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Free Flow: Reaching Water Security Through Cooperation; 2013 FREE FLOW REACHING W ATER SECURITY T HROUGH COOPERATION UNESCO Publishing United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization FREE FLOW REACHING W ATER SECURITY T HROUGH COOPERATION UNESCO Publishing United Nations [ Cultural Organization DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. ISBN 978-92-3-104256-0 Original title: Free Flow - Reaching Water Security Through Cooperation Text © UNESCO 2013. All rights reserved. Photographs © as per credits Published in 2013 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and Co-publisher Tudor Rose www.tudor-rose.co.uk UNESCO Publishing United Nations [ Cultural Organization Acknowledgements Compiled by: Sean Nicklin, Ben Cornwell Edited by: Dr Jacqui Griffiths and Rebecca Lambert Designed by: Libby Sidebotham and Paul Robinson Project Manager: Stuart Fairbrother Publication of this book was made possible by: Blanca Jimenez Cisneros, Miguel de França Doria and Alexander Otte at UNESCO-IHP Cover design: Libby Sidebotham Cover image: Tânia Brito, HidroEX Printed in the UK by: Butler, Tanner and Dennis With thanks to all the authors listed in the contents section for their support in making Free Flow possible. Aarhus Water Korea Water Forum (KWF) African Development Bank Korea Water Resources Association (KWRA) Asia Pacific Centre for Ecohydrology (APCE) Mekong River Commission (MRC) Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) Mexican Institute of Water Technology Australian Centre for Sustainable Catchments Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Hungary Black & Veatch Corporation Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands Center for Eco-Smart Waterworks System, Yonsei University Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development (MMEWD), Zambia Centre for the Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt Caribbean Island States (CEHICA) Ministry of Water Resources, General Water Authority (GWA), Libya Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University Murray Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) Czech Hydrometeorological Institute National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Australia Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Dundee Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science National Institute of Hydrology, India Environment Agency (EAD), United Arab Emirates National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology (ERCE) New Zealand Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Germany National Water Agency of Brazil (ANA) FEMSA Foundation National Water Commission, Australia Global Water Partnership (GWP) National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Nigeria Global Water System Project (GWSP) Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat (NBI) HidroEX Oxyo-Water Inter-American Development Bank Patel School of Global Sustainability, University of South Florida International Association for Water Law (AIDA) Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW) International Center for Agricultural Research In Dry Areas (ICARDA) Project WET Foundation International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) Public Utilities Board (PUB), Singapore International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Research Center for Water Policy and Economy, K-Water Research Institute International Centre on Hydroinformatics (CIH) Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Suez Environnement (ICRISAT) Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) International Groundwater Centre (IGRAC) University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering in Belgrade International Network of Basin Organizations (INBO) University of Leicester International Water Management Institute (IWMI) UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW-DPC) International Water Resources Association (IWRA) Water Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Zones in Latin America and the Irkutsk State University Caribbean (CAZALAC) Jaroslav 5erni Institute for the Development of Water Resources (JCI) Water.org Korea Environment Institute (KEI) []3 Foreword IRINA BOKOVA, DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF UNESCO In this International Year for Water Cooperation, our position is clear. Water is the basic ingredient of life and a fundamental human right. Water is the common denominator of many global challenges – in health, farming, energy, and urban development. It can be the common solution also, holding the key to global sustainability – but this requires deeper commitment from all of us. Cooperation around water, for water and through water, must happen everywhere – between States and within them. This is more than a technical or scientific issue. Water cooperation is about fighting poverty and hunger, and protecting the environment. It is about saving children from disease. It is about allowing girls to go to school instead of walking kilometres to fetch water. It is about providing women and men with access to sanitation, wherever they live. Fundamentally, it is about peace, on the basis of dialogue between States and across regions. When we talk about water security, we are really talking about human rights and human dignity, about the sustainable development of all societies. Water cooperation demands changes of attitude, a transformation in the way we use water and view our interests, and an evolution in the way we govern the management of this essential resource. This can only be nurtured through dialogue and mutual understanding, in order to create a solid basis of trust. These goals have always guided the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its work through water diplomacy to help countries engage in the complex tasks of conflict resolution, mediation and water education for peace. The same spirit underpins the International Year of Water Cooperation, designated by the United Nations General Assembly to raise the profile of water security on the agenda of world leaders, water professionals, the private sector as well as the wider public. This initiative builds on the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the 2000 Millennium Declaration as well as the International Decade for Action, Water for Life (2005-2015), and it will contribute to setting an ambitious global development agenda to follow 2015. The 31 agencies of UN-Water chose UNESCO to coordinate the International Year of Water Cooperation, placing the organization at the forefront of a global partnership for water security. This draws on UNESCO’s long-standing experience in cross-sectoral approaches to building water cooperation and a unique ‘water family’ including UNESCO water-related centres, university chairs and global networks. With our partners in UN-Water, we are reaching out to civil society and the private sector to foster scientific and technical collaboration, to raise awareness, to develop capacities and to share good practices. This publication, Free Flow: Reaching Water Security through Cooperation, bears testimony to our collective commitment to foster a lasting culture of cooperation among water practitioners, scientists and policymakers. I wish to thank our publishing partner, Tudor Rose, all members of the UNESCO ‘water family’ and all contributors, who helped to make this book possible. I am certain it will inspire many readers and guide us all forward. Image: © UNESCO/Michel Ravassard Irina Bokova Director-General of UNESCO []4 Preface MICHEL JARRAUD, CHAIR OF UN-WATER AND SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) Water is a shared resource on which life, the environment and most human activities depend. Our planet has some 276 transboundary basins and as many transboundary aquifers, and 148 countries share at least one basin with others. In many areas, water withdrawals are already exceeding the recharge capacity of the environment, and water availability is decreasing. Up to 90 per cent of wastewater in developing countries flows untreated into the environment, threatening health, food security, and access to safe drinking and bathing water. In recent decades, competition for water has increased sharply due to growing demands to satisfy the needs of a growing population, while the resource appears to be scarcer in many areas. The global population is expected to grow from a little over 7 billion today to 8 billion by 2025, with water withdrawals increasing by half in developing countries and by 18 per cent in developed countries. At the same time, increasing variability in precipitation and an expected increase in droughts mean that, by the 2070s, the number of people affected by drought is expected to rise from 28 million to 44 million. Water has rarely been the root of conflicts, but it can be an exacerbating factor where social and political tensions already exist. The interests of farmers, domestic users, hydropower generators, recreational users and ecosystems are often at odds regarding water, and international boundaries make the situation even more
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