ioural arrhythmicity seen in the wild, circadian clock. Long-lived as well as the lack of rhythmic mela- seasonal mammals have robust circannual cycles, tonin hormone secretion, may be a which, in reindeer, may be consequence of defective molecular entrained by a short period clockwork in reindeer. Perhaps in en- of melatonin information provided at the two equi- vironments with no discernable light/ noxes (Lu et al. 2010, Curr. dark cycle, such as during summer Biol. 20, 533). and winter at high latitudes, driven *van Oort et al. 2005. Circa- internal clocks would be strongly se- dian organization in rein- lected against, as they might prevent deer. Nature, 438, 1095. opportunism in such habitats. This work was done in collaboration with Nicholas Tyler, Centre for Sámi Studies, Uni- versity of Tromsø, and Andrew Loudon, Fac- ulty of Life Sciences, University of Manches- ter, United Kingdom.

Little auk - abundant but elusive

ALKEKONGE- a joint Polish/Norwegian research project to study this seabird

Haakon Hop [email protected] Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre, Tromsø

Little auk (Alle alle) is the most abundant seabird in the northern hemi- sphere. The global population is probably in the range of 15 million pairs, of which 1 million pairs nest in 200 breeding colonies in Svalbard. This small alcid species is easily recognised by its black and white plumage, com- pact body shape and short bill. How- ever, it is rather elusive, since it nests in rocky slopes and will fly great distances to unknown feeding locations where arctic zooplankton is abundant and where the little auk is somehow Little auk (Alle alle), the most abundant seabird in Svalbard. Photo: Tonje Jerstad capable of finding largeCalanus copepods. ing dives to depths of maximum 30 in a catch, along with the largest cope- This seabird is known as a special- metres. On as single trip, they may podoid stages of C. finmarchicus. It is ised planktivore. Its preferred prey is collect on average 1000-2000 prey in difficult to imagine how this foraging copepods of the genus Calanus, which their gular pouches. Calanus glacialis is conducted. It is difficult to imagine the birds catch, likely individually, dur- is typically the most abundant species how this foraging is conducted. How

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 11 RESEARCH NOTES

these birds carry out short and long feeding trips. The short trips (2-3 hours) are to the fjord areas next to the colony, whereas the long trips may be 10-19 hours in duration as some individuals (e.g., in Kongsfjorden) may fly more than 200 km to feeding grounds outside the fjord. From the northwest corner of Svalbard, where the largest breeding colonies are located, little auks could potentially fly to the ice edge or to the East Greenland current on the west side of Fram Strait. Log- gers attached to the little auk have shown that they generally feed in cold sub-zero waters on long trips. The colonies located near the warmest water masses have the longest feeding trip duration, indicating that they need to fly long distances to find rich patches of arctic zooplankton. Feeding birds on the water have been registered and counted in different areas during ship cruises, but where the birds from specific colonies feed is still unknown. Miniature GPS loggers have been used in an attempt to resolve this question, but the technology is still inadequate. Large amounts of organic matter and nutrients are transported from sea to land by these numerous seabirds. Great colonies of little auks have a substantial impact on arctic terrestrial ecosystems, which are often nutrient- Studying little auk on site in seabird colonies. Tonje Jerstad is holding a fledged chick. Photo: Kurt Jerstad limited. Seabirds that feed at sea and nest on land enrich the tundra ecosys- do the birds locate patches of prey? masses, which will consequently lead tems in the vicinity of their breeding How can they select only the largest to restructuring of zooplankton com- colonies, as can be clearly seen from stages of Calanus finmarchicus, and munities between cold Arctic waters, the green patches below active sea- how is it possible to collect that many with a dominance of large zooplank- bird colonies in Svalbard. This fertilis- zooplankters on a single feeding trip? ton species, and Atlantic waters in ing effect has been studied by means Specific zooplankton species are which smaller species predominate. of stable isotopes. typically associated with different wa- Little auks tend to restrict their for- The ALKEKONGE-project (2008- ter masses, such as Arctic or Atlantic aging activity to Arctic water masses, 2010) was initiated to find out more waters. Calanus glacialis is a typical where zooplankton are concentrated about this commonly observed, but Arctic shelf species, whereas the much in patches that are related to oceano- little known seabird. A jointly funded smaller C. finmarchicus is advected to graphic features, such as fronts, gyres Polish-Norwegian Research Project the regions of Svalbard in Atlantic wa- and upwelling areas. Oceanographers (EEA and Norway Grants) to study the ter masses, following the West Spits- may not know very much about the little auk has involved collaboration bergen Current. The larger C. glacia- distribution and extent of such patch- between the Institute of Oceanology lis is a much more valuable food item es, but the little auk consistently suc- (IOPAS) and the University of Gdansk than C. finmarchicus, since it contains ceeds in finding them. How long will in Poland, the Norwegian Polar Insti- ten times the energy. Calanus spe- it continue to be successful? A shift tute (NPI), and the University Centre cies accumulate lipids seasonally as towards a zooplankton community in Svalbard (UNIS). Principal investi- triacylglycerol and wax esters in lipid dominated by smaller boreal species gators from Norway have been Haa- sacs, which may be completely filled is proposed to lead to a reduction in kon Hop, Arild Sundfjord and Harald up by the autumn. available feeding grounds and redu Steen (NPI), Jørgen Berge (UNIS), and Climate change in the Arctic in- ced population size for little auk . Ph.D. student Johanna Hovinen. The fluences ocean circulation and water Recent research has shown that project has been carried out in fjords

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(Hornsund, Isfjorden, Kongsfjorden, Magdalenefjorden, and Smeeren- burgfjorden) and coastal waters in Svalbard and along the ice edge in Fram Strait. The main objective of the ALKE- KONGE project has been to estimate the impact of climate warming on arctic zooplankton communities, little auks and their physical environment. The project is expected to improve the knowledge on relationship between physical oceanography, bio-optical parameters, plankton communities and little auk populations in the study areas. Research cruises with RV Lance (NPI), Viking Explorer (UNIS) and Oce- ania (IOPAS) were conducted during July (2009, 2010) to fjords and coastal areas of Svalbard, and field campaigns were conducted in little auk colonies. The project is currently assembling data for publication.

For further information see the ALKEKONGE web page (www.iopan.gda.pl/projects/ Alkekonge) or contact the author for a project brochure ([email protected]).

Fat Calanus glacialis with full lipid sac, a fa- Distribution of the little auk in Svalbard. Map: Anders Skoglund, Norwegian Polar Institute vourite food for the little auk. Photo: Daniel Vogedes

The Fram Centre political clout demonstrated by their presence that they consider the es- tablishment of the Fram Centre as an “The Fram Centre, as it’s going to be important factor in the government’s called, will be among the world’s ma- High North Strategy, part 2: “New jor research centres in the fields of cli- building blocks in the North”. mate and the environment.” Participating during the two open- This was the wording in Norway’s ing days of the Fram Centre were, leading newspaper, Aftenposten, besides Prime Minister Stoltenberg, when Prime Minister Jens Stolten- Minister of Education Kristin Hal- berg opened FRAM – the High North vorsen, Minister of Local Government Research Centre for Climate and the and Regional Development Liv Signe Environment. Navarsete, Minister of Fisheries and 29 September 2010 was a red- Coastal Affairs Lisbeth Berg-Hansen letter day for Norwegian High North and Minister of Research and Higher research. A quintet with considerable Education Tora Aasland.

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 13 PROFILE

The opening of the Fram Centre 29 September 2010. From the right: Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg; Director of the Norwegian Polar Insti- tute, Jan-Gunnar Winther; Project leader Ministry of the Environment, Inger Johanne Wiese; Managing director Polar Environmental Centre/ Fram Centre, Are Johnsen; Chairman of the board Polar Environmental Centre/Fram Centre, Aase Tveito; Vice mayor of Tromsø, Gunnhild Johansen. Photo: Ingun A. Mæhlum/Fram Centre

“The Fram Centre is a new build- Melting of sea ice in the Arctic greatly • Effects of climate change on tering block in the High North Strategy. impacts the global climate. This flag- restrial ecosystems, landscapes, soci- Several hundreds of scientists, each ship focuses on social and manage- ety and indigenous peoples of them among the world’s foremost ment challenges to fisheries, shipping Changes in Northern terrestrial eco- in their respective fields, will here be and petroleum-related activities. New systems will be highly relevant to gathered under one roof. This is going challenges and technological solu- society, in particular for agriculture, to be a centre of vigour, a key institutions pertaining to rescue and oil spill forestry, reindeer herding and nature- tion for climate research,” said Stolten- response are addressed. based industries, species and habitat berg. conservation, tourism and recreation. That this is not just lip service • Effects of climate change on sea Issues related to climate adaptation in was made clear when the suggested and coastal ecology in the north the North, as well the significance of state budget for 2011 was presented Research in this programme will climate change for Sámi culture and in early October. The Ministry of En- address the multiple ways climate settlement will be included this flag- vironment allocates NOK 37 million change impacts the physical condi- ship. (approx. EUR 4.7 million) to the Fram tions of fjords and coasts and how, in Centre. Counting allocations from turn, habitats and food supply are af- • Hazardous substances – effects three other ministries, the total ap- fected. on ecosystems and human health propriation for the centre amounts to Climate change reinforces the impor- close to NOK 50 million (approx. EUR • Ocean acidification and ecosys- tance of filling the gaps in our under- 6.3 million) for 2011, as opposed to tem effects in Northern waters standing of the distribution of pollut- NOK 7 million in 2009. This flagship programme will contrib- ants in the Arctic and their effects on Climate change will constitute the ute to a more complete understand- ecosystems and human health. This framework for the research activities ing of ocean acidification. This process flagship programme also addresses at the Fram Centre and this framework will affect the productivity of ecosys- the need for this knowledge to be will be built around five “Flagship” re- tems, impacting ecosystem-based incorporated in international agree- search programmes. management and the exploitation of ments and processes. commercial resources, especially in • Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, tech- the cold waters of the North, where The Fram Centre includes around 500 nology and agreements the uptake of CO2 is substantial. scientists in nineteen institutions, who

14 POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ RETROSPECTIVE are involved in multidisciplinary research embracing the fields of natural Fram Centre members science, technology and social sci- Akvaplan-niva – Norwegian Institute for Water Research CICERO Centre for International Climate Environmental Research Oslo ences. As of today, ten of the nineteen Institute of Marine Research institutions are located in the Fram National Coastal Administration Centre building (formerly the Polar National Veterinary Institute NGU – The Geological Survey of Norway Environmental Centre), but more will Nofima – The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research move in when the planned enlarge- NORUT – Northern Research Institute ment of the building is completed in Norwegian Institute for Air Research – NILU Norwegian Institute for Nature Research – NINA 2014. The Fram Centre will then em- Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research ploy a total of 500 employees (pres- Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research – NIKU ently, the centre counts about 300 Norwegian Mapping Authority Norwegian Polar Institute employees) in a building with a floor Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority space exceeding 23 000 square me- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science ters. In addition, the Fram Centre has SINTEF Group University of Tromsø members whose main activities will UNIS – The University Centre in Svalbard be located elsewhere, for instance the Associated member: Polaria Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, NORUT, and the University of Tromsø. The Fram Centre secretariat coor- Contact details Further information dinates research and communication Fram Centre Helge M. Markusson on research activities, besides organ- Hjalmar Johansens gate 14 Outreach Coordinator Fram Centre ising the day-to-day running of the Tromsø, Norway Phone: +47 77 75 02 00 centre as a whole. The Fram Centre’s Mobile: +47 48 09 13 73 co-operative body consists of a joint Postal address E-mail: centre meeting where the leaders of Fram Centre [email protected] the nineteen member institutions N-9296 Tromsø, Norway have voting rights and elect a centre Phone: +47 77 75 02 00 leader. Joint research programmes are Fax: +47 77 75 02 01 led by a research management group E-mail: [email protected] elected by the centre meeting. www.framsenteret.no

The Nansen–Amundsen Year

Harald Dag Jølle After the traverse, it was suddenly [email protected] self-evident that the nation should Norwegian Polar Institute mount polar expeditions and over the Fram Centre, Tromsø next few decades Norway contributed with major research expeditions both This year Norway is celebrating two of north and south. its greatest heroes, the polar explorers Nansen and Amundsen loom as Nansen and Amundsen. On the 10th two of the greatest polar explorers of October it will be 150 years since of all time. Nansen because he was a Fridtjof Nansen’s birth and the 14th of clever innovator and a brilliant scien- December marks the hundredth anni- tist. It was with Nansen’s expedition versary of Roald Amundsen’s arrival at to Greenland that skis were first es- the South Pole. What have these two tablished as a means of transport in strong personalities meant for the po- polar regions. The Fram Expedition of lar nation of Norway? 1893-1896 will always stand as a tri- When Fridtjof Nansen traversed umph of ingenuity: Nansen commis- Greenland on skis in 1888, it changed sioned the construction of a ship that Norway. The notion that Norwegians would withstand being frozen into could participate in international ef- the ice, thus enabling him to test a sci- forts to chart the Arctic had not pre- entific hypothesis by floating with the Fridtjof Nansen in 1903. viously crossed many people’s minds. ocean currents through the unknown All photos © Norwegian Polar Institute

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 15 RETROSPECTIVE

Arctic. When Nansen came back from the Arctic Sea he brought the world new understanding of these regions. The work he did later in his scientific career helped lay the foundation for modern physical oceanography and climate research. No one set more polar records than Roald Amundsen. He was first to sail the entire Northwest Passage (1903- 1906), and first to stand on the South Pole (1911). In addition, he sailed the Northeast Passage (1918-1920) and flew over the North Pole with the air- ship in 1926. Amundsen was exceptionally skilled in planning and logistics, and the expedition to the South Pole was a triumph of polar efficiency. In many ways it was the perfected version of the techniques Nansen’s expedition had introduced – dog teams, skis and sleds – that won the race to the South Pole. Unlike Nansen, Amundsen was not a scientist; but studying the world’s Fram in the ice in 1893. Expedition member Hendrik Blessing in search of algae. newly discovered regions required a wide range of skills. According to Nansen, it was impossible to persuade Amundsen to be “inclined to participate in the interpretation of the results [...] Nevertheless, his expeditions have yielded scientific advances of high standard, and have broadened knowledge about our Earth.” In fact, Amund- sen became an important component of Nansen’s scientific program and his expeditions were an important con- tributing factor in the development of geophysics in Norway. Nansen and Amundsen left deep imprints in history. When Nansen re- turned home with Fram in 1896, he was received like the Viking King per- Amundsen at the South Pole 1911. sonified. He became a central figure in the evolution of Norwegian identity has often been the subject of discus- and culture in the years leading up to sion. Nonetheless, he has undoubted- the dissolution of Norway’s union with ly played an important role in Norwe- Sweden in 1905. Nansen expressed gian self-knowledge and construction strong political opinions that could of the Norwegian identity. rouse and unite the people, though The Nansen–Amundsen Year is an he was also sometimes perceived as opportunity to highlight what these controversial. His international status two giants have meant in terms of and humanitarian efforts have given knowledge about the planet we live him a special role in the nation’s his- on, scientific insight, polar knowhow, tory. This is probably what he is most and our perception of Norway as a po- famous for today. In Amundsen’s case, lar nation. Above all, this year prompts contemporary society both admired us to reflect on the question: What him and argued about him, and since have Nansen and Amundsen meant Roald Amundsen. Portrait by Vang Studio his death the successful polar explorer for what it means to be a Norwegian? Photo, Andersen Lamb Corp. Brooklyn, N. Y.

16 POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ I N B R I E F

Norwegian – Chinese po- Director of the Norwegian Polar Insti- Science Conference. More than 550 lar research agreement tute Jan-Gunnar Winther commented, young researchers participated in var- “The Chinese are strongly committed ious activities at the conference with In September, Norway and China en- to polar research and contribute ad- over 400 receiving financial assistance tered into a new partnership in polar vanced instruments, laboratories, cli- from the Research Council of Norway research. The agreement was signed mate models and – not least – sharp and partnering organisations. In addi- by the respective directors of the Po- minds.” tion to in-person events, APECS is also lar Research Institute of China and at the forefront of using new tech- the Norwegian Polar Institute in con- Norway has much to gain through nology to bring together early career junction with the World EXPO 2010 in collaboration with the top scientists and senior scientists, promote scien- Shanghai. In the agreement, the par- of this huge nation. Joint projects will tific collaborations and education ties agree to promote and develop facilitate understanding and foster and outreach. Using online platforms common research projects. communication. APECS hosts virtual poster sessions, webinars, and meetings which have The Norwegian delegation was Priorities for the years 2010-2015 in- become a very popular among both headed by Tora Aasland, Minister of clude glaciology, sea ice (both physi- young researchers and established Research and Higher Education, who cochemical processes and ecosystems scientists on the research forefront all said, “The international interest in the in the ice), paleoclimate research and around the globe. For more informa- polar regions is growing, not least as the “Kongsfjorden system” a flagship tion, visit http://apecs.is a result of the increased interest in program in Ny-Ålesund. climate issues. Research is essential both in understanding the causes of CryoSat launched climate change and its effects, and Youthful enthusiasm Ice responds rapidly to changes in in finding solutions. Since climate APECS, the Association of Polar Early the Earth’s climate. When global aver- change is a challenge which must be Career Scientists, is an international age temperatures rise, the ice melts. seen in a global perspective, interna- and interdisciplinary organisation But ice is not just a passive target of tional research cooperation is vital to for undergraduate and graduate stu- climate change; it also plays an im- ensure the best possible knowledge dents, postdoctoral researchers, jun- portant role in the climate cycle. Small base. In this respect, we are pleased to ior faculty members, educators and changes in ice extent and thickness see China’s increasing interest in and others interested in the Polar Regions. may have far-reaching implications commitment to Arctic issues, not least While the 2000 plus APECS members for climate and sea level. Studying Arctic research.” are spread around the world in over these interconnections requires de- 50 different countries, the directorate tailed knowledge about changes in China is already well established is based at the University of Tromsø, ice on land and sea. in some “Norwegian” research ven- hosted by the University, the Research ues, notably the research village of Council of Norway, and the Norwegian Satellites have been used to study ice Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard, where the Polar Institute. This year APECS coordi- for many years now, and although Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Admin- nated the young researcher activities they provide huge amounts of valu- istration opened their own research for the largest polar science meeting able information, they also have station in 2004. ever, the International Polar Year Oslo frustrating limitations: it has been

Photo: Francisco Fernandoy

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 17 I N B R I E F difficult to measure the thickness of All in all, over 750 people from 26 na- The journal will be available exclu- moving ice, such as glaciers, and cer- tions participated in the week-long sively online. This has two major ad- tain weather conditions preclude ice event. vantages: it saves paper, making Polar monitoring. Research a “green” journal; and since Most of the presentations from this accepted articles will be posted on- Therefore the scientific community and other Arctic Frontiers conferences line as soon as the proofs have been rejoiced at the successful launch of can be downloaded from the Arctic approved, articles will reach the read- the European Space Agency’s Earth Frontiers website ers more quickly. Explorer CryoSat, a satellite specifically designed to monitor the frozen www.arcticfrontiers.com “This is a very favourable develop- parts of our globe. This satellite carries ment for contributors and readers highly advanced equipment, includ- alike,” adds Goldman, “and I look for- ing a microwave- and radar-based ward to seeing how the change will altimeter that can see through cloud help us better serve the polar scien- cover. With the help of CryoSat, re- tific community.” searchers can detect changes as small as one centimetre in the thickness www.polarresearch.net of floating sea ice and the ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica. The satellite’s technology also allows scientists to focus on specific areas of interest, for example the edge of an ice sheet or the front of a glacier.

Precise data will help researchers – including those affiliated with the Norwegian Polar Institute’s ICE Centre – understand the complex interplay between ice and climate. www.esa.int/esaLP/LPcryosat.html Arctic Frontiers Polar Research moves to The Arctic Frontiers conference is an open access annual event held at the University of Tromsø, coordinated by Akvaplan Since 1982, the Norwegian Polar In- Niva, with support from a wide range stitute’s international peer-reviewed of stakeholders in the Arctic nations journal Polar Research has “promote[d] and the European Union. The 2010 the exchange of scientific knowledge conference had the theme “Living in about the Arctic and Antarctic across the High North”. disciplinary boundaries”. On 1 January 2011, Polar Research became an open- This year, the Policy section had ses- access journal. This means that the en- sions entitled “Changes in strate- tire content of the journal will be ac- Svalbard facts gies for the Arctic” and “Sustainable cessible free of charge to anyone with For several years, the Norwegian Po- communities in the Arctic”. Speak- internet access. Authors will not be lar Institute’s Cruise Handbook for ers included ambassadors and high- required to pay for publication, and Svalbard has been accessible at http:// ranking politicians from several Arc- since the journal will be published cruise-handbook.npolar.no/en. This tic nations alongside representatives under a Creative Commons license, resource provides valuable informa- for commercial, conservation, and authors will retain the right to use tion about Svalbard’s geological his- research interests. This part of the their own work for non-commercial tory, vegetation and wildlife, cultural conference was broadcast live over purposes. heritage and much more. The Norwe- the Internet. The Science section was gian version of the Handbook has now subdivided into four main themes: Ice “This is a bold leap forward for us,” been published, giving Norwegian- and climate, Sustainable communities says Chief Editor Helle Goldman. “As speaking readers a handy fact-filled in the High North, Marine biodiver- an open-access journal Polar Research reference book small enough to take sity under change, and Frontiers in will be immediately and freely acces- along in the field. E-learning. This section included 153 sible to readers around the globe that lectures and 70 poster presentations. are connected to the Internet.” Order at [email protected] (249 NOK)

18 POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ RECENT DOCTORATES

Doctorates in polar studies at Siw Turid Killengreen Åshild Ønvik Pedersen [email protected] [email protected] the University of Tromsø Sources of spatial variation in food web Converting sub-Arctic birch forests to structure in low Arctic tundra. (Joint su- spruce plantations - responses of preda- PhD pervision with the Norwegian Polar Insti- tors and prey. tute) Jan Grimsrud Davidsen Rolf Rødven [email protected] Magnhild Elisabeth Gangsøy [email protected] Effects of environmental factors on mi- Kristiansen Causes and consequences of variation in gratory behaviour of northern Atlantic The epidemiological, clinical and immuno- life history of semi-domesticated reindeer salmon logical spectra of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) Manu Sistiaga infection in Northern Norway Margit Elisabet Dyrland [email protected] Multi-instrument studies of polar meso- Stian Ludvigsen Selectivity studies in the Barents Sea bot- pause region temperature and airglow [email protected] tom trawl gadoid fishery: gear and meth- variability. Neuronal hypoxia tolerance in diving en- ods dotherms. Andreia Plaza Faverola Ingrid Kristine Sommerseth Characterization of sub-seabed fluid flow Mikko Antti Moilanen [email protected] and hydrate systems at Nyegga, offshore [email protected] Villreinfangst og tamreindrift i Indre Troms mid-Norway: Integration of seismic imag- Regional labor mobility - Belyst ved samiske boplasser mellom 650 ing and velocity modelling og 1923 Kari Aga Myklebost Jan Magne Gjerde [email protected] Margey Tadesse [email protected] Borealisme og kulturnasjonalisme. Bilder [email protected] Rock Art and Landscapes. Studies of Stone av nord i norsk og russisk folkeminnegran- Antimicrobial natural products from Arctic Age rock art from Northern Fennoscandia sking 1830-1920 and sub-Arctic marine invertebrates Ingeborg Gammelsæter Hallanger Jasmine Magali Nahrgang Láilá Susanne Vars [email protected] Biomarker responses in polar cod (Bore- [email protected] Influence of climate on accumulation of ogadus saida) Application for petroleum The Sámi People’s Right to Self-determi- contaminants in Arctic marine pelagic monitoring in Arctic waters nation food webs. (joint supervision with the Norwegian Polar Institute and NIVA) Fanny Narcy Kristine Bakke Westergaard [email protected] [email protected] Ingvild Ulrikke Jakobsen Life strategy of Oithona similis and role in Disjunctly distributed arctic-alpine plant [email protected] trophic interactions in an arctic coastal species - Phylogeography and conserva- Marine Protected Areas in International ecosystem tion genetics in a changing world Law: A Norwegian Perspective Tove Anita Nystad Jon Mattias Åhrén Roger Jørgensen [email protected] The Saami Traditional Dress & and Beauty [email protected] A population-based study on cardiovas- Pageants: Indigenous Peoples’ Rights of Production or Trade? The supply of Iron to cular risk factors and self-reported type 2 Ownership and Self-Determination over North Norway during the Iron Age diabetes mellitus in the sami population. Their Cultures The SAMINOR study

POLAR RESEARCH IN TROMSØ 19 RETURN ADDRESS: Department of Communications University of Tromsø N-9037 Tromsø, Norway

USEFUL CONTACTS IN AND AROUND TROMSØ

INSTITUTIONS AT THE FRAM CENTRE ◉ THE UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ (UiT) North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission Hjalmar Johansens gate 14 N-9037 Tromsø POB 6453, N-9294 Tromsø ◉ Denotes Fram Centre affiliates located Ph: + 47 7764 4000 Ph: +47 7775 0180 elsewhere uit.no www.nammco.no N-9296 Tromsø Norwegian Centre for Telemedicine, Ph: +47 7775 0020 UiT FACULTIES, CENTRES, AFFILIATES www.framsenteret.no ◉ University Hospital of North Norway Centre for Women’s and Gender Research POB 35, N-9038 Tromsø Akvaplan-niva AS Ph: +47 7764 5240 Fax: +47 7764 6420 Ph: +47 7775 4000 Fax: +47 7775 4098 Ph: +47 7775 0300 Fax: +47 7775 0301 E-mail: [email protected] www.telemed.no www.akvaplan.niva.no Centre for Sámi Studies ◉ Norwegian Institute for Agricultural Geological Survey of Norway Ph: 47 7764 5535 Fax: +47 7764 5510 and Environmental Research – Bioforsk Nord Ph: +47 7775 0125 Fax: +47 7775 0126 E-mail: [email protected] POB 2284, N-9269 Tromsø www.ngu.no Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Eco- Ph: 03 246 International calls: +47 4060 4100 www.bioforsk.no Norwegian Institute for Air Research nomics Ph: +47 7775 0375 Fax: +47 7775 0376 Ph: +47 7764 6000 Fax: +47 7764 6020 Norwegian Meteorological Institute, nilu.no E-mail: [email protected] Division for Northern Norway POB 6314, N-9293 Tromsø Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Faculty of Fine Arts Ph:+47 7766 0304 Fax: +47 7761 8899 Ph: +47 7762 1300 Fax: +47 7762 1301 Ph: +47 7775 0400 Fax: +47 7775 0401 met.no nina.no E-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Health Sciences ◉ Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Dept. of Arctic Veterinary Medicine Research Ph: +47 7764 4601 Fax: +47 7764 5300 E-mail: [email protected] Stakkevollveien 23, N-9010 Tromsø Ph: +47 7775 0400 Fax: +47 7775 0401 Ph: +47 7766 5400 Fax: +47 7769 4911 niku.no Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and www.veths.no Education Norwegian Mapping Authority Tromsø Norwegian Veterinary Institute Ph: +47 3211 8750 Fax: +47 3211 8751 Ph: +47 7764 4300 ◉ E-mail:[email protected] Stakkevollveien 23, N-9010 Tromsø www.statkart.no Ph: +47 7761 9230 Fax: +47 7761 9231 Norwegian Polar Institute Faculty of Law www.vetinst.no Ph: +47 7775 0500 Fax: +47 7775 0501 Ph: +47 7764 4197 Fax: +47 7764 4775 E-mail: [email protected] Polar Museum www.npolar.no Tollbodgata 11, N-9037 Tromsø Norwegian Coastal Administration Faculty of Science and Technology Ph: +47 7760 6630 Fax :+47 7761 1720 Ph: +47 7775 0480 Fax: +47 7775 0481 Ph: +47 7764 4001 Fax: +47 7764 4765 www.polarmuseum.no www.kystverket.no E-mail: [email protected] Tromsø University Museum Polaria Visitors’ Centre Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Hjalmar Johansens gate 12 Ph: +47 7775 0170 Fax: +47 7775 0171 Ph: +47 7764 5000 Fax: +47 7764 5520 E-mail: [email protected] N-9296 Tromsø www.nrpa.no Ph: +47 7775 0100 Fax: +47 7775 0101 Norwegian Nature Inspectorate The University Library of Tromsø www.polaria.no Ph: +47 7775 0190 Fax: +47 7775 0191 Ph: +47 7764 4000 Fax: +47 7764 4590 www.naturoppsyn.no/tromso E-mail: [email protected] ◉ SINTEF NORD AS POB 6445 Forskningsparken UNILAB Analyse Ltd. OTHER INSTITUTIONS N-9294 Tromsø Ph: +47 7775 0350 Fax: +47 7775 0301 Andøya Rocket Range Ph: +47 4786 5400 unilab.no POB 54, N-8483 Andenes www.sintef.no Arctic Council Secretariat Ph: +47 7614 4400 Fax: +47 7614 4401 www.rocketrange.no ◉ University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) Ph: +47 7775 0140 POB 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen arctic-council.org ◉ CICERO – Center for International Climate Ph: +47 7902 3300 Fax: +47 7902 3301 www.unis.no CliC International Project Office and Environmental Research – Oslo POB 1129 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo Ph: +47 7775 0150 Fax: +47 7775 0510 PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS www.climate-cryosphere.org Ph: +47 2285 8750 Fax: +47 2285 8751 www.cicero.uio.no Polar Research NORUT NORTHERN RESEARCH www.polarresearch.net ◉ EISCAT Research Station INSTITUTE Rangifer www.norut.no Ramfjordmoen, N-9027 Ramfjordbotn www.eiscat.no www.ub.uit.no/baser/rangifer NORUT Tromsø POB 6434 Forskningsparken ◉ Institute of Marine Research Tromsø N-9294 Tromsø POB 6404, N-9294 Tromsø Ph: +47 7762 9400 Fax: +47 7762 9401 Ph: +47 5523 8500 Fax: +47 7760 9701 www.norut.no/tromso www.imr.no NORUT Alta Kongsberg Satellite Services POB 1463, N-9506 Alta POB 6180, N-9291 Tromsø Ph: +47 7845 7100 Ph: +47 7760 0250 www.norut.no/alta www.ksat.no NORUT Narvik National Archives of Norway, POB 250, N-8504 Narvik Regional State Archives of Tromsø Ph: +47 7696 5350 POB 9293, N-9293 Tromsø www.norut.no/narvik Ph: +47 7764 7200 Fax: +47 7764 7201 www.arkivverket.no/tromso NORINNOVA Northern Innovation ◉ NOFIMA ISSN 1891-5019 (print version) POB 6413 Forskningsparken POB 6122, N-9291 Tromsø N-9294 Tromsø Ph: +47 7762 9000 Fax: +47 7762 9100 ISSN 1891-5027 (online version) Ph: +47 7767 9760 Fax: +47 7767 9750 www.nofima.no www.norinnova.no