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ATTACHMENT E

HERITAGE INVENTORY SHEETS

ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

Address: Albion Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Surry Hills 2010 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: 1 Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: Mary St to Flinders St. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 2.99 & 2.130 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of One of the earliest residential districts of Sydney being first settled by John Palmer in 1793, Significance: the area grew rapidly after 1850. The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that followed the incremental subdivision of Surry Hills major estates, including the Nichols & Brooks subdivisions, the Riley Estate, Fosterville and the Albion Estate. The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley. The streetscape is significant for its fine early historic terraces. Rows of terraces have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form and setbacks, evocative of the mid late Victorian period. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

With the invasion of the Sydney region, the Cadigal and Wangal people were decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today. All cities include many immigrants in their population. Aboriginal people from across the state have been attracted to suburbs such as Pyrmont, Balmain, Rozelle, Glebe and Redfern since the 1930s. Changes in government legislation in the 1960s provided freedom of movement enabling more Aboriginal people to choose to live in Sydney.

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 1

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

The streetscape crosses part of the original grant to the first Surry Hills landowner – Captain Joseph Foveaux, who was assigned 105 acres in 1793 and subsequently increased his holdings to encompass most of Surry Hills. Land to the east of Riley Street was first distributed in the area through a grant to John Palmer in 1794 and was known as George Farm. The area was first utilised for horticultural activities. By 1800, John Palmer - farmer and grazier, had acquired more than 200 acres of Fouveaux’ Surry Hills Farm and have become Commissary General. By 1814, Palmer had fallen into financial trouble and lost his position in the colony, resulting in his estate being divided and sold at public auction. Edward Riley attempted to reassemble the Palmer Estate during the 1820s, although after his suicide in 1825 the holdings were once again subdivided according to Meehan’s original plan and sold to the public.

The economic boom of the 1830s acted as the necessary catalyst for residential development in Surry Hills with the original allotments being initially subdivided into villa estates. With much of the Riley Estate still locked up in a legal battle, the early development in Surry Hills focused on the lands around Albion and Bourke Streets. During the 1830s and 1840s the area was subdivided into villa estates that were highly fashionable amongst the gentry class. The ridge areas around Bourke Street and Albion Street were popular among the reasonably well off and offered sweeping views towards Botany Bay. In 1831 and 1833 respectively, the Brooks and Nichols subdivisions, at the height of Albion Street, went up for sale. Durham Hall, a two storey Colonial Georgian house, was built on the Nichols subdivision for George Hill in 1835 and is believed to be Surry Hills’ oldest house. Colonial Georgian terrace houses in Albion Street date from early 1840s. Albion Street originally terminated at Hutchinson Street but was extended through to Flinders Street in the early twentieth century.

Samuel Terry purchased three lots at the 1814 sale of John Palmer’s land and constructed the Albion Brewery on Elizabeth Street near Eddy Avenue. John Terry Hughes took over the brewery in 1828, residing at Albion House. The depression of the 1840s resulted in the collapse of Hughes' fortunes. Albion House was retained in the 1870s subdivision of the Albion Estate, south of Albion Street between Elizabeth Street and Waterloo Street.

The Riley Estate remained undeveloped until the 1840s due to a legal dispute regarding the Riley Estate following Edward Riley's death. The area was subdivided into villa estates from the 1840s. From 1850 to 1890 a major surge of development occurred in Surry Hills. The 1860s and 1870s saw the decline of the gentry class and the rise of mechanics, artisans and shopkeepers. The working class character of development of the Forestville and Riley Estate is evident in surviving building stock. The rapid development of housing was not preceded with the implementation of basic amenities and sanitation problems became widespread. The infamous Frog Hollow precinct at the corner of Albion and Riley Streets accessed by Hearns Stairs was to become one of the most enduring and despised slums in Sydney.

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 2

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

The rapid population growth created a need for public services. In 1872, the Argyle School was opened at Arthursleigh in Albion Street, or “Doctor’s Row”, and operated until it closed in 1912. The Albion Street Public School built in 1894-95 to the design of NSW Schools’ Architect, W.E. Kemp, is a fine example of a ‘simple classic’ style in public architecture. The Albion Street Children’s Court is a fine, prominently sited Federation Academic Classical style Courthouse designed by NSW Government Architect, W.L. Vernon in 1911.

Defective housing, disease, poor social conditions and the desire to create better access to the new Central station led to substantial changes in the Surry Hills area in the 1920s and 1930s. Development in the area focused on residential slum clearance in favour of the construction of factories, commercial premises and street extensions. Devonshire Street was extended from Crown Street to Bourke Street and factories established around it. However, in the late 1930s the City Council sought to halve the erosion of the city's housing stock by declaring large areas of Surry Hills, East Sydney and Woolloomooloo to be residential districts, prohibiting within them any new factories or the conversion of dwellings to industrial or commercial purposes. After World War II development returned to a residential focus with the influx of European and Middle Eastern migrants. By 1970 70% of children attending Bourke Street public school were migrants or the children of migrants.

From the late 1970s until the present, the area has been heavily influenced by the gentrification process with an influx of upwardly mobile residents. The newer residents are politically vocal and many local amenity improvements can be attributed to their actions. The gentrification of the area has seen house prices rise dramatically, displacing many traditional residents and resulting in a major change in the areas social dynamics. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Land tenure (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 6. Educating Education (none) 7. Governing Law and order (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: Refer to inventory sheets 2420080, 2420081, 2420082, 2420165, 2420166, 2420365, 2420367, 2420382, 2420421, 2420422, 2420423, 2420424, 2420425, 2420426, 2421201

The topography is generally sloping with a steep gradient.The streetscape slopes steeply

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 3

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

down to Central Station from Riley Street east end and is terminated by the railway viaducts.The streetscape features terminating vistas to Flinders Street terraces.Other important views are across Frog Hollow.

The roadway is wide and comprises four lanes. The surface is bitumen.Vehicle movement is one way and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights. The streetscape is intersected by the following streets: Commonwealth Street, Riley Street, Bourke Street and Crown Street. Footpaths are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly concrete with remnant sandstone block.

Visible utility services include overhead wiring at intersections. Public domain features include historic O’Hears Stairs. The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings, parks and private gardens. Mature avenue plantings of London Plane Trees dominate in the street. These are interspersed with Brushbox. The streetscape incorporates a park at Frog Hollow. The park contributes to the landscape character of the street and features a sandstone retaining wall and O’Hears Stairs(PD1).

Private gardens are generally small and do not significantly add to the landscape character of the streetscape.

The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance. These include: Albion Street Childrens’ Court, St Michaels Church and many fine groups of terraces at the eastern end.The sites of St Joseph Aged Care facility and Chelsea Court detract from the heritage character of the streetscape.The subdivision pattern along the southern side streetscape is reasonably regular comprising lots resulting in a dense urban form. On the northern side of the street allotments have been amalgamated.

The predominant built form is Victorian residential and terrace form. The buildings typically have 0 m setbacks with open palisade fencing. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry.The streetscape has a high integrity. The street features many high quality heritage items and is unified by mature avenue plantings.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian subdivision Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain colonial residences -Retain 1-2 Storey Victorian terraces -Retain Victorian Public Buildings -Retain small scale of early development -Maintain building alignment -Retain form

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 4

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

-Retain finishes and details -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain intact industrial development pre 1930 -Retain Federation development -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

2.Redevelopment of Non Contributing Sites -Develop approach for sympathetic new development to create cohesive character. -Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian Subdivision -Respect scale and form of significant development -Respect building line of significant development -Encourage rendered and painted finishes -Encourage contemporary detail -Provide landscape screening -Limit carparking access from street

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain residential and public usage -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape -Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments -Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision -Enhance vistas -Provide landscape screening to detracting sites -Remove / Discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development -Encourage sympathetic development on sites at ‘Chelsea Court’ and Sisters of St. Joseph

4.Boundary Adjustment -Confirm Streetscape listing in the LEP -Consider extension of streetscape boundary to Elizabeth Street.

5.Heritage Items -Protect Heritage Items within the streetscape

Management:

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 5

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) One of the earliest residential districts of Sydney being first settled by John Palmer in 1793. The area grew rapidly after 1850.

The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental subdivision of Surry Hills major estates, including the Nichols & Brooks subdivisions, the Riley Estate, Forsterville and the Albion Estate. Criteria b) The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley

Criteria c) Significant for its fine early historic terraces.

Rows of terraces have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form and setbacks, evocative of the mid late Victorian period.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century. Criteria d) The institutional buildings reflect the disparate and changing role of the street in the 19th and early 20th century, the street's early history as a place of grand villas, and its late 19th century proximity to areas of poverty.

St. Michaels precinct provides a continuing civic and visual focus for the area. Criteria e) Archaeological potential, including possible remnants of early Victorian development.

Criteria f)

Criteria g) Representative of Victorian subdivision of George Farm and Surrey Hills Farm and terrace house development. The architecture represents a diversity of styles, similar in scale, form and detail.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century. Integrity / Intactness: Relatively intact

Generally the area has a high degree of integrity despite the incursion of later post war and twentieth century redevelopment.

References: Author Title Year Register of the National Estate Database – St Michaels Church Group, Surry Hills NSW, 1980

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This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

National Trust Classification Card – St Michael’s Church of England, St Michael’s Hall, St Michael’s Rectory. National Trust Classification Card – Carlingford Terrace, 1977 National Trust Classification Card - Durham Hall, 1974 1999 Conservation Area Street by Street Review South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 07, 23, 44 Cracknell, J & Lonegran, P, Assessment of Heritage Impact: 179 Albion Street, Surry 1999 Hills, Stapleton, John, “Church’s Chinese Tradition lives on” in Sydney Morning 1989 Herald Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Christa Ludlow “For Their Own Good”: A History of the Children’s Court 1994 and Boys’ Shelter at Albion St, Surry Hills, Herman Morton, The Blackets: An era of Australian Architecture, 1963 Noel Bell Ridley Smith, Heritage Assessment, 252-284 Riley St, Surry Hills, 2002 Tropman & Tropman Architects, South Sydney Heritage Study, 1993 Wendy Lumar So Great a Cloud of Witness: A History of the Chinese 1993 Presbyterian Church Sydney 1893-1993, the Centenary of the Chinese Presbyterian Church,

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS1 Heritage study 2.99/2.130

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles:

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 7

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421509 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Albion Street Heritage Streetscape (HS1)

Location:

Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 13/08/2007 Status: Partial

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 8

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

Address: Bourke Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Surry Hills 2010 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: Alexandria State: NSW County: Cumberland

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: 2 Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: Campbell St to Cleveland St. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 2.166 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that followed the incremental Significance: subdivision of Surry Hills estates including the Riley Estate, George Farm (Nichols & Brooks subdivisions), Nobbs Garden and Parkham Lodge. The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley. The terraces display a high degree of coherence and continuity and have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form and setbacks. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from the Victorian residential development on narrow lots and for their collective representation of the late Victorian style in working class development. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 9

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

Land was first distributed in the area through grants. The north section of the streetscape was granted to John Palmer in 1794 and formed part of what was known as George Farm. Edward Riley acquired the land in the 1820s. In 1822, 185 acres to the south east of George Farm, was granted to Edward Smith Hall and first utilised for horticultural activities. F.W. Unwin subdivided and sold land purchased from Hall in 1829. Bourke Street formed the boundary of these large subdivisions.

During the 1830s and 1840s the area was subdivided into villa estates that were highly fashionable amongst the gentry class. The ridge areas around Bourke Street and Albion Street were popular among the reasonably well off and offered sweeping views towards Botany Bay. The line of Bourke Street was further stabilised by the sale of Richard Brook’s Estate in 1831 and Isaac D Nichols' Estate in 1833, at the junction of Albion Street and Bourke Street. Lancelot Iredale built ‘Auburn Villa’, designed by John Verge, on Brook’s subdivision c.1834. Also in 1834 Durham Hall, which still survives today, was built on the Nichols subdivision.

Unwin’s sale of his villa sized allotments in Bourke Street in 1829 proved a success and by 1836 the government was petitioned by 35 prospective builders and owners to instigate the formation of Bourke Street. Unwin had Bourke Street formed through his holdings to provide access to subdivided lots. Bourke Street realigns at Unwin’s subdivision.

The Riley Estate remained undeveloped until the 1840s due to a legal dispute following Edward Riley's death in 1825. The area was subdivided into villa estates from the 1840s. By 1850, Bourke Street was reasonably well developed north of Foveaux Street, but south of this, development was sparse.

From 1850 to 1890 a major surge of development occurred in Surry Hills. In 1858 the social commentator, WS Jevons, noted that Surry Hills was divided up by three long parallel streets (Bourke, Crown and Riley Streets) upon which were equally represented the gentleman’s villa and the labourer’s cottage. The former were laid out graciously in the ‘colonial style, of two storeys, with large verandahs, and surrounded by flourishing gardens planted with Norfolk pines, fig trees, bamboos, aloes and other peculiar plants’. The older cottages were mostly weatherboard and were in many places ‘very wretched’, with their inhabitants assuming a corresponding demeanour. Newer dwellings were ‘springing up very rapidly’ in the form of rows of two-storey brick or stone houses and detached one- storey cottages.

The 1860s and 1870s saw the decline of the gentry class and the rise of mechanics, artisans and shopkeepers. Much of the local economy was driven by the building trades which provided well paid, though intermittent, employment to labourers, stonemasons, bricklayers and carpenters, etc., and sustained associated industries like the Bourke Street Quarry. Market gardening continued in the south at Nobbs Garden and at Baptist’s Garden at the southern end of Bourke Street. By the 1870s open space was becoming scarce as

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 10

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

the last areas of vacant land in the south of Surry Hills were subdivided.

In 1865 Auburn Villa and gardens were subdivided and terrace housing built on the land sold off. The Villa was later converted for use as a Catholic school, a college and a maternity hospital. In 1871 Pawley’s Estate between Wilshire and Bourke Streets was subdivided and sold for the AMP Society and Edward Flood. By 1879, Parkham Lodge on Bourke Street (which once boasted a granary, an ornamental fishpond overhung by weeping willows and a scientifically laid out rabbit warren) had lost its grounds to the advancing tide of terrace houses. By the mid 1880s most of Unwin’s subdivision was re- subdivided and development with rows of terraces had commenced. Nobbs Garden Estate and Denison Square remained sparsely developed.

In 1884, Bourke Street Public School was built. It was one of the ‘largest, most elaborate and most expensive schools of the century’ and became a Superior Public School in 1885 in order to provide at least some secondary education to the children of the district. The streetscape incorporates a number of other important public buildings from the second half of the nineteenth century, including the former Bourke Street Lockup (Police Station) (1895) designed by Walter Liberty Vernon in the Federation Romanesque style and the Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, late Victorian with Inter Romanesque additions (1898- 1931). The Carrington Grounds Athletics track was established south of Arthur Street around 1890.

The rapid development of housing was not preceded with the implementation of basic amenities, and sanitation problems became widespread. Having been developed over swampland, the lack of underground drainage in the area was of particular concern. The worst area was at the head of the drainage basin to Shea’s Creek between Bourke Street and Moore Park.

Auburn Villa was demolished c.1944. The eight-storied St Margaret’s Hospital for Women (designed by government architect Cobden Parkes in 1937-39) opened in 1951. The Chapel and Convent were opened in December 1958 to the design of Harry Rembert and Ken Woolley of the NSW Government Architect’s Office.

After World War II development returned to a residential focus with the influx of European and Middle Eastern migrants. By 1970 70% of children attending Bourke Street Public School were migrants or the children of migrants.

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 11

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

From the late 1970s to the present, the area has been heavily influenced by the gentrification process with an influx of upwardly mobile residents. The newer residents are politically vocal and many local amenity improvements can be attributed to their actions. The gentrification of the area has seen house prices rise dramatically, displacing many traditional residents and resulting in a major change in the areas social dynamics. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Industry (none) 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Land tenure (none) 6. Educating Education (none) 8. Culture Sport (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: Refer to inventory sheets 2420150, 2420158, 2420165, 2420368, 2420369, 2420371, 2420372, 2420373, 2420374, 2420376, 2420377, 2420378, 2420386, 2420389, 2420473, 2420474, 2420475, 2420476, 2420477, 2420478, 2420479, 2420480, 2420481, 2420482, 2420483, 2420484, 2420485, 2420486, 2421159, 2421189

The topography is generally flat with a gentle gradient. Bourke Street runs north-south. The streetscape follows the ridge and is bounded by Taylor Square to the north and continues into Redfern at the southern end. The streetscape features terminating vistas to Taylor Square with City views beyond.Other views are up Devonshire Street, which could be enhanced by more street planting.

The roadway is wide and comprises four lanes. The surface is bitumen.Vehicle movement is one and two-way and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is light and is moderated by traffic lights, traffic calming measures and a bicycle lane. Footpaths are bitumen with some concrete paved areas. Kerbing and guttering is predominantly concrete with remnant sandstone block at drains.

Visible utility services include bundled / overhead wiring. Public domain features include neutral timber seating. Mature avenue plantings of London Plane trees dominate the street, with an important avenue planting from Arthur to Cleveland Streets Avenue (PD1). Avenue plantings continue south of Cleveland Street. These are interspersed with Brushbox.The streetscape incorporates Wimbo Park at Devonshire Street and Fred Miller Park near Phelps Street. The parks contribute to the landscape character of the street. Private

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This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

gardens are generally small and also contribute to the landscape character of the streetscape.

The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance. These include: Bourke Street Public School, the Church of the Holy Trinity, the Hopetoun Hotel and St Margarets. A number of potential Heritage Items occur within the streetscape notably 342-344, Elizabeth Place, 448-448A and 464A-460 Bourke Street.

The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is generally regular comprising narrow lots resulting in a dense urban form.The predominant built form is Victorian and Federation residential of a two-storey scale and terrace form.The buildings typically have 2 m setbacks with open palisade fencing. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry with some face brick, corrugated iron and tiled roofing. The streetscape has a high integrity.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain 2-3 Storey Victorian / Federation terraces -Retain Victorian / Federation Public Buildings -Retain Victorian / Federation Shop/Hotel -Retain small scale of early development -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain intact industrial development pre 1930 -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 13

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain residential/commercial usage -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape -Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments -Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision -Enhance vistas -Provide landscape screening to detracting sites -Remove / Discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development -Encourage sympathetic development on sites at 679-695, 479 -493, St. Josephs and 322-340.

4.Boundary Adjustment -Confirm Streetscape listing in the LEP -Consider extension of streetscape boundary to Redfern

5. Heritage Items -Review listings of heritage Items within the streetscape -Consider listing of the following properties as heritage Items on the LEP: 342-344, 448 & 448A and 464A-470.

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental subdivision of Surry Hills estates including the Riley Estate, George Farm (Nichols & Brooks subdivisions), Nobbs Garden & Parkham Lodge. Criteria b) The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley

Criteria c) The streetscape possesses landmark buildings and streetscape qualities.

The terraces display a high degree of coherence and continuity, have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form of setbacks, evocative of the mid late Victorian period.

The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from the intact

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 14

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

Victorian and Federation residential development on narrow lots

Its own architectural uniqueness lies in a thorough mix of samples and of generous buildings. A strong identity, “sense of district”, created by topography, by contrasting fringes and by homogeneity (despite interruptions) within. The “identity” is reinforced by its continuing use being predominantly residential. Criteria d) Continued use and expansion of religious and institutional facilities to service the needs of the community providing a continued community and residential focus since the 1850s. Criteria e)

Criteria f)

Criteria g) Representative of Victorian subdivision and terrace house development. The architecture represents a diversity of styles, similar in scale, form and detail.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century. Integrity / Intactness: The Streetscape has a high degree of integrity despite the incursion of later post war and twentieth century flats and town houses.

References: Author Title Year South Sydney Heritage Study, Tropman & Tropman Architects, 1993 South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 07, 23, 44 National Trust Classification Card, Bourke Street Public 1973 School, National Trust Classification Card – “Belgenny” Shops and 1991 Flats, National Trust Classification Card – House, Formerly 1982 Pelican Hotel, Register of the National Estate, Wesleyan Chapel (former), 1978 Surry Hills, Royal Australian Institute of Architects register: St Margaret’s Public Hospital for Women, No: 4702858. Kass, T.H., The Builders and Landlords of Surry Hills, 1830-1882, 1984 Mutton, D., and Sheedy, D., National Trust Classification Card – “Former Wesleyan 1975 Chapel”, Noel Bell Ridley Smith & Partners Hospital Task Force, 1997 Architects Pty Ltd, Paul Rappoport Architect Pty Ltd, Heritage Impact Statement of Proposed Modifications to 2001 Existing Structures: 413 Bourke Street, Surry Hills, Peter Robinson Associates, Heritage Impact Statement: 7/9 Flinders Street/Patterson 2000 Lane, Darlinghurst, Trevor Howells, Conservation Plan 703 Bourke St Surry Hills, 1998

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421510 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bourke Street Heritage Streetscape (HS2)

Location:

Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Cracknell J & Lonegran P, St Margaret’s Hospital: Public Hospital Building, 2000 Darlinghurst. Heritage Assessment Report for the Statement of Heritage Impact 514 Bourke Street, Surry Hills, Cracknell, J & Lonegran, P., Heritage Assessment: 346-348 Bourke Street, Surry Hills, 1996 Faro, C., Street Seen: A History of Oxford Street, 2000 Goddard, J., National Trust Classification Card – Shops and 1986 Residences, Graham Brooks and Associates Pty Heritage Assessment: St Margaret’s Hospital, Bourke 1997 Ltd, Street, Surry Hills, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Major Events in the History of the Greek Orthodox Church 2003 Australia, in Australia, Karl Romandi & Helen De Luis, Heritage Report 563-565 Bourke Street, Surry Hills, 2000 Thorp, Wendy Archaeological Assessment: 346-348 Bourke Street & 1 1998 Short Street, Surry Hills, Tropman & Tropman Architects, Conservation Assessment Report for 346-348 Bourke 1995 Street and 1 Short Street, Tropman & Tropman Architects, South Sydney Heritage Study, 1993

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS2 Heritage study 2.166

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421511 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Crown Street Heritage Streetscape (HS3)

Location:

Address: Crown Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Surry Hills 2010 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: Cleveland Street to Campbell St. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 2.17, 2.49 & 2.122 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of The streetscape demonstrates the residential development of Riley’s Estate in the second Significance: half of the nineteenth century. The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley. Rows of terraces have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form and setbacks. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from the Victorian residential development on narrow lots and for their collective representation of the late Victorian style in working class development. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421511 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Crown Street Heritage Streetscape (HS3)

Location:

History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

The economic boom of the 1830s acted as the necessary catalyst for residential development in Surry Hills with the original allotments being initially subdivided into villa estates. With much of the Riley Estate still locked up in a legal battle, the early development in Surry Hills focused on the lands around Albion and Bourke Streets. During the 1830s and 1840s the area was subdivided into villa estates that were highly fashionable amongst the gentry class. The ridge areas around Crown Street, Bourke Street and Albion Street were popular among the reasonably well off and offered sweeping views towards Botany Bay. Crown Street marks the western rim of the plateau whereas the regular rise and fall of Riley Street follows the eroded face of the escarpment. In 1831 and 1833 respectively, the Brooks and Nichols subdivisions, at the height of Albion Street, went up for sale. Crown Street bisects the Brooks subdivision near Albion Street.

South of the Riley Estate, Crown Street continued into Edward Smith Hall’s 185 acres, granted in 1822. FW Unwin eventually purchased part of Hall’s land, subdividing into large villa lots for sale in 1829. The Riley Estate was subdivided into villa estates from the 1840s onwards.

Up to the 1850s development along Crown Street was sparse, and concentrated north of Campbell Street near Oxford Street (Old South Head Road) and in the Brooks subdivision (between Albion and Fitzroy Streets). Some early development occurred on the Marylebone Estate near Devonshire Street. John Terry Hughes subdivided the Marylebone Estate, bounded by Crown Street, in the vicinity of Lansdowne and Devonshire Streets. On this subdivision, small, cheaply built houses often constructed in timber sprang up. In 1858 the social commentator, W.S. Jevons, noted that Surry Hills was divided by three long parallel streets (Bourke, Crown and Riley streets) upon which were equally represented the gentleman’s villa and the labourer’s cottage. The former were laid out graciously in the ‘colonial style, of two storeys, with large verandahs, and surrounded by flourishing gardens planted with Norfolk pines, fig trees, bamboos, aloes and other peculiar plants’. The older cottages were mostly weatherboard and were in many places ‘very wretched’, with their inhabitants assuming a corresponding demeanour. Newer dwellings were ‘springing up very rapidly’ in the form of tows of two-storey brick or stone houses and detached one- storey cottages. Although small, these abodes were generally well built and less crowded than those in Woolloomooloo or in the city proper. Among the sand drifts of the

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421511 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Crown Street Heritage Streetscape (HS3)

Location:

Marylebone Estate, lived the labourers and what Jevons called the ‘indefinable lower orders’.

From 1850 to 1890 a major surge of development occurred in Surry Hills. The 1860s and 1870s saw the decline of the gentry class and the rise of mechanics, artisans and shopkeepers. Crown Street was an important tram route to the City in the 1890s. Development along Crown Street consolidated in the 1890s and early 1900s, with Federation period interspersed with Victorian period developments. Crown Street features a number of important public buildings including Crown Street Public School in the Gothic Revival Style; Crown Street Women’s Hospital; Crown Street Reservoir; Fullerton Presbyterian Church, Bell Tower and Hall (now Chinese Presbyterian Church and Hall), a two-storey Federation Academic Gothic Church, built 1905; and Surry Hills Post Office in Interwar Academic Classical Style, 1923.

The rapid development of housing was not preceded with the implementation of basic amenities and sanitation problems became widespread. Defective housing, disease, poor social conditions and the desire to create better access to the new Central station led to substantial changes in the Surry Hills area in the 1920s and 1930s. Development in the area focused on residential slum clearance in favour of the construction of factories, commercial premises and street extensions. Devonshire Street was extended from Crown Street to Bourke Street and factories established around this new section.

In the late 1930s the City Council sought to halve the erosion of the city's housing stock by declaring large areas of Surry Hills, East Sydney and Woolloomooloo to be residential districts, prohibiting within them any new factories or the conversion of dwellings to industrial or commercial purposes. From the late 1970s to the present the area has been heavily influenced by the gentrification process with an influx of upwardly mobile residents. The newer residents are politically vocal and many local amenity improvements can be attributed to their actions. The gentrification of the area has seen house prices rise dramatically, displacing many traditional residents and resulting in a major change in the areas social dynamics. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Land tenure (none) 4. Settlement Utilities (none) 6. Educating Education (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421511 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Crown Street Heritage Streetscape (HS3)

Location:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally flat, gently undulating at either end with a gentle gradient.The streetscape forms part of a grid and continues into Redfern and Darlinghurst. The streetscape features long vistas, and runs north-south.

The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings, parks and private gardens. Mature avenue plantings of London Plane trees dominate in the street. The streetscape incorporates one major park Shannon Reserve, a plaza at Collins Street, and road closures at Fitzroy Street. The park contributes to the landscape character of the street and features rear of Richards Avenue terraces which form part of the Crown Street Streetscape. Private gardens are generally small and contribute to the landscape character of the streetscape.

The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance. These include: Shannon Reserve, Crown Street Public School and corner shops and Hotels, the Crown, The Clock and the Dolphin. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is regular despite several amalgamated sites. The narrow lots result in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Victorian residential of a two-storey scale and terrace form with Victorian commercial clusters. The buildings typically have 0-3 m setbacks with open palisade fencing. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry and corrugated iron roofing.The streetscape has a high integrity. Richards Avenue terraces should be included in the streetscape.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain 1-2 Storey Victorian terraces -Retain Victorian Public Buildings -Retain Victorian Shop/Hotel -Retain small scale of early development -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421511 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Crown Street Heritage Streetscape (HS3)

Location:

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain Federation development -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume -Retain Interwar Commercial development

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain residential/commercial usage within existing precincts -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape -Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments -Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision -Enhance vistas -Provide landscape screening to detracting sites -Remove / Discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development -Encourage sympathetic development on sites at 353-373 Crown Street, 345 – 349, 287 – 297 Crown Street

4.Boundary Adjustment -Confirm Streetscape listing in the LEP -Consider extension of streetscape boundary to Redfern

5. Heritage Items -Review listings of heritage Items within the streetscape

Management:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421511 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Crown Street Heritage Streetscape (HS3)

Location:

Criteria a) The streetscape demonstrates the residential development of Riley’s Estate in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental subdivision of Surry Hills estates. Criteria b) The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley

Criteria c) Significant for its historic terraces. The streetscape possesses a coherent townscape based on the scale and form of the nineteenth century terrace.

The terraces display a high degree of coherence and continuity.

A cross section of residential architectural styles and overlays within a concentrated streetscape.

Rows of terraces have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form and setbacks, and for their collective representation of the mid/late Victorian style in working class development.

The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from the Victorian residential development on narrow lots. Criteria d) Continued use and expansion of religious and institutional facilities to service the needs of the community providing a continued community and residential focus since the 1850s.

The shopping precinct and school provide a continuing civic and visual focus for the area. Criteria e)

Criteria f)

Criteria g) Representative of Victorian subdivision and terrace house development. The architecture represents a diversity of styles, similar in scale, form and detail.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century/ and late twentieth century development. Integrity / Intactness: Despite some site consolidation and redevelopment, the 1880s subdivision and residential development remains substantially intact.

References: Author Title Year Surry Hills Post Office, City Plan Heritage, 2001 National Trust Classification Card – Crown Street Public 1977 School, South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 07, 23, 29 Alexander Tzannes, Development Application Report: The Clock Hotel, 468- 1996 474 Crown Street, Surry Hills,

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421511 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Crown Street Heritage Streetscape (HS3)

Location:

City Plan Heritage, 594-596 Crown Street, Surry Hills 2 Volume Conservation 2004 Management Plan, Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners, Statement of Heritage Impact, 397 Crown St, 2002 Tropman & Tropman Architects, South Sydney Heritage Study, 1993 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Graham Brooks & Associates Pty Ltd, Heritage Impact Statement: Bentley Bar, 320 Crown 2004 Street, Surry Hills, Kass, T.H., The Builders and Landlords of Surry Hills, 1830-1882, 1984 Lumar, Wendy, So Great a Cloud of Witness: A History of the Chinese 1993 Presbyterian Church Sydney 1893-1993, the Centenary of the Chinese Presbyterian Church, Stapleton, John, “Church’s Chinese Tradition lives on”, Sydney Morning 1989 Herald, 20/02/1989

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting: Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS3 Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

Address: Darlinghurst Road DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Potts Point 2011 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets 2420649, 2420942, 2420945, Group ID: 2420946, 2420947, 2420948

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: The western section from Hughes St to Bayswater Rd and the eastern section from Greenknowe Ave to Bayswater Rd. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner: Multiple Owners

Admin Codes: 1.218 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance: Local

Statement of The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that followed the incremental Significance: subdivision of Darlinghurst’s villa estates. The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century and late twentieth century development. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from two distinct characters: the intact Victorian and Federation residential development on narrow lots and narrow streets, and the amalgamated sites supporting predominantly 3 storey commerical and apartment buildings. Its own architectural uniqueness lies in a thorough mix of samples and of generous buildings. The commercial strip and Fitzroy Gardens provides a continuing civic and visual focus for the area. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora.

With European occupation of the Sydney region from 1788, the Cadigal and Wangal people were largely decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today. Any evidence of traditonal Aboriginal occupation of the area is unlikely to have survived the 19th and 20th centuries.

The streetscape area was originally part of a land grant to Thomas Mitchell in 1831. An 1843 map shows the area sparsely populated with a small number of residential developments on the western side of Darlinghurst Road. These allotments are similar in

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

size to those further to the west along Victoria Street. North of this early subdivision are a number of larger estates with dwellings situated along the ridge line going towards the point.

Darlinghurst Road traverses the ridge line between Woolloomooloo and Rushcutters Bays. This ridge is relatively high compared to the lower lying areas of the city and was consequently used as a site for windmills during the first half of the 19th century. During this time there were up to six windmills in the vicinity of the subject site.

An 1854 map of Sydney indicates an increase in the subdivision of the wider area with more development along the western side of Darlinghurst Road but the larger housing estates on the eastern side are intact and windmills are still present. The residential nature of the area continued to develop throughout the 19th century with stately Victorian terrace houses until the early 20th century when the character of the area began to change as Darlinghurst Road became a more important thoroughfare. The Victorian residences were replaced with the Federation and Inter-war commercial buildings that now characterise the streetscape.

The spread of flats in the 1920s and 30s was one of the most marked developments in Sydney housing and is evident at the Maclay Street end of the streetscape. It was accompanied by large population increases in the municipalities it affected. Flats were the antithesis of suburbia and nowhere was that more evident than in Kings Cross. Kings Cross became the Montemarte of Sydney. Artists and actors moved into Potts Point.

During the 20th century the area evolved into a bohemian enclave populated with Sydney’s artists, writers and other like minded individuals. The unique character of this area was all but lost by the 1960’s as the American soldiers and sailors on rest and recreation leave in Australia during WWII and the Vietnam War sowed the seeds of its present character. The area became home to Sydney’s sex industry, was populated with gambling venues and was notorious during the 1980’s for its stories of corruption and underworld crime. Recently the sex industry has started to move to the suburbs and the Casino in Pyrmont has removed much of the gambling activity.

(Sourced from Darlinghurst Road Gateways Project,Heritage Impact Statement by City Plan Heritage 2003) Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 5. Working Labour (none) 8. Culture Creative endeavour (Cultur (none) 8. Culture Leisure (none)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally level with a minimum gradient and falls from Macleay Street. The streetscape follows the ridge and is severed by the William Street underpass. The streetscape features terminating vistas to Kings Cross Hotel. Other important views include landscaping in Macleay Street and Fitzroy Gardens.

The roadway is wide and comprises four lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two-way and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is heavy and is managed by traffic lights, speed humps and pedestrian crossings.

The streetscape is intersected by the following streets: Greenknowe Avenue, Elizabeth Bay Road, Springfiled Avenue, Orwell Street, Hughes Street, Llankelly Place and Roslyn Avenue. Footpaths are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly concrete with remnant sandstone guttering. Utility services are concealed.

Public domain features include garden structures and El Alamein Fountain in Fitzroy Gardens(PD1). The park contributes to the landscape character of the street. Mature avenue plantings of London Plane Trees dominate in Macleay street (PD2).

The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance: Kingsclere, Fitzroy Gardens, Fitzroy Park, Byron Hall, Minerva, Cahors, Kingsley Hall, Gowrie Gate, Franconia.

The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising some early Victorian lots and some Victorian lots amalgamated in the Interwar period. The predominant built form is Interwar 3-5 storey residential and multi-storey apartment form. Predominantly 2-4 storey commercial with residential development of mixed character. Strong street alignment and continuous awning. Some detracting shopfronts. The buildings typically have no setbacks.Predominant building materials are face brick and rendered masonry.The streetscape has a high integrity. The street features many high quality heritage buildings and is unified by mature avenue plantings.

Darlinghurst Road runs in a north easterly direction before it turns into Macleay Street adjacent to Fitzroy Gardens. It is also at this point that the character of use along the road changes. The subject site is a ‘bright light’ entertainment district and features various forms of commercial and retail enterprises along with cafés, take away food shops, gaming venues, bars, hotels and adult entertainment venues.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

Darlinghurst Road East The eastern side of Darlinghurst Road, from Bayswater Road to Fitzroy Gardens is characterised by a variety of building types with sections of cohesiveness broken up by unsympathetic infill and additions alongside a few examples of more prominent, higher quality buildings. The facades below the awnings have been for the most part removed and most of the awnings have also been replaced.

There is a relatively cohesive group of three storey Federation and Inter-war commercial buildings with relatively intact facades above the awnings from Bayswater Road. To the north are a number of three storey buildings from various periods including the art deco Commonwealth Bank and earlier buildings with unsympathetic additions to the facade.The corner of Roslyn Street features a large four storey Inter-War Spanish Mission building. It features a tiled parapet, arched windows, no awnings and a ground floor façade treated as a base with articulated and emphasised piers and round arches with elaborate mouldings.Across the street is a haphazard row of mostly three storey buildings including contemporary infill, highly altered Victorian commercial terraces and a seven storey post war flat building. The streetscape is completed at Fitzroy Gardens with a multi-storey Inter- war red brick flat building which addresses the corner and the open space.

Darlinghurst Road West The western side of the streetscape is more diverse with fewer groups of buildings that demonstrate a cohesive character. The scale is predominantly three storeys and there are a small number of buildings with a higher quality of architecture. The ground floor facades of early buildings have been mostly lost as have most of the awnings, although, some early pressed metal awnings still exist.At the junction of Darlinghurst Road is the multi storey, late 20th century Crest Hotel with a two storey base horizontally proportioned with Corbusian-like windows. From the Hotel to Springfield Avenue is a variety of building types including late 20th century infill and altered and intact Inter-war buildings.Streetscape features include a two storey inter-war red brick commercial building with detailed parapet and original pressed metal awning and the eight storey Inter-war flat building known as the Wintergarden Building with early stepped awning. Springfield Avenue is flanked by a late 20th century bank building and a three storey Inter-war building with a large, intact pressed metal awning and unsympathetic façade alterations and paint finishes. These buildings both address the corners.On the corner of Llankelly Place there is the Astoria Hotel, a four storey Inter-war flat building addressing the corner with an intact pressed metal awning. Adjacent is a two storey, Inter-war commercial corner building with intact façade elements and an early pressed metal awning. These two buildings share the same awning, which stretches from corner to corner, featuring the same decorative pattern on the pressed metal soffit and a stepped arch over the entrance to the Astoria Hotel.

Macleay Street The character of the street with its distinctive avenue planting of Plane trees is remarkably different to Darlinghurst Road being more residrntial in character. It is lined on the western end by a number of signficant inter war residention flat buildings including Franconia, Cahors and Gowrie Gate On the eastern side is Fitzroy Gardens, the 1990s Rex Apartments and at the corner with Greenknowes Avenue the significant Federation style residential flat building known as Kingsclere.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended Management: 1.Protection of Significance (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian /Interwar subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain 1-2 Storey Victorian terraces -Retain Victorian Shop/Hotel -Retain Interwar commercial development -Retain Interwar residential development -Retain scale -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details, particularly face brick -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers to terraces

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain Federation development -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

4.Boundary Adjustment State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 28

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

-Confirm Streetscape listing in the LEP

5.Heritage Items -Consider listing of the following properties as heritage Items on the LEP

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Historically area has been home to many of Sydney’s counter-cultural communities including Sydney’s bohemian or urban artistic community during the early to mid 20th century and those associated with the sex industry, organised crime and Sydney’s drug culture in the later half of the 20th century.

The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental subdivision of Darlinghurst’s villa estates. Criteria b) The name of the area, ‘Kings Cross’, is in reference to the king of England and was originally named ‘Queens Cross’ in honour of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.

Criteria c) The streetscape has retained an aesthetic character resulting from the commercial development during the Inter war and Federation periods in which the site became the centre for Sydney’s Bohemian community. Some awnings with pressed metal soffits remain from this period and contribute to the heritage character of the streetscape.

The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from two distinct characters. The intact Victorian and Federation residential development on narrow lots and narrow streets and amalgamated Victorian and Federation sites to create larger sites supporting 3-12 storey apartment subject to location. No area in Australia possesses the extent of concentration of Interwar apartments.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century and late twentieth century development.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

Criteria d) The commercial strip and Fitzroy Gardens provides a continuing civic and visual focus for the area. Criteria e) The site has the potential to yield archaeological information that would contribute to the understanding of former residential customs and practices, former road way alignments, etc. There is evidence of earlier buildings located within and behind existing facades and structures. Criteria f)

Criteria g) The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth and late twentieth century.

The streetscape is representative of a period of development in the local area which is historically associated with the area becoming characterised as the centre of Sydney’s bohemian community. Integrity / Intactness: Varying degrees of intactness

The streetscape has a medium degree of integrity due to the incursion of later post war and twentieth century development.

References: Author Title Year South Sydney Council, Conservation Area Street by Street 1999 Review, South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 07 Tropman & Tropman Architects South Sydney Heritage Study 1993 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City City Plan Heritage Darlinghurst Road Gateways Project,Heritage Impact 2003 Statement

Studies: Author TitleNumber Year Tropman & Tropman Architects South Sydney Heritage Study 1993

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS4 Heritage study

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421512 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Darlinghurst Road Heritage Streetscape (HS4)

Location:

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 19/12/2007 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421514 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Flinders Street Heritage Streetscape (HS6)

Location:

Address: Flinders Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Darlinghurst, Paddington, Surry Hills Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: Taylor Sq to Moore Park Rd (including Nos. 453-479 South Dowling St). Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 2.118 & 2.142 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of One of the earliest residential districts of Sydney being first settled by John Palmer in 1793, Significance: the area grew rapidly after 1850. The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, George Edward Riley and has historic links to the Sydney Common. The industrial development following road widening illustrates a later overlay reflecting the growing importance of the streetscape as a major traffic route in the early twentieth century.

The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from two distinct characters: the intact Victorian residential development on narrow lots on the east side, and the amalgamated Interwar sites supporting 2 – 4 storey commercial development on the west side. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421514 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Flinders Street Heritage Streetscape (HS6)

Location:

such as Pyrmont, Balmain, Rozelle, Glebe and Redfern since the 1930s. Changes in government legislation in the 1960s provided freedom of movement enabling more Aboriginal people to choose to live in Sydney.

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

The streetscape was part of 70 acres granted to John Palmer in 1794 which became known as ‘George Farm’. Palmer sold his Surry Hills holdings in 1814. The block was subsequently subdivided into 15 large allotments. The land was acquired in the 1820s by Edward Riley. During the 1830s and 1840s the area was subdivided into villa estates that were highly fashionable amongst the gentry class. The ridge areas around Albion Street were popular among the reasonably well off and offered sweeping views towards Botany Bay. In 1831 and 1833 respectively, the Brooks and Nichols subdivisions, at the height of Albion Street, went up for sale. In 1834 Durham Hall, which still survives today, was built on the Nichols subdivision. St Michaels Anglican Church was designed by Edmund Blacket in 1854.

The portion of Georges Farm east of Flinders Street ( known as Botany Street until 1890s) was divided into six allotments. The southern portion was owned by Hannam. Eight acres bound by Taylor, Flinders, Hannam Streets and South Dowling Street was purchased by James Chisholm and remained intact till the 1830s. By 1844, Taylor had purchased a portion along Oxford Street and some development existed fronting Oxford Street. By 1854 the northern most lot between Oxford Street and Taylor Street was developed with two buildings shown on two allotments opposite St Michaels. Lord Mayor Edward Flood and wife Charlotte Hannam's mansion at 86 Flinders Street survives from the early 1850s. The area was consolidated in the 1870s and 1880s.

North of the Nichols Estate lay the Riley Estate, which remained undeveloped until the 1840s due to a legal dispute regarding the Riley Estate following Edward Riley's suicide in 1825. The estate was divided into two portions in 1844. The triangular portion north of Short Street was the estate of Father E. O’Connell and the area between Short Street and the Nichols Estate belonged to the Estate of Edward Riley Junior. From 1850 to 1890 a major surge of development occurred in Surry Hills. The 1860s and 1870s saw the decline of the gentry class and the rise of mechanics, artisans and shopkeepers. A detail series of maps of 1880s show the street fully developed. The rapid development of housing was not proceeded with the implementation of basic amenities and sanitation problems became widespread.

In 1905 the Sydney Municipal Council was granted powers to resume and remodel whole areas for street widening. Significantly, in the same year the lord mayoralty was handed to timber tycoon, shipowner and avid slum-clearer, Allen Taylor. He was a business partner of former Town Clerk Anderson and was Lord Mayor for five out of the next seven years and remaining as an influential alderman until 1924. His entrepreneurial interpretation of the term ‘remodelling’ was simply the demolition of houses and their replacement with business premises and factories. In his evidence to the 1909 Royal Commission on the Improvement of Sydney, Taylor spoke at length about traffic flow to Central Station,

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Item Name: Flinders Street Heritage Streetscape (HS6)

Location:

tramway access to the eastern suburbs and the enhancing effect that factories had on the values of, and therefore the rates payable on, city property.

The redevelopment following the road-widening saw the following commercial enterprises replace earlier residential sites: Harden & Johnston Ltd, Nos 117-113 Commonwealth Bank, Nos 99-115 Standard Cars, Nos 83-97 Randle House, Nos 67-77 Flinders Hotel, Nos 63-65 The Government Savings Bank (late Commonwealth Bank Chambers) designed by Ross & Rowe in 1911, replacing the Victoria Inn. The Captain Cook Hotel was rebuilt in 1914, as a Federation Freestyle hotel designed by Burcham Clamp.

St Michaels Church of England was modified by Burcham Clamp in 1917 to accommodate the Flinders Street widening. Freehold allotments of the City Council Flinders Street Resumption from Short Street to Darling Street (excluding the Flinders Hotel) were auctioned in March 1919. On the eastern side of the road the Claridge at Nos 28-30 replaced a pair of terrace houses.

In the late 1930s the City Council sought to stem the erosion of the city's housing stock by declaring large areas of Surry Hills, East Sydney and Woolloomooloo to be residential districts, prohibiting within them any new factories or the conversion of dwellings to industrial or commercial purposes. After World War II development returned to a residential focus with the influx of European and Middle Eastern migrants. By 1970 70% of children attending Bourke Street public school were migrants or the children of migrants.

From the late 1970s to the present the area has been heavily influenced by the gentrification process with an influx of upwardly mobile residents. The newer residents are politically vocal and many local amenity improvements can be attributed to their actions. The gentrification of the area has seen house prices rise dramatically, displacing many traditional residents and resulting in a major change in the areas social dynamics. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Transport (none) 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 8. Culture Religion (none)

Designer: State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 34

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421514 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Flinders Street Heritage Streetscape (HS6)

Location:

Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: Refer to inventory sheets 2420082, 2420386, 2420387, 2420725, 2420726, 2420727, 2420728, 2420729, 2420730, 2420731, 2420732, 2420733, 2420734, 2420735, 2420736, 2420737, 2420738, 2420739, 2420740, 2420741, 2420742, 2420743, 2421279, 2421280

The topography is generally flat with a gentle gradient.The streetscape runs diagonally across the grid and is terminated by Anzac Parade to the south and Taylor Square to the north. The streetscape features terminating vistas to Oxford Street, and long view up Anzac Parade. Other important views are up Albion and Dowling Street.

The roadway is wide and comprises six lanes. The surface is bitumen with coloured bus lanes. Vehicle movement is two-way and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights and road dividing.The streetscape is intersected by Fitzroy Street and South Dowling Street. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen and elevated in part. Kerbing is predominantly sandstone. Utility services are generally concealed. Public domain features include contemporary street lighting at road closure and bus shelters.

The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings, parks and private gardens. Mature avenue plantings of Ficus along Moore Park, juvenile plantings of Brushbox and London Plane occur in the street. The streetscape incorporates road closures (Josephson Street) and road island reserves at Moore Park. Moore Park contributes to the historic significance and landscape character of the street. Private gardens are generally small and do not significantly add to the landscape character of the streetscape although some residences at Albion Street intersection and Moore Park end have small front gardens.

The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance. These include: Moore Park, St. Michaels, the Palace Hotel and Taylor Square. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is generous and consistent on the eastern side, comprising a dense urban form. Road widening in the Interwar period resulted in a new layer of Interwar development and amalgamation of sites on the western side. The predominant built form is Victorian residential of a three-storey scale and terrace form. An Interwar overlay occurs at the northern end. The buildings typically have 0-3 m setbacks with open palisade fencing. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry. The streetscape has a high integrity.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian /Interwar subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

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(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain 1-3 Storey Victorian terraces -Retain Victorian Public Buildings -Retain Victorian Shop/Hotel -Retain Interwar commercial development -Retain small scale of early development -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain intact industrial development pre 1930 -Retain Federation development -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

2.Redevelopment of Non Contributing Sites -Develop approach for sympathetic new development to create cohesive character. -Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian/ Interwar subdivision -Respect scale and form of significant development -Respect building line of significant development -Encourage rendered and painted finishes -Encourage contemporary detail -Provide landscape screening -Limit carparking access from street

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain residential/commercial usage -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape -Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments -Interpret Victorian/ Interwar street pattern and subdivision -Enhance vistas -Provide landscape screening to detracting sites -Remove / Discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development -Encourage sympathetic development on sites at 29 – 47 Flinders Street

4.Boundary Adjustment -Adjust Streetscape boundary to include areas which contribute to the Streetscape. (landscaped area between Flinders/ South Dowling and Fitzroy Street.)

5. Heritage Items -Protect Heritage Items within the streetscape

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421514 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Flinders Street Heritage Streetscape (HS6)

Location:

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) One of the earliest residential districts of Sydney being first settled by John Palmer in 1793. The area grew rapidly after 1850. Of historical importance in the growth of residential Sydney.

The industrial development following road widening illustrates a later overlay reflecting the growing importance of the streetscape as a major traffic route in the early twentieth century. Criteria b) The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, George Edward Riley and has historic links to the Sydney Common.

Criteria c) Fine middle class terrace housing set on prominent position over looking Surry Hills.

The terraces display a high degree of coherence and continuity.

The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from two distinct characters. The intact Victorian residential development on narrow lots on the east side and amalgamated interwar sites supporting 2 – 4 storey commercial development on the west side. Criteria d) The St. Michaels precinct provides a continuing civic and visual focus for the area. Criteria e)

Criteria f)

Criteria g) Representative of villa estates subdivided and developed as residential areas, redeveloped as industrial precinct in the early twentieth century.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century/ and late twentieth century development. Integrity / Intactness: Generally the area has a high degree of integrity.

References: Author Title Year Heritage Impact Statement: 7/9 Flinders Street/Patterson 2000 Lane, Darlinghurst, Peter Robinson Associates,

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421514 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Flinders Street Heritage Streetscape (HS6)

Location:

National Trust Classification Card – St Michael’s Church of England, St Michael’s Hall, St Michael’s Rectory Register of the National Estate Database – St Michael’s 1980 Church Group, Surry Hills NSW, South Sydney Council, Conservation Area Street by Street 1999 Review, South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 07 City Plan Heritage, Heritage Impact Statement, 144 Flinders Street 2004 Paddington, Garry Stanley, Heritage Assessment Part 2 – Alterations and Additions 88- 1997 102 Flinders Street, Darlinghurst, Herman, Morton, The Blackets: an era of Australian Architecture, 1963 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Tropman & Tropman Architects, South Sydney Heritage Study, 1993

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS6 Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 13/08/2007 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Oxford Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Darlinghurst - Paddington Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape (HS8) Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: The northern section from liverpool St to Darlinghurst Rd and the southern section from Crown St to Greens Rd (including Nos. 379- 383 Bourke St). Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner: Multiple Owners

Admin Codes: 2.150 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: State Endorsed Significance: State

Statement of Oxford Street has State historical significance. As the South Head Road and possibly the Significance: oldest highway in Australia, it connected the settlement at Sydney Cove with the Signal Station at South Head, and quickly became one of the most popular recreation resources for Sydney’s population during the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century Oxford Street provided the main artery connecting the centre of Sydney with the coast, thus contributing to the rise of a popular and enduring beach culture in Sydney. As well, the process of road widening that took place at the beginning of the twentieth century at its western end marks a major point in the development of town planning principles in Sydney.

Oxford Street was an instrumental part of the foundation and history of Paddington. As well, the street is able to demonstrate in a powerful way the growth and development of Sydney and municipal government (particularly Paddington’s) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It contains many items that illustrate these processes, such as Busby’s Bore, Darlinghurst Courthouse, the Paddington Reservoir, Paddington Town Hall, Victoria Barracks and buildings erected in the wake of the road widening that took place during the first half of the twentieth century.

Oxford Street has remarkable aesthetic significance at a state level, containing buildings of national and state significance and buildings designed by important nineteenth and twentieth century architects. Sections of the street contain remarkably homogenous and intact streetscapes. These

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

include the blocks of Victorian buildings on the northern side of the street in Paddington, the collection of Victorian and Federation era buildings along the southern side of the street in Darlinghurst and the consistent groups of Federation Free Style buildings along the northern side of Oxford Street in Darlinghurst, between Liverpool and Bourke Streets. This part of the street is arguably the finest Federation era commercial streetscape within New South Wales, while other parts remain as some of the finest Victorian era streetscapes in the state. Indeed, it demonstrates many of the characteristics of a Victorian era High Street and still retains evidence of changing patterns of retailing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Oxford Street provides evidence of the "gentrification’ that took place during the 1950s and 1960s when inner city areas were rediscovered as desirable places in which to live. As an extension of this trend, the street has important associations with the rise of the preservation and conservation movement in New South Wales during the 1960s. The street is also significant because of its ongoing associations with Sydney’s gay community since the 1960s.

(sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003) Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. .

With European occupation of the Sydney region from 1788, the Cadigal and Wangal people were largely decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today.

The 1840s saw the advent of three major government initiatives that opened the way for major growth and development along Old South Head Road. The decade also saw the resolution of the dispute over the Riley Estate and the start of a major development in Darlinghurst

During the 1860s, according to historian Max Kelly, Paddington became Sydney's first commuter suburb. From then until the 1890s the locailty became "urbanised and then suburbanised". Massive development took place in the suburb during the first half of the 1880s.

During the 1870s and 1880s Oxford Street became one of the most prosperous and active commercial districts in Sydney. By the end of the 1880s Oxford Street was recognised as one of Sydney's most prominent high streets.

Oxford Street enjoyed a period of prosperity during the 1920s and new development constructed at that time was designed to encourage professionals and small specialist business needs. The clothing trade also experienced rapid growth in Oxford Street and surrounding areas during the 1920s. However, the onset of the Great Depression at the end of the decade began and economic decline that brought the street into disrepute. This was also linked to changing patterns of residential life – the inner city areas fell into decline as the increasing popularity of detached suburban housing made terraced housing

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Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

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increasingly undesirable.

The character of the street began to change during the 1950s with the influx of migrants in to the area who found the housing affordable and some degree of familiarity in its environs. This coincided with the advent of locally born people from other parts of Sydney and the state into localities around Oxford Street. Patterns of home ownership changed so that more individual houses were purchased by more people, and more professional people moved into these areas during the 1960s.

HISTORICAL SUMMARY Prior to 1788 - The areas around what was to become Oxford Street were the home of the Cadigal tribe of the Aboriginal people. 1790, January - It was decided at the suggestion of Governor Hunter to establish a signal station on the highest point of land at South Head. Access was via a Koori path extending along the ridge. 1793, January - The first fires were lit in the vicinity of the signal station to guide the ship Bellona. By the early to mid 1790s a walking track had been carved out between Sydney and the South Head. Land was granted to John Palmer. It was known as the Woolloomooloo Estate and formed the northern boundary of the western end of Oxford Street. 1794 - The southern edge of the western end of Oxford Street was defined by a grant of 70 acres to John Palmer . The estate was known as George Farm. 1803 - Surgeon John Harris undertook to construct a 4 ½ metre wide road between Sydney and the South Head. However, this was curtailed by disputes. 1811, 25 March - Work commenced on a more substantial road to the South Head at the instigation of Governor Macquarie and the labour of the 73rd Regiment. The road was built by public subscription, and for the first time enabled wheeled vehicles to drive between Sydney and the signal station. It quickly became an important leisure time resource and place for the public to parade and travel, as well as serving as an important military asset. 1814 - John Palmer’s Woolloomooloo Estate and George Farm were sold as a result of his financial problems. A great deal of the land was acquired by Edward Riley. 1816, 11 July - Laying of the foundation stone of the first Macquarie Lighthouse. 1821 - 3 ½ acres were reserved as the site of a new gaol on the ridge at Darlinghurst. Work on the perimeter walls commenced the following year. 1823, 1 April - James Underwood, Robert Cooper and Francis Forbes received a grant of 100 acres. It was bounded on its southern side by South Head Road between Ormond Street and Jersey Road. 1824 - Robert Campbell’s Juniper Hall was under construction. Work on the Darlinghurst Gaol ceased although walls, entrances and lodges had been completer. It became known as the Woolloomooloo stockade. 1825, 21 February - Edward Riley committed suicide. Two conflicting wills delayed settlement of the estate for many years and hindered development in the locality. 1827 - Digging commenced for the construction of Busby’s Bore. 1837 - Busby’s Bore was completer. It bought water from the Lachlan Swamps, running below South Head Road between Dowling Street and Hyde Park. The construction of the tunnel initiated some development along the street, including pubs and small shops. 1839 - New South Head Road was completed as far as the Vaucluse Signal Station,

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

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resulting in the earlier road to South Head becoming known as Old South Head Road. 1839, 30 October - Part of the Underwood estate was subdivided and offered for sale. Known as the Paddington Estate, it comprised 80 allotments between the eastern side of Juniper Hall and Jersey Road. Underwood, Paddington, Elizabeth and William Streets were included in the subdivision. 1840, 11 May - Subdivision of the Australian Subscriptions Library’s eight acre grant at Paddington took place in the aftermath of the announcement of the intention to build Victoria Barracks. The land was situated opposite the barracks site. 1841, 7 June - Prisoners were moved to the newly completer Darlinghurst Gaol. Construction of the Victoria Barracks was commenced. 1842 - Final consolidation of the Cooper Estate. 1844 - The settlement of the dispute over Edward Riley’s estate resulted in the formation of streets, subdivision and then sale of land at the western end of Old South Head Road. Thomas West gained legal title to land that he had claimed as part of his 1811 grant and which was contested in court in 1832. The land was partially bounded by South Head Road to the west of Comber Street. Seven houses were erected for leasing purposes in the vicinity of South Head Road around the year 1840. The eastern side of Victoria Barracks was completed. 1848 - Completion of Victoria Barracks. Establishment of the South Head Roads Trust, to administer the improvement of the road as a result of increasing usage and commercial vitality. 1850 - The foundation stone of the first Church of the Sacred Heart at Darlinghurst was laid. It was to be the first church to be erected on Old South Head Road. 1851 - Paddington’s population was almost 1,400 making it the third largest village in metropolitan Sydney after Glebe and Balmain. 1852 - The Church of the Sacred Heart was completed. 1853 - The trustees of the Cooper Estate (which included the original Underwood grant) offered portions of undeveloped land for leasing over a period of 99 years. This opened up those parts of the Estate along the Old South Head Road in Paddington for development. 1856 - Paddington Public School was established. Subdivision and sale of land within the Sydney Common, on the southern side of Old South Head Road, commenced thus year and continued until 1871. 1857 - The Garrison Anglican Church was built at the intersection of Old South Head Road and Oatley Road. St John’s Presbyterian Church at Paddington was built. 1858 - Edward Arnold opened his store on the southern side of the street, just to the west of Crown Street. By 1867 he had built a new store at the corner of Crown Street, exemplifying the growth and development of retailing at the western end of the street during the 1860s. Busby’s Bore was superseded by the inauguration of a water supply scheme from Botany Swamps. 1860, April - The Municipality of Paddington was founded. 1864 - By this time Paddington Council had erected gas street lighting on sections of Old South Head Road. 1866 - A Roman Catholic church school (now the site of St Francis of Assisi) was erected in Paddington. Construction of the Reservoir at Paddington was completed.

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Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

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1867 - The first Paddington Town Hall was erected on the southern edge of the Royal Hospital for Women site. 1870 - Establishment of St Vincent’s Hospital in Victoria Street, Darlinghurst. By this year there were some 37 shops located on Old South Head Road in Paddington. 1875 - The change of name from South Head Road to Oxford Street was formally gazetted, reflecting the aspirations of contemporary commercial interests in promoting the street as prestigious commercial venue. The name initially only covered the street up to but not including Paddington. 1880 - Introduction of steam trams consolidated Oxford Street as a major transport corridor. 1882 - The Royal Agricultural Society staged the first of its annual Easter Shows in a section of Moore Park so that Oxford Street became the main route between the showgrounds and the city. 1885 - Paddington Post Office was completed. Mark Foy’s department store was opened at the western end of Oxford Street. 1888, 26 January - Centennial Park was declared open to the people of New South Wales by the Governor. 1891, 3 October - Paddington Town Hall was officially opened. 1899 - Darlinghurst Police Station was constructed. 1900 - One of the results of an outbreak of bubonic plague in Sydney during 1900 was that it “allowed the voices of the social engineer, the town planners and improvers to be heard more clearly, and it became fashionable to discuss the ways in which deliberate intervention was necessary in the context of a clear failure of the free market to create a city worth living in” (Shirley Fitzgerald, Sydney 1842-1992). The Municipal Council of Sydney was given powers to resume properties “which may be required for the opening of new streets or public places, and the widening or enlarging of streets or public places in the city” that year. 1901, 1 January - The declaration of the Commonwealth of Australia and signing of the document formalising the union of the states took place in Centennial Park. The Municipal Council of Sydney moved that the City Surveyor be instructed to prepare a plan showing properties that it would be necessary to resume for the widening of Oxford Street. 1902, October - The tramlines along Oxford Street were electrified, introducing an inexpensive, relatively safe and regular means of transportation. According to Clive Faro, the combination of this with the development of beach-going as a major recreational activity had a profound influence on Oxford Street, which was the major transport corridor between the city and Bondi. 1904 - The South Heads Road Trust was disbanded. 1905 - The Municipal Council of Sydney’s powers of resumption were consolidated after passage of an Act of Parliament, Although it was assumed that a by-product of this activity would be the construction of workers’ housing to replace dwellings that were destroyed as a result of the resumption, Council instead held the view that it would improve traffic flows and encourage commercial development (and so increase rate income). 1905, 3 May - The first stage of the Royal Hospital for Women, built by the Benevolent Society, was opened. 1906 - A new scheme was prepared for the widening of Oxford Street. 1907 - The first stage in the widening of Oxford Street was accomplished by the demolition of the Victoria Hotel to improve the intersection of Bourke, Flinders and Oxford Streets.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

The intersection was named Taylor Square in 1908 in honour of Allen Taylor’s endeavours. Allen Taylor, an alderman with the Council between 1902-1924, and Lord Mayor of Sydney during 1905-6 and 1909-12 is considered to be the driving force behind the widening of Oxford Street. In his role as mayor he lobbied for the Sydney Corporation (Amendment) Act 1905. It was due to Taylor that the rehousing of the dispossessed was not included in the Act. 1907, 4 December - The Municipal Council of Sydney requested a Royal Commission, made up of members of parliament, aldermen and others “to inquire and report upon the best means of improving and ornamenting the City of Sydney and its environs” at a meeting of the Legislative Assembly. 1908 - A deputation from the Council to the Premier of New South Wales urged. Amongst other things, immediate action in regard to the widening of streets and formation of new thoroughfares in light of rising land values. 1908, 23 April - A Royal Commission, the Improvement of Sydney Commission, was announced, comprised of 11 commissioners. Their warrant included the diligent examination of proposals for the improvement of the City of Sydney and its suburbs and inquiry into the remodelling of Sydney. It’s final report was dated 29 June 1909. The widening of Oxford Street was specifically included in its findings and recommendations. 1909, May - The decision to resume the northern side of the street was formalised by Council, to take effect on 1 June, 1910 - Commencement of the widening of the western end of Oxford Street with the demolition of buildings between Liverpool Street and Victoria Street. 1911 - West’s Olympia Theatre, at the corner of Dowling and Oxford Streets, was constructed on the site of Marshall’s Brewery. 1912 - Darlinghurst Gaol was closed and prisoners transferred to Long Bay Gaol. 1914 - The first service station on Oxford Street was opened on part of land owned by the Water Board near the reservoir at Paddington. 1915 - Road widening works between Liverpool Street and Taylor Square were completed. One of the results of the widening was that a social infrastructure of small family run stores with the families living above the shop was replaced by shops with business premises over, and a change in the types of commercial activity on the northern side of the street. 1921 - East Sydney Technical College was opened in the decommissioned Darlinghurst Gaol. 1925 - The Main Roads Board and Paddington Council adopted a scheme for the widening of Oxford Street between Taylor Square and Centennial Park, but nothing of this eventuated. 1928, April - The municipalities of Paddington, Randwick, Waverley and Woollahra adopted a proposal for the widening of Oxford Street to 100 feet or 30.48 metres. 1928, 26 July - A deputation of the Councils met with the Minister for Local Government and called for the Main Roads Board to undertake widening. 1938 - Work started on the widening of Oxford Street at the western end of Paddington. 1947 - Paddington’s first Town Hall was demolished. 1948 - Paddington Municipality was absorbed by the Council of the City of Sydney/ The Planning Scheme for the County of Cumberland declared Paddington to be “obsolete”. 1957 - Rebuilding of Grace Bros Department Store at Bondi Junction, mirroring an increased motorisation of the post war era.

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Location:

1960, 28 February - The tramway to Bondi was discontinued. 1964 - Formation of the Paddington Society at Paddington Town Hall, the first resident action group on Australia. 1965 - Emergence of a gay presence on Oxford Street became evidence in the wake of the Vietnam War and shifts in the demography of Kings Cross. 1967 - The realignment of municipal boundaries and the formation of the new municipality of South Sydney as a result of the passage of the Local Government (City of Sydney) Boundaries Bill placed the Oxford Street study area under the control of South Sydney and Woollahra Councils. 1975 - The Paddington Society presented plans for the re-organisation of the shopping precinct in Paddington that led to the closure of Elizabeth, Newcombe and Regent Streets on its south side. 1978, 24 June - The first Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade was held, followed by confrontations with the police force in Kings Cross. 1987, March - Darlinghurst Police Station was closed. 1998 - Relocation of the Showgrounds to Homebush and the subsequent development of Fox Studios.

(Sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003) Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: 1811 Circa: Yes

Physical Description: The heritage streetscape extends, on the north side of Oxford St from Hyde Park to Greens Road and on the south-western side from Riley Street to Greens Road.

Topography - Oxford Street rises from Hyde Park to Taylor Square and then flattens until the area around Glenmore Road. From here the street rises again to Paddington Town Hall. A second flat area extends into Paddington and is followed by a gentle rise up to Centennial Park. Land Use - With the exception of Darlinghurst, there is a distinct difference between activities on the north and south sides of the street. At the Darlinghurst end, retail, entertainment and short term accommodation predominate. At Taylor square, there is a mix of retail and institutional uses (The Courthouse), extending into an essentially retail area as far as Glenmore Road (although several institutional uses are also located on the northern side in this area). Between Glenmore Road and Paddington Town Hall, activities are more State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 45

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disparate with a mix of retail and residential on the northern side and Paddington Barracks on the south. Around Paddington Town Hall, institutional and community activities predominate, while in the remainder of Paddington retail predominates on the northern side and a mix of institutional, community and retail exists on the south. Built Form - At the Paddington end of Oxford Street (particularly the northern side) there is a predominance of small scale, Victorian terrace development, generally 2 storeys and with a strong architectural character. This pattern is also repeated around the eastern end of Darlinghurst. Paddington Town Hall, Post Office and Juniper Hall stand out as significant heritage buildings, while immediately to the west of this area, a mix of building form and appearance is evident. • Contextual Relationship - Areas west of Taylor Square, being closer to the City provide the street with a varied adjacent context comprised of business and accommodation activities. Further east, away from the city, a wide variety of institutional activities such as the Courthouse, Hospital, Colleges and the Paddington Barracks are located. The Paddington end of Oxford Street is contextually associated with residential terrace development.

(

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended A Heritage Impact Statement is required to accompany Development Applications involving Management: changes to the external appearance of properties in the area, (unless deemed by Council to be of a minor nature and to not result in adverse heritage impacts), for alterations and additions to existing buildings and for new infill development.

The original form, scale and detail of existing and potential heritage items and contributory buildings shall be retained and enhanced where possible. There should be no alterations to the facades of contributory buildings above awning level other than to reinstate original features. Early shop fronts and external ceramic wall tiles to be retained and conserved. Any additions and alterations should be confined to the rear in areas of less significance, shall not be visibly prominent and shall be in accordance with the Sydney City Council Development Control Plan.

Development shall respect the low scale and modest predominantly Victorian and Federation character of the street.

Infill development shall respond to and not obscure the topography, while satisfying the guidelines contained in Council's DCP.

Existing trachyte kerbing to be retained and conserved.

The building should be retained and conserved. A Heritage Assessment and Heritage Impact Statement, or a Conservation Management Plan, should be prepared for the building prior to any major works being undertaken. There shall be no vertical additions to the building and no alterations to the façade of the building other than to reinstate original

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features. The principal room layout and planning configuration as well as significant internal original features including ceilings, cornices, joinery, flooring and fireplaces should be retained and conserved. Any additions and alterations should be confined to the rear in areas of less significance, should not be visibly prominent and shall be in accordance with the relevant planning controls.

Management:

Further Comments: Three precincts have been identified: 1/ Darlinghurst Precinct: Located between Hyde Park and Flinders Street; 2/ Barracks Precinct: Located between Flinders Street and Oatley Road; 3/ Paddington Precinct: Incorporates the remaining area of Oxford Street from Underwood Street up to Centennial Park.

Darlinghurst Precinct The Darlinghurst precinct is recognisable primarily due to the types of businesses and the gentle slope of the topography. There are large volumes of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic during the day and night on both weekdays and weekends. This extensive and continued use of the space creates difficulties for the maintenance of both buildings and the public domain, which in turn contributes to the perception of a “well-worn” character of the precinct. Both sides of the street possess a building wall of between 2 and 4 stories built to the street boundary, strongly enclosing the street space. A mix of architectural styles is present from original single storey terraces, through to multi-storey Victorian Terraces, Art Deco Banks and more modern office and apartment buildings of significantly greater height than in other precincts. Awnings are present on both sides of the street, with the southern side displaying a consistency not as evident in other precincts, due to the longer frontage of individual buildings. The reduced width of some awnings (southern side) has also allowed for the planting of Plane trees, which have now grown to maturity. The Northern Side ~ Darlinghurst Precinct The northern side of the street between Liverpool Street and Taylor Square is a remarkably cohesive and unique Edwardian era streetscape of buildings having a uniform height of three storeys and a consistent architectural vocabulary of brick and sandstone. The very western end of this section of Oxford Street is introduced by a small three storey building erected in 1918 for the Government Savings Bank at 140 Liverpool Street, which originally contained a branch of the bank and flats. Oxford Street itself is introduced by the Burdekin Hotel, which forms a prominent visual landmark when viewed from Liverpool Street and Hyde Park. Most of the northern side of the street was erected in the aftermath of the resumptions and road widening, between 1910 and 1918. A number of the blocks are “contained” by distinctive buildings, such as the former London Bank of Australia at Oxford Square (No 52), the former Crecy Hotel (No 108) on the eastern corner of Palmer Street and the Oxford Hotel (No 134) on the western corner of Bourke Street. Although most of this section of the street was developed in a rather piecemeal fashion, one notable exception is the block bounded by Crown and Palmer Streets, which was developed as a single coherently designed building. Late Victorian buildings at 10-20 Oxford Square furnish evidence of pre- resumption architecture. A number of buildings in this part of Oxford Street have retained

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the pavement lights within the footpath that provide a degree of natural light into basement areas. The Southern Side ~ Darlinghurst Precinct The southern side of Oxford Street is far less consistent in its architecture and has retained a relatively large part of its late nineteenth century character. It is also far less consistent in its architectural scale - building heights range from one to five storeys, although two storey buildings predominate. It is predominantly a commercial and retailing area, although there are some residential buildings situated within this context. Amongst the earliest buildings in this section of the street are the commercial premises located at 43-45 Oxford Street and 131 Oxford Street. About one quarter of the buildings between Whitlam Square and Bourke Street were erected before 1900. The Edwardian era is best represented and comprises about one third of the building stock, while buildings from the inter-war period make up another quarter. Here several purpose designed stores erected by prominent retailers between 1891 and 1938 are to be found, albeit since adapted to different users’ requirements. They include Lowes Ltd at 31-33 Oxford Street (1938), Edward Arnold & Co at 113 Oxford Street (1922) and the richly decorated High Victorian Riley Bros. at 163-169 Oxford Street (1891). Distinguished twentieth century buildings include three former banking chambers., each of which was designed by an important architectural concern - the former Union Bank Chambers at 21 Oxford Street (Ernest A Scott, 1911), the former Commonwealth Bank at 37-41 Oxford Street (Department of the Interior, circa 1940) and the former Bank of NSW at 117 Oxford Street (C. Bruce Dellit, 1936). No less distinguished is the Court House Hotel at Taylor Square (Prevost, Synnot & Ruwald, 1929), which is a major landmark and an important defining element at this major intersection. Two high rise intrusions, shattering the otherwise harmonious scale of the street, occur at its western end. They are the fifteen storey development at 4 - 32 Oxford Street, erected around 1980, and the former Koala Inn at 51- 75 Oxford Street between Pelican and Riley Streets, erected around 1970. The bland and undistinguished building at 124-128 Oxford Street is another disruptive element in this section of the street.

Barracks Precinct The precinct from Flinders Street to Paddington Town Hall is an area of transition and presents a quite disparate character. The public domain is characterised by elements found in both the Paddington and Darlinghurst Precincts. Some new development has occurred while some areas have not changed in many years. The northern side of Oxford Street is primarily a continuation of the Paddington precinct whereas the southern side has elements of both Darlinghurst and Paddington precincts. A large portion of this precinct is taken up by the long lineal open space associated with the Victoria Barracks. Much of the precinct is single sided, with development alternating from southern to northern sides of the street. In areas where dual frontage is present, enclosure is not as great as in Darlinghurst, though with a narrower street width and a predominance of two storey buildings with parapets, a strong definition of the space is created. Despite the single sided nature of much of the precinct, definition remains quite strong as a result of significant street landscape (e.g. Paddington Barracks) and the effect of curves in the street closing off views. Activities vary significantly in this precinct and include local services, fashion and homeware retail, cinemas, entertainment and leisure premises. The Northern Side – Barracks Precinct

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Buildings along the northern side of the street are predominantly two storeys high and a very large number date to the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Many are given over to commercial and retailing activities. Between Bourke Street and Barcom Avenue the street abruptly changes character and contains several significant institutional and public buildings demonstrating vastly different purposes and architectural styles. They include the Darlinghurst Sub-Station and the Men's’ Convenience (built between 1904 and 1907), the Darlinghurst Courthouse, completed in 1844, the Church of the Sacred Heart (erected 1911- 12) and the St Vincent’s Clinic, blessed and opened in August 1990. Here the “wall” of the street is interrupted by open space in front of the Courthouse and around the Sub Station and Men's’ Convenience. Fencing enclosing the open space in front of the Courthouse reinforces its special nature while reinforcing the line of buildings to the east and west. The intersection of South Dowling and Oxford Streets is anchored visually by the presence of two hotels the Beauchamp and the former Albury Hotel at 2a Oxford Street, and the former Olympia Theatre at 1-11 Oxford Street. These buildings form an important focus within the street, due to their contrasting architectural styles, scale and bulk. The block between Barcom and West Streets provides evidence of the road widening that took place at the end of the 1930s, most particularly the former Albury Hotel and the adjoining 10-14 Oxford Street. The rest of the block is diverse - 16-20 Oxford Street was erected around 1997, 22-28 Oxford Street was built around 1900 and contains fine and intact original shopfronts, while 30-36 Oxford Street was built around 1920. The building on the western corner of Oxford and West Streets was built around the middle of the 1960s and contains two levels of flats above ground floor shops. It is set back from Oxford Street and disturbs the uniformity of the street alignment. The block between West and Comber Streets has a consistent two storey height and contains three distinct groups of buildings. Adelstein House at 42- 44 Oxford Street was built around 1924, 46-54 Oxford Street was built around 880 and retains a remarkably intact Victorian first floor facade, that contrasts strikingly with the no less Federation Queen Anne upper facade of 56-70 Oxford Street, erected around 1902. The latter, however, has been obscured in places by inappropriate painting. The short block bounded by Comber Street and Kidman Lane appears to have been developed around 1880 and contains two groups of buildings that are unified by similarly designed cornices, stucco wall surfaces and label moulds above windows. However, the building at 76 Oxford Street is somewhat taller than its neighbour. The buildings in the block bounded by Kidman Lane and Hopewell Street are uniformly two storeys high. The majority were constructed during the nineteenth century. The earliest are No’s 84-86 Oxford Street, which appear to date to the 1860s. The appearance of other nineteenth century facades indicates that the buildings were erected during the 1880s. Two buildings, No. 82 and No. 92-94 Oxford Street, are Federation era commercial buildings. A fine Inter War Functionalist building, the Unicorn Hotel on the corner of Hopewell Street, completes the block. A hotel known as the Unicorn has occupied this site since the first half of the 1880s. Before this it was occupied by premises known as Croft’s Family Hotel. The hotel was rebuilt around the beginning of the 1940s. All of the buildings are quite intact above awning level, although the two Federation era buildings have been modified by the installation of inappropriate window sashes.

The buildings between Hopewell Street and Glenmore Road were all built during the

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second half of the nineteenth century, largely around the 1880s. A small terrace at 114-116 Oxford Street was erected circa 1865. The adjacent terrace at 118-120 Oxford Street has been converted to commercial and retail uses, although its domestic configuration is still apparent. These buildings are all quite intact at first floor level. The group of two storey buildings at 2 - 16 Glenmore Road is visually an extension of this block. It also was constructed during the latter part of the nineteenth century and has a uniform architectural expression of repetitive fenestration, simple parapet and dormers projecting out of a pitched roof. The group has been debased by modifications but is an important element in this section of the streetscape by virtue of its size and consistency of detail.

The continuity of the streetscape is disrupted in the block between Glenmore Road and Shadforth Street. It does contains two late nineteenth century buildings (122 and 124 Oxford Street) at its western end that make an important contribution to the street by virtue of their different heights and architectural expressions. However, the rest of the block is occupied by a service station a complex of flat buildings that appear to have been constructed during the 1970s and reflect the influence of more traditional terrace housing, and a recently modified block of circa 1960s flats known as "Bangheet". These items do not make a positive contribution to the streetscape, although it could be argued that the service station does provide some amenity for motorists. The uniform two storey height of the buildings situated between Shadforth and Brodie Street, is enlivened by the single storey structure at 176 Oxford street, which was completed recently but has been designed in a restrained manner that was presumably intended to make its facade contextual, and by the imposing three storey section of the Paddington Green Hotel, built in 1914. The block of land at the corner of Shadforth and Oxford Street is vacant and presently used for car parking. The group of buildings at the western end of the block (168-174 Oxford Street) were built circa 1880 - they have been linked by a continuous awning, but No. 168 has a steeply pitched roof punctuated by a narrow dormer, while No. 170-174 is a group of three buildings with simple parapets and decorative mouldings that steps to follow the fall of land along the street. At street level modifications to its facade have made the building monolithic and hostile to pedestrians. The building at 178-180a Oxford Street was probably built during the inter war period and has an elegant Inter War Georgian Revival brick and stucco facade, while the extension to the Paddington Green Hotel on the corner of Brodie Street was built during the Post World war II era and is an inoffensive and neutral element within the streetscape. The block bounded by Brodie and Young Streets was part of the site of the Royal Hospital for Women. Although much of the site has been redeveloped and, on Oxford Street, includes two storey buildings containing commercial space, the former Hospital Gate Cottage remains as a fragment. Much of the remainder of this block is characterised by open space. Most of the buildings between Young Street and County Avenue are two storey nineteenth century terrace houses that have been converted to retail and commercial uses. The terrace at 198-200 Oxford Street and 206-210 Oxford Street were probably constructed during the 1880s, while the pair between them are somewhat earlier. The building at the eastern end of the block was built around 1900 and is also two stories high. It is distinguished by a parapet that contains two pediments connected by lattice-like embellishments. The five two storey late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings between County

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Avenue and Ormond Street are contained between large institutional buildings at either end of the block. The monolithic bulk of the Paddington RSL Club, opened in February 1962, is situated at its western end, while the imposing classical architecture of the Paddington Post Office is situated at its eastern end. As well as its fine architectural qualities and historical significance, the Post Office has an important visual association with the almost contemporary Paddington Town Hall across from it. The small commercial buildings within this block contribute positively to the streetscape but have been compromised in several cases by the removal of awnings and unsympathetic shopfront modifications. The Southern Side – Barracks Precinct The southern side of Oxford Street has a far less cohesive character than the northern side, but contains a relatively large number of historically significant buildings. The block between Flinders Street and South Dowling Street has retained more than half of its Victorian era building stock, while Edwardian buildings make up a very large proportion of the remainder. The scale of this part of the street is predominantly two storeys, contained and punctuated in places by three storey buildings. Commercial and retailing activities predominate, although there is a small amount of recently completed residential accommodation and a hotel is located at its eastern extremity. The busy small commercial scale of the block, enriched and enlivened by its Victorian and Edwardian buildings, contrast strikingly with the sober dignity of the court house buildings and the dour pile of the Church of the Sacred Heart on the other side of the street. The block is interrupted by Sturt Street at one stage. The intersection of South Dowling and Oxford Streets is anchored visually by the presence of two hotels the Beauchamp and the former Albury Hotel at 2a Oxford Street, and the former Olympia Theatre at 1-11 Oxford Street. These buildings form an important focus within the street, due to their contrasting architectural styles, scale and bulk. Next door to the massive Free Classical bulk of the former Olympia Theatre, constructed in 1912, is a large complex of flats built within the last twenty five years. A high wall represents its contribution to the immediate streetscape. This block between South Dowling and Verona Streets contains another cinema complex at its eastern end, the Verona Cinema, which was completed around 1996. On the eastern side of Verona Street is another refurbishment of an earlier building, completed in 1994 to house the premises of Berkelouw Books. Between it and Rosebud Lane are a four storey building from the mid 1960s, now used as Sullivan’s Hotel, and the 1939 Rose, Shamrock & Thistle. This is an architecturally significant Inter War Functionalist style hotel designed by the prominent specialist firm of Prevost and Ancher, and replaced an earlier hotel of the same name that was located nearby. The land between Rosebud Lane and Greens Road is occupied by a service station, alongside which is the densely planted open space formed by the closure of Napier Street. The latter forms a decorative forecourt to the City Art Institute. The long stretch between Greens Road and Oatley Road contains a complex of major historical significance, Victoria Barracks, and at its western end the Paddington Town Hall. The latter was completed in 1891 to the design of architect John Edward Kemp. The principal element of Victoria Barracks along Oxford Street is the high stone wall, which is set back from the street alignment for much of its length but touches the street in the vicinity of the former Women’s Hospital site. The imposing main gate to the Barracks complex is situated opposite Shadforth Street. Two reserves, planted with grass and substantial trees, create a park-like atmosphere and also form the setting for a number of

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monuments and memorials. These include: • A small commemorative plaque indicating the site of an early toll gate site, just to the east of the intersection of Greens Road and Oxford Street; • A water pump from the year 1868, along with an associated plaque describing it and its dedication as a monument in October 1926, opposite Glenmore Road; • The Paddington War Memorial, a chaste stone column commemorating the citizens of the municipality who served in World War I. It was probably erected during the first half of the 1920s. It is situated opposite Young Street.

Paddington Precinct The Paddington precinct is recognisable primarily due to the types and quantity of businesses and the architecture of the buildings that frame the Street. Other elements that contribute to the recognition of this precinct include the views within the precinct as well as to the Sydney CBD and the topography. The western half of the precinct is relatively level while the eastern half is a gentle slope beginning at William Street up to Queen Street. The precinct begins at Paddington Town Hall, extending along a wide curve and up toward Centennial Park. This curve provides prominence to the strong street wall of 1, 2 and 3 storey premises built to the street boundary on the northern side. These are utilised mainly for fashion homeware retail, though a range of entertainment, leisure and local services are also present. On the southern side of the street, buildings tend to be predominantly located within their own grounds, providing a less defined street wall. A number of more recent additions are however built to the street boundary and provide a symbiotic relationship across the street. Two taller buildings are located on the southern side, as residential building and the Telstra Exchange. These, while significant in themselves, do not greatly detract from the overall image of the precinct or street as a whole. The Northern Side ~ Paddington Precinct The oldest building in the study area, Juniper Hall, is situated between Ormond and Underwood Streets. Although not used as a dwelling, its residential character is immediately apparent. In terms of streetscape it is a unique item in the study area because the house is set back from the street behind an established garden enclosed by a fencing. Although the fence is not original, it is based on what was known to have existed in an earlier period, and in any case fulfils an import role, defining the curtilage of Juniper Hall in much the same way as original fences would have done when the house was first completed. The block between Underwood Street and Perry Lane is characterised by dramatic variations of building height. The western end is dominated by the three storey high Imperial Hotel, which is a fine example of a Federation era public house. Apart from this, it is a most important streetscape element because of the visual relationships that exist between it and Juniper Hall and the Paddington Post Office. This relationship is reinforced by the fence in front of Juniper Hall, which reinforces the street alignment and links the Post Office to the equally imposing Imperial Hotel. The other buildings in this block were built around 1885. The building to the east of the Hotel is two storeys in height, while the remaining building is single storeyed ad contains four shops. Both appear to have been erected at the same time and may have been parts of a single development, as is suggested by similarities in parapet balustrading and mouldings. Earlier residential buildings are visible behind the single storey building, providing evidence of changing patterns of residence and uses during the nineteenth century.

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Buildings between Perry Lane and William Street are predominantly two storeys high, with the exception of the Federation era buildings at 328-328a Oxford Street (single storeyed) and 330 Oxford Street (three storeys). The majority were built during the 1880s; earlier examples are to be found at 306-208 Oxford Street, erected around 1870, and the roughly contemporary 336 Oxford Street, on the corner of William Street. The architectural character of the block is lively, distinguished by shifting parapet heights and an overall intactness that has not been obscured by sometimes insensitive modifications; although the architectural styles of different eras are represented here, the overall effect is quite harmonious and consistent. A number of the buildings display fine parapet detailing. The block contained by William and Elizabeth Streets has a diverse character, containing a relatively diverse mix of buildings from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It contains one of only two Victorian public houses in the study area, the Paddington Inn on the corner of William Street, and also York House, a rare example of an Art Deco style facade within the study area. The quality and detail of Victorian facades in this section of the street is consistent with other nearby blocks and provides a wealth of rich and varied detail, as well as some interesting skylines. Noteworthy Federation era buildings in this section of the street include Kitty O’Sheas’s (formerly Canberra) Hotel, the three storey building at 392 Oxford Street and the adjacent single storey building at 394-396 Oxford Street. The block between Elizabeth and George Streets is largely Late Victorian in character, punctuated by a confident Federation era building at its western end and a refined Inter war Georgian revival style building towards its eastern end. Two long buildings, probably erected during the second half of the 1880s or the 1890s, are largely intact above awning level although two bays of one, the so-called Federal Buildings, have been mutilated by unsympathetic window modifications. The Victorian building on the corner of George Street appears to have been erected in front of an earlier terrace of houses and may be late Victorian, or possibly later. There are two strikingly different buildings between George Street and Jersey Road. The western part of the block contains a terrace of five houses that have been converted to commercial uses, but apart from the two storey addition at the corner of George Street none of the buildings associated with these changes has particular architectural merit. The eastern part of the block contains an equally nondescript two storey inter war building, probably constructed around the end of the 1930s. The block between Jersey Road and Queen Street is contained by two large brick buildings from the second half of the 1930s. The 1939 Light Brigade Hotel, an exceptional example of Inter War Functionalist style commercial architecture, dominates the intersection at Jersey Road and is a prominent landmark in this part of the street. At the eastern end of the block is a three storey commercial and residential building that incorporates some pleasing brick and synthetic stone detailing. Between them is a mixed row of two storey Victorian buildings, most of which are nondescript conversions of earlier terrace houses. In between is the facade of a pair of buildings with relatively elaborate parapets and an asymmetrical late Federation brick facade with a tall gable and a cantilevered first floor bay window. Although not part of Oxford Street, some buildings in Queen Street form part of its visual catchment. The three storey Centennial Flats is a prominent inter war building with a distinctive gabled portion in the centre of its facade. The building is carefully related to the entrance to Centennial Park opposite. A group of three terrace houses, built circa 1885, is adjacent to the building. The Southern Side – Paddington Precinct

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Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

The southern side of Oxford Street has a far less cohesive character than the northern side, but contains a relatively large number of historically significant buildings. The block between Oatley Road and Regent Street contains a mix of historically significant buildings and structures and more recent buildings of varying quality. The John Thompson Reserve marks the western end of the block. Although open space, it was formerly covered with nineteenth century and early twentieth century buildings such as the Grand View Hotel. A small plaque near Oxford Streets recalls that it was also the site of Paddington’s first Church of England School and St Matthias Garrison Church. To the east of the Reserve are the 1864 Paddington Reservoir and the Walter Read Reserve, which are bounded to the east and south by a large recently completed commercial and residential development. Other buildings in the block include the two storey circa 1960 building in which the Australian Centre for Photography is located, the fine Inter War Functionalist style branch of the Commonwealth Bank, the1857 St John’s Presbyterian Church and associated Hall. The Hall is set back from Oxford Street and has an expanse of open space in front of it. The low wall that extends along the street is embellished by one of the very few works of public art in the form of painted glazed ceramic tiles conceived by Kathrin McMiles. Regent Street has been closed off to form a small mall at its intersection with Oxford Street. Between this and William Street are a tall block of flats showing the influence of the architect Harry Seidler (circa 1960), a branch of Westpac (circa 1965) that has been subjected to some modification, and a nondescript retail building on the corner of William Street. The buildings between William and Newcombe Street include the monolithic red brick Telecom/OTC building, built around 1961, and a group of shops with nondescript facades. However, earlier buildings are located behind the facades. Newcombe Street has been closed off to form a small plaza at the intersection of Oxford Street. The block between Newcombe and Elizabeth Streets contains the highly significant Uniting Church and the Paddington Public School. The main parts of the school that are represented close to Oxford Street are a playground and the 1892 addition to the earlier school. As with other streets in this area, Elizabeth Street has also been closed off where it intersects with Oxford Street, and the resulting pedestrian space is known as the Strong Memorial Reserve. A small plaque commemorates its official opening on 26 April 1978. The block between Elizabeth and Ulster Street includes an architecturally nondescript group of single storey shops, the open space occupied by the St Francis of Assisi Regional Primary School grounds, the circa 1960 façade of the St Francis of Assisi Youth Resource centre and the historically and architecturally significant St Francis of Assisi Church. The block also contains a pair of late nineteenth century terrace houses that have been unsympathetically modified and the elegant Federation era residential building on the corner of Ulster Street, which now houses the Caspian Gallery. The intersection of Ulster and Oxford Streets has also been closed off to form a small pedestrian plaza. The block between Ulster Street and Lang Road incorporates the buildings associated with the historically significant St Matthias Anglican Church, including the church and nearby hall, and the two storey Victorian Gothic style cottage at 495 Oxford Street. Although not strictly part of the Paddington Precinct, a small section of the street at the western end of Woollahra is included in the study area. This part of the street extends between Queen Street and Victoria Avenue. The block between Queen Street and James Street is predominantly residential and late nineteenth century in character. No’s 38-46 Oxford Street is a terrace of five houses. No. 48 Oxford Street is a garage, the only non-

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

residential building in this short block. No. 50 Oxford Street is a single storey California Bungalow style dwelling that has been extensively modified. No’s 52-56 Oxford street is a terrace containing two Victorian Italianate style houses with narrow projecting structures containing a porch and balcony over, and a more conventional dwelling at the eastern end of the group. The configuration of the two Italianate style dwellings is rare within the study area. The most easterly block in the study area is the one located between James Street and Victoria Avenue. Buildings are mostly two storeys high except for the architecturally nondescript commercial building at 62-66 Oxford Street. A large number of the remaining buildings are residential, terrace houses dating to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Several have been modified and have had first floor balconies enclosed, while two (No. 58 and No. 78 Oxford Street) are quite intact externally. No’s 82-86 Oxford Street is a distinctive group with the conventional central dwelling flanked on each side by residences with steeply pitched gabled roofs and cantilevered bay windows at first floor level. They appear to date to circa 1895. The three remaining buildings in this block, house (or have housed) a diverse array of businesses. No. 60 Oxford Street is a two storey commercial building with an austere painted facade that was probably built during the 1920s. No. 80 Oxford Street is one of the more unusual buildings in the study area. It was erected around 1895 by the so-called "father of Australian boxing", Laurence Foley, and served for a number of years as Foley’s Athletic Hall. Then for many years by dancing academies. A hotel marks the extremity of the study area on the northern side of the street in the same way as happens at the western end. The Centennial Hotel was erected around 1895, replacing an earlier building that stood approximately where Foley’s former building was. Criteria a) As the South Head Road and possibly the oldest highway in Australia, it connected the settlement at Sydney Cove with the Signal Station at South Head, and quickly became one of the most popular recreation resources for Sydney’s population during the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century Oxford Street provided the main artery connecting the centre of Sydney with the coast, thus contributing to the rise of a popular and enduring beach culture in Sydney. As well, the process of road widening that took place at the beginning of the twentieth century at its western end marks a major point in the development of town planning principles in Sydney.

. Criteria b) Oxford Street contains buildings designed by significant nineteenth and twentieth century

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

architects, including Mortimer Lewis, C Bruce Dellit, John Burcham Clamp, Sidney Warden, E Lindsay Thompson, Harry Cooper Day, Ernest A Scott and others.

Taylor Square has associations with Allan Taylor, the Lord Mayor of Sydney.

(sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003)

Criteria c) Sections of Oxford Street contain remarkably homogenous and intact streetscapes of buildings from certain eras. These include the blocks of Victorian buildings on the northern side of the street in Paddington, the collection of Victorian and Federation era buildings along the southern side of the street in Darlinghurst, and the consistent groups of Federation Free Style buildings along the northern side of Oxford Street in Darlinghurst, between Liverpool and Bourke Streets. This part of the street is arguably the finest Federation era commercial streetscape within New South Wales.

Oxford Street contains buildings that are of national significance, reflected by their inclusion in the Register of the National Estate.

Oxford Street contains buildings that are of state significance, reflected by their inclusion in the State Heritage Register and also the Register of the National Trust of Australia (NSW).

(sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003) Criteria d) Oxford Street has important associations with the development of Sydney’s homosexual community.

Oxford Street provides evidence of “gentrification” that took place during the 1950s and 1960s when inner city areas were rediscovered as desirable places in which to live, in the wake of the influx of migrants after World War II.

Oxford Street in Paddington, especially in the vicinity of Jersey Road, has important associations with the rise of the preservation and conservation movement in New South Wales.

(sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003) Criteria e) According to Clive Faro, "the history of the remaking of Oxford Street is an important point in the development of town planning principles generally and the application of City Beautiful ideas to one streetscape in particular. For a brief moment the city of Sydney came to be seen as a work of art by some….Admittedly the realisation of the City Beautiful in Oxford Street was, at best, imperfect. Yet, for all its shortcomings, it remains a tangible reminder of the time when some of the key players in Sydney thought about eh public space of the street in a new way”. (from Faro and Wotherspoon, “Street Scene: A History of Oxford Street", 2000)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

The street is able to demonstrate in a powerful way the growth and development of Sydney and municipal government (particularly in Paddington) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and contains many items that illustrate these processes, such as Busby’s Bore, Darlinghurst Courthouse, the Paddington Reservoir, Paddington Town Hall, Victoria Barracks and buildings erected in the wake of the road widening that took place during the first half off the twentieth century.

(sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003)

Criteria f) Oxford Street has a number of buildings that could be considered rare and uncommon aspects of the state's cultural history, including Darlinghurst Courthouse, Victoria Barracks, Busby's Bore and the Paddington Reservoir.

(sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003) Criteria g) The northern side of Oxford Street provides important evidence of early town planning endeavours in the City of Sydney and the changes to the social composition of an inner city locality during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

Oxford Street is important because it demonstrates many of the characteristics of a Victorian era High Street and still retains evidence of changing patterns of retailing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,

(sourced from "Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and Management Study" prepared by Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Ltd Pty, April 2003) Integrity / Intactness: Varied

References: Author Title Year Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Clive Faro and Gary Wotherspoon Street Seen: A History of Oxford Street 2000

Studies: Author TitleNumber Year City of Sydney and Woollahra Oxford Street, Darlinghurst and Paddington 2005 Municipal Council Draft Heritage and Urban Design DCP Rod Howard & Associates Pty Ltd Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and 2004 Management Study Rod Howard Heritage Conservation Oxford Street Heritage, Urban Design and 2003 Pty Ltd Management Study Tropman & Tropman Architects South Sydney Heritage Study 1993

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421516 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Oxford Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS8 Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 12/07/2005 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

Address: Redfern Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Redfern 2016 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Descriptions field for inventory sheets within the Group ID: Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: Regent St to Elizabeth St. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner: Private - Individual

Admin Codes: 4.21 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Redfern Street has historic significance for its ability to interpret the early Victorian Significance: residential subdivision dating from 1842, whereby the 1817 grant to Dr William Redfern was divided into eight equal blocks. Redfern Street developed from the 1840s to the 1890s as a prestigious inner city streetscape with housing for the upper and middle classes, and as a vibrant commercial strip with several fine public buildings. The fine groups of terraces, the park and mature plantings have high aesthetic values at the eastern end. In the vicinity of Pitt and George Street several fine landmark civic and religious buildings provide a visual and community focus for the streetscape. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

Redfern Street is part of the Redfern Estate, a Victorian era residential subdivision covering the entire grant of William Redfern. It is a structured subdivision of eight (8) equal blocks. The key dates of development are: 1817 - Grant of 100 acres to William Redfern; 1833- Redfern died; 1834 - Redfern Estate up for lease as large lots, market gardens; 1842- Estate up for sale, slow sale probably due to economic depression; 1850s - Redfern Estate occupied by the working class living within walking distance of their occupation - breweries and distillaries; 1855 - Railway constructed and the area's population boomed; 1880s-1900 full-scale dense suburb with the expansion of the railways and railway workshops in the area.

On June 17th, 1817 Dr William Redfern received a grant of 100 acres from Governor Macquarie. The land was described as a rich alluvial flat, surrounded by and partly encroached upon by sand hills. The boundaries were defined approximately by the present day Cleveland, Regent, Redfern and Elizabeth Streets. The grant was made on the condition that he did not sell or alienate the land within 5 years and that he cultivate 20 acres. Redfern (1774-1833) was a pioneering doctor who came to the country as a convict in 1801. He received the first medical diploma issued in Australia and had the largest private medical practice in the colony and was one of the most important emancipists in early N.S.W.

The growth of Redfern as a suburb commenced with the 1842 subdivision of the original Redfern land grant, which had been left in the trusteeship of Mr Alexander & Captain Pockley on Dr Redfern's death in 1833. The sale of the subdivision was handled by the auctioneer Mr Stubbs. The subdivision plan setting out the lines of streets and allotments, drawn up by the surveyor E.J.H. Knapp, formed the physical framework for the future development of Redfern. The Estate was divided into eight sections bounded by Redfern Street, George, Pitt and Chalmers (Castlereagh) Streets.

The pivotal period of development in Redfern was from 1842 to 1890. During this period Redfern progressed from the subdivision of the original land grant to a thriving inner suburb supporting many flourishing businesses. The municipality was proclaimed in 1859. Redfern subsequently became known as the Borough of Redfern which remained an independent municipality until 1949.

By the early 1850's Redfern was known as a select address. The scale and style of construction of houses in the Pitt Street precinct reflected the social status of the suburb. The courthouse, police station, post office, fire brigade station were all built on the land between Pitt and George Streets. The roads were well laid out and well maintained. The Town Hall was erected at the height of development in 1870. The first Court House in Redfern was built in 1877 and the existing building was erected in 1898 to a design by Walter Liberty Vernon, NSW Government Architect.

Aided by its close proximity to Sydney, Redfern thrived. The first railway in N.S.W. ran from

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

Redfern to Parramatta in 1855. Until the beginning of this century Redfern was the major railway station in Sydney. The train terminus and the horse drawn vehicles which travelled from Redfern along Pitt Street to the Quay, from 1861 to 1865, provided an entry corridor to the main precinct of Sydney.

Sections 4 and 5, were the last sections of the Redfern Estate (bounded by Chalmers and Elizabeth Street) advertised for sale in 1882. By 1884, Section 4 had been subdivided into regular allotments for auction sale and Section 5 had been purchased by the Governor for a public park.

Redfern's position as a terminus within the growing railway system resulted in the creation of the Eveleigh locomotion motor workshops in 1887. This coincided with the removal of the large steam joinery works of the Hudson Brothers, which had empolyed over a thousand workers. By 1889, 20,000 of Sydney's 25,000 manufacturing jobs were located in the Municipalities of Sydney, Balmain and Redfern. It was estimated, in 1890, that the Municipality of Redfern contained 450 businesses. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Land tenure (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 7. Governing Government and administr (none) 7. Governing Law and order (none) 8. Culture Leisure (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: Redfern Street streetscape from Regent St to Elizabeth St. A Victorian era streetscape, predominantly commercial, with civic and religious elements.

Refer to inventory sheets 2420011, 2420015, 2420024, 2421128, 2421133, 2421160, 2421163

Redfern Street bisects the original grant of William Redfern and is the civic and commercial centre of the area, containing major civic, religious and commercial buildings.

The topography is generally flat and gently undulating. The streetscape forms part of a grid and is terminated by Regent Street, and the rise to the east to Surry Hills. The streetscape

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

features detracting terminating vistas to South Sydney Civic Centre, and east up the hill to the public housing precinct. The roadway is wide and comprises four lanes. The surface is bitumen.

Vehicle movement is two way and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights. The streetscape is intersected by George, Pitt and Chalmers Streets. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly concrete with remnant sandstone block. Visible utility services include overhead wiring. Public domain features include Park, Courthouse forecourt, seat and plaque commemorating the life of “Mum Shirl” Colleen Shirley Smith, Aboriginal activist and local identity, outside the Church (PD1).

The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings, parks and private gardens. Mature avenue plantings of Jacarandah and Liquidamber feature in the street. These are interspersed with juvenile mixed species. The streetscape incorporates Redfern Park, which provides a focus for the streetscape. The park contributes to the historic significance and landscape character of the street and features fine gates and fencing (PD2), mature Morton Bay Figs, Bull Bay Magnolia, Pepper Trees, Plane Trees, Nettle Trees and Cotton Palms. Private gardens are generally small and do not significantly add to the landscape character of the streetscape.

The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is regular at the eastern end comprising predominantly narrow lots resulting in a dense urban form. Public buildings occupy larger sites. The predominant built form is Victorian and residential / commercial of a two-storey scale and terrace form. Shops date from the Victorian, Federation and Interwar period. Housing ranges from Victorian terraces, some later terraces and recent medium density developments. The buildings typically have 0-2 metre setbacks. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry.

The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance. These include: the Post Office, Courthouse, Telephone Exchange and the St. Vincent’s Group.

Redfern Post Office is a landmark feature of Redfern Street, located on a prominent corner looking towards the city. Built in 1882, Redfern Post Office is a two-storey Victorian Italianate building with a dominant four and a half-storey corner clock tower and is constructed in flush rendered brickwork with cut-render quoining.

The Redfern Courthouse is another important building within the Redfern Street streetscape, and is aesthetically significant as an excellent example of a federation Free Classical style courthouse by NSW Government Architect Walter Liberty Vernon. The Courthouse is a heritage item under the SEPP (Major Projects).

The St. Vincent’s church group (1855 - 1920) is a prominent contributory feature in the Redfern Street streetscape, the church being a fine example of the work of Sheerin & Hennessy architects. The St Vincent’s group comprise a single storey Victorian Church with Federation Gothic style additions, c.1885, and 1902, flanked either side by two storey

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

Victorian terrace houses modified with a Federation Gothic style façade, one now being the former St. Vincent’s Presbytery, ac. 1910 - 1920 adaptation of a Victorian terrace pair, and the other being the Former St. Vincent’s Convent High School, 1903.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended The building should be retained and conserved. A Heritage Assessment and Heritage Management: Impact Statement, or a Conservation Management Plan, should be prepared for the building prior to any major works being undertaken. There shall be no vertical additions to the building and no alterations to the façade of the building other than to reinstate original features. The principal room layout and planning configuration as well as significant internal original features including ceilings, cornices, joinery, flooring and fireplaces should be retained and conserved. Any additions and alterations should be confined to the rear in areas of less significance, should not be visibly prominent and shall be in accordance with the relevant planning controls.

1.Protection of Significance (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain 1-2 Storey Victorian terraces -Retain Victorian & Federation Public Buildings -Retain small scale of early development -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge / parapet height and retain original roof form -Promote retail strip

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain intact industrial development pre 1930 -Retain Interwar commercial development -Retain Interwar Public Buildings -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

2.Redevelopment of Non Contributing Sites -Develop approach for sympathetic new development to create cohesive character. -Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian subdivision -Respect scale and form of significant development -Respect building line of significant development -Encourage rendered and painted finishes -Encourage contemporary detail -Provide landscape screening

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

-Limit carparking access from street

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain residential, commercial & civic usages -Provide landscape screening to detracting vistas and sites -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape -Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments -Enhance vistas -Discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development

4.Boundary Adjustment -Confirm Streetscape listing in the LEP

5.Heritage Items -Protect Heritage Items within the streetscape -Protect Heritage Item at No. 117 Redfern Street.

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Redfern Street has historic significance for its ability to interpret the early Victorian residential subdivision dating from 1842, whereby the Redfern grant was divided into eight equal blocks.

Redfern Street developed from the 1840s to the 1890s as a prestigious inner city streetscape with housing for the upper and middle classes, a vibrant commercial strip and several fine public buildings.

A predominantly Victorian commercial streetscape developed in response to local residential and industrial expansion (including the Eveleigh Railway Workshops). Criteria b) Redfern Street has historic significance for its association with Dr William Redfern. The street bisects the 1817 grant to Dr William Redfern. The name Redfern Street commemorates this historic association with Redfern.

A working class and middle class inner suburban commercial centre including corner pubs and major civic buildings associated with the establishment and expansion of industries and

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

the railway and railway workshops, including buildings designed by prominent architects.

Criteria c) A relatively intact Victorian era predominantly commercial streetscape including landmark civic and religious buildings. The built form responds to the gently undulating topography.

The fine groups of terraces, the park and mature plantings have high aesthetic values at the eastern end. In the vicinity of Pitt and George Street several fine landmark civic and religious buildings provide a visual focus for the streetscape. The western end has a turn of the century commercial streetscape character with a consistent scale and form. Criteria d) Continued use and expansion of religious and civic facilities to service the needs of the community providing a continued community focus since the 1850s.

The Post Office, Court House and Redfern Park provide a continuing civic focus for the area. Criteria e) Archaeological potential, including possible remnants of early pre-1880 development at the rear of properties. Criteria f)

Criteria g) Representative of a grand Victorian commercial centre close to the city.

Integrity / Intactness: Relatively intact

References: Author Title Year Register of the National Estate, Redfern Post Office National Trust Classification Cards, Redfern Post Office Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Architectural Projects Pty Ltd., Redfern Estate Conservation Area, South Sydney 2003 Conservation Areas Study, Morton Herman The Architecture of Victorian Sydney, Redfern Courthouse, Peter Bridges, Historic Court Houses of NSW, 1986

Studies: Author TitleNumber Year Tropman & Tropman Architects South Sydney Heritage Study4.21 1993

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS9

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421517 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report 4.21

Item Name: Redfern Street Heritage Streetscape (HS9)

Location:

Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 18/12/2007 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421518 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Riley Street Heritage Streetscape (HS10)

Location:

Address: Riley Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Surry Hills 2010 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: Albion St to Devonshire St. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 2.63 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Subdivided from the 1840s, the streetscape demonstrates the residential development of Significance: Riley’s Estate in the second half of the nineteenth century. The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form. Rows of terraces have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form and setbacks. The architecture represents a diversity of styles, similar in scale, form and detail. The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421518 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Riley Street Heritage Streetscape (HS10)

Location:

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

The streetscape is within part of the original grant to the first Surry Hills landowner - Captain Joseph Foveaux, who was assigned 105 acres in 1793 and subsequently increased his holdings to encompass most of Surry Hills. Crown Street marks the western rim of the plateau and the regular rise and fall of Riley Street follows the eroded face of the escarpment. By 1800, John Palmer, farmer and grazier, had acquired more than 200 acres of Surry Hills and had become Commissary General. However by 1814, Palmer had fallen into financial trouble and lost his position in the colony, resulting in his estate being divided and sold at public auction. Edward Riley attempted to reassemble the Palmer Estate during the 1820s, although after his suicide in 1825 the holdings were locked up in a legal battle. The economic boom of the 1830s acted as the necessary catalyst for residential development in Surry Hills with the original allotments being initially subdivided into villa estates. The early development in Surry Hills focused on the lands around Albion and Bourke Streets. The Riley Estate finally become available in 1844 and provided substantial land for the development of housing for workers locally employed by the breweries and other industries. Riley Street bisected the Riley Estate, dividing it into parcels for the seven beneficiaries.

From 1850 to 1890 a major surge of development occurred in Surry Hills. In the fifties much of the demand for new houses was absorbed by the vast Riley Estate which had ‘acted very much in the manner of a land-bank releasing land onto the market as it became necessary’. Lots were sold by the Riley Trustees on a flexible time payment system, which drew many lower middle-class artisans to the core area of Surry Hills. During the next few decades, as city land became ever scarcer, buyers turned their attention increasingly towards Surry Hills. Building lots between Albion Street and Foveaux Street (west side) were advertised in 1857. In 1858 the social commentator, W.S. Jevons, noted that Surry Hills was divided up by three long parallel streets (Bourke, Crown and Riley streets) upon which were equally represented the gentleman’s villa and the labourer’s cottage. The former were laid out graciously in the ‘colonial style, of two storeys, with large verandahs, and surrounding by flourishing gardens planted with Norfolk pines, fig trees, bamboos, aloes and other peculiar plants’. The older cottages were mostly weatherboard and were in many places ‘very wretched’, with their inhabitants assuming a corresponding demeanour. Newer dwellings were ‘springing up very rapidly’ in the form of rows of two-storey brick or stone houses and detached one-storey cottages. Although small, these abodes were generally well built and less crowded than those in Woolloomooloo or in the city proper.

The streetscape comprises a number of cottages, many groups of Victorian terrace houses constructed in the 1860’s, 1870’s and 1880’s, and several Victorian hotels including Forresters Hotel (1863), the former Oak Tavern, and the former Mountview Hotel.

The 1860s and 1870s saw the decline of the gentry class and the rise of mechanics, artisans and shopkeepers. In Riley Street south, the flourishing firm of Goodlet and Smith transformed the greater part of Strawberry Hill into the drain pipes, chimney pots, closet pans and ornamental bricks that built Surry Hills. In 1876 John Mackey established one of the many coach-building works that would become a common sight in Surry Hills. His Riley

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421518 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Riley Street Heritage Streetscape (HS10)

Location:

Street workshop endured until 1959 employing blacksmiths, bodymakers, coach painters and upholsterers and his hansom cabs and landaus were always eligible for honourable mention when ‘people in the trade talk about quality work’.

The rapid development of housing was not preceded with the implementation of basic amenities and sanitation problems became widespread. Council’s lacked power to enforce water and sewerage connections. On the Riley Estate the newer houses were far superior to those in the older parts of town and were occupied by ‘steady, respectable mechanics’, but not more than one in one hundred could boast a drain or a sink’.

By the mid 1880s Riley Street was largely developed with terrace houses. A later subdivision occurred at the corner of Devonshire Street in 1883, where six lots were advertised as ‘valuable business sites near Redfern Station’. The former Devonshire Street School established in 1874 was relocated to Riley Street in 1883. By the 1880s, Surry Hills and most other inner-city neighbourhoods boasted at least one local push. The larrikin push had been part of Sydney life since the 1840s. In the turbulence of the twenties and thirties the old-style larrikin pushes had largely been replaced by networks of organised criminals. ‘Jewey’ Freeman’s Riley Street Gang were professionals rather than a band of ‘louts and social nuisances’ as the pushes had been.

Consolidation continued in the Federation Period with a shift away from residential to community and industrial uses. Riley Street Public School a Federation Arts and Crafts School designed in the office of Walter Liberty Vernon, Government Architect was built c.1903. The Surry Hills Boys Brigade, a Federation Warehouse style building built by Fairfax Ltd on a prominent corner site, and the Federation Warehouse at No. 393-395 Riley Street represent the growth of industry in the area in the early twentieth century.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421518 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Riley Street Heritage Streetscape (HS10)

Location:

3. Economy Industry (none) 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Land tenure (none) 6. Educating Education (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: Albion Street to Devonshire Street.

Refer to inventory sheets 2420591, 2421204, 2421205, 2421206, 2421207, 2421208, 2421209, 2421210, 2421211, 2421212, 2421213, 2421214, 2421215, 2421216, 2421217, 2421218, 2421219, 2421220, 2421221, 2421222, 2421223, 2421224, 2421225, 2421226, 2421227, 2421229, 2421230, 2421231, 2421232, 2421233, 2421234, 2421235, 2421236, 2421237, 2421238, 2421239, 2421240, 2421241, 2421242

The topography is generally undulating with a gentle gradient. The streetscape is terminated by Ward Park to the south and continues into Darlinghurst to the north. The streetscape features terminating vistas to Ward Park, and city skyline views over Frogs Hollow. Other views are generally contained within the streetscape.

The roadway is wide and comprises four lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two-way and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is moderate and is moderated by traffic lights and pedestrian crossings. Footpaths are bitumen with some areas brick paved. Kerbing is predominantly concrete with remnant sandstone blocks at drains. Visible utility services include bundled / overhead wiring. Public dominant features include neutral contemporary bus shelters.

Mature avenue plantings of London Plane Trees dominate in the street. These are interspersed with Brushbox and Melaleuca. The streetscape incorporates a road closure at Cooper Street. Ward Park contributes to the streetscape although not within the boundary of the precinct. Private gardens are generally small and contribute to the landscape character of the streetscape. Road closures contribute to the landscape quality.

The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance. These include: Riley Street Public School, Forresters Hotel, and The Girls and Boys Brigade. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is reasonably regular comprising narrow lots resulting in a dense urban form. There are several large consolidated sites that accommodate Postwar development. The predominant built form is Victorian residential of

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421518 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Riley Street Heritage Streetscape (HS10)

Location:

a two-storey scale and terrace form. The buildings typically have 0-3 m setbacks with open palisade fencing. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry, corrugated iron and tiled roofing. The streetscape has a high integrity.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian /Interwar subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain 1-2 Storey Victorian / Federation terraces -Retain Victorian / Federation Public Buildings -Retain Victorian / Federation Shop/Hotel -Retain small scale of early development -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain intact industrial development pre 1930 -Retain Federation development -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain residential usage -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape -Reinforce avenue planting at Public School. -Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments -Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision -Enhance vistas to Ward Park

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421518 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Riley Street Heritage Streetscape (HS10)

Location:

-Provide landscape screening to detracting sites -Remove / Discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development -Encourage sympathetic development on sites at the corner of Fitzroy Street, Cooper Street and Devonshire Street.

4.Boundary Adjustment -Consider extension of streetscape to north.

5.Heritage Items -Review listings of heritage Items within the streetscape

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Subdivided from the 1840s, the streetscape demonstrates the residential development of Riley’s Estate in the second half of the nineteenth century. Criteria b) The streetscape is associated with important colonists, John Palmer, Edward Riley

Criteria c) The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form. Rows of terraces have high aesthetic values deriving from their harmonious scale, form and setbacks, evocative of the mid late Victorian period. Criteria d)

Criteria e)

Criteria f)

Criteria g) Representative of Victorian subdivision and terrace house development. The architecture represents a diversity of styles, similar in scale, form and detail.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century. Integrity / Intactness: The streetscape has a medium to high level of integrity.

References: Author Title Year Annual Report, The Boys’ Brigade, 1928

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421518 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Riley Street Heritage Streetscape (HS10)

Location:

South Sydney Council, Conservation Area Street by Street Review, 1999 South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 23 John Oultram Heritage & Design, 357 Riley Street, Surry Hills: Heritage Impact Statement, 2005 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Tropman & Tropman Architects, South Sydney Heritage Study, 1993

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS10 Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421519 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: South Dowling Street Heritage Streetscape (HS11)

Location:

Address: South Dowling Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Surry Hills 2010 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer Descriptions field for inventory sheets within this Heritage Group ID: Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: The western section from Fitzroy St to Cleveland St. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 2.39 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental Significance: subdivision of the Surry Hills estates, including Riley, E.S. Hall, Nobbs Garden and Parkham Lodge. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from the fine middle class terrace housing, prominently sited over looking the former Sydney Common. The intact Victorian residential development is reinforced by its continuing use, being predominantly residential. Moore Park provides a continuing civic and visual focus for the area. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421519 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: South Dowling Street Heritage Streetscape (HS11)

Location:

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

The land north west of the streetscape was granted to John Palmer in 1794 and formed part of what was known as George Farm. In 1811, Governor Macquarie dedicated 490 acres to the south of South Head Road for public use. This included all land south of Oxford Street from South Dowling Street to Centennial and Moore Parks. The area was swampy and unattractive for residential settlement. In 1822 land to the south east of George Farm was granted to Edward Smith Hall. Dowling Street formed the eastern boundary of Edward Smith Halls 185 acres. Dowling Street, later South Dowling Street, was named after Sir James Dowling (1787-1844) Chief Justice of N.S.W.

A portion of land in the vicinity of Arthur Street was acquired by Edward Riley in the 1820s and remained undeveloped due to a legal dispute regarding the Riley Estate following Edward Riley's suicide in 1825. F.W. Unwin subdivided and sold land purchased from Hall in 1829. Unwin’s sale of his villa sized allotments in 1829 proved a success and by 1836 the government was petitioned by 35 prospective builders and owners to instigate the formation of Bourke Street. Surry Hills was considered a fashionable and healthy address amongst the gentry class. The ridge areas were popular with their sweeping views towards Botany Bay. Parkham Lodge between Bourke Street and Dowling Street boasted a granary, an ornamental fishpond overhung by weeping willows and a scientifically laid out rabbit warren. Market gardening at Nobbs Garden which extended from Dowling Street to Bourke Street made use of Shea’s Creek Drainage Basin which ran just below Dowling Street.

Development along South Dowling Street was sparse until the 1850’s. From 1850 to 1890 a major surge of development occurred in Surry Hills. The 1860s and 1870s saw the decline of the gentry class and the rise of mechanics, artisans and shopkeepers. By 1879, Parkham Lodge had lost its grounds to the advancing tide of terrace houses. The 1886 detail maps show some development on Nobbs Garden Estate at Dowling Street, and dense development north of Arthur Street. By 1892 there are several groups of terraces on Dowling Street in the Parkham Lodge Estate. Carrington Grounds Athletic Track also appears on this map south of Arthur Street. The streetscape includes several important groups of terraces built in the Federation Period including Arts & Crafts terraces at 553-561 South Dowling Street.

The rapid development of housing was not preceded with the implementation of basic amenities, and sanitation problems became widespread. Having been developed over swampland, drainage problems in the southern Bourke Street area were particularly severe. Defective housing, disease, poor social conditions and the desire to create better access to the new Central station led to substantial changes in the Surry Hills area in the 1920s and 1930s. Development in the area focused on residential slum clearance in favour of the construction of factories, commercial premises and street extensions. By the mid twentieth century the terrace groups along Dowling Street were interspersed with larger sites with non-residential uses, including NSW Community Hospital, Langton Clinic and Mums Products Pty Ltd located near Nobbs Street.

In the late 1930s the City Council sought to stem the erosion of the city's housing stock by

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421519 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: South Dowling Street Heritage Streetscape (HS11)

Location:

declaring large areas of Surry Hills, East Sydney and Woolloomooloo to be residential districts, prohibiting within them any new factories or the conversion of dwellings to industrial or commercial purposes. After World War II development returned to a residential focus with the influx of European and Middle Eastern migrants. By 1970 70% of children attending Bourke Street public school were migrants or the children of migrants.

From the late 1970s to the present, the area has been heavily influenced by the gentrification process with an influx of upwardly mobile residents. The newer residents are politically vocal and many local amenity improvements can be attributed to their actions. The gentrification of the area has seen house prices rise dramatically, displacing many traditional residents and resulting in a major change in the areas social dynamics. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Health (none) 3. Economy Industry (none) 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The western section from Fitzroy Street to Cleveland Street.

Refer to inventory sheets 2421284, 2421285, 2421286, 2421287, 2421288, 2421289, 2421290, 2421291, 2421292, 2421293, 2421294

The streetscape is bounded by the eastern distributor and Moore Park to the east and terminates at Fitzroy Street to the north and Cleveland Street to the south. The streetscape features terminating vistas into Dowling Street, Darlinghurst. Other important views are east to Moore Park.

The roadway is narrow and comprises two lanes and one parking lane. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is one-way and parking occurs on one side of the street. Traffic is light and is moderated by traffic lights and traffic calming measures. Footpaths are wide and concrete, with concrete pavers and grass verges in parts. Kerbing is predominantly sandstone and concrete. Utility services are concealed. Public domain features include neutral street furniture and seating at road closures and road signage.

The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings. Mixed plantings including London Plane, Eucalypts and Melaleuca feature in the street. Landscape verges

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421519 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: South Dowling Street Heritage Streetscape (HS11)

Location:

tie in with Moore Park and minimise the impact of the eastern distributor.The streetscape incorporates several road closures.Private gardens are generally small and do significantly add to the landscape character of the streetscape. The roadside plantings enhance the landscape character of the street. Moore Park contributes to the landscape and heritage character of the street.

Moore Park provides a focus for the streetscape and contributes to its identity and significance. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is generous and regular. The lots resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Victorian and Federation residential of a two and three-storey scale and terrace form. The buildings typically have 0-5 m setbacks with open palisade fencing. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry, face brick and corrugated iron / tiled roofing. The streetscape has a high integrity and includes fine groups of grand terraces.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended Management: 1.Protection of Significance (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites.

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain 2-3 Storey Victorian / Federation terraces -Retain Victorian / Federation Public Buildings -Retain scale -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain residential/commercial usage -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421519 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: South Dowling Street Heritage Streetscape (HS11)

Location:

-Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments -Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision -Enhance vistas -Provide landscape screening to detracting sites -Remove / Discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development -Encourage sympathetic development on sites at 545-551, 591-623 and 631A South Dowling Street.

4.Boundary Adjustment -Adjust Streetscape boundary to include areas which contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscape. --Consider extension of streetscape boundary to Flinders Street.

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental subdivision of the Surry Hills estates, including Riley, E.S. Hall, Nobbs Garden and Parkham Lodge. Criteria b) The streetscape has historic links to the Sydney Common.

Criteria c) The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from fine middle class terrace housing set on a prominent position over looking the former Common. . The intact Victorian residential development is reinforced by its continuing use being predominantly residential. Criteria d) Moore Park provides a continuing civic and visual focus for the area. Criteria e)

Criteria f)

Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness: The streetscape has a medium to high level of integrity.

References: Author Title Year Statement of Heritage Impact, 563 South Dowling Street, 1999

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421519 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: South Dowling Street Heritage Streetscape (HS11)

Location:

Paul Davies Pty Ltd, Heritage Report & Statement of Heritage Impact: 553 2005 South Dowling St, Surry Hills, Len Condon Meriba Pt Ltd, South Sydney Council, Conservation Area Street by Street 1999 Review, South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 07 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Tropman & Tropman Architects, South Sydney Heritage Study, 1993

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS11 Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421520 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Darlinghurst Heritage Streetscape (

Location:

Address: Victoria Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Darlinghurst 2010 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: Craigend Street to Oxford Street Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner: Multiple Owners

Admin Codes: 1.9.1 & 1.151 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance: Local

Statement of Subdivided from the 1840s, Victoria Street demonstrates the development of Darlinghurst Significance: in the second half of the nineteenth century for residential, commercial and institutional purposes. The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that followed the incremental subdivision of Darlinghurst’s villa estates. The streetscape is associated with important colonists including Thomas Mitchell and Edward Riley. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from the intact Victorian and Federation development on narrow lots. The streetscape possesses a number of prominent public buildings that contribute to the aesthetic and historic values. The streetscape is representative of the expansion of the Colony in the mid to late nineteenth century. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora.

With European Settlement within the Sydney region in 1788, the Cadigal and Wangal people were largely decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today. However any evidence of traditional Aboriginal occupation in the vicinity of Victoria street is unlikely to have survived the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

The main feature of the early European development of the area was the land grants made by Governor Darling to the members of the Colonial establishment. The grants were made to some of the colony's most promintent citizens including the Surveyor General Thomas

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421520 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Darlinghurst Heritage Streetscape (

Location:

Mitchell. The closest of the grand villas to the Darlinghurst section of Victoria street was Craigend, located at the highest and most southern end of the ridge, which was built by Thomas Mitchell in the early 1830s. Although he sold the property in 1837, Mitchell retained most of the land attached to it. In 1841 he gained permission to subdivide and sell the land to finance the purchase of his new waterfront property to the north. As part of the sale, Mitchell marked out and named Victoria Street as the entrance to the subdivision.

The rest of the Victoria Street Heritage Streetscape was part of the former Palmer Estate which was owned by the Riley family from the 1820s. The estate extended from the eastern boundary of Hyde Park to the heights of Darlinghurst Hill and was largely intact until subdivision in 1841.However, the opening of Darlinghurst Gaol, Courthouse and Victoria Barracks in the 1840s, improvements in William Street in the 1850s, coupled with the influx in population due to the gold rushes encouraged speculative subdivisons and attracted increasing development.

As the permanent population grew, the demand for community facilties increased. The first Sacred Heart Church was built in 1850. The adjoining Sacred Heart School was built in 1880, on a site bounded by Victoria Street, Darlinghurst Road and Oxford Street. St Vincent's Hospital moved from Potts Point to its existing site in Victoria Street in 1870. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Health St Vincents 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none)

Designer: Various Maker / Builder:

Year Started: 1841 Year Completed: Circa: Yes

Physical Description: The streetscape extends from Craigend Street to Oxford Street, Darlinghurst.

Predominantly two to four storey late 19th and early 20th century commercial/residential buildings of mixed character, with numerous restaurants, cafes and shops,and varying degrees of intactness, with some larger buildings. The Oxford Street end of the streetscape contains a number of institutional uses associated with the Catholic Church including St Vincents Church, Sacred Heart Hospice and Sacred Heart Church and former school.

Enhancing the character of the street are number of significant heritage items including Darlinghurst Fire Station, St John's Anglican Church, Green Park Hotel and the original St Vincents Hospital building. Green Park provides a welcome open space in the middle of the streetscape in contrast to the hard edge of buildings along the rest of the street.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421520 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Darlinghurst Heritage Streetscape (

Location:

Intrusive elements within the streetscape include the eighteen storey Top of Town apartments and the eight storey Camelot Apartments on the north-eastern corner of Liverpool Street and Victoria Street.

Refer to inventory sheets 2420153, 2420641, 2421360, 2421361, 2421362, 2421363, 2421364, 2421365

The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising some early Victorian lots, some retaining an earlier pattern. The sites of St Johns and St Vincents are substantial. The predominant built form is Victorian residential and terrace form. The area comprises predominantly nineteenth century 2-storey residential and commercial streetscapes, of diverse and substantially intact character of the 1860s and 1870s development. Views to Hyde Park from Darlinghurst Ridge to Oxford Street and glimpses to the harbour occur. The buildings typically have no setbacks. Predominant building materials are face brick and rendered masonry. The streetscape has a high integrity. The street features many high quality heritage items and is unified by mature avenue plantings.

The roadway is one way and comprises two lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is one way and parking occurs on both sides of the street.Traffic is heavy. The streetscape is intersected by the following streets: Surrey Street, Liverpool. Street, Burton Street and Oxford Street. Footpaths are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly concrete with remnant sandstone guttering. Utility services are concealed. Public domain features include bandstand Green Park. (PD1).

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian /Interwar subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain Victorian Public Buildings -Retain Victorian / Federation Shop/Hotel -Retain Interwar commercial development -Retain Interwar residential development -Retain scale -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details, particularly face brick -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers to terraces

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain Federation development

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421520 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Darlinghurst Heritage Streetscape (

Location:

-Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

4.Boundary Adjustment -Confirm Streetscape listing in the LEP

5.Heritage Items -Consider listing of the following properties as heritage items on the LEP

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Subdivided from the 1840s, Victoria Street demonstrates the development of Darlinghurst in the second half of the nineteenth century for residential , commercial and insitutional purposes.

The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental subdivision of Darlinghurst’s villa estates.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421520 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Darlinghurst Heritage Streetscape (

Location:

Criteria b) The streetscape is associated with important colonists including Thomas Mitchell and Edward Riley .

Criteria c) Contains a number of prominent buildings of aesthetic signficance including Darlinghurst Fire Station, St John's Church and St Vincent's Hospital.

The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from two distinct characters. The intact Victorian and Federation residential development on narrow lots and narrow streets.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century and late twentieth century development. Criteria d) The streetscape is held in high esteem by the local community. Criteria e)

Criteria f)

Criteria g) The streetscape is representative of the expansion of the Colony in the mid to late nineteenth century evidenced by residential, commercial and institutional development along Victoria Street.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century/ and late twentieth century development. Integrity / Intactness: Varying degrees of intactness

The Conservation Area has a high degree of integrity despite the incursion of later post war and twentieth century towers.

References: Author Title Year Archaeological assessment: St Vincent’s Research and 2005 Biotechnology Precinct Darlinghurst, Cultural Resources Management, South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 04, 06, 07, 18 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Barry Dyster Servant and Master: Building and Running the Grand 1989 Houses of Sydney 1788-1850

Studies: Author TitleNumber Year Architectural Projects P/L South Sydney Conservation Areas 2003 Tropman & Tropman Architects South Sydney Heritage Study 1993

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421520 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Darlinghurst Heritage Streetscape (

Location:

Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS12 Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2428673 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Victoria Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Potts Point 2011 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape HS12a Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Built Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner: Multiple Owners

Admin Codes: Code 2: Code 3: Current Use: Mixed uses including residential, hotels and educational purposes. Former Uses: As above

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance: Local

Statement of The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that followed the incremental Significance: subdivision of Darlinghurst’s villa estates. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from two distinct characters: the intact Victorian and Federation residential development on narrow lots and narrow streets, and the amalgamated sites supporting 3-12 storey apartment buildings. No area in Australia possesses the extent of concentration of Interwar apartments. A strong identity, “sense of district”, created by topography, by contrasting fringes and by homogeneity (despite interruptions) within. The “identity” is reinforced by its continuing use being predominantly residential. Its own architectural uniqueness lies in a thorough mix of samples and of generous buildings. The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century, and of late twentieth century development. The resistance of the community to redevelopment proposals in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrates a high regard for the area. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora.

With European occupation in the Sydney region from 1788 , the Cadigal and Wangal people were largely decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today. However any evidence of traditional Aboriginal occupation along Victoria Street is unlikely to have survived the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2428673 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape

Location:

The first land grant in the area, of 30 acres covering today's Potts Point, was made to Patrick Walsh, an Irish ex-convict, in 1809. Governor Macquarie revoked that land grant in 1822, granting the land instead to Mr. Drennan. Later the land was brought back under Crown control for the establishment of huts for local aboriginal people. Governor Macquarie gave the name Elizabeth Town to the area after his wife. After Macquarie's departure, Elizabeth Town was divided into land grants for important public servants who were encouraged to build grand villas. These included Sir John Wylde Judge Advocate, 1822 and Alexander Macleay, Colonial Secretary. The final name of the area Potts Point came from association with Joseph Hyde Potts, Clerk of the Bank of NSW, who purchased six and a half acres in the area.

East of Forbes Street lay several estates that extended down the escarpment from Potts Point including E. Hallam’s grant, Judge Stephen’s grant and the Tusculum Estate. Judge James Dowling received an 8 acre land grant in 1831 bounded by William Street, Dowling Street and Victoria Street and built Brougham Lodge on his property. He allocated some of his grant for the formation of streets such as Victoria Street, Duke Street and McElhone Street. His estate was subdivided in 1846. The line of Victoria Street is shown on Edward Hallens Plan of 1842.

Subdivision of A. Campbell’s Estate occurred in 1849 and included lots in Macleay, Victoria, Brougham and Forbes Street. Brougham Lodge was located on Victoria Street and was subdivided into 22 allotments.

The Tivoli Estate of 1867, the Challis Estate of 1889 and various smaller subdivisions along Victoria Street represent the earliest layer of intensive residential development in the area. Subdivision of the early mansion estates occurred in the early twentieth century with Tusculum Estate 1901, Campbell Lodge Estate 1910, Grantham Estate 1922, and Orwell House Estate 1921. Many of the grand houses of the period remained until the 1930’s when they were replaced by flat buildings. A further group were demolished in the 1960’s , including Tarmons on the site of St Vincent's College. Only four sites with grand villas remain in the precinct today.

During the 20th century, the area evolved into a bohemian enclave populated with Sydney’s artists, writers and other like minded individuals. In the 1970s Potts Point became the focus of green bans over development plans for Victoria Street which were lodged in October 1971. Many residents on the city side of the street had already moved out, as the principal developer, Frank Theeman's Victoria Point Pty. Ltd. offered them favourable terms. The NSW Builders and Labourers Federation imposed green bans in sympathy with local resident activists, including the murdered Juanita Nielsen who lived in Victoria Street. They opposed the demolition of the area's historic terrace housing and there was a protracted battle with the developers until 1976, when the green bans were lifted. A new plan called for the restoration of 22 of the 32 houses in conjunction with a 10 storey complex located to the east behind them.

(Information sourced from inventory sheet for Elizabeth Bay Conservation Area prepared as part of the South Sydney Conservation Areas Study, Architectural Projects, 2003)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2428673 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Land tenure (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 5. Working Labour green bans 8. Culture Creative endeavour (Cultur (none) 8. Culture Religion (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: 1842 Year Completed: Circa: Yes

Physical Description: The buildings along the street are predominantly 2 and 3 storey grand Victorian terraces with some other significant buildings including the Kings Cross Hotel, Piccadily Hotel, Milton Flats and the earlier buildings of St Vincent's College. Detracting development in the street includes the high rise hotel development at the southern end, development at No 117 (render) No 113 (screen) Nos 107,95,71,40 and late twentieth century additions to St Vincent's. Development at No. 40 "Gemini" is outside of the significant streetscape.

The land slopes from William Street to the Bay and there is a steep escarpment below Victoria Street offering views across to the CBD. The street pattern is essentially a grid layed out in the nineteenth century.

The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising some early Victorian lots and some Victorian lots amalgamated in the Interwar period. Some Victorian lots and large sites such as historic St Vincent s and the overlay of large post World War Two housing exist.

Public Domain features include fine street planting of London Plane Trees(PD1), Butler Stairs and McElhone Stairs.(PD2).

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Victorian /Interwar subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 88

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2428673 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape

Location:

-Retain Victorian Public Buildings -Retain Victorian / Shop / Hotel / Terrac e -Retain Interwar commercial development -Retain Interwar residential development -Retain scale -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details, particularly face brick -Reinstate verandahs, front fences, lost detail -Additions to rear not to exceed ridge height and retain original roof form -Discourage front dormers to terraces

(c)Other Significant Development: -Retain Federation development -Do not exceed scale -Limit redevelopment to existing volume

4.Boundary Adjustment -Confirm Streetscape listing in the LEP

Management:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2428673 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape

Location:

not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) The streetscape is associated with the subdivison of the original Villa Estates in Potts Point and subsequent building of grand terrace houses for the middle classes from the 1870s. It is also historically and socially significant as the subject of 1970s green bans and representative of the 20th history of resident activism and the heritage conservation movement.

The streetscape illustrates the developmental overlays that follow the incremental subdivision of Darlinghurst’s villa estates. Criteria b) Associated with 1970s green bans and resident activists such as Juanita Nielson.

Criteria c) Aesthetically significant as a highly intact streetscape of predominantly 2-3 storey mid to late Victorian terrace development, with views to the city at the low (north) end.

The streetscape is representative of the residential expansion of the Colony in the mid nineteenth century and late twentieth century development. Criteria d) Socially significant as the subject of 1970s green bans and representative of the 20th history of resident activism and the heritage conservation movement.

The resistance of the community to redevelopment proposals in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrates that high regard for the area. Criteria e)

Criteria f)

Criteria g) Representative example of a predominantly mid to late Victorian terrace streetscape.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2428673 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape

Location:

The Conservation Area has a high degree of integrity despite the incursion of later post war and twentieth century towers.

References: Author Title Year Royal Australian Institute of Architects Register, Piccadilly Hotel State Heritage Register, 55 Victoria Street, Potts Point, No: 00068 Ruth Daniell, Conservation Plan and Heritage Impact Statement for 157 2004 Victoria Street, Potts Point, City Plan Heritage, Soho Hotel Heritage Impact Statement, 2001 Clive Lucas Stapleton and Partnrs, Butler Stairs – Statement of Heritage Impact, 2004 Edward Hallen Plan Shewing the position of new streets at Darlinghurst 1842 State Library of New South Wales Villas of Darlinghurst 2002 The Architecture Company Ltd., Statement of Heritage Impact for Proposed Alterations at 2005 129 Victoria Street, Weir and Phillips, Heritage Report for 159 Victoria Street, Potts Point, 2003

Studies: Author TitleNumber Year Architectural Projects P/L South Sydney Conservation Areas 2003 Architectural Projects P/L South Sydney Conservation Areas 2003 Tropman & Tropman Architects South Sydney Heritage Study 1993

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSSDLEP9 HS12a Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources: State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 91

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2428673 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Victoria Street Potts Point Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 22/02/2005 Date Updated: 23/01/2008 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421521 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: William Street Heritage Streetscape (HS13)

Location:

Address: William Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Darlinghurst, Woolloomooloo Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets 2421418, 2421419, 2421420 Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary: The southern sides of William Street from Yurong St to Forbes St. Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner: Multiple Owners

Admin Codes: 1.64 Code 2: Code 3: South Sydney Current Use: Former Uses:

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Originally subdivided as part of the Riley Estate, Victorian William Street was demolished Significance: subsequent to the Royal Commission for the improvement of Sydney and its Suburbs 1908. The southern side of William Street now provides evidence of the development of comprehensive planning and city improvement schemes implemented by the Municipal Council of Sydney in the early twentieth century. The commercial development illustrates a later overlay reflecting the growing importance of the streetscape as a commercial centre in the early twentieth century. The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from amalgamated Victorian sites to create larger sites supporting Interwar commercial buildings 3 – 5 storeys in height. The streetscape is remarkably consistent and intact. William Street is a rare Interwar streetscape within Central Sydney. The streetscape is representative of the redevelopment of Victorian streetscapes for road widening in the early twentieth century. Historical Notes The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central or Provenance: Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421521 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: William Street Heritage Streetscape (HS13)

Location:

(Information sourced from Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani )

In the 1840s the name 'Woolloomooloo' was applied fairly indiscriminately to parts of East Sydney and Darlinghurst, as well as to the valley and the heights beyond. Part of the Woolloomooloo valley was originally granted to the Commissary General John Palmer in 1793 by Governor Grose. To the east, smaller parcels of land were granted to politically powerful men in the colony to build homes. Palmer built Woolloomooloo House on his 100 acres in about 1801, and developed a reputation for entertaining. During the Rum Rebellion in 1808, Palmer aligned himself with Governor Bligh and consequently suffered commercial loss returning to England for a period to clear his name. While abroad, Palmer leased his land to Alexander Riley. Upon his return, in order to meet his debts, Palmer sold his Woolloomooloo Estate to Ann Riley, Edward Riley’s wife, in 1822. When Edward suicided in 1825, the Estate was tied up with two conflicting wills. Palmer’s Estate was to be the first of many land sales in the area and the subdivision of the Estate by Surveyor General James Meehan was the first of several, mostly unsuccessful attempts to promote the orderly development of Surry Hills. Meehan’s grid was parallel with South Head Road, proposing streets, 50 feet wide.

Surveyor Thomas L. Mitchell devised a scheme, which was in conflict with the alignments laid down by Meehan in 1814. Mitchell proposed that the track, which ran through the racecourse (later Hyde Park), to the Woolloomooloo Estate and Woolloomooloo Heights (late Kings Cross), should become a grand and noble thoroughfare. In December 1830, Mitchell wrote to the Colonial Secretary “the hollow and lowest part of this ground is nearly in the prolongation of Park Street…thus admitting of the easiest ascent to the Woolloomooloo Estate…Such a street prolonged would also ascend between Judge Dowling’s and Mr Laidley’s allotments….to the new road (New South Head Road)…this great street, at right angles to George Street would form a very important line in the plan of the town. I would therefore honour it with the name of his present Majesty”.

Mitchell wished to avoid the sand hill below Darlinghurst ridge and proposed a detour though private land. Disgruntled landowner Colonial Secretary Alexander Macleay, defied Mitchell’s plan and in his absence ordered that the road be run straight up the sand hill.

The first section of William Street between The Racecourse and Dowling Street was proclaimed on 18 February 1835. For the first two decades William Street was in effect a private road, initiating a rush of building at Woolloomooloo Heights. The seven beneficiaries of Riley’s Estate began subdivided their properties from the 1840s. The first subdivision in the Woolloomooloo Basin occurred in 1842. The streets within the Riley Estate including Crown and Bourke Streets were finally proclaimed in 1848. Development intensified with the gold rushes of the 1850 – 1860s. The area was significantly settled by the 1850’s with a mixture of shops and residences, interspersed with fenced paddocks. The horse bus ran straight up William Street from the city. William Street developed into a major throughfare

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421521 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: William Street Heritage Streetscape (HS13)

Location:

with steam trams operating from 1879 and electric trams followed in 1889. By 1882, Woolloomooloo was one of the most popular and distinct divisions within the city. The streets were highly packed with modest worker’s cottages interspersed with a few earlier mansions. William Street and its environs were progressively divided up built on and rented out. The area became a working class ghetto providing the City and shore with unskilled labour, living quarters for seamen, urban drifters and prostitutes. Social decline of the area was evident by the 1890s and continued through the first half of the twentieth century.

In 1908, the Royal Commission for the improvement of Sydney and its suburbs was formed. The Commissions enquiries constituted Australia’s first articulate commitment to centralised town planning. Roads and streets occupied much of the Commissions time. In 1909, only four roads bisecting the CBD fed to the growing suburban regions of the city and these were George, Elizabeth, Oxford and William Streets. The Commission described William Street as “Unsuitable as it is for heavily laden-vehicles by reason of its steep gradients, William Street is nevertheless the main outlet for traffic to the eastern foreshore suburbs, and as such, radical schemes for its improvement have been submitted to the Commission.” In 1912, Alderman Meagher of the City Council introduced a motion to widen William Street, but the support was lacking. Three years later Meagher (then Mayor) again proposed widening of William St, noting “the street...is only 41 feet wide...and a large proportion of this area is occupied for the purposes of a double tram line, and this…very materially contributes to traffic congestion and public inconvenience.”

In June 1916, the Council resumed 94 properties on the south side of William St. There were 55 shops and small businesses, 5 hotels, 28 boarding houses, a bank, a school, a hall, a stable, a factory and a post office. The City Council passed a motion that demolition should be deferred for a period of about three years. The widening of William Street took place between 1916 and 1923. On completion of the works Council subdivided and sold surplus land with covenants that the land should be at least three storeys in height and be in accodance with the requirements fo the City of Sydney Improvement Act and Public Health Act of 1902. This accounts for the consistent inter-war character of the buildings on the southern side of William Street that were erected predominantly in the 1920s. Many car dealerships were established along the new strip.

In 1968, a decision to prepare a comprehensive planning scheme for the whole of Sydney was made. An ‘intensive, integrated, multi-level development’ was proposed for Woolloomooloo. The road system was to be totally reorganised by removing lesser roads and amalgamating sites for large-scale development. The port was to be redeveloped and residential buildings were to be restricted to the edge of the domain and on Victoria Street. The Plan sought to create William Street anew. The Woolloomooloo Redevelopment Central Plan was adopted in 1969.

Dissent in the local community grew and in 1972 the Woolloomooloo Resident Action Group was formed. This group suggested the acquisition of land in Woolloomooloo for medium density housing development as an alternative to the high-density commercial development that was being approved. The resident group approached the Builders Labourers Federation to ban demolition. These protests were effective and in May 1974,

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421521 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: William Street Heritage Streetscape (HS13)

Location:

the Minister announced that the Housing Commission would build medium density housing in Woolloomooloo. In 1979, Council’s Civic Reform Group announced that the 1969 planning guidelines would have to be reviewed. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Transport (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none)

Designer: Various. 169 William Street designed by SH Buchanan and Cowper Architects Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The southern section from Yurong Street to Forbes Street. Contains a consistent streetscape of Inter-War buildings on the southern side of William Street between Yurong Street and Forbes Street.

The topography is generally undulating with a gentle gradient. The streetscape is bound by Boomerang Place to the west and Forbes Street to the east.The streetscape features terminating vistas to the City and Kings Cross. City views are framed by Hyde Park plantings. Other important views are Bourke Street looking north.

The roadway is wide and the surface is bitumen. Upgrading is underway. Vehicle movement is two-way and parking occurs on one side of the street (north). Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights.The streetscape is intersected by the following streets: Palmer, Bourke, Crown and Riley Streets. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen and paved in areas. Kerbing is predominantly sandstone. Utility services are concealed.

Public domain features include historic Forbes Street stairs (‘Chard Stairs’) (PD1) and contemporary bus shelters, telephone booths, lighting, planters at road closures and pavement lights. The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings. Juvenile plantings of London Plane occur on the north side of the street. These will eventually screen detracting contemporary developments on the north side of William Street. Planting at street closures contributes to the landscape character of the street.

The streetscape has an important heritage item that contributes to its identity and significance. This is Chard Stairs, designed by Pitt and Morrow in 1925. The ‘Hotel William’ provides an appropriate gateway to the streetscape. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising consolidated lots resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Interwar commercial development of a 3-4 storey scale and

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421521 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: William Street Heritage Streetscape (HS13)

Location:

block form. The buildings typically have 0 m setbacks with awnings overhanging the street. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry of face brick with parapeted roof. The streetscape has a high integrity.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended 1.Protection of Significance Management: (a)Subdivision-Retain Interwar subdivision -Do not allow further amalgamation of sites

(b)Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development: -Retain Interwar commercial development -Maintain building alignment -Retain form -Retain finishes and details

2.Redevelopment of Non Contributing Sites -Respect scale and form of significant development -Respect building line of significant development

3.Enhance Significance of streetscape -Retain commercial usage -Maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscape -Encourage redevelopment of detracting sites -Enhance vistas -Provide landscape screening to detracting sites

4.Boundary Adjustment -Consider extension of streetscape boundary to No. 193, visual boundary to streetscape.

Management:

Further Comments: Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) The southern side of William Street provides evidence of the development of comprehensive planning and city improvement schemes by the Municipal Council of Sydney in the early twentieth century.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421521 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: William Street Heritage Streetscape (HS13)

Location:

Originally subdivided as part of the Riley Estate, Victorian William Street was demolished for road widening in the interwar period.

The commercial development illustrates a later overlay reflecting the growing importance of the streetscape as a commercial centre in the early twentieth century. Criteria b)

Criteria c) The southern side of William street contains a remarkably consistent and intact streetscape of inter-war buidlings that are predominantly between three and five storeys in height.

The streetscape possesses a coherent and strongly urban form deriving from amalgamated Victorian sites to create larger sites supporting Interwar commercial buildings. Criteria d)

Criteria e)

Criteria f) It is a rare Interwar streetscapes within Central Sydney. Criteria g) Representative of villa estates subdivided and developed as residential areas, redeveloped as commercial precinct in the early twentieth century.

The streetscape is representative of the expansion of the Colony in the early twentieth century. Integrity / Intactness: Generally the area has a high degree of integrity.

References: Author Title Year South Sydney Council Inventory Sheets, Conservation Areas 06, 07, 18, 52 Architectural Projects Pty Ltd., South Sydney Conservation Areas Study, 2003 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Graham Brooks and Associates Heirtage Impact Assessment 169 William St Darlinghurst 2004 Max Kelly The faces of the street Max Kelly, The faces of the street, 1982

Studies: Author TitleNumber Year Tropman & Tropman Architects South Sydney Heritage Study 1993

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2421521 Study Number Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: William Street Heritage Streetscape (HS13)

Location:

AMG Zone: Easting: Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSouth Sydney Amending HS13 Heritage study

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 25/03/2002 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424713 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Blackburn Street, Foster to Elizabeth DUAP Region: Sydney South Streets Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets 2424304, 2424314 Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Group: Category: Owner:

Admin Codes: 9006 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Laneway or Small Street Former Uses: Laneway or Small Street

Assessed Significance: Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Blackburn Street has Historic and Aesthetic Significance for its ability to evidence the Significance: development of early development of Surry Hills pre 1844 as a working class residential area through its street configuration. The turn of the century building stock reflects the shift from residential to commercial usage. Blackburn Street has the ability to evidence key period of building activity during the late Victorian and Edwardian periods. Blackburn Street has Historic Association Significance with John Blackburn, wool sorter, resident of John Street in the mid-nineteenth century. Historical Notes The earliest subdivisions in Surry Hills were concentrated in the southern section near or Provenance: Strawberry Hill and on the high ground around Bourke and Albion Streets as well as in the north west in the triangular section that surrounded what was Mackaness’s Garden, and were gazetted as Section 5 of the City of Sydney. Blackburn Street (previously ‘John Street’) lies within Section 5 on land granted to Nicholas Aspinall in 1831. Section 5 was the closest to the city and therefore was the first area to be affected by the southward spread of Sydney and the first area of Surry Hills to be sold in house-sized allotments. It was into this area that working-class renters first moved. In 1833 Joseph Nobbs and John Neathway Brown sold their land between Market Lane (later Wexford Street and then Wentworth Avenue) and the boundary of Fosterville (Foster Street). Two narrow lanes, Campbell Lane and Exeter Place, were laid down to service 35 small allotments of between five and eight perches each. This pattern was repeated throughout this low-lying area with small houses being built in pairs or in rows catering to the lower end of the rental market. John Street appears on a map of 1844, on a wedge of land between the Fosterville Estate and Government Paddock (later Railway and Belmore Park)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424713 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

During the Depression of 1843 the Fosterville Estate, which lay to the east of Foster Street was unsuccessfully subdivided. Foster Street which takes the estate's name formed the western boundary. In 1854 John Samuel Smith subdivided and sold parts of the Fosterville Estate, on a leasehold basis, thus ensuring low-quality housing. The leases developed quickly into an area of irregular, badly built cottages and terraces. Initially most people moved to Surry Hills for housing rather than for work. Some to gain cheaper rental accommodation, some to escape the rental market as owner-builders, some as land speculators, and others still to provide for their old age with the rents earned from a row of small tenements.

Smith and Hinton’s 1854 Map of Sydney and Suburbs show John Street with development either side of the road. Cox and Co.’s 1857 Post Office Directory lists 18 residential properties in John Street, 9 each side of the road. Occupants at that time included a bricklayer, two stonemasons, wool sorter, dealer, mariner, tailor, joiner, labourer, carrier and miner. Notably among the residents listed was John Blackburn, wool sorter, after whom the street appears to be renamed. John Street was renamed Blackburn Street in 1875.

In 1881 there were several outbreaks of smallpox in Sydney. From 1879, the ‘City of Sydney Improvement Board’, consisting of various mayors of Sydney accompanied by the Council’s health and nuisance officers and the City Surveyor conducted a series of tours among the slums and rookeries of Sydney. Many hundreds of working class houses in Surry Hills were condemned as being unfit for human habitation. In the course of one day in May 1888, 50 out of 80 Surry Hills dwellings inspected by Major John Harris and his colleagues were condemned. But the shutting down of the bad quarter only made other quarters worse and the problems escalated.

By 1890 Surry Hills was a very densely populated area of lower middle class tradesmen and working class labourers. Overcrowding, multiple tenanting and sub-letting were common. As the population increased, the living conditions of the residents deteriorated and the reputation of the neighbourhood fell. The area of Surry Hills was seen by the rest of Sydney as a decaying backwater synonymous with poor housing, crime and vice inhabited by a dissolute and potentially dangerous underclass. In the early 1900’s these attitudes and the steady encroachment of factories into the area convinced the City Council of the need to demolish the slums of Surry Hills. In 1902 the Sydney Municipal Council completed the first comprehensive survey of the city. The Surry Hills area accounted for about 30% of Sydney houses and they exhibited many of the defects characteristic of inner city rental housing.

By the 1890s the Wexford Street area had become the acknowledged Chinatown of Sydney. Although they remained a very small proportion of the district’s population, the Chinese of Surry Hills had long been branded in racist terms as yet another example of the moral unacceptability of the area. Xenophobia became entrenched. In 1891 a Royal Commission investigated allegations of Chinese gambling and immorality in the city, and conceded that on the whole the Chinese were a law-abiding and peaceable community, but gambling and opium smoking were still rife in the area. Nevertheless, over fifty percent of

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424713 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

the population that lost their houses in the later demolition and remodelling of this area were Chinese. Exeter Place (demolished in 1900 and just to the north of Blackburn Street) was claimed to be headquarters of secret societies or ‘tongs’ and the haunt of feared extortionist and police informers. Brothels had decreased in number during the 1880s, however, by 1892 were concentrated in Wexford Street (demolished in 1906).

In 1905 the Sydney Municipal Council was granted powers to resume and remodel whole areas of Surry Hills for street widening. The area around Wexford Street, Exeter Place and Foster Street was considered the most in need of remodelling. In June 1906 the first stage of the Wexford Street area was compulsorily resumed by proclamation in the Government Gazette. Owners were thereby dispossessed of the title to their properties and faced years of haggling with the Council over what constituted appropriate compensation. In 1908 the Council extended the resumption area northwards to that the ‘new broad street’, to be renamed Wentworth Avenue, which would meet up with Oxford Street.

In c.1915 land in Blackburn Street was resumed and re-subdivided for the widening of Elizabeth Street between Campbell and Blackburn Streets.

By the 1920s there was a boom in light manufacturing in Surry Hills. Once the new roads and subdivisions were laid out, the blocks were leased on condition that only premises costing over a certain amount of money could be erected. This condition and the high rents charged, effectively killed off the area as a residential neighbourhood. It also meant that Council had great difficulty in attracting lessees for the vacant blocks, which soon became a tipping site for rubbish and landfill. Eventually these blocks became the sites of warehouses, motor garages, machinery factories and showrooms. This resumption facilitated the first major industrial encroachment upon the residential areas of Surry Hills. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Industry Factories 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 9. Phases of Life Persons John Blackburn

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping with moderate gradient. The streetscape falls from Foster St to Elizabeth Street and is terminated by Elizabeth Street to the west and Foster Street to the east. The street is characterised by 2-3-store warehouse development of the late Victorian period.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424713 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

The streetscape features terminating vistas to the railway via duct and No. 81-83 Foster Street, a 3 storey Interwar period industrial building. The roadway is narrow and comprises two lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two ways and there is no parking in the street. Traffic is light. There are narrow concrete verges to both sides of the lane. Kerbing is predominantly concrete with remnant sandstone block. Visible utility services include street lighting. There are no awnings in the street. Facades are predominantly masonry and façade depth is not pronounced. There is no landscape component in the streetscape. The following Heritage Items contribute to the streetscape: Prospect House at the corner of Foster Street, (Norman Gibson and Co building at 69 Campbell Street has rear addition facing Blackburn Street). The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising consolidated lots resulting in a dense urban form and commercial character. The predominant built form is Federation and Interwar warehouses two to three storey scale and block form. Buildings are built to the street alignment. The dominant façade treatment is vertical with horizontal banding and parapets. Recent buildings include basement carparks. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry and face brick. The streetscape has a medium integrity.

A short street of predominantly two storey rendered brick warehouse and commercial buildings, possessing repetitive fenestration and materials. View to the east anchored by a similar three storey warehouse on Foster Street. Category:Historic Laneway or Small Street. Storeys:Two storey. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Victorian and Federation Development These form the character of the city.

Interwar Development Buildings of the early twentieth century usually have an appropriate scale and are therefore neutral elements although some buildings may contribute to the significance of the area and are therefore contributing elements Interwar development provides a greater range of finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies which provide more wall façade than post-60’s development. Interwar development provides hierarchical composition to centre, base, middle and top and a stepped skyline

PROTECTION OF SIGNIFICANCE Protect Subdivision Pattern Retain Federation subdivision Do not allow amalgamation of sites within these important subdivisions Retain the block width characteristics of an area

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Federation Commercial Buildings

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Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Retain Federation Warehouses Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details

Protect Significant Building Type – Warehouse Retain industrial scale and finishes.

Protect Significant Building Type – Street / Lanes Significant built fabric of the street such as trachtyte and stone kerbing and timber blocks Early street fixtures, early signage and memorial and monuments, historic planting and landscape features

Remove detracting additions to (Contributory) Development Awnings, garages and egress doors Airconditioning Dominating signage Large infill shopfront (reconstruction may be required) Reinforce the street character dominant scale Reinforce the dominant street character and scale Retain characteristic scale of federation /Interwar development Maintain characteristic building alignment Retain characteristic building form and façade composition Retain characteristic building finishes and details

Change of Use Retain commercial warehouse usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING Landscaping Encourage avenue plantings to unoify streetscape and precinct and frame views Encourage trees to screen detracting development

Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Encourage and develop appropriate distant vistas

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the street as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Street Parking

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Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Do not alter street alignment.

Car Parking/ Access Do allow new car access from the street Generally allow parking access from rear lanes Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening Avoid parallel car ramp

ENHANCE SIGNIFICANCE ON REDEVELOPED SITE Redevelopment of Detracting Sites Respect the Established Area Character Encourage appropriate replacement development on detracting sites. Recognise the collective precedent and impact of the proposal. Recognise the verticality of significant City streetscapes Avoid raised podiums Respect the character of precinct Respect the scale and form of significant development

Respect the Established Facade Encourage reinterpretation of Federation Subdivision in the vicinity Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of significant development in the vicinity Encourage façade qualities being multiple finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies. Reduce the impact of uncharacteristic scale and large extent of glass Reduce the impact of increased building height Discourage large continuous facades over different shops often associated with retail chains. Encourage streetwalls Encourage reinterpretation of adjacent significant façade composition Encourage rendered and painted finishes Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

Avoid Visual Clutter Reduce the impact of A/C, signs etc. Awnings should not occur in street which have no awning New awnings should reinforce the dominant awning character Where essential, new awnings to heritage item which did not have awnings Should be understated, minimal and recognised as non original Disallow bridges and projections over the street lane which overshadows the Lane, obstructs a view or vista or diminishes pedestrian activity at ground level

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by appropriate policy

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424713 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

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STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Interpretation Interpret Federation Interwar street lane pattern and subdivision Encourage historical interpretation of the Resumption Areas. Interpret former usage of the street or buildings eg. warehouse, hotel, commercial. Interpret past elements of history eg. Wexford St residential area

Management:

Further Comments: LocalThemes:Sydney's Victorian Street Configuration. Streetscape:Blackburn Street is one of eleven laneways listed on the Heritage Streetscape Map in the Central Sydney Local Environmental Plan (LEP 2000). Prospect House (35 Foster Street or 1 Blackburn Street) a Schedule 1 property joins Blackburn Lane. Other joining properties include 33 Foster Street, 228-216 Elizabeth and 214 Elizabeth Street, and all of Blackburn Street.

Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Blackburn Street has Historic Significance: For its ability to evidence the development of early development of Surry Hills pre 1844 as a working class residential area through its street configuration. The streetscape also illustrates the pressure on residential areas close to the city in the later nineteenth century and early twentieth century to rebuild as commercial, through the turn of the century building stock. For its ability to evidence key period of building activity during the late Victorian and Edwardian periods.

As physical evidence of the development of warehousing activities adjacent to Central Railway and yard. Criteria b) Blackburn Street has Historic Association Significance: For its association with John Blackburn, wool sorter, resident of John Street in the mid- nineteenth century.

Criteria c) Blackburn Street has Aesthetic Significance: For its ability to evoke a Victorian streetscape through its narrow street, width and hard urban edge.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424713 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Blackburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

For its high degree of architectural intactness remaining from the turn of the century. For its contribution to the interpretation of Sydney's Victorian street configuration in a district characterised by twentieth century warehousing buildings. Criteria d)

Criteria e) Blackburn Street has Technical Significance: For its archaeological potential as an early nineteenth century residential street becoming commercial at the turn of the century. Criteria f) Blackburn Street has Rarity Significance: As it provides evidence of early street layout on the city fringe. Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year City of Sydney Laneway Study, Vol. 1, 1993 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Architectural Projects Conservation Management Plan Prospect House 1998

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: -33.8820773808592 Longitude: 151.207833986188 Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: 1663 AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Regional Environmental Plan REP26_4 Local Environmental PlanCSH LEP 4 7/04/2000

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: Date Updated: 26/06/2006 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Bridge Street, George to Macquarie DUAP Region: Sydney South Streets Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Group: Category: Owner:

Admin Codes: 9007 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Street Former Uses: Street

Assessed Significance: Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Bridge Street has History and Aesthetic Significance as one of Sydney’s most important Significance: intact 19th century townscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness remaining from a variety of periods for its collection of fine institutional buildings designed by distinguished architects. Its building and street planting provides a green and attractive environment of great urban quality. It has historic significance for its ability to contribute to understanding the late nineteenth century town planning intention for Sydney with the relocation of the Governors Domain. The use of sandstone reflect in the wealth of natural resources available for building within New South Wales and other Australian States. Historical Notes Bridge Street, formerly Bridgeway, derived its name from the first bridge erected in the or Provenance: colony of Sydney over the Tank Stream. The stream and its run of clear water was the main reason that Governor Phillip decided to move from Botany Bay to Sydney Cove as it provided the only supply of drinking water for the first settlers. The first timber bridge was built over Tank Stream by convicts in 1788 and was later replaced by a more permanent stone structure.

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Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

With the construction of new stables for Government Houses (now the Conservatorium of Music) in 1817, up the hill to the east of the house, a carriageway to the stables appears to have been opened up, roughly along the line of the present eastern end of Bridge Street, but this was not a public thoroughfare.

The Government Convict Lumber Yard, established by Governor Phillip, was established on the south-west side of the ‘Bridgeway’ (Bridge Street) over the Tank Stream and east of ‘High Street’ (George Street). It extended to the bank of the Tank Stream. In 1806 part of the yard was leased to Garnham Blaxcell, a merchant and trader who entered into partnership with John McArthur who leased property across the road in George Street. In 1810 the new governor, Lachlan Macquarie, gave Blaxcell, Alexander Riley and D’Arcy Wentworth a contract to build a general hospital to be completed in 1816, in return for the right to import 45,000 gallons of spirits over the next three years. An 1813 engraving of the area shows a substantial building within the confines of the lumber yard which provided useful short-term accommodation for female immigrants after the yard was closed in 1832.

In 1833 Governor Bourke controlled the sale of public buildings. The lumber yard, now closed was subdivided and sold. In doing so the Government increased the width of Bridge Street and created Bridge Lane. A public auction of the land was undertaken in February 1834 without much success and repeated again in June 1835. After May 1836, John Terry Hughes developed part of the the site by building a group of four single storey hipped roofed brick buildings fronted by a stone colonnade. This arrangement is illustrated in Joseph Fowles Sydney in 1848. The complex was used primarily as shops, and was known for a period as ‘Paul’s Row’. In 1834 Susannah & Bill Nash, haberdashers in Pitt Street acquired lots on the corner of Bridge Street. Richard Sulllivan draper of George Street also acquired lots. Nash and Sullivan built shortly after their purchase in 1834. Facing George Street the buildings were three storeys high over a basement level with Bridge Lane at the rear. The ground floor frontage consisted of timber and glass shopfronts. The properties were occupied by Charles Penny, medical dispensary, G.R. Elliott druggist W.J Jenkins 1861 until 1867, Frank Senior “Family Chemist” operated from 1867 to 1967. The business relocated to the Gateway. The buildings were occupied at that date by Price and Staddin, Wholesale Confectioner, A Davy, grocer and tea dealer and Bennett, bootmaker.

In 1882 the terraces were used as stores, a lumber shed and Peate and Harcourt Grocers. The site was later redeveloped in 1893-1895 as a retail Emporium for Holdsworth and McPherson. The 1893 building remains today as 252 George Street.

In the 1840’s the city grid was extended in the North-South direction and Government House was relocated to the Domain. The topography of this area was changed due to the filling of the Tank Stream and the formation of Circular Quay. The Wells Map of 1843 notes Government House in its Bridge Street location. In 1845 the old Government House complex of buildings was demolished, opening up Bridge Street to the original Domain around Macquarie Place, Pitt, Phillip and Macquarie Streets were extended north to the harbour and the Macquarie Place reserve reduced in size to the present area.

In 1845 Governor Gipps moved into the new Government House. This newly created city

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Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

block was bounded by Macquarie, Bent, Phillip and Bridge Streets. Allotments in Macquarie Street were sold in the late 1840s and this became a fashionable residential area. In a plan of 1850 showing the Macquarie Street side of this subdivision, the Bridge Street frontage of the block is shown subdivided into allotments which were not sold. This northern part of the city block remained vacant until the construction of the Public Works and Colonial (Chief) Secretary’s offices in 1873. A system of lanes provided the rear lane access between the Macquarie Street and Phillip Street houses.

Prior to the construction of Government Offices in Sydney, residences provided for Government officials also served as their offices. From 1832 these buildings were used as offices. Consequently, Government officials and their staff were scattered around Sydney. During the 1850s Bridge Street became the location of many institutions. In 1849 work began on the Treasury and Audit office on the corner of Macquarie and Bridge Streets, the first purpose-built government offices in Sydney, which were completed in 1851. With the introduction of responsible government in 1856 new government departments were created necessitating additional office space. As settlement extended, Sydney expanded and the work of the Colonial Architect expanded rapidly. In 1860 Public Works became a separate department, including the Colonial Architect’s Department. From the 1850s the Premier held the portfolio of Colonial Secretary. Ideally, offices for the Premier should be within a short distance of Parliament House. The Bridge Street site, still in Crown ownership, offered a suitable location for such offices.

The New Government offices finalised by James Barnet on 24 June 1869, began construction in 1873 and were completed in 1880.

December 31, 1857 was marked by two exciting events in Sydney’s mercantile history. One was the official opening of the Exchange, now the Royal Exchange. The second was the official operating for the first time in New South Wales of the telegraph. At the inauguration of the telegraph, the Governor General, Sir William Denison put the lightning communication to the test on Siemens and Halske’s Morse double according telegraph. The present Exchange Post Office is still located on the site of the first telegraph room. Sydney’s first telephone system was installed there in 1880, the first lines connecting with Darling Harbour wool sheds. By 1882 there were over 300 lines operating, Richardson and Wrench having the honour of Number 1. Once there was a special underground tube connecting Martin Place with the Exchange. An iron cylinder packed with hundreds of letters could be rocketed on tiny wheels through the pneumatic system, reaching Bridge Street in a minute. The method was abandoned about 1907.

The opening of the Royal Exchange Building in Bridge Street directly opposite Macquarie Place in 1851 meant it became the meeting place of merchants, bankers, businessmen and shipping agents. Sites at the Metropole, at Circular Quay and Macquarie Place were rejected in favour of the block bounded by Pitt, Bridge and Spring, (now Gresham) Streets. The building was designed by J.H.F. Hilly. The original members of the Exchange were Alexander Campbell, John Gilchrist, David Jones, Commander John Lamb, Thomas Whistler Smith, Joshua Young Johns Walker, W.R. Scott, John Gosling, George Rees, Joseph William and George Thorne. It also hosted numerous celebrated guests, including: Robert Louis Stevenson, author, Joseph Conrad, sailor and author, musicians Madame

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Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

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Jaffa in 1859, Herr Martin Simonsen in 1865, Madame Arabella Goddard in 1873 and Madame Ilma de Mirska in 1875 and Madame Ristori. The mercantile news of the day was posted in the Exchange. The Exchange became the nerve centre of the world of wool.

The terrace houses at 36-42 Young Street occupy land for outbuildings associated to the first Government House. These were removed in 1845-1846. The block was subdivided in 1862 and sold in 1863 and again to Joseph Walker in 1874 who constructed the terraces which were adapted to suit government offices. The new Department of Mines was the first tenancy. During 1937 work was carried out to adapt the buildings as emergency accommodation for Sydney Hospital nurses. The hospital was suffering from overcrowding. In 1982 it became storage space for the Department of Public Works. The Exchange Hotel at 69-73 Pitt Street was constructed in 1882 by M. Cooper Day. It replaced an earlier hotel. A major extension was carried out in 1928. In the 1970’s it ceased to be used as a hotel.

The Lands Department building, 23-33 Bridge Street, designed by James Barnet was built in two stages in 1876-1880 and 1888-1893. The site had been occupied since 1788 by the Surveyor General. The new Lands Act of 1884 required additional office accommodation and a second stage was urgently required by 1887. The 23 statues on the cornice of the building were not completed until 1901. The highly important Datum Bench Mark Plug which controls all levels in the state, was inserted on the front of the building at some time between 1887 and 1894. Initially the building was shared by Lands and by Mines and Agriculture. It remains the home of the Department of Land and Water Conservation. The building was and still is one of Sydney’s most elaborate sandstone facades. At the upper levels the building has concrete lanterns to copper-roofed domes, a revolving observatory dome (never used), and a prominent stone tower with a distinctive onion-shaped dome.

The current Metropole Building on the corner of George and Bridge Streets was planned as a hotel with a ground level public bar on George Street and privies in the yard. John Hiney Publican, and George Scot leased the premises as Castle Tavern. In 1861 the hotel name changed to La Ville de Bordeaux and Henry Goldring leased the terrace next door as a Tailors until 1894. La Ville de Bordeaux Hotel closed down in 1861 and George Cohen, a tobacconist, took over the premises. In 1869 T.T. Matthews a nautical and mathematical instrument maker occupied the premise until 1879, when it reverted to The Hotel Metropolitan. Robert Hills, the son-in-law of Nash, sold four allotments to the United Colonial Land Company (UCU). Mary Napier was the first licensee of the rebuilt hotel. Mary Napier was the licensee in 1891 but transferred the license to John Donnison in 1894. Donnison expanded the business into Goldring’s old premises next door. John White, a ship broker occupied the adjacent terrace. The hotel trade down turned and the hotel changed hands five times in quick succession. In 1905 the United Colonial Land Company sold the hotel to Tooth and Company, who in 1909 demolished and rebuilt the hotel. In 1939-45 a new licensee Mrs Mary Walker, who like her female predecessor in the 1914-1918 war did a roaring trade with the troops. Claude Fay, a successful publican with hotels in Marrickville and North Sydney, was the licencee from 1954 until 1968. A reduction in the number of hotels in the area as sites were consolidated assisted Fay’s Metropole Hotel, which upgraded the services. It was the meeting place and name for the Finance and Investment Group, Claude’s Club, who met there for monthly meetings.

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Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

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The present Education Building 35-39 Bridge Street was built by the government architect, George McRae in 1912-1915. The Department of Public Instruction, founded under the Public Instruction Act of 1880 had in 1881 established itself in buildings originally erected on the site in 1815. The second half of the Education Building was begun in 1929, although it was occupied by the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Technical Education until 1967. In 1990 the Department of Education moved to Parramatta but returned in 1996.

The Northumberland Insurance building, 6 Bridge Street was constructed in 1884-1885 and served as offices for several shipping and insurance agents and several newspapers.

In 1899 Burns Philp and Company Ltd. purchased 5-11 Bridge Street for a sum of £20 from McDonald. Buildings on the site (shops and offices) were demolished. The building designed by McCredie and Anderson was completed in 1903. A major addition to the building has been the construction over the adjacent lane with an impressive arched opening. Tenants including McCredie and Anderson, Ebsworth, and Ebsworth solicitors, Henry W Peabody merchant, the Bellambi Coal Co, the North Queensland Insurance Company and Nordcuttscher Lloyd (North German Lloyd) Shipping Company. A large proportion of the tenants were involved with the shipping and importing industries and German Consulate General and his staff. In 1919 Burns Philp & Co became the sole occupiers. They were involved in shipping, import/export and sale of merchandise. Burns Philp Trust owned the adjacent site from 1938 to 1959 when it was sold to Will Wilhelmsen and Liner House was built.

Birts Building, now Cliveden at 4 Bridge Street was completed by 1915. The site was formerly occupied by W.N. Beaumont & Company’s Federal Electrical and Engineering Works, a two storey brick warehouse building. The first tenants included Mitsui Bussan Kaisha Ltd, importers, mining companies, freezing companies, wheat and shipping merchants and taxation agents Automatic Totalisators Ltd. In 1918 Birt & Co. were agents for the Federal Steamship Co. of London, the New Zealand shipping Co.,and the American & Australasian line of New York, They owned the Wharf in Brisbane and in 1918 built Jones Wharf at Jones Bay Pyrmont. From 1918 until 1964, Birts & Co published a number of shipping, trade a pastoral industry reports from this building.

The inter-war period was a period of rapid economic expansion. A constant demand for office accommodation for years to come seemed to be assured. Banking or insurance institutions and companies willingly erected office building with a view of advertising their standing, and providing a monumental home for themselves or as an investment, for letting purposes.

As a favourable corner site, No. 17-19 Bridge Street (Bridge Street Chambers) was purchased in 1917 by Mellwraith, McEacharn Line Proprietary Ltd. This London based shipping and mercantile firm was established by Andrew Mellwraith and Malcolm McEacharn in 1875. The partners contracted to carry cargo and migrants to Queensland and began to build up a fleet of ten ships sailing under the name of Scottish Line. Success encouraged them to develop a mercantile export and import department; visiting Australia

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

themselves, they were quick to appreciate opportunities for further investment and for inter colonial shipping. Later the company extended itself south by shipping coal and in 1887 McEacharn moved to Melbourne to set up the head office. In 1893 they made advantage of another boom in the form of passenger and cargo trade to the Western Australian goldfields.By World War One the company was one of the seven major Australian coastal shipping concerns. The new building, 'Scottish House' was erected on the site Bridge St site in 1925 and extended two years later. 'Scottish House', was designed by Bruce Dellit of Spain & Cosh in 1924-1925. The building was extended almost immediately in 1927.

44 Bridge Street later named ‘Booth House” after the owners Frederick H. Booth & Sons, housed several offices and wool brokers. The building was constructed in 1937-38 in the functionalist style to the design of Brewster and Manderson.

Dalgety House, Sydney Branch office, 38-42 Bridge Street. In 1952 Dalgety & Co and the New Zealand largest pastoral combine operating in the antipodes. New Zealand House occupied the site. While owned by the AMP Society Dalgety retaining a long lease.

In October 1959 'Liner House' was erected at 13-15A Bridge Street for Sydney’s shippings administration, Will Wilhelmsen Agency Pty Ltd., Norway’s largest shipping organisation and the Agency for the American Pioneer Line, the United States Lines Company and the Australia West Pacific Line, the Scandinavian Airlines System. The building was erected on the site of the old Qantas cargo terminal, previously the Government Lumber Yard. The company decided not to exploit the site floor space potential but to harmonise with the masonry construction of the street, a fact well publicised in the Sydney Morning Herald. The building, designed by Walter Bunning, was the recipient of the 1961 RAIA Sulman Award. The mural was designed by Douglas Annand.

In the early 1990s Governor Phillip Tower was built over the site of the first Government House in Australia. The project included a new tower, Governor Phillip Tower, a refurbishment of a 1960s tower, Governor Macquarie Tower, the Museum of Sydney and the restoration/reuse of two separate blocks of Victorian terraces. The building won the Sulman Medal in 1994. After the foundations of the first Government House were discovered in detailed archaeological work, the present design for a museum to interpret the history and significance of the site, was commenced. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Transport (none) 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 7. Governing Government and administr (none) 8. Culture Leisure (none)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping with gentle gradient. The streetscape crosses the ridge and is terminated by George Street and the Conservatorium. The backdrop is not characterised by highrise. The streetscape features terminating vistas to the Conservatorium. Other important views are to Macquarie Place. The roadway is wide and comprises 5 lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two ways and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights. The streetscape is intersected by the following streets: George Street, Pitt Street, Loftus, Young, Phillip Streets, Macquarie Street and Macquarie Place. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen brick and stone paved. Utility services are concealed. There is little visual clutter. There is no awning pattern. Façade depth is pronounced. Extent of glass is pronounced on the detracting components. Public domain features include Macquarie Place, an exposed drain and Janet Lawrence Sculpture (PD1) at the Museum of Sydney forecourt, bus shelters, telephone booths and rubbish bins and parking meters. The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings, parks and squares. Mature plantings dominate in the street. The streetscape incorporates Macquarie Place and the Museum of Sydney forecourt which contributes to the historic significance and landscape character. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is regular comprising narrow and wide between George and Pitt Streets and consolidating lots between Pitt and Macquarie Streets resulting in a dense urban form of consistent character. The predominant built form is Victorian public buildings. The predominant scale is four to six- storey Victorian buildings and 13- storey Interwar buildings. Buildings are built to the street alignment. The buildings typically do not have carpark access. AMP has a raised podium. The dominant façade treatment is vertical. Predominant building materials are stone. The streetscape has a high integrity.

Category: Streetscape - Linear. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Refer to inventory sheets 2423711, 2423727, 2423728, 2423729, 2423730, 2423731, 2423732, 2423733, 2423734, 2423757, 2423814, 2423815, 2423868, 2423922

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Victorian Development These form the character of the city

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Federation and Interwar Development Buildings of the early twentieth century usually have an appropriate scale and are therefore neutral elements although some buildings may contribute to the significance of the area and are therefore contributing elements Interwar development provides a greater range of finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies which provide more wall façade than post-60’s development. Interwar development provides hierarchical composition to centre, base, middle and top and a stepped skyline Associated planting lessens visual impact of Interwar development

PROTECTION OF SIGNIFICANCE Protect Subdivision Pattern Retain Victorian, subdivision Do not allow amalgamation of sites within these important subdivisions Retain the block width characteristics of an area

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Victorian Public Buildings Retain Victorian Commercial Buildings Retain Victorian warehouses Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details Protect Significant Building Type – Warehouse Retain scale and finishes.

Remove detracting additions to (Contributory) Development Awnings Airconditioning Dominating signage Large infill shopfront (reconstruction may be required) Reinforce the street character dominant scale Maintain scale of development abutting lanes so that it is complementary to adjacent buildings and encourages pedestrian use by providing for retail or other activity in the lane.

Reinforce the dominant street character and scale Retain scale of warehouse development Retain scale of institutional development Maintain characteristic building alignment Retain characteristic building form and façade composition Retain characteristic building finishes and details

Change of Use

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Retain commercial usage Retain institutional usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING Landscaping Encourage trees at the end of streets to reinforce landscape vistas and frame views. Encourage trees to screen detracting development

Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Reinforce street end vistas with street trees

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the space as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Street Parking Incorporate street trees. Do not alter street alignment. Car Parking / Access Do allow new car access from the street Generally allow parking access from rear lanes Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening

Respect the Established Facade Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian Subdivision in the vicinity Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of significant development in the vicinity Encourage façade qualities being multiple finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies. Reduce the impact of uncharacteristic scale and large extent of glass Reduce the impact of minimal setbacks for increased building height Encourage streetwalls Encourage reinterpretation of adjacent significant façade composition

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Encourage rendered and painted finishes Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

Avoid Visual Clutter Reduce the impact of A/C, signs etc. Awnings should not occur in street Disallow bridges and projections over the street lane which overshadows the Lane, obstructs a view or vista or diminishes pedestrian activity at ground level

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by appropriate policy

Enhance Significance of Area Establish/maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscapes Encourage render/paint/stone finishes to detracting developments Remove / discourage reproduction of period detail in contemporary development Provide landscape screening to detracting sites Promote public buildings Promote retail strip Promote articles on improvements within the area

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Interpretation Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision. Encourage historical interpretation.

Heritage Items are to be retained. Conserve in accordance with Burra Charter principles. Enhance pedestrian amenity.

Management:

Further Comments: Comments:Schedule 1 buildings relating to Bridge Street include Cliveden (4 Bridge Street), Former Burns and Philp Building (S1), Northumberland Insurance (6 Bridge Street), Liner House (13-15A Bridge Street), Singapore Airlines House (17-19 Bridge Street), Department of Lands Building (23-33 Bridge Street), Former Booth House (44 Bridge Street), Macquarie Place Park (Bridge and Loftus Street), Metropolitan Hotel (244-246 George Street), and the Former George Patterson House (252 George Street). Streetscape:View from west end of street anchored by Conservatorium of Music. Consistent south side streetscape dominated by Victorian government sandstone buildings, and including sandstone structures later architectural periods. The street marks the centre of a government building campaign in the Victorian era. Views towards Circular Quay and the Harbour from six interesting streets. The aesthetic qualities are emphasised by the

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

topography and trees along the street. Considerable visual interest punctuated by open space, trees and monuments in Macquarie Place Park.

Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Bridge Street has historic significance: For its ability to evidence the development of late Victorian Institutional Sydney. For its ability to evidence its role as a prestige address for many institutions. For its ability to reflect the status of Sydney because of its relationship with these institutions. For its ability to contribute to understanding the late nineteenth century town planning intention for Sydney with the relocation of the governors domain. For its ability to illustrate the pressure on city sites in the later nineteenth century to maximise returns on their property by increasing the number of storeys. For its ability to reflect in its materials the wealth of natural resources available for building within New South Wales and other Australian States. For its ability to evidence key period of building activity during the late Victorian period

For its ability to mark the centre of a government building campaign in the Victorian era. Criteria b) Bridge Street has historic Association Significance: For its association with the original Government Domain (Macquarie Place) For its association with prominent local architects

Criteria c) Bridge Street has Aesthetic Significance: As one of Sydney’s most important intact 19th century townscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness remaining from a variety of periods. For its ability to illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. For its collection of fine institutional and commercial buildings designed by distinguished architects. For its important street planting which provides a green and attractive environment. For the high level of integrity of the building stock As an important landmark group of government buildings, demonstrating architectural consistency and representative of the skilled use of Sydney sandstone in building construction and ornamentation. Criteria d)

Criteria e) Bridge Street has Technical Significance:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

For its use of sandstone and for the vast array of quality building materials and finishes used. For its high archaeological potential as the site of old Government house. Criteria f) Bridge Street has Rarity Significance: As a rare surviving example of an important late Victorian civic streetscape. Criteria g) Bridge Street has Representative Significance: Because it demonstrates the principal characteristics and includes fine examples of institutional buildings. Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year Post Office records of 1843 1843 Australian Dictionary of Biography 1891-1939 1986 ‘Plan of allotments of Lumber Yard, Bridge Street, 1832’, MAP No. 5492 City of Sydney Archives, NSCA CRS 17: Assessment Book, 1917 City of Sydney Archives, NSCA CRS 18: Rate Books,1850 City of Sydney Archives, NSCA CRS 18: Rate Books,1849 Sands Sydney Directories, 1858-1933 Conservation Management Plan Macquarie Place, Design 1997 5 History Claudes Club (unpublished document) ‘Plan of Bridge Lane ... to be aligned under Act of Council...’ May 1864. MAP No. 5575 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Higgenbottom Conservation Management Plan 16-32 Bridge Street 1995 Isadore Brodsky The Streets of Sydney 1962 J Graham Conservation Management Plan 244-246 Bridge Street 1997 Jackson Teece Chesterman & Willis Conservation Management Plan 121 Bridge Street, Review Lucas Stapleton Conservation Management Plan, Liner House, 13-15a 1997 Bridge Street Metcalfe Architecture in Transition: Sulman Award 1994 NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 38-42 Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 5-11 Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 4 Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 6 Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 13-15a Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 16-32 Bridge Street

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424714 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Bridge Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 17-19 Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 35-39 Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 44 Bridge Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 115-119 Macquarie Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 121 Macquarie Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 69-33 Pitt Street NSW Heritage Office NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 36-42 Young Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 23-33 Bridge Street

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Regional Environmental Plan REP26_4 Local Environmental PlanCSH LEP 4 7/04/2000 Within a National Trust conservation area NT_ConsArea

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: College Street,(Stanley Street to Queens DUAP Region: Sydney South Square) Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets 2423925, 2423932, 2423936 Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Group: Category: Owner:

Admin Codes: 9012 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Street Former Uses: Street

Assessed Significance: Endorsed Significance:

Statement of College Street has the ability to evidence the first period of European development in the Significance: remnant form of Cook and Phillip Park, which has high archaeological potential. The street reflects the development of Victorian Sydney as a prestige address for numerous institutions. It is one of Sydney’s most important 19th century townscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness and a collection of grand institutional buildings designed by distinguished architects. Its relationship to Hyde Park and its important street planting provides a green and attractive environment. College Street has Aesthetic and Technical Significance for its use of sandstone and for the array of quality building materials and finishes used. College Street is a rare surviving example of an institutional Victorian streetscape. Historical Notes College Street today represents the development of a number of key institutions which or Provenance: continue that institutional use today. The site of Cook and Phillip Park appears on plans as early as 1821 marked as a garden. A brick wall was erected around the garden perimeter and the 1821 map shows brick kilns on the site. In 1832 the division between Hyde Park and the garden site was formalised with the construction of College Street. William Street was also constructed in the early 1830s to provide access from the City to Potts Point and Elizabeth Bay. Town Plans of the 1830s to 1840s indicate a period of general inactivity.

The Sydney College was founded in 1830 and the following year began operations in a new building in Hyde Park designed by Edward Hallen. The Sydney College continued despite financial difficulties until 1853 when it was taken over temporarily by the fledging University of Sydney until the University's was relocated to their current site at Grose Farm site .

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Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

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The site of 10 -12 College Street was then sold to the Trustees of the new Sydney Free Public Grammar School, in 1855-56. The school had been established and endowed with a building fund by a special Act of Parliament after concern had been expressed by the education community and general public about the poor standard of undergraduates presenting themselves to the University. Edmund Blacket was commissioned to design extensions to the south and north of the1831 Hallen building, which were completed in 1856 and 1857 respectively. The retaining wall and railings were built in 1872 along College and Stanley Streets. In 1876, the main building was extended to the east by Mansfield Brothers, and this extension was extended to the north and south in 1899 by John W.Q. Manson. The Science classrooms on Stanley Street were built in 1889-90. Other early buildings on the site, now demolished, included the Sargent’s Lodge and an ablutions block (the White House) on Stanley Street and a former postal sorting office in Yurong ‘Street (the Palladium building).

The first Catholic secondary school for boys and ecclesiastical seminary opened in Bishop Polding’s house in 1837 and was moved to the grounds of St Mary’s in the 1840s. Chapter Hall was commissioned by Bishop Polding and designed by the English architect Pugin. It was built between 1843 and 1845. The ecclesiastical students were transferred to Lyndhurst, Glebe in 1852, but the school continued to offer the classics, mathematics and commercial subjects to a small number of boys. In 1861 Polding decided to establish a model and teacher training school in the building which existed until 1882 when state aid was withdrawn. From 1883 the site housed Marist Brothers boys secondary school and the Sisters of Charity. The Christian Brothers established a school on the site in 1911. (St. Mary's Cathedral College)

The Colonial Architect, Mortimer Lewis, prepared plans for building the Australian Museum on land adjoining Sydney College and tenders were called in 1846. The building eventually opened in 1857 and was soon considered too small. In 1890 funds were allocated to add a third storey to the Lewis wing. The museum was originally set up by the Philosophical Society in 1826 in the Colonial Secretary’s office, in Macquarie Street, under the charge of Alexander Macleay. Several attempts were made to combine the Subscription Library with an Australian Museum until they were eventually given accommodation in a house at the southern end of Macquarie Street in 1836. In 1844 Dr Charles Nicholson convinced the Legislative Council to provide a permanent home for the Museum.

A grant was provided in 1875 to establish an asylum for the blind fronting William Street. Construction began in 1876 and expansions continued through until the late 1800s.

The construction of Boomerang Street in 1851, and Haig Avenue in 1912 resulted in the sub-division of the parklands into four. In 1854 a major sewer was constructed and passed through the parklands. Previously declared on all town plans as “part of Hyde Park”, Phillip and Cook Parks were dedicated in their own right in 1878. In 1888 a large portion of parkland was leased to the City Bowling Club with the first clubhouse being erected in 1881. A further three clubhouses were erected and demolished during the 1900s. In the late 1880s a Watchhouse was erected in the north east corner of the park. The Watchhouse was demolished in 1960 and replaced with a Police Citizens Youth Club (same year). In 1910 the Town Clerk used monies provided to beautify the park to

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

construct numerous rockeries and an area to accommodate the Council Nursery relocated from Hyde Park. In 1900 a children’s playground was installed. In 1937 the land from 13- 17 Riley Street was added to Phillip Park for the construction of the Council-cleansing Depot. A Fragrance Garden was opened in the parklands in 1962.

In the 1990s the Bowling Club relocated and the current Cook and Phillip Street Park incorporating a swimming pool and a forecourt to St Mary’s was completed. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Environment - cultural land (none) 3. Economy Science (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 6. Educating Education (none) 8. Culture Leisure Hyde Park 8. Culture Religion St Mary's

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally flat with a steep gradient. The streetscape from part of a grid and is bounded by the Department of Birth & Deaths and terminated by Liverpool Street. The backdrop is not characterised by highrise buildings. The street is characterised by public buildings and Hyde Park. The streetscape features terminating vistas to the Department of Birth & Deaths. Other important views are to Elizabeth Street over Hyde Park to King Cross over Cook and Phillip Park. The roadway is wide and comprises four lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two ways and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights. The streetscape is intersected by the following streets, William Street, St Marys Road and Stanley Street. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly sandstone and concrete. Utility services are concealed. There is no awning pattern. Façade depth is pronounced. Public domain features include Hyde Park, Cook and Phillip Park with boundary Ficus plantings, St Mary's forecourt, the Frazer fountains (PD1), the Sandringham Gardens in Hyde Park, telephone booths, bus shelters and garbage bins. The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street planting of Canary Island Palms and London Plane trees, Hyde Park. The streetscape incorporates Hyde park. The park contributes to the historic significance and landscape character of the street. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is regular comprising wide consolidated lots resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Victorian. Three storey scale public building from.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Buildings are built to the street alignment. The buildings typically have no setbacks. The buildings typically have no carpark access. The buildings typically have no raised podiums. The dominant façade treatment is vertical. Predominant building materials are sandstone. The streetscape has high integrity.

Category:Streetscape - Linear. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Victorian Development These form the character of the city

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Victorian Public Buildings Retain Victorian Commercial Ecclesiastical Buildings Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details Protect Significant Building Type Retain scale and finishes.

Remove detracting additions to (Contributory) Development Awnings Airconditioning Dominating signage Reinforce the street character dominant scale

Reinforce the dominant street character and scale Retain scale of institutional development Maintain characteristic building alignment Retain characteristic building form and façade composition Retain characteristic building finishes and details

Change of Use Retain institutional usage

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Retain civic usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING Landscaping Encourage trees at the end of streets to reinforce landscape vistas and frame views. Encourage trees to screen detracting development

Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Reinforce street end vistas with street trees

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the space as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Street Parking Incorporate street trees. Do not alter street alignment. Car Parking/ Access Do allow new car access from the street Generally allow parking access from rear lanes Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by appropriate policy

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT Adjust boundary to exclude areas which do not contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscapes - rear lots. Adjust boundary to include areas which do contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscape. Consider extension of the boundary of Streetscape to Liverpool Street and Hyde Park.

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Interpretation Interpret former Parklands.

Management:

Further Comments: LocalThemes:Associated access and view of St Mary Cathedral Comments:* College, William & Cathedral Streets is the LEP 2000 Schedule 3 address for Cook and Phillip Park. * St James Road, Liverpool, College & Elizabeth Streets is the LEP 2000 Schedule 3 address for Hyde Park. Streetscape:College Street is listed on the Heritage Streetscape Map in the LEP 2000. The streetscape is associated with Hyde Park, Cook and Phillip Park, St Mary's Cathedral (Schedule 1), Queens Square, the Australian Museum (Schedule 1), Sydney Grammar School (Schedule 1), the NSW Police Head Quarters, Sydney Marriott Hotel and Hyde Park Plaza.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

The Streetscape views features Centerpoint tower and St Mary's Cathedral.

An important vista along a full eastern extremity of Hyde Park, flanked by significant civic sandstone buildings and gardens. The streetscape is anchored to the north by the Land Titles Office (former Registrar Generals Building) and the Hyde Park Barracks to the south by the Australian Museum and Sydney Boys Grammar School. The buildings share a harmony in their materials, grand scale and carved details. The spires of St Mary's Cathedral are prominent features in the vista, characterised by sandstone and trees.

Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) College Street has Historic Significance: For its ability to evidence the first period of European development in the remnant form of Cook and Phillip Park. For its ability to evidence the development of Victorian Sydney. For its ability to evidence its role as a prestige address for numerous institutions. For its ability to reflect the status of Sydney because of its relationship with Hyde Park. For its ability to illustrate the pressure on city sites in the later nineteenth century to provide accommodation by increasing the number of storeys. For its ability to reflect in its materials the wealth of natural resources available for building within New South Wales and other Australian States. For its ability to evidence key period of building activity during the Victorian period. Criteria b) College Street has Historic Association significance: For its association with prominent local architects

Criteria c) College Street has Aesthetic Significance: As one of Sydney’s most important intact 19th century townscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness remaining from a variety of periods. For its ability to illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. For its collection of grand institutional buildings designed by distinguished architects. For its landscape qualities. For its important street planting which provides a green and attractive environment. For the high level of integrity of the building stock. As a component of a Sydney sandstone precinct adjacent to Hyde Park. Has aesthetic significance at a State level. Has aesthetic significance locally. Criteria d) State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 28

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Criteria e) College Street has Technical Significance: For its use of sandstone and for the vast array of quality building materials and finishes used. For its high archaeological potential in the undeveloped Cook and Phillip Park Criteria f) College Street has Rarity Significance: As a rare surviving example of an institutional Victorian streetscape.

Heritage Items such as St Mary's Cathedral and the Australian Museum are rare in architectural style and intactness. Is rare at a State level. Criteria g) College Street has Representative Significance: Because it demonstrates the principal characteristics and includes fine examples of institutional buildings Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year Central Sydney Local Environmental Plan, 2000. City of Sydney Laneway Study, Vol.1, 1993. Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory Cook and Phillip Park NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory St Marys NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 10-12 College Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 6-8 College Street

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting: Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Regional Environmental Plan REP26_4 Local Environmental PlanCSH LEP 4 7/04/2000

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 29

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424719 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: College Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Elizabeth Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets 2424098, 2424099, 2424100, 2424101 Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 9024 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Street Former Uses: Street

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Elizabeth Street has Historic Significance for its ability to evidence the c. 1910 widening of Significance: Elizabeth Street as a grand boulevard accessing Central Railway precinct following the 1908 Royal Commission. It provides an understanding of the early twentieth century town planning intention during the period 1909-1913. Elizabeth Street has Aesthetic Significance as one of Sydney’s most important Federation commercial streetscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness, unique in its consistency and grouping in the city. This section of the street is historically associated with the expansion of Mark Foy's retailing emporium. Historical Notes Elizabeth Street is named after the wife of Governor Macquarie, and was part of a grant to or Provenance: John Wylde on 30 June 1823 of 2 roods, 37 perches. John Wylde was Deputy Judge Advocate of NSW. He built a house on his grant facing what is today Liverpool Street. The rest of the property was not developed.

Until the 1880’s most people lived in the central city area and Elizabeth Street was lined with residences. Elizabeth Street south of Hyde Park was occupied by small, one or two- storey masonry shops and residences, none of which survived. The Smith and Hinton Map of Sydney and Suburbs 1854 indicates Elizabeth Street between Liverpool St and Goulburn St fully developed on the western side and sparsely developed on the east. The vicinity of Elizabeth, Liverpool and College Streets was favoured by the medical profession, and became a Doctors Quarter. A mixture of shops, hotels, factories and private residences existed along Elizabeth St to the City boundary.

In the early 1900s, J.D. Fitzgerald became an advocate of municipal reform and “city improvement”. Fitzgerald looked to Europe and particularly to Paris for inspiration. In 1908

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

he headed a Royal Commission for the Improvement of the City of Sydney and its Suburbs. Plans for the beautification of Sydney, designed to improve Sydney’s urban amenity included avenues and places, monuments and grand buildings. Most of the commission’s proposals concerned the central city area from Central Station to Circular Quay. In1909, the commissioners recommended the widening of Elizabeth Street and the widening and realignment of Oxford and Williams Streets. The City Council resolved to provide Elizabeth Street with a 66 feet carriageway and two 12 feet footways. Consequently, the Municipal Council of Sydney resumed land in 1910 for the widening of Elizabeth Street.

Mark Foy’s was a major participant in the subsequent redevelopment, constructing buildings on both sides of Elizabeth Street. The former Mark Foy’s main store opposite- the “Piazza” Store, was and remains the largest and most prominent Edwardian building in the area. Mark Foys Retail Furniture Warehouse occupied the eastern corner of Liverpool St and Elizabeth Street. The building at 142-148 Elizabeth Street, built in 1913 features a carved sandstone shield with the monogram “MF”, denoting the original owners of the building, Mark Foys. The building was used for warehousing, and in the Rate Book for 1939- 1944 it is described as a parking station. The 1910 Roberts and Moffat Ltd map shows Andrews Bros. Monumental sculptors on the site. The change of use in the 1930s conversion of the building would have created one of the first multi-level car parks in the city. Mark Foys owned and occupied the building in 1948, though for a period during World War II it was used by the Royal Australian Air Force. Mark Foys was closely associated with the building of Museum Railway Station which included underground connections to its stores.

The German Concordia Club was erected in 1905 and demolished in 1910 as part of the Elizabeth Street widening programme. The foundation stone for 150-152 Elizabeth Street dated 8 April 1911 shows Architect G.L. Grant and Builder J. Ptolemy. The property was sold back to the Trustees of the Club on 16 June 1911. The new building at 150-152 Elizabeth Street was completed and occupied by March 11, 1912. In May 1915 the Club was closed by the authorities as part of war-time security. After the war, the trustees of the German Concordia Club sold the building to Southern Cross Hall Ltd, a company of the Knights of the Southern Cross, a Catholic lay movement. The name of the hall was changed to “Australian Hall” in 1923 and it was the site for a wide range of activities characteristic of Sydney at the time. Dancing, Cinema, radio station 2UE broadcast minstrel shows and community singing. St James Hall Playgoer’s Co-operative moved the entire company to Elizabeth Street location in the Australian Hall, taking the “Phillip Street” name. Guy Crick, Lewis & Williams conversion of the hall into the theatre became the Rivoli cinema and later reopened in late 1976 as the Mandarin Cinema showing Chinese language films.

Metters bought a site next to the Concordia Hall, from the Sydney City Council early in April 1913. Architects, Robertson & Marks drawing plans four storey, showrooms and offices changed to six storeys.

The Crown Hotel (Nos. 160-162 Elizabeth Street) on the corner of Goulburn Street dates from around 1910. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Industry (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 8. Culture Leisure (none) 8. Culture Religion (none) 9. Phases of Life Persons Elizabeth Macquarie

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping with a gentle gradient. The streetscape forms part of a grid and continues north into the St James precinct. The backdrop is characterised by high rise development along Liverpool Street and behind Wentworth Avenue. The street is characterised by commercial buildings of the Federation period. The roadway is wide and comprises seven lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two ways and there is no street parking. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights. The streetscape is intersected by the following streets: Goulburn, Clarke and Liverpool Streets. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly trachyte. Utility services are concealed. There is little visual clutter. There are uniform awning patterns. Façade depth is pronounced. Public domain features include detracting parking meters and street lighting. There is no landscape component of the streetscape. The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contribute to its identity and significance. These include: the former Mark Foys Buildings. The following Heritage Items also contribute to the streetscape: Crown Hotel, Metters Building and the former German Concordia Club. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising consolidated lots resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Federation and commercial 3-4 storey blocks. The dominant façade treatment is vertical. Predominant building materials are face brick and rendered masonry. The streetscape has a medium integrity.

Edwardian Elizabeth Street precinct including buildings at 130, 150, 154, 160 Elizabeth Street and the Mark Foy’s Building (339), the only remaining group of Edwardian buildings in the Sydney Central Business District. The former Mark Foy’s main store opposite is the largest and most prominent Edwardian building in the area. An imposing six-storey structure of French Renaissance style. Metters Building at 154-158 Elizabeth Street is a six storey building of Federation Anglo Dutch style with a corner oriel window and a central two bay façade surmounted by a high triangular pediment. The Crown Hotel (no’s 160-162 Elizabeth Street) on the corner of Goulburn Street dates from is a three-storey building of Classical style.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Category:Streetscape - Corner Sites. Style:Federation architecture on both sides of the street.. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Federation Development These form the character of the precinct

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Federation Commercial Buildings Retain Federation Warehouses Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details

Protect Significant Building Type – Retail Development Protect and reveal the retail history of the street Avoid loss of original significant shopfronts Retain shopfronts c.1910-1940 – (generally incorporate use of tiles and metal shopfittings). Protect original significant building signage, painted and neon

Protect Significant Building Type – Hotel Development Retain tiles and joinery prior to 1950s.

Protect Significant Building Type – Street/ Lanes

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Significant built fabric of the street such as trachtyte and stone kerbing Early street fixtures, early signage and memorial and monuments, historic planting and landscape features

Remove detracting additions to (Contributory) Development Awnings Airconditioning Dominating signage Large infill shopfront (reconstruction may be required)

Reinforce the dominant street character and scale Retain character of federation /Interwar development Maintain characteristic building alignment Retain characteristic building form and façade composition Retain characteristic building finishes and details

Change of Use Retain commercial usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING

Landscaping Encourage avenue plantings to unify streetscape and interpretation of a grande boulevard to Central Encourage trees to screen detracting development Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Encourage and develop appropriate distant vistas

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the street as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Street Parking Do not alter street alignment. Car Parking/ Access (CBD) Do allow new car access from the street Generally allow parking access from rear lanes Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening

ENHANCE SIGNIFICANCE ON REDEVELOPED SITE Redevelopment of Detracting Sites Respect the Established Area Character

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Encourage appropriate replacement development on detracting sites South Sydney. Recognise the collective precedent and impact of the proposal. Recognise the verticality of significant City streetscapes Avoid raised podiums Respect the character of precinct Respect the scale and form of significant development

Respect the Established Facade Encourage reinterpretation of Federation Subdivision in the vicinity Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of significant development in the vicinity Encourage façade qualities being multiple finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies. Reduce the impact of uncharacteristic scale and large extent of glass Reduce the impact of increased building height Encourage streetwalls Encourage reinterpretation of adjacent significant façade composition Encourage rendered and painted finishes Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

Avoid Visual Clutter Reduce the impact of A/C, signs etc. New awnings should reinforce the dominant awning character Where essential, new awnings to heritage item which did not have awnings Should be understated, minimal and recognised as non original Disallow bridges and projections over the street lane which overshadows the Lane, obstructs a view or vista or diminishes pedestrian activity at ground level

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by appropriate policy

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT Adjust boundary to exclude areas which do not contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscapes - Nithsdale Street Properties. Adjust boundary to include areas which do contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscape - former Mark Foys Emporium. Consider extension of the boundary of Streetscape / Conservation Area to include western side of Streetscape.

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Interpretation Interpret Federation street lane pattern and subdivision Encourage historical interpretation of the streetscape widening Interpret former usage of the street or buildings eg. commercial Interpret past elements of history eg.Retail Emporium & Mark Foys association

Management:

Further Comments: Streetscape:This streetscape is characterised by Federation architecture on both sides of the street. The entire west side is occupied by the richly decorated Mark Foy's Building, an important contribution to the emporium history of the central city. The east side of the street is comprised of early twentieth century designs, stylistically related and sharing common elements such as keystone arches, flemish parapets, generous floor to ceiling heights and fenestration patterns. The streetscape forms a balanced composition in scale, materials and details.

Schedule 1 Buildings on the streetscape include the Cyprus Hellene Club (150-152 Elizabeth Street), Metters Building (154-158 Elizabeth Street), and the Crown Hotel (160- 162 Elizabeth Street).

As an Edwardian streetscape, unique in its consistency and grouping in the city. Has historic significance at a State level. Has historic significance locally. Criteria b) Elizabeth Street has Historic Association Significance: For its association with Mark Foys retail empire.

Criteria c) Elizabeth Street has Aesthetic Significance:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

As one of Sydney’s most important Federation commercial streetscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness remaining. For its ability to illustrate the 1909-1913 key period of development in various architectural styles and building types. For the high level of integrity of the building stock.

Has aesthetic significance at a State level. Criteria d) Has social significance at a State level.

Criteria e) Elizabeth Street has Rarity Significance: As a rare surviving example of a Federation period commercial precinct within the CBD. Criteria f) Is rare at a State level. Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year Pictorial History of the City of Sydney Central Sydney Heritage Local Environmental Plan, LEP 2000. Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Architectural Projects NSW Heritage Office, Metters building 154-158 Elizabeth Street, State Heritage Inventory Gibbs, Shallard & Co. An Illustrated Guide to Sydney in 1882 Graham Brooks & Associates 150 Elizabeth St - Report NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory, The Crown Hotel, Nos 160-162 Elizabeth Street NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory, 142-148 Elizabeth Street

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: -33.8796119796065 Longitude: 151.208813112974 Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: 3326 AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Regional Environmental Plan REP26_4 Local Environmental PlanCSH LEP 4 7/04/2000 National Trust of Australia register NT_Register

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424731 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Elizabeth Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 04/04/2001 Date Updated: 30/06/2006 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: 742-814 George Street, and 557- DUAP Region: Sydney South 871George Street Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: Heritage Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Built Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 9028 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Street Former Uses: Street

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of George Street has Historic Significance for its ability to evidence the first period of Significance: European development as an important early route to Parramatta and the development of Brickfield Hill as a commercial centre from the 1850s. The development was encouraged by the tram extension and development of Central Railway Station in the early twentieth century. George Street has significance for its association with the Chinese community. George Street is one of Sydney’s most important nineteenth century streetscapes with the ability to illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. The Streetscape includes a number of public, commercial and ecclesiastical building designed by distinguished architects. Historical Notes From the early days of European settlement in the Sydney area, the north bank of the or Provenance: Creek was used for brick making and an area was marked out for cultivation. It seems that the agricultural pursuits were unsuccessful, as the area soon became known as Brickfield Hill. By July 1790, a road was being formed to the brick kilns. A plan of Sydney by James Meehan, Assistant Surveyor of Lands, drawn in 1807 shows the extension of George Street south to the Brickfields and a bridge crossing the creek from Surry Hills to Cockle Bay (now Darling Harbour). The road over Brickfield Hill in its early days was steep and considered dangerous. The situation remained until 1838 when the upper parts of the hill were cut to make it safer.

Governor Lachlan Macquarie arrived in the colony of Sydney in 1811 and initiated the first major civic developments in this area of the city. The Benevolent Asylum was erected in

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Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

1819. Close by were the Carters Barracks, also erected on the orders of Governor Macquarie. Francis Greenway was commissioned to design a new tollhouse at the intersection of Pitt and George Streets to replace a structure erected in 1811 in south George Street. The Hay and Corn Market was established by Governor Darling to relieve the pressure on the George Street markets which had been created by Governor Macquarie. The new establishment provided definition for the distinctive triangular block formed by the intersection of George and Pitt Streets as well as creating Hay Street.

By 1852, the area at the foot of Brickfield Hill was known as the Hay-market and was developed with green grocers, blacksmiths, inns, and various traders. A large market house faced George Street and a cattle market was located in the block bounded by Campbell, Castlereagh, Hay and Pitt Streets. Anxious to improve the architectural qualities of George Street, Sydney Council accepted an offer in 1875 from William Watkins to construct a terrace building of three stories and a basement on the George Street frontage of the Haymarket, The market facing George Street was demolished in 1876 whereas Watkins' terrace survives today. The cattle market remained until the construction of the Glebe Island abattoirs in the 1860s when it became a fruit and vegetable market. By 1882, the southern end of Cockle Bay had been largely reclaimed and became the next site of the fruit and vegetable markets. In 1891 the Sydney Municipal Council decided to build a major covered market. The New Belmore Market was built to extend the existing Belmore Market whose three sheds did not provide adequate facilities for the bulk disposal of stock. The result was the New Belmore Market designed by City Architect George McRae. The market opened in July 1893. However, the New Belmore Market was not a financial success for the Council. By the early twentieth century the Council was seeking a new market site with better rail and water access and by the following decade the Council had decided to erect new municipal markets on reclaimed land west of George Street. The George Street building alignment was interrupted to allow Quay Street to be formed. West of Pitt Street the area had become known as Paddy’s Market, hosting Saturday night entertainments such as jugglers, buskers and orators.

Sands Sydney and Suburban Directory for the late nineteenth century suggests that the south end of George Street was a lively mix of hotels, shops and small businesses. From 1885, 631 George Street was the site of the Haymarket Music Hall operated by George Bar. In 1892 it is listed as the Federal Coffee Palace Hotel with George Tucker as the proprietor. In 1924, the hotel was leased to Tooheys Limited and called the George Hotel.

The first electric tramcar left the Railway at 5.35 am on December 8, 1899 from George Street. On the opening day nearly 40,000 passengers were carried free. Trams were immediately successful because they had the right of way in the traffic. George Street trams halted only “when required” at the Fire Station, Essex Street, Bridge Street, Hunter Street, Bathurst Street, Liverpool Street, Goulburn Street, Hay Street, Gipps Street (now Barlow Street), and the top of Pitt Street. Trams were to run in George Street on the north journey and return south by Pitt Street as far as Bathurst Street and George Street. The last tram ran along George Street on November 23, 1958.

Railways were introduced to New South Wales in 1855; the rail terminal was located in Redfern at the corner of Devonshire Street. From the 1880’s through to 1897 the

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

extension of the railway line, was debated. In 1897 the New South Wales Parliamentary Standing Committee proposed to move the Terminal to the northern side of Devonshire Street. In 1899 Parliament approved the building of a large terminal station north of the old one on the site of the old Devonshire Street cemetery. The Public Works Department approved the design of Henry Deane in June 1900. Government Architect W.L. Vernon eventually designed a much-modified building. Preliminary works were completed in 1902 and commemorated by a foundation stone laid by the Hon. E.W. Sullivan, Secretary for Public Works. Work on the tramway approach began the following year. Central Railway Station was opened on 4 August 1906, with only the booking hall, concourse, basement, north, west and east facades and temporary roof completed due to a lack of funding.

Railway Square developed concurrently with Central Railway Station as a retailing hub. It was the largest retail area after the downtown CBD. Marcus Clarke & Co Ltd, retail department established its first store in the city in 1906 at the junction of Pitt and George Streets. In 1910 the northern section of the second Marcus Clarke building in Ultimo was opened as furniture showrooms. In 1928 a new building designed by Spain & Cosh was built adjacent to the 1910 building. It was intended to house the entire operation under one roof. The building was considered to be one of the largest and most modern department stores in the Commonwealth, and was noted for the quality of its interior finish.

The Railway Square precinct had a theatrical focus. The Benevolent Society, founded 1813, used to lend part of its grounds for the circus. Also in the area was King’s Theatre at the far end of Railway Square, Cole Railway Square called the People’s Theatre and the Empire Theatre, later Her Majesty’s. The electric running news sign, in the fashion of Times Square of New York, was installed at Saunders Corner around the end of the twenties and kept up a running commentary of world affairs,

Part of George Street was redeveloped as a result of resumptions in the nearby Markets Area.

Orchard Chambers (now Kings Disposal Store) was built for R B Orchard watchmaker and jeweller and politician, in 1910-1911 to the design of Ernest Lindsay Thompson. Orchard's original premises were demolished to make way for the extension of Quay Street through to George Street. The building on the corner of George and Quay Streets provided premises for the Carcase Butchers Assn, the Amalgamated Railways and Tramways Assn and the NSW Master Hairdressers and Tobacconists Assn. Orchard's own showroom occupied the ground floor and his workshop was on the fifth. The company logo, an orchard tree, prominent on the corner of the building, included a clock which was inscribed with the slogan "Orchard's: where the watches grow" while the top of the tower carried the words "Orchard's Corner." Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Transport (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 8. Culture Leisure (none)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

8. Culture Religion (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is undulating with a gentle gradient. The streetscape continues into George Street Broadway. The backdrop is characterised by high rise contemporary development. The street is characterised by small scale late Victorian-Interwar commercial buildings, with an overlay of contemporary development. The streetscape features terminating vistas to the CBD and Railway Square precinct. The roadway is wide and comprises six lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two way. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights and bus lanes. Footpaths are wide and are paved. Kerbing is predominantly trachyte and concrete guttering. Utility services are concealed. There is little visual clutter including signage. There is a uniform awning pattern. Façade depth is pronounced. Extent of glass is not pronounced. Public domain features include a drinking fountain at Railway Square (PD) and neutral bus shelters, stairs, rubbish bins, signage, lighting, parking meters and phone booths. The landscape component of the streetscape comprises juvenile plantings of London Plane trees. The streetscape has a number of focus sites that contributes to its identity and significance. These include: Railway Square. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular, narrow and consolidated in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Victorian, Federation, Interwar commercial three storey scale terrace form. Buildings are built to the street alignment. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry and facebrick. The streetscape has a medium integrity.

Refer to inventory sheets 2424108, 2424110, 2424206, 2424207, 2424208, 2424209, 2424210, 2424211, 2424212, 2424214, 2424215, 2424216, 2424217, 2424218, 2424219, 2424220, 2424221, 2424223, 2424254, 2424255, 2424256, 2424258, 2424259, 2424274, 2424276, 2424286

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Victorian Development These form the character of the precinct

Federation and Interwar Development Buildings of the early twentieth century usually have an appropriate scale and are therefore

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

neutral elements although some buildings may contribute to the significance of the area and are therefore contributing elements Interwar development provides a greater range of finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies which provide more wall façade than post-60’s development. Interwar development provides hierarchical composition to centre, base, middle and top and a stepped skyline

PROTECTION OF SIGNIFICANCE Protect Subdivision Pattern Retain victorian subdivision Do not allow amalgamation of sites within these important subdivisions Retain the block width characteristics of an area

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Victorian / Federation Commercial Buildings Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details

Protect Significant Building Type – Hotel Development Retain tiles and joinery prior to 1950s.

Protect Significant Building Type – Street/ Lanes Significant built fabric of the street such as trachtyte and stone kerbing Early street fixtures, early signage and memorial and monuments, historic planting and landscape features

Remove detracting additions to (Contributory) Development Awnings Airconditioning Dominating signage Large infill shopfront (reconstruction may be required)

Reinforce the dominant street character and scale Retain character of Victorian development Maintain characteristic building alignment Retain characteristic building form and façade composition Retain characteristic building finishes and details

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Change of Use Retain commercial usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING Landscaping Encourage avenue plantings to unify streetscape Encourage trees to screen detracting development Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Encourage and develop appropriate distant vistas

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the street as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Street Parking Do not alter street alignment. Car Parking/ Access Do allow new car access from the street Generally allow parking access from rear lanes Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening.

ENHANCE SIGNIFICANCE ON REDEVELOPED SITES Redevelopment of Detracting Sites Respect the Established Area Character Encourage appropriate replacement development on detracting sites. Recognise the collective precedent and impact of the proposal. Recognise the verticality of significant City streetscapes Avoid raised podiums Respect the character of precinct Respect the scale and form of significant development

Respect the Established Facade Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian Subdivision in the vicinity Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of significant development in the vicinity Encourage façade qualities being multiple finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies. Reduce the impact of uncharacteristic scale and large extent of glass Reduce the impact of increased building height Encourage streetwalls Encourage reinterpretation of adjacent significant façade composition Encourage rendered and painted finishes Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by appropriate policy

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP.

Interpretation Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision Interpret past elements of history, eg. tollgate.

Management:

Further Comments: LocalThemes:One of Sydney's earliest streets. Streetscape:694-814 and 557-871 George Street is listed on the Heritage Streetscape Map in the Heritage LEP 2000. This section of George Street intersects with Railway Square adding to the significance of the streetscape. There are several Schedule 1 buildings in this section, they include the ANZ Bank (557- 559), Building (611-613), Baptist Church House (619-625), The Javis Centre (627), Former King George Disposal, Former Haymarket Post (633-635), National Australia Bank (661- 663), Westpac Bank (671-675), Bank of China (681), Hotel (701-705), Great Southern Hotel (715-723), Palace Hotel Building (730-742), Haymarket Chambers (744), Former Sutton Forest Meat (761-763), Victorian Commercial Group (767-791), GIO Building (770-772), and the Former Lottery Office building (814).

Schedule 2 Heritage items include the street facade and external walls of the Former English's Chambers, and the facade of the former Buckle House.

A consistent and well-integrated streetscape group of predominantly Victorian commercial,

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

residential and religious buildings. The use of stucco detailing, fenestration patterns and decorated parapets are common and unifying features of the group, flanking both sides of George Street. Visually prominent, the streetscape is immediately north of Railway Square and as such, its Victorian proportions establish a character quite different from the prominent Federation buildings in the former. The visual axis to the city core is emphasised by a gradual slope northward.

Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) George Street has Historic Significance: For its ability to evidence the first period of European development as an important early route to Parramatta. For its ability to evidence the development of Brickfield Hill from the mid-nineteenth century as a commercial centre, first associated with the establishment of the Hay and Cattle markets from the 1850s. For its development encouraged by the tram extension and development of the Railway in the early twentieth century. For its ability to evidence key period of building activity during the Victorian and Federation periods. As one of Sydney's earliest streets. Criteria b) George Street has Historic Association Significance:: For its association with the Chinese community.

Criteria c) George Street has Aesthetic Significance: As one of Sydney’s most important nineteenth century streetscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness remaining from a variety of periods. For its ability to illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. Elements such as shop fronts, first floor facades, pediment details, parapet details, remain in the street. For the number of public, commercial and ecclesiastical buildings designed by distinguished architects. For its stimulating range of restaurants and speciality shops and other facilities which establishes a vibrant and varied environment. Criteria d)

Criteria e)

Criteria f) Aesthetically significant as a rare, continuous streetscape of Victorian and Federation

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424735 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: George Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

buildings in central Sydney. Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year Dictionary History of City Of Sydney Central Sydney Heritage Local Environmental Plan, LEP 2000. Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Isadore Brodsky The Streets of Sydney 1962 NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory, Eddy Avenue NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 21 Campbell Street NSW Heritage Office, State Heritage Inventory, 441Pitt Street Paul Rappoport Heritage Report 631-635 George St 2003

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: -33.872831999989 Longitude: 151.20643400159 Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: 53222 AMG Zone: Easting: Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Regional Environmental Plan REP26_4 Local Environmental PlanCSH LEP 4 7/04/2000

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424764 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Goulburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Goulburn Street (George to Dixon Street) DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to 2424101, 2424110, 2424112, 2424113, 2424114, Group ID: 2424242, 2424330, 2424331

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Built Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 9055 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Street Former Uses: Street

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Goulburn Street has historic significance for its ability to evidence the development of the Significance: City South as a commercial centre in the late nineteenth century. Goulburn Street hasaesthetic significance a turn of the century streetscape with a high degree of architectural intactness. Historical Notes Goulburn Street was named in 1810 after Colonial Secretary Major Goulburn. It was or Provenance: proclaimed in 1834. Goulburn Street was the northern boundary of the brickfields. A freshwater pond lay just north of Goulburn Street adjacent to Darling Harbour.

The Directories of the mid 1850s show Trades Hall Hotel was constructed as a hotel in 1880. First known as the Coachman’s Arms, in 1885 it was renamed the “Do Drop Inn”, and finally, Trades Hall Hotel in 1889. The new name reflected the working class area and the increasing influence of trade unionism from the later nineteenth century. The use of the building as a hotel appears to have ceased in the 1960s-1970s. Several other hotels were located in the streetscape in the 1880s including the Star Hotel, and the Friendship Inn on the western side of the Sussex Street intersection. The Percy Dove Map of 1880 shows Goulburn Street between Dixon and George Streets occupied by one and two-storey structures.

The Salvation Army first constructed a barracks at 29 Goulburn Street in 1885. It retained this barracks until it was replaced by a Salvation Army Congress Hall in 1912 and a Salvation Army Young People’s Hall in 1920, designed by E. Saunders. The Salvation Army remained on the site until the 1960s.

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Item Name: Goulburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

John Smedley, one of Australia’s first native-born architects, designed Trades Hall at the corner of Goulburn and Dixon Streets in 1895. The first and continuing headquarters of much of the New South Wales Trade Union Movement. Trades Hall is a landmark in the Haymarket district.

The 1910 Roberts and Moffat Ltd Map shows Trades Hall, Trades Hall Hotel, The Star Hotel, Hughendon Hotel, The Bourke Hotel, the Salvation Army Barracks and the Union Bank of Australia on the George Street corner. Several businesses are indicated including SA Burns and Co. timber merchants and Hamadava Tea Co. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village Early Sydney Street

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping. The streetscape crosses the ridge and falls steeply at the western end towards Darling Harbour. The backdrop is characterised by City Skyline. The street is characterised by 2-4 Victorian and Federation buildings. The streetscape features terminating vistas to Haymarket (detracting Chinatown Centre). Other important views are city views to the east. The roadway is wide to the eastern end and narrow west of George Street and comprises four lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two way. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights. The streetscape is intersected by the following streets: Dixon, Sussex, George, Elizabeth and Nitusdale Streets. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly trachyte. Utility services are concealed. There is uniform awning patterns at the western end. Mature juvenile plantings of London Plane trees. Public Domain features include garbage bins. The streetscape has a number of hotels. These include: The Star, The Crown, The Bourke, The Trades Hall Hotels. The following Heritage items contribute to the streetscape: Trades Hall, The German Church and Goldsmith Building. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising narrow and consolidated lots resulting in a variable character. The predominant built form is Victorian, Federation and commercial 2-4 storey blocks. Buildings are built to the street alignment. The buildings typically do not have carpark access. The dominant façade treatment is vertical. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry and face brick. The streetscape has a medium integrity.

Former Trades Hall Hotel is a compact corner building defined by eclectic detailing such as the High Victorian embellishment of the windows on the upper level. Trades Hall is a landmark in the Haymarket district. A grand scale and well composed State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 50

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Item Name: Goulburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

elevation detailing with a use of classical orders and Italianate variety. The corner octagonal tower marks the building’s central pivot at Goulburn and Dixon Streets.

The German Lutheran Church is Victorian Romanesque in style, and has a simple rectangular plan. The main elevation features a central entrance porch flanked by two staircases. The building is of stuccoed masonry set on a sandstone plinth. Decoration is limited to the main elevation, with ornate label moulds over window heads and capitals on pilasters. The building sits among a group of commercial buildings of similar scale. The building has served as the focus of Lutheran activities in Sydney since 1882.

The Salvation Army Citadel (Former) building is a flamboyant two storey rendered brick building with stucco detailing, along Goulburn Street. A new street canopy incorporating a central barrel vault obscures the original façade which is articulated into five bays by a series of attached ionic pilasters with a heavy cornice and broken arched pediment over. The first floor façade is heavily moulded with Corinthian pilasters defining the five bays which are terminated by a cornice and central broken triangular pediment. Each bay has central arched windows with floral inspired stained glass and a moulded panel below. The side bays have circular stucco motifs above each window. The stepped parapet is moulded into panels distinguished by finials at the corners. A belvedere tower crowns the facade; “1912” is embossed under an arched moulding. Together the external building elements form an exotic architectural composition.

The former Goldsmith House is defined by unusual stucco and cast iron detailing on a symmetrical two storey building form. The street level shopfronts respond to the pedestrian nature of Goulburn Street though they have been heavily modified with the street awning being added in place of an earlier bullnose structure. Victorian Italianate in form with Free Classical embellishment.

Visually interesting group of buildings from the Victorian era to the present. Largely three and four storeys of varying parapet heights, and diverse in architectural detail. Slight change in direction of street at Sussex Street permits a less oblique view of the landmark Trades Hall at Goulburn and Dixon Streets. Category:Streetscape. Style:Early Victorian period to the present time.. Storeys:Largely 3 and 4 storey. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Victorian and Federation Development These form the character of the precinct

PROTECTION OF SIGNIFICANCE Protect Subdivision Pattern Retain victorian subdivision Do not allow amalgamation of sites within these important subdivisions

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Item Name: Goulburn Street Heritage Streetscape

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Retain the block width characteristics of an area

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Victorian Commercial Buildings Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details

Protect Significant Building Type – Hotel Development Retain tiles and joinery prior to 1950s.

Remove detracting additions to (Contributory) Development Awnings Airconditioning Dominating signage Large infill shopfront (reconstruction may be required)

Change of Use Retain commercial usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING Landscaping Encourage avenue plantings to unify streetscape Encourage trees to screen detracting development Views

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Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Encourage and develop appropriate distant vistas

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the street as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

ENHANCE SIGNIFICANCE ON REDEVELOPED SITE Redevelopment of Detracting Sites Respect the Established Area Character Encourage appropriate replacement development on detracting sites Recognise the collective precedent and impact of the proposal. Recognise the verticality of significant City streetscapes Avoid raised podiums Respect the character of precinct Respect the scale and form of significant development

Respect the Established Facade Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian Subdivision in the vicinity Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of significant development in the vicinity Encourage façade qualities being multiple finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies. Reduce the impact of uncharacteristic scale and large extent of glass Reduce the impact of increased building height Encourage streetwalls Encourage reinterpretation of adjacent significant façade composition Encourage rendered and painted finishes Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by

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Item Name: Goulburn Street Heritage Streetscape

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appropriate policy

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT Adjust boundary to exclude areas which do not contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscapes - exclude sections east of Elizabeth Street.

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Interpretation Interpret Victorian street pattern and subdivision Encourage historical interpretation Interpret former usage of the street or buildings eg. commercial Interpret past elements of history

Management:

Further Comments: State Themes:Early Sydney Street. Streetscape:Goulburn Street is listed on the Heritage Streetscape Map in the Central Sydney Heritage LEP 2000. There are several Schedule 1 buildings that contribute to the streetscape, these include the Trades Hall, Former Trades Hall Hotel, Hoover Complex, Star Hotel, and a building at 611-613 George Street.

Criteria c) Goulburn Street has Aesthetic Significance: As a turn of the century streetscape with a high degree of architectural intactness.

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Item Name: Goulburn Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Elements such as shop fronts, first floor facades, pediment details, parapet details, remain in the street. For its consistency of scale and form and awning pattern. For its ability to illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. For its stimulating range of hotels, restaurants, speciality shops and other facilities which establishes a vibrant and varied environment. Criteria d)

Criteria e)

Criteria f) Goulburn Street has Rarity Significance: As a rare surviving example of a turn of the century commercial streetscape within the CBD. Criteria g) Goulburn Street has Representative Significance: Because it demonstrates the principal characteristics of a turn of the century commercial streetscape within the CBD. Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year City of Sydney Archives, NSCA CRS 955 City Section Survey Plans, SWTSU Central Sydney Heritage LEP 2000. Central Sydney, Areas of special significance study, 1993. Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Regional Environmental Plan REP26_4 Local Environmental PlanCSH LEP 4 7/04/2000 Within a National Trust conservation area NT_ConsArea

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

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References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 21/09/2000 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Partial

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424748 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Macquarie Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Macquarie Street, Queens Square to DUAP Region: Sydney South Cahill Expressway Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to Description field for inventory sheets within this Group ID: Streetscape

Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Group: Category: Owner:

Admin Codes: 9040 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Street, Mixed residential, Parkland, Former Uses: Street

Assessed Significance: Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Macquarie Street has Historic Significance for its ability to evidence the first period of Significance: European development as the Government Domain and as a fashionable residential area in the early 19th century. It has historic significance for its evidence its role as a prestige address for the medical profession due to the location of Sydney hospital and the pressure on city sites in the later nineteenth century to maximise returns on their property by increasing the number of storeys. The street reflects of building activity during the Georgian and Victorian period including a number of institutional buildings designed by distinguished architects. Its important street and garden planting which provides a green and attractive environment. Historical Notes In 1789, Governor Phillip proclaimed the area of the Botanic Gardens, The Domain, Hyde or Provenance: Park and Macquarie Street for government use. In 1809 the new Governor, Lachlan Macquarie arrived in Sydney and set about making major civic improvements to the town. Macquarie Street as it exists today is a legacy of the vision Macquarie had for the fledging colony. In 1809 the whole of the Macquarie Street area was a wasteland known as Farm Cove Ridge with a rough track extending along the ridge through the present Hyde Park to where Oxford Street now commences. Though “Macquarie Street” was already named in 1821, it was first officially proclaimed a street on 31 December 1840 being the section of road between Bent and King Streets.

The history of the street particularly on the east features the development of major institutions.

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By 1807 Bridge Street had become Sydney’s most prestigious residential area. Macquarie Place reserve was the focus of the colony with the city’s elite residing in properties adjoining the grounds of Government House. The Governor’s Domain, the grounds associated with the First Government House, was built in 1788 and occupied by successive Governors of New South Wales until 1845. Bridge Street consisted of the public thoroughfare from George Street to Macquarie Place, and the public right of way stopped at the entrance to the grounds of Government House at the east side of Macquarie Place. With the construction of new stables for Government Houses (now the Conservatorium of Music) in 1817, up the hill to the east of the house, a carriageway to the stables appears to have been opened up, roughly along the line of the present eastern end of Bridge Street, but this was not a public thoroughfare.

In 1840’s the city grid was extended in the North-South direction and Government House was relocated to the Domain. The topography of this area was changed due to the filling of the Tank Stream and the formation of Circular Quay. Wells Map of 1843 notes Government House in its Bridge Street location. In 1845 the old Government House complex of buildings was demolished opening up Bridge Street to the original Domain around Macquarie Place, Pitt, Phillip and Macquarie Streets were extended north to the harbour and the Macquarie Place reserve reduced in size to the present area.

In 1845 Governor Gipps moved into the new Government House. This newly created city block was bounded by Macquarie, Bent, Phillip and Bridge Streets. Allotments in Macquarie Street were sold in the late 1840s and this became a fashionable residential area. In a plan of 1850 showing the Macquarie Street side of this subdivision, the Bridge Street frontage of the block is shown subdivided into allotments which were not sold. This northern part of the city block remained vacant until the construction of the Public Works and Colonial (Chief) Secretary’s offices in 1873. A system of lanes provided the rear lane access between the Macquarie Street and Phillip Street houses.

The New Government offices finalised by James Barnet on 24 June 1869, began construction in 1873 and were completed in 1880.

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The ridge on which the Hyde Park Barracks was erected had been largely cleared in the 1790’s and general hospital was built there between 1811 and 1816. The southern wall of the hospital enclosure became also the northern wall of the Barracks area. The foundation stone of the main Barracks was laid on 6 April 1817 and the building was completed to Greenway’s design in mid 1819. It was a dormitory for some 600 male convicts until transferred of facilities to Cockatoo Island in 1848. From 1830 to 1848 magistrates courts were held in the building. The abolition of assignment of convicts to settlers in 1840.

From 1848 until 1887 the Barracks was readapted primarily as the depot for female immigrants, who slept in the main building. From 1862 to 1887 various groups including the Benevolent Society Asylum, the Government Printer followed by the Metropolitan District Court from the Vaccine Institution and the Volunteer Riflery occupied the building. In 1887 the site was modified as offices for legal administration. This phase lasted until 1975. After 1875 a PCO was placed on the Barracks and conservation works continuing archaeological investigations were undertaken. The Barracks was opened as a museum in 1984, initially under the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences and from 1990 under the Historic House Trust.

The site of Sydney Hospital was first developed with as a hospital in 1811. At various times the building has been occupied by the legislature of NSW, a branch of the Royal mint from May 1855. The 1869 Nurses Home is the earliest extant building on the hospital site is Nightingale Wing designed by Thomas Rowe.

It is associated with both Henry Parkes, Florence Nightingale and six trained nurses from the Nightingale Training School at St Thomas’ Hospital in London. Substantial alterations occurred to the building between 1895 and 1902 under the architects Kirkpatrick and Robertson and marks.

The demolition of part of the old Rum Hospital and its replacement by new facilities saw the growth of Sydney Hospital as a major force in the medical life of Sydney. Sydney Hospital as the major public hospital in the city became the focus of specialist activity. Immediately adjacent to it in Macquarie Street, its own ‘Harley Street’ quickly developed. All medial specialists of any standing had rooms in Macquarie Street and a whole new market developed for property owners.

Part of the Rum Hospital were converted to the first colonial branch of the British Royal Mint in the Empire in 1854-1855 as the gold deposits discovered in the early 1850’s had made a local mint.

After the Royal Commission for the improvement of the City of Sydney and its Suburbs reported in 1909, there was a general will to move the industrial Mint form Macquarie Street, but the Mint did not finally close until 1927 after a long period of neglect in maintaining the buildings. Thereafter numerous government agencies occupied the site and Housing Commission often in new temporary buildings such as the land courts. The complex was vacated in 1977, conservation work began, and a PCO was placed on in 1981 and in 1982 the Mint Museum of decorative arts and coins opened. This museum closed in 1998 and the building is now controlled by the Historic Houses Trust has recently re-

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opened.

The western side of Macquarie Street between King Street and what was to become Martin Place, initially housed the parsonage of St James Church, offices of the Attorney and Solicitor Generals, the original Wesleyan Chapel built in 1821, a school house, and a number of small Georgian cottages. St James Anglican Church, originally designed by Greenway as a court house, conducted its first service in 1822. Joseph Fowles, writing in 1848 stated that “the congregation (of St James) usually includes the family of the Governor and a large proportion of the leading members of society”.

By the end of the 1840’s the western side of Macquarie Street was becoming a fashionable residential area and some grand terraces of houses which were to flank Macquarie Street.

The size and quality of the housing erected appears to have been quite mixed. By the early 1820’s the west side of the street was lined by expensive houses. The residence of Thomas Clarkson at the corner of King Street and Macquarie Street was completed by 1819, and eventually occupied by D’Arcy Wentworth, conveniently close to his place of work as Principal Surgeon of the nearby hospital. A similarly substantial residence was located on the corner of Hunter Street and later occupied by Sir Roger Therry. The majority of the houses of this period were however much smaller, occupying only the front of the allotment with large areas of garden behind.

In the 1830’s and 1840’s, some of the earlier cottages in Macquarie Street were removed and replaced with more substantial structures by well known architects of the period. By far the most splendid addition to this part of the street was Burdekin House, once dubbed ‘the most handsome house in Sydney’ built in 1841 for the hardware merchant Thomas Burdekin.

Between Hunter Street and Bent Street, the first real terraced housing appeared in the street in 1842 in the form of Horbury Terrace, a terrace of eight houses, seven on Macquarie Street and one with a frontage to Hunter Street. Between Hunter Street and Bent Street remnants of Horbury Terrace 1834, picked out in white, survive on Macquarie Street. Apart from its healthy situation and fine views, Macquarie Street now boasted a new amenity, piped water from Busby’s Bore, one of the first streets in Sydney to be so supplied.

In 1845, when Governor Gipps moved into the new Government House, the boundaries of the Domain were redefined. The first Government House was removed and part of its associated grounds subdivided. The streets which had once terminated at Bent Street were extended down to the Quay including Macquarie Street, which now formed the western boundary of the domain of the new government House The newly created allotments on the west side of Macquarie Street between Bent Street and Bridge Street were put up for sale in the late 1840’s and purchased for residential purposes. North of Bridge Street, associated with the newly created Circular Quay, commercial and maritime use dominated.

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In 1849, just before the gold rush, a new building for the Colonial Treasurer and Auditor was commissioned by Mortimer Lewis. Built in the former garden of First Government House and finished in 1851, the building had two frontages; one to Bridge Street for the Audit Office, the other to Macquarie Street for the Treasury. Its design referenced the Traveller’s Club of 1829 in London’s Pall Mall. Lewis’s successor, Edmund Blacket added a coach house and stables to the north by 1853.

The Chief Secretary’s Building at 121 Macquarie Street was constructed in 1878 to the designs of Colonial Architect James Barnet. The Colonial, later Chief Secretary was enduring political and administrative institutions with far reaching powers. During the later nineteenth century the office remained prestigious. This link between the chief political office and administrative department was not to be broken until the middle years of the twentieth century.

By the 1880’s, Macquarie Street was lined with 3 and 4 storey terrace houses and in the area from Hunter to King Street the Sands Sydney and Suburban Directory indicated that the majority of properties were being used as boarding houses or as offices for the medical profession. In the 1882 Gibbs Shallard & Co’s illustrated Guide to Sydney the area is described as being lined with terraces, “representing excellent specimens of domestic architecture”. These were still to be seen in the drawing by Cedric Emanuel of the subject site prior to the construction of the Reserve Bank building in the 1960’s. A few of these terraces survive further north in Macquarie Street, indicating the earlier scale and character of the area.

Towards Bent Street was formerly the location of large boarding houses, and right up to King Street in 1890’s there were at least three schools in Macquarie Street; Misses Flower since replaced by Sir Alexander MacCormick the surgeon Craignish. The third school was located next to the Wesleyan Chapel nearer to Ling Street. The Wesleyan Chapel was demolished in 1877.

Prior to 1851, Macquarie Street divided Hyde Park into two portions. In 1881, Macquarie Street was extended from Bent Street to the Harbour. Macquarie Street was widened in 1914. Once the show street of Sydney, Macquarie Street’s change of character coincided with the pushing through of Martin Place. The extension of Martin Place through to Macquarie Street in 1934 (which occasioned the demolition of Burdekin House) saw a reduction in the available accommodation on the west side of the street and probably helped the fortunes of the remaining buildings.

The NSW Board of Health was created by the Infectious Diseases Supervision Act in 1881 and incorporated by the Noxious Trades and Cattle Slaughtering Act in 1894. Initially the Health Department was installed in a large private house in Macquarie Street, sharing quarters with a branch office of the Department of Public Instruction and later with the Parliamentary Draftsman. By 1889 the work of the Department had grown to such an extent that it occupied the whole of the Macquarie Street building and in 1893 the attics of the house were adapted to accommodate a pathological and bacteriological laboratory. By 1895 it was clear that these premises were inadequate, both too small and inappropriate – not “accommodation of the kind requisite to a Health Department conducted and equipped

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on modern lines”. The land had already for many years been allocated to the use of the Department and occupied by a temporary building which served the Government analyst for a laboratory. The Department of Public Health occupied the new premises on 1 October 1897, although they were not quite completed at that time.

Plans in 1935 for the total remodelling and demolition of much of the east side of the street and the construction of a new Parliament House and hospital came to nothing in the postwar period. Butlers Committee also recommended massive redevelopment from the new Parliament House and Law Courts in 1935. The decision to proceed with the extension of Martin Place, was finally implemented by the State Government in 1923 and it was agreed to acquire enough land on either side of the extension so that when it was sold at an increased value it would pay for the new street. In January 1926 the resumptions were gazetted but the affected properties were leased back to the existing tenants until sufficient funds were available for the works. In 1926 the Municipal Council of Sydney purchased a number of properties in Macquarie and Phillip Streets in anticipation of the extension of Martin Place east to Macquarie Street. These properties included those which would later be demolished for the building of the Reserve Bank head office building. Funding cuts and altered traffic flow proposals resulted in no progress being made on the Martin Place extension for some years. Eventually, in June 1934, Martin Place was extended from Castlereagh Street to Elizabeth Street and the final extension to Macquarie Street was opened in April 1935.

Much discussion had taken place as to the form and function of the space created by the extension of Martin Place. It was finally concluded that the extension would accommodate the types of businesses seeking prestigious city centre addresses and would not only transform that part of Sydney but boost real estate values and the Council’s rate returns. The Town Planning Association wrote in December 1932 that the significance of Martin Place as a “show street” be recognised, that all street corners be splayed or well rounded and that all buildings be a uniform height of 150 feet. In 1957, the site at the top of Martin Place on the southern side was purchased by the Commonwealth Bank as the location for the first Reserve Bank of Australia building. The government had decided to separate the Central Bank from the rest of the Commonwealth Bank Group to ensure a sense of fair trading between all trading banks and the Central Bank. The Bank’s administrators made a deliberate decision to call for a design for the building that was contemporary and international to exemplify a post war cultural shift away from an architectural emphasis on strength and expressed through massive walls and pillars. For the newly created Bank, the decade of the 1960’s was tremendously significant in creating an International image for the Australian economy. Covenants on the site required that the facades of the building be constructed of stone and other complimentary materials and that the building have a minimum height of 150 feet with a setback to Martin Place of 16 feet above a height of 60 feet from Macquarie Street. Three members of the Design Committee undertook an overseas tour to investigate design and building trends generally and specific facilities for other central banking agencies. A conscious policy of using materials of Australian origin works by Australian artists and sculptors was adopted. Extensions to the south of the building were completed in 1980.

In 1960 the State Planning Authority proposed typical redevelopment with high rise towers

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and slabs. The Government Architects branch of the Public Works Department responded with a series of reports which gradually scaled down the redevelopment proposed, culminating in the 1983 report which lead to substantial improvements to the landscape and streetscape prior to 1988 and to the low scale additions to Parliament House and the State Library. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Environment - cultural land (none) 3. Economy Health (none) 3. Economy Pastoralism (none) 4. Settlement Accommodation (Housing) (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 7. Governing Defence Parliament House 7. Governing Government and administr (none) 7. Governing Government and administr Centralised Government 7. Governing Welfare Parliament House 8. Culture Creative endeavour (Cultur (none) 8. Culture Leisure (none) 8. Culture Religion (none) 9. Phases of Life Persons Monuments and buildings; Link to Aus

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: 1811 Year Completed: 1811 Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping with a gentle gradient. The streetscape follows the ridge and is terminated by Circular Quay and Hyde Park. The backdrop is not characterised by highrise. The streetscape features terminating vistas to Circular Quay and Hyde Park. The roadway is wide and comprises 5 lanes. The surface is bitumen. Vehicle movement is two ways and parking occurs on both sides of the street. Traffic is heavy and is moderated by traffic lights. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen brick and stone paved. Utility services are concealed. There is little visual clutter. There is no awning pattern. Façade depth is pronounced. Public domain features include Queens Square, Shakespeare Place, monuments Edward VII (PD1), Il Porcellino (PD2), Queen Victoria (PD3) and Prince Albert (PD4), and the Archibald Fountain (PD5). Neutral elements include bus shelters, parking meters, rubbish bins. The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings, the Botanic Gardens and Hyde Park. Mature plantings of

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London Plane and Canary Island Palms dominate in the street. The streetscape incorporates the Botanical Gardens. The park contributes to the historic significance and landscape character. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising narrow and wide lots. The predominant built form is Victorian public buildings. The predominant scale is four to six Victorian storey buildings and 13 Interwar storey buildings. Buildings are built to the street alignment. The buildings typically do not have carpark access. Some post WWII buildings have carpark access. The dominant façade treatment is vertical. Predominant building materials are stone. The streetscape has a high integrity.

Macquarie Street contains many significant buildings (145-189 and between Queens Square and Bent Street) constructed between 1811 and 1938, contributing to the visual quality of the streetscape, and containment of vistas north and south to Queens Square and the Cahill Expressway. Line of trees and sandstone fencing along the Botanic Gardens boundary continues the framed north-south views. A visually complex series of buildings of rich materials, colours and textures. Category:Streetscape - Linear. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Refer to inventory sheets 2423802, 2423803, 2423804, 2423805, 2423806, 2423807, 2423808, 2423809, 2423810, 2423811, 2423812, 2423813, 2423814, 2423815, 2423816, 2423817, 2423818, 2423819, 2423820, 2423821, 2423822, 2423823, 2423847, 2423915, 2423917, 2424050, 2424590

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: 1838 Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Georgian Development These form the character of the city Victorian Development These form the character of the city

Interwar Development Buildings of the early twentieth century usually have an appropriate scale and are therefore neutral elements although some buildings may contribute to the significance of the area and are therefore contributing elements Interwar development provides a greater range of finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies which provide more wall façade than post-60s development. Interwar development provides hierarchical composition to centre, base, middle and top and a stepped skyline Associated planting lessens visual impact of Interwar development

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Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Georgian Public Buildings Retain Victorian Public Buildings Retain Victorian Commercial Buildings Retain Victorian warehouses Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details Protect Significant Building Type – Warehouse Retain scale and finishes.

Change of Use Retain commercial usage Retain institutional usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING

Landscaping Encourage trees at the end of streets to reinforce landscape vistas and frame views. Encourage trees to screen detracting development

Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Reinforce street end vistas with street trees

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Pedestrianisation Retain role of the space as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Street Parking Incorporate street trees. Do not alter street alignment. Car Parking/ Access (CBD) Do allow new car access from the street Generally allow parking access from rear lanes Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by

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appropriate policy

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT Adjust boundary to include areas which do contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscapes.Consider extension of the boundary of the Streetscape to Hyde Park.

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Interpretation Interpret Victorian street lane pattern and subdivision Encourage historical interpretation of the laneway. Interpret former usage of the street or buildings eg. warehouse, Interpret past elements of history eg. Wynyard Barracks

The protection of sunlight access to the Domain, Botanic Gardens and Hyde Park, together with the west facing facades of the public buildings along the eastern side of Macquarie and College Street, are considered of such importance that overshadowing controls are required. These controls should be addressed by streetwall / shadow plane controls, incorporating streetwall height control for the western alignment of Macquarie Street of 45 meters.

Management:

Further Comments: State Themes:Monuments and buildings, Link to Australia's Colonial Governor, Lachlan Macquarie, Politics, Sydney Hospital. LocalThemes:Politics, Comments:St Mary's Cathedral can be viewed from Macquarie Street adding to the streetscape value. Streetscape:Macquarie Street is a recognised streetscape on the heritage LEP 2000. Macquarie Street incorporates numerous heritage buildings and areas that are of considerable historic and aesthetic significance. Significant heritage items include the Royal Botanic Gardens, Hyde Park, Parliament House, Sydney Hospital, Government House and garden, the Lodge and entrance gates, Royal Mint Building, and Hyde Park Barracks.

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Other Schedule 1 buildings that contribute to the streetscape include the Royal Automobile Club, Former Health Department Building, Transport House, Chief Secretary's Building, The Astor, History House, BMA House, Royal Australian College of Physicians, Wyoming, Hengrove Hall, St. Steven's Uniting Church, and Beenbah Chambers.

Horbury House street facade, external walls and roof form is the only Schedule 2 Heritage Item on Macquarie Street.

Townscape and landscape items that contribute to the Schedule 3 listings include Palm Trees between Shakespeare Place and Tarpeian Rock, Edward VII Statue on the corner of Conservatorium Road, and Queens Square.

Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Macquarie Street has Historic Significance: For its ability to evidence the first period of European development as the Government Domain. For its ability to evidence its role as a fashionable residential area in the early 19th century. For its ability to evidence its role as a prestige address for the medical profession due to the location of Sydney hospital. For its ability to reflect the status of Sydney because of its relationship with the Governor Macquarie. For its ability to illustrate the pressure on city sites in the later nineteenth century to maximise returns on their property by increasing the number of storeys. For its ability to reflect in its materials the wealth of natural resources available for building within New South Wales and other Australian States. For its ability to evidence key period of building activity during the Georgian and Victorian period For its ability evidence the physical development of buildings representing the NSW Government from the earliest days of the colony, and the professions of medicine and law from the early 20th century, to the present .

Macquarie Street and College Street combine with parkland and State Government buildings of the highest symbolic and historical importance as a boulevard along the eastern edge of the City Centre. Criteria b) Macquarie Street has Historic Association Significance: For its association with prominent local architects

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Criteria c) Macquarie Street has Aesthetic Significance: For its ability to illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. For its collection of memorials. For the number of institutional buildings designed by distinguished architects. For its important street and garden planting which provides a green and attractive environment. For its stimulating range of restaurants and hotels which establishes it as a vibrant and varied environment and a major meeting point in Sydney. For it being the location of Parliament House, on the most elevated land in the City Centre. For its collection of primary cultural and legal activities of the State Conservatorium, State Library and Mitchell Library, and Supreme Court. Criteria d) Has social significance at a State level.Location of primary cultural and legal activities of State Conservatorium, State Library and Mitchell Library, and Supreme Court. Has cultural significance at a State level. Criteria e) Macquarie Street has Technical Significance: For its use of sandstone in memorials. For its high archaeological potential as the site of the original Government Domain. Criteria f) Macquarie Street has Rarity Significance: As it provides evidence of the original Government Domain and the centre of the city in the Georgian period. Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year

Central Sydney Heritage Local Environmental Plan 2000. Sydney City Council Areas of Special Significance Study, 1993. Draft City of Sydney Development Control Plan, Macquarie Street North. Jackson Teece Chesterman & Willis Conservation Management Plan 121 Bridge Street, Review M. Betteridge Conservation Management Plan, History House, 133 1981 Macquarie Street, The Mint Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Design 5 Conservation Management Plan, History House, 133 Macquarie Street Higgenbottom Conservation Management Plan 16-32 Bridge Street 1995 Howard Tanner Conservation Management Plan 193 Macquarie Street 1997 Isadore Brodsky The Streets of Sydney 1962 Joseph Fowles Sydney of 1848

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Lucas Stapleton Conservation Management Plan, Royal College, 145 & 145 Macquarie Street Noel Bell Ridley Smith Conservation Management Plan 65 Martin Place 2001 NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 93 Macquarie St NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory Treasury NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory Sydney Hospital NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory Hyde Park Barracks

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: Longitude: Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Regional Environmental Plan REP26_4 Local Environmental PlanCSH LEP 4 7/04/2000 National Trust of Australia register NT_Register

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

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Item Name: Martin Place Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Martin Place DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Built Group: Urban Area Category: Streetscape Owner:

Admin Codes: 8085 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Plaza Former Uses: Street

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Martin Place has Historic and Aesthetic Significance for ability to evidence the development Significance: of Victorian and Interwar Sydney as a prestige address for institutional buildings. Ability to reflect the status of Sydney because of its relationship with Institutional Buildings. It is significant for its ability to contribute to understanding the nineteenth and twentieth century town planning intention. It has ability to evidence key period of building activity during the Victorian period and later the interwar period and post war period in direct response to the Height of Building controls. Martin Place has Historic Association Significance for its association with Sir James Martin, premier and Chief Justice of NSW. Historical Notes During the Colonial period, two or three storey brick and shingle buildings were built facing or Provenance: George and Pitt Streets. Most were shops with residences over. The centre of the block where the Tank Stream flowed, was left largely undeveloped. The General Post Office occupied a site on George Street from c.1830. This was a two-storey brick building thought to have been designed by Francis Greenway.

Martin Place commenced as a narrow lane, which ran between George Street and Pitt Street and was widened into a substantial thoroughfare as part of the setting for the General Post Office in 1891. The stretch between Pitt Street to Castlereagh Street was known as ‘Foxlow Place’ after the maiden name of the wife of Mr Hosking, the first elected Mayor of Sydney, in office between 1842 and 1843. The south side of Foxlow Place remained vacant up to 1867. The north side had been almost completely built upon with various businesses. In the same year, John Hosking was recorded as occupying 8-10 Foxlow Place as business premises. Foxlow Place was renamed Moore Street during the 1870’s, in honour of Alderman Charles Moore, Mayor of Sydney 1867-69. Further buildings

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had been constructed on the southern side by 1876 including many private dwellings and small businesses.

The development of the built environment of Martin Place occurred in four distinct phases. Firstly, there was the construction of the General Post Office during the 1870’s and 1880’s, followed by the second stage consisting of the development of the western end of the street by such buildings as the Bank of Australasia, Challis House and the CML Building around the turn of the century. The third major period of activity began with the construction of the Government Savings Bank (now the Commonwealth Bank) in 1928 and ended with the opening of the Prudential Building in 1939. The fourth stage was the extension to Macquarie Place.

James Barnet’s new post office in the Italian Renaissance revival style was built in two stages. The first was completed in 1874, fronting George Street. The second stage was completed in 1887 extended through to Pitt Street and incorporated a clock tower. The finishing stone to the tower was laid in 1885 and the colonnade along the northern side of the post office was opened to the public in May 1887. The tower clock was not completed until 16th September 1891. In 1898 the George Street frontage of the building was widened by two bays and by 1904 a fourth storey with two large mansard roof sections had been added by W.L. Vernon. Vernon made these additions with reluctance and did what he could to make them as unobtrusive and as harmonious as possible. Some years later he wrote: “Unfortunately the stately dignity of the building (has been marred) by the addition of an attic in the French design whose varied lines and want of repose is out of harmony with the rest of the structure…”

In 1863 when the land was purchased for the construction of the GPO, provision was made for a 20 foot wide lane and a 12 foot colonnade from George to Pitt Streets on the northern side of the building. The first official proposal for a street on the northern side of the post office was made by the Hon. Treasurer, Geoffrey Eagar in 1864 and was duly approved by the Executive Council. The purchase of additional land to the north of the lane from a Mrs Hughes enabled the widening of this lane in the 1870’s. From this time numerous schemes were put forward to establish a suitable public street within the block defined between Pitt and George Streets and Hunter and King Streets.

In July 1877, Barnet prepared sketches of buildings to face the new GPO across a piazza. The buildings were in a style to echo the GPO and stretched the length of the block from George Street to Pitt Street with mansard storeys at each end. Barnet’s proposal of June 1888 shows a 70 feet line and 100 feet line for the northern boundary of the street. The 100 feet line was adopted.

Before the General Post Office was completed, an unforeseen opportunity for extending Martin Place presented itself. On the night of 1 October 1890 a fire broke out on the eastern side of Pitt Street and by the following morning the entire block of buildings between Hosking Place and Moore Street and from Pitt Street to Castlereagh Street had been burnt out.

Following the 1890 Great Fire of Sydney the Government passed an Act that enabled

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Council to acquire enough land to widen Moore Street such that it would continue from the first section between George Street and Pitt Street. The pedestrian lane connecting George Street and Pitt Street, popularly known as Post Office Place or Lane, was named Martin Place in 1891 in memory of former Premier and Chief Justice of NSW, Sir James Martin. It was not until January 1921 that Moore Street was renamed Martin Place. By November 1890 the resumed land was being cleared to establish a street 100 feet wide. On 15 February 1892 the area not required for Martin Place (then called Post Office Street) was put up for auction in eleven lots.

Buildings already in existence along the northern side of the new street, opposite the Post Office, were resumed and demolished. In 1891 National Mutual Life Building was constructed on the corner of George Street and what was then Chisholm Lane (currently Angel Place). This building was designed with the intention that it would front a grand piazza on its southern façade. The Bank of Australasia which had opened in Sydney in 1835, bought the three lots nearest to George Street in 1900 and 1902, consolidating the title in 1904. An American architect, Edward Raht, resident in Sydney since 1891 and already responsible for the Equitable Life Assurance Co building adjacent in Martin Place in 1896 was commissioned to design a new bank building, which was completed in 1904, with a banking chamber and rooms for tenants as well as for bank officers.

The NSW Government Savings Bank operated as a subsidiary office within the New South Wales Postal Department until the end of 1900 after which time Post Offices became an agency of the Commonwealth subsequent to Federation being established in 1901. In 1903 the Bank was required to find new premises. In 1905 the State Government leased a purpose built building in Moore Street, between Pitt and Castlereagh Streets. The Citizen’s Life Assurance Company had built the building and offered a ten-year lease with the option to purchase. The site of the Moore Street building, now the site of the present plaza entrance to the MLC Centre previously accommodated a portion of the Australia Hotel. On May 1, 1914, the Savings Bank of New South Wales (known as “Campbell’s Bank” established in June 1819), amalgamated with the Government Savings Bank of New South Wales. The bank first Governor, Denison Samuel King Miller, decided to relocate the Bank’s head Office from Melbourne to Sydney where it remains today. The decision reflected the emerging pre-eminence of the Sydney CBD financial centre within Australia. The Commonwealth Bank achieved healthy expansion during the wars years, which was largely attributable to government business. The building was later extended in a similar style in 1933 and in 1968 in a modern style. Both of these buildings, located adjacent one another on George Street, are important landmarks that define the western end of Martin Place. It was intended at one stage for Martin Place to be extended through to York Street, however these banks refused to give up the auspicious location.

Martin Place had a strong civic and ceremonial tradition regularly reinforced by the Anzac Day marches and services, public ceremonies associated with royal visits and the celebrations at the end of both world wars. The arrival of the American Fleet of 1908, the Coronation of 1911, Hospital Saturday Collections, Button Days, Recruiting, Armistice Day, Anzac Day, were always best celebrated in Martin Place. The redcoats marched into Martin Place from Macquarie Street each Thursday near half-past twelve. Isadore Brodsky recalls that Martin Place had been the Actors Promenade where one could admire the celebrities

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of Theatre, where Billy Hughes could be spotted and where A.D. Kay could mount his box and win a crowd. Jim Tyrrell second hand book-seller and proprietor of Tost and Rohu dealt Tibby the newsboy, “Hoppy” Buchanan the flower sellers the con men, the man with the telescope , a tiny milk bar …you could find them all in Martin Place. Flower sellers in King Street decamped to the spaciousness of Martin Place created an atmosphere of unexcelled charm and bouquet. A line of poplars was planted. Martin Place became the centre of the city although there is no palace or cathedral. The entire Martin Place precinct became a place for the people and by 1935 was the centre of activity within the city and a meeting place for various nationalistic movements, surrounded by buildings, commensurate with its importance to the community.

The decision to proceed with the extension of Martin Place, was finally implemented by the State Government in 1923 and it was agreed to acquire enough land on either side of the extension so that when it was sold at an increased value it would pay for the new street. In January 1926 the resumptions were gazetted but the affected properties were leased back to the existing tenants until sufficient funds were available for the works. In 1926 the Municipal Council of Sydney purchased a number of properties in Macquarie and Phillip Streets in anticipation of the extension of Martin Place east to Macquarie Street. These properties included those which would later be demolished for the building of the Reserve Bank head office building. Funding cuts and altered traffic flow proposals resulted in no progress being made on the Martin Place extension for some years. Eventually, in June 1934, Martin Place was extended from Castlereagh Street to Elizabeth Street and the final extension to Macquarie Street was opened in April 1935.

Following the opening of the extension of Martin Place to Macquarie Street, a series of development sites along each side of the new thoroughfare were made available by the Sydney Municipal Council. The first two sites sold were those between Elizabeth Street and Phillip Street. The northern block was sold to the Rural Bank of NSW and the southern block was purchased by the Australian Provincial Assurance Company Ltd on May 23, 1935, for the sum of 83,000 pounds. Blocks to Macquarie Street were not sold until after World War II, and it was not until the late 1960’s that the twin towers of the Westpac Building and the Reserve Bank were constructed to complete the development of Martin Place.

Martin Place is probably unique in the history of the urban development of Sydney, in that the street was deliberately created between the years 1892, and 1935 to be a great urban thoroughfare. An incidental result of the development of Martin Place as that the blocks becoming available along both sides of the thoroughfare were taken up by major commercial and professional organisations for the purpose of developing quality office

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buildings to house their head offices. Consequently, Martin Place became the most prestigious address in the business area of Sydney, and remains so to this day.

The construction of the APA building marked the beginning of the development of the eastern end of Martin Place and Phillip Street as a major commercial and professional precinct. The building at 53-63 Martin Place was designed to formalise and define the new major civic thoroughfare of Martin Place. David W. King a young architect was appointed. The brief was to erect premises to the full building height and to design in conformity with that of the surrounding buildings. In a special feature in 1938, Building nominated the APA Building as one of a group of nine “Sydney Buildings that have made Architectural History”, with the caption “the APA Building, Sydney, may be said to represent the new Sydney, for it is built upon one of the sites made available by the extension of Martin Place. …While the lines are very simple, they impart a vertical effect that is most impressive… The building was opened in May 1937. The APA Building is the last remaining example in Martin Place of what was a consistent group of structures exhibiting a conformity of scale, façade treatment and vocabulary of detail.

The design and construction of the APA Building closely followed that of the Rural Bank opposite (F.W. Turner, opened 1936), and together these buildings set the precedent for the redevelopment of the extended Martin Place as the commercial and professional address for Sydney, with Art Deco as the architectural language for this redevelopment. The Prudential Building (Hennessy and Hennessy, 1939), the MLC Building (Bates, Smart and McCutcheon, 1938) and alterations to the Australia Hotel (Emil Sodersten, 1937), exemplify this phase. Challis House assumed the function of a commercial city building that was closely linked with tourism by virtue of the occupation of the lower floors by the Railways Ticketing Office and Government Tourist Bureau.

During the war it was feared that the Post Office tower might be a target, and in 1942 the clock and bells were dismantled. No move was made to re-erect the tower until twelve years after the war had ended. For the next five years public pressure began to grow. Robert Menzies, Prime Minister supported the project in April 1962. Work began after Anzac Day, 25 April 1963 and was finished on Anzac Day, 1964.

In 1957, the site at the top of Martin Place on the southern side was purchased by the Commonwealth Bank as the location for the first Reserve Bank of Australia building. The government had decided to separate the Central Bank from the rest of the Commonwealth Bank Group to ensure a sense of fair trading between all trading banks and the Central Bank. The Bank’s administrators made a deliberate decision to call for a design for the building that was contemporary and international to exemplify a post war cultural shift away from an architectural emphasis on strength and expressed through massive walls and pillars. For the newly created Bank, the decade of the 1960’s was tremendously significant in creating an International image for the Australian economy. Covenants on the site required that the facades of the building be constructed of stone and other complimentary materials and that the building have a minimum height of 150 feet with a setback to Martin Place of 16 feet above a height of 60 feet from Macquarie Street. Three members of the Design Committee undertook an overseas tour to investigate design and building trends generally and specific facilities for other central banking agencies. A conscious policy of

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using materials of Australian origin works by Australian artists and sculptors was adopted. Extensions to the south of the building were completed in 1980.

The idea of developing a pedestrian square in front of the GPO was again proposed in 1954 by town planners George Clarke and Geoffrey Faithful. Development of a civic plaza was seen as a viable solution to alleviate the increasing congestion of traffic and people in this area. Twelve years later, the idea had gained wide support and in 1966 Clarke, Gazzard and partners together with Professor Denis Winston (then Professor of Town Planning at the University of Sydney) proposed a scheme which subsequently gained the support of city Council. Stage two between Pitt and Castlereagh Streets was opened in July 1976, and stage five between Phillip and Macquarie Streets in September 1977. The remaining stages from Castlereagh to Phillip Streets, with Elizabeth Street between were completed concurrently with Martin Place railway station. Martin Place station was finally put into service in 1980.

The period 1970’s and 1980’s also witnessed the demolition of several major buildings (the Australia Hotel, the Rural Bank and the Prudential Building) and erection of new structures to replace these. The foremost of these, the MLC Centre, the Prudential Building and the State Bank, have been designed to a very different set of urban design concepts, particularly in regard to scale and setbacks, yet Martin Place has remained a space defined by buildings of a perceptively high quality, and has retained its character as Sydney’s most important urban space. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Communication (none) 3. Economy Technology (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 9. Phases of Life Persons Sir James Martin; Colonial Governme

Designer: Plaza area designed by Clarke Gazzard Pty Ltd, architects. Maker / Builder:

Year Started: 1891 Year Completed: 1891 Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping. The streetscape forms part of a grid and is bounded by Macquarie Street and terminated by George Street. The backdrop is not characterised by highrise. The street is characterised by commercial buildings. The streetscape features terminating vistas to CBC and ANZ Banks, Macquarie Street and Sydney Hospital. The roadway is wide and pedestrianised. Footpaths are wide and are bitumen, stone and paved. Kerbing is predominantly concrete. Remnant sandstone guttering also occurs.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424652 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Martin Place Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Utility services are concealed. There is little visual clutter. There is no awning pattern. Façade depth is pronounced. Extent of glass is not pronounced. Public domain feature include historic cenotaph (PD1), fountain (PD2), 'Passage' sculpture (PD3), and exposed drains within the GPO site (PD4). Neutral elements include telephone booths, seating, garbage bins and bollards. The landscape component of the streetscape comprises street plantings of London Plane trees. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular, narrow, wide consolidated resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Victorian and Interwar commercial. Buildings are built to the street alignment.

There are several Sydney 2005 LEP Schedule 8 Part 1 properties that contribute to the streetscape these include the GPO (Westin Hotel), Challis House, the Former MLC Building, Commonwealth Bank, APA Building, and the Reserve Bank. The Colonial Mutual Life Building (10A-16 Martin Place) street facade is the only Schedule 8 Part 2 Item listed in the Sydney LEP 2005 for Martin Place. The Tank Stream, listed on the State Heritage Register for archaeological value and as a Schedule 8, Part 3, abuts Martin Place. Contains many landscape items, including the Cenotaph (1928) and associated poplar planting's, Lloyd Rees Fountain (1976), and the Dobell Memorial Sculpture by Bert Flugelman (1979). The Plaza area from Pitt to Macquarie Streets was designed by Clarke Gazzard Pty Ltd, architects. Category:Urban Plaza. Style:Victorian, Inter-War and contemporary buildings.. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: 1891, 1976 Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Victorian Development These form the character of the city

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Victorian Public Buildings

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424652 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Martin Place Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Retain Victorian Commercial Buildings Retain Interwar Buildings where they contribute to the streetscape Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details Protect Significant Building Type – Warehouse Retain scale and finishes.

Change of Use Retain commercial usage Retain institutional usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING

Landscaping Encourage trees at the end of streets to reinforce landscape vistas and frame views. Encourage trees to screen detracting development

Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Reinforce street end vistas with street trees

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the space as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424652 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Martin Place Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by appropriate policy

Enhance Significance of Area Establish/maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscapes Encourage render/paint/stone finishes to detracting developments

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424652 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Martin Place Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Remove / discourage reproduction of period detail in contemporary development Provide landscape screening to detracting sites Promote public buildings Promote retail strip Promote articles on improvements within the area

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT Adjust boundary to include area which do contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscape. Consider extension of the boundary of the Streetscape to Angel Place.

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Interpretation Interpret Victorian street lane pattern and subdivision Encourage historical interpretation of the laneway.

Management:

Further Comments: Note that Martin Place Railway Station is listed on the State Heritage Register.

Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Martin Place has Historic Significance: For its ability to evidence the development of Victorian and Interwar Sydney. For its ability to evidence its role as a prestige address for institutional buildings. For its ability to reflect the status of Sydney because of its relationship with Institutional Buildings Significant for its ability to contribute to understanding the nineteenth century town planning intention. For its ability to illustrate the pressure on city sites in the later nineteenth century to maximise returns on their property by increasing the number of storeys. For its ability to reflect in its materials the wealth of natural resources available for building within New South Wales and other Australian States. For its ability to evidence key period of building activity during the Victorian period and later the interwar period and post war period in direct response to the Height of Building controls.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424652 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Martin Place Heritage Streetscape

Location:

For its protection of original buildings due to resident action to save. Criteria b) Martin Place has Historic Association Significance for its: Association with Sir James Martin, Premier and Chief Justice of NSW. Association with important Institutions, including the Post Office Association with prominent local architects, including Barnet

Criteria c) Martin Place has Aesthetic Significance: As one of Sydney’s most important 19th and 20th century townscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness remaining from a variety of periods. For its ability to illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. For its collection of professional chambers. For the number of public and commercial buildings designed by distinguished architects. For its important street planting which provides a green and attractive environment. For the high level of integrity of the building stock.

Has aesthetic significance locally. Has cultural significance locally. Criteria d) Martin Place is a pedestrian thoroughfare, meeting place and access point to railway. Has social significance locally. Has cultural significance locally. Criteria e) Martin Place has Technical Significance: For its use of sandstone and for the vast array of quality building materials and finishes used.

Tank Stream (Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan) Criteria f) Martin Place has Rarity Significance: As a rare surviving example of an important institutional Street Criteria g) Macquarie Street has Representative Significance:

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year Building Magazine, 24 August 1937 City of Sydney, Areas of Special Significance, 1993. 1993 City of Sydney Draft Development Control Plan, 1990. Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City D Gazzard 'The People's Promenade' in the Design of Sydney 1988 Higgenbottom Conservation Management Plan 16-32 Bridge Street 1995 Howard Tanner Conservation Management Plan 48 Martin Place Isadore Brodsky The Streets of Sydney 1962 Lucas Stapleton Conservation Management Plan GPO 1991 Noel Bell Ridley Smith Conservation Management Plan 65 Martin Place 2001

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424652 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Martin Place Heritage Streetscape

Location:

NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory 2 Martin Place P Romey Conservation Management Plan 53 Martin Place 1990

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: -33.8692563806212 Longitude: 151.208490894265 Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: 6761 AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSydney LEP 2005, Sch 8 49 9/12/2005 Archaeological zoning plan ArcPotential Register of the National Estate NE_Register

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

Address: Phillip Lane, Phillip to Macquarie Street DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets 2423815, 2423816 Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Built Group: Transport - Land Category: Lane Owner:

Admin Codes: 9043 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Laneway or Small Street Former Uses: Laneway or Small Street

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Phillip Lane has Historic Significance for its ability to evidence the development of Victorian Significance: Sydney lane networks and for its high level of integrity of the building stock and high archaeological potential. The lanes formed the service access to properties developed in the 1840’s and the Chief Secretary Buildings developed in the 1870’s. Historical Notes Phillip Street was named in 1810, previously known as Back Soldiers Row, Back Row East, or Provenance: and Mulgrave Street. It was proclaimed in 1834. Smith and Hintons Map of 1854 shows an unnamed lane doglegging through from Macquarie Street to Phillip Street in the location of Phillip Lane, and a lane in the location of today’s Phillips Lane, called Macquarie Lane. The Australian Subscription Library was shown at the corner of Macquarie and Bent Street. The Library was built in 1845, and taken over by the government in 1869, renamed the Free Public Library of NSW. The Library moved to the site of the State Library in 1883.

Construction on the first Government House began in 1788 and marked the beginning of the immediate area’s relationship with the offices of Government. The site today is occupied by the Museum of Sydney, corner of Phillip and Bridge Streets.

Phillip Street was slow to develop, retaining much unoccupied land up to the 1850’s and its development included a lower class of terrace buildings. An 1839 publication entitled “Picture of Sydney and Strangers Guide in NSW for 1839” described Phillip Street as follows, “perhaps (there is) no street in the town where the mason and house carpenter appear to have found less employment”.

In 1845 Governor Gipps moved into the new Government House. This newly created city

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

By the end of the 1840’s the western side of Macquarie Street was becoming a fashionable residential area and some of the handsome terraces of houses which were to flank Macquarie Street, including Burdekin House, Sydney’s most splendid private residence, had been erected. It was demolished as part of the Martin Place extension. By the 1880’s, Macquarie Street was lined with 3 and 4 storey terrace houses and many properties were being used as boarding houses or as offices for the medical profession. In the 1882 Gibbs Shallard & Co’s illustrated Guide to Sydney the area is described as being lined with terraces, “representing excellent specimens of domestic architecture”. Former gentlemen’s residences surviving in the streetscape include History House designed by George Mansfield, and the Royal College of Physicians originally the home of John Fairfax.

The Chief Secretary’s Building at 121 Macquarie Street was coupled in 1878 to the designs of Colonial Architect James Barnet. The Colonial, later Chief Secretary was an enduring political and administrative institution with far reaching powers. During the later nineteenth century the office remained prestigious. This link between the chief political office and administrative department was not to be broken until the middle years of the twentieth century. Phillip Lane appears in the Percy Dove Maps c.1880 as a Right of Way south of the Colonial Secretary Offices. The building ran between Macquarie Street through to Phillip Street, the alignment kinking at Phillip Lane, then called Macquarie Lane. At this time 3 and 4 storey verandahed residences lined Macquarie Street while Phillip Street accommodated Government Offices, including the Department of Public Works located at the corner of Phillip and the right of way. The lane was fronted by rear yards and stables of Macquarie St and Phillip St properties. An exodus of lawyers from Elizabeth Street to Phillip Street occurred from the 1890’s.

By 1910, the Roberts and Moffat map shows Phillip Lane as a dashed line between Macquarie Lane and Phillip Street. By 1927 Macquarie Lane is named Phillip Lane is named on the City Assessment Block Plan of 1927, running from Bent Street to the Department of Public Works building, then through to Phillip St and around The Astor (1923) to Macquarie Street. In 1929, BMA house was built on Macquarie Street and fronting Phillip Lane as medical chambers and a lecture hall. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 7. Governing Government and administr (none)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: 1878 Circa: Yes

Physical Description: The topography is generally flat. The streetscape forms part of a grid, and is bounded by the Chief Secretariat Building. The streetscape features terminating vistas to Aurora Place. The roadway is wide. Vehicle movement is two way on part of the lane and one way on the other part. Traffic is light. Footpaths are narrow and are paved. Remnant sandstone guttering also occurs. Utility services are concealed. Public domain features include sandstone archways, remnant cobblestone paving, trachyte and sandstone kerbing, bollards, pot plants. The following Heritage Items contribute to the streetscape: The Chief Secretariat Building. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular consolidated lots resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Victorian and Interwar of 6-8 storey scale. The buildings typically have no setbacks. Predominant building materials are rendered masonry, face brick. The streetscape has a medium integrity.

Streetscape:The northern most portion of the lane is included in the pedestrian network in the Central Sydney Strategy. The laneway provides vehicle access and service to buildings on both Phillip Street and Macquarie Street thus reducing the need for vechicle crossings on either of those streets. The lane is substantially enclosed by buildings which are of heritage significance and it should be noted that Macquarie Street is listed as a Heritage Streetscape. Access is to the rear of the Chief Secretary's building from Phillip Street, through low (approximately 4 metres wide x 4 metres high) sandstone archways, and puncturing the Phillip Street facade to view the building largely in the round. This early government building comprises of a U -shaped plan. Remnant cobblestone paving, trachyte and sandstone kerbing, exist in land accessing the secondary facade of the Chief Secretary's Building and The Astor. The last remaining laneway access to Macquarie Street. Sandstone facade and low curved archway to Phillip Street. Category:Historic Laneway or Small Street. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

The laneway provides vehicle access and service to buildings on both Phillip Street and Macquarie Street thus reducing the need for vehicle crossings on either of those streets. The lane is substantially enclosed by buildings which are of heritage significance.

Physical Condition:

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOGNISE THE HISTORICAL LAYERS Management: Victorian Development

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

These form the character of the city

PROTECTION OF SIGNIFICANCE Protect Subdivision Pattern Retain Victorian, Federation subdivision Do not allow amalgamation of sites within these important subdivisions Retain the block width characteristics of an area

Protect Key Period Significant (Contributory) Development and Settings Retain Victorian / Federation / Warehouses Retain significant corner buildings Retain Scale Maintain building alignments Retain pattern of forms Retain finishes and details

Protect Significant Building Type – Warehouse Retain industrial scale and finishes.

Protect Significant Building Type – Street/ Lanes Significant built fabric of the lane, such as timber blocks, stone, trachyte kerbs, metal fire stairs, good hoists and other evidence of the heritage significance of the lane, shall be retained in situ. Significant built fabric of the street such as trachtyte and stone kerbing Early street fixtures, early signage and memorial and monuments, historic planting and landscape features

Remove detracting additions to (Contributory) Development Airconditioning Dominating signage Reinforce the street character dominant scale Maintain scale of development abutting lanes so that it is complementary to adjacent buildings and encourages pedestrian use by providing for retail or other activity in the lane.

Reinforce the dominant street character and scale Retain small scale of early development Maintain characteristic building alignment Retain characteristic building form and façade composition Retain characteristic building finishes and details

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

Change of Use Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the space as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Car Parking/ Access (CBD) Generally allow parking access from rear lanes Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening

ENHANCE SIGNIFICANCE ON REDEVELOPED SITE Redevelopment of Detracting Sites Respect the Established Area Character Encourage appropriate replacement development on detracting sites. Recognise the collective precedent and impact of the proposal. Recognise the verticality of significant City streetscapes Respect the character of precinct Respect the scale and form of significant development

Respect the Established Facade Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian Subdivision in the vicinity (Glebe South Sydney) Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of significant development in the vicinity Encourage façade qualities being multiple finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies. Reduce the impact of uncharacteristic scale and large extent of glass Reduce the impact of minimal setbacks for increased building height . Encourage streetwalls Encourage reinterpretation of adjacent significant façade composition Encourage rendered and painted finishes Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

Avoid Visual Clutter Reduce the impact of A/C, signs etc. Awnings should not occur in street which have no awning Disallow bridges and projections over the street lane which overshadows the Lane, obstructs a view or vista or diminishes pedestrian activity at ground level

Enhance Significance of Area Encourage render/paint finishes to detracting developments Remove / discourage reproduction of period detail in contemporary development

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION Ensure the maintenance of the access rights of the public and of other owners of property abutting the lane.

BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT

Adjust boundary to include areas which do contribute to an understanding of the significance of the Streetscape. Consider extension of the boundary of the Streetscape to include all properties fronting Phillip Lane.

STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Heritage Items Review listings of heritage Items within the streetscape Protect Heritage Items within the streetscape Consider listing of the following properties as heritage Items on the LEP

Interpretation Interpret Victorian/ Federation street lane pattern and subdivision Encourage historical interpretation of the laneway. Interpret former usage of the street or buildings eg. warehouse, Interpret past elements of history eg. Warehouse structures

Management:

Further Comments: Exceptional Significance:Phillip lane is enclosed substantially by heritage listed buildings which contribute to the significance of the laneway. High Significance:Philip lane contains significant active uses. Heritage Inventory sheets are often not comprehensive, and should be regarded as a general guide only. Inventory sheets are based on information available, and often do not include the social history of sites and buildings. Inventory sheets are constantly updated by the City as further information becomes available. An inventory sheet with little information may simply indicate that there has been no building work done to the item recently: it does not mean that items are not significant. Further research is always recommended as part of preparation of development proposals for heritage items, and is necessary in preparation of Heritage Impact Assessments and Conservation Management Plans, so that the significance of heritage items can be fully assessed prior to submitting development applications. Criteria a) Phillip Lane has Historic Significance: For its ability to evidence the development of Victorian Sydney lane networks. Criteria b)

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

Criteria c) Phillip Lane has Aesthetic Significance: For its high level of integrity of the building stock. As a late Victorian laneway with street entry through a significant building facade, demonstrating a good use of archways and former paving techniques. Has aesthetic significance locally. Criteria d)

Criteria e) Phillip Lane has Technical Significance: For its high archaeological potential as a late nineteenth century lane network. Criteria f) Phillip Lane has Rarity Significance: As a rare surviving example of Victorian Sydney lane networks. As a remnant of an important group of Victorian Sydney lane networks.

Is rare at a State level. Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year City of Sydney Laneway Study, Vol. 1 1993 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Gibbs and Shallard and Co. An Illustrated Guide to Sydney in 1882 Higgenbottom Conservation Management Plan 16-32 Bridge Street 1995 Maclehose, James Maclehose’s Pictures of Sydney Shirley Fitzgerald Sydney’s Streets - A Guide to Sydney City Street Names

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: -33.865292959388 Longitude: 151.211137788229 Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: 3043 AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSydney LEP 2005 Sch 8 54 9/12/2005

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424752 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Phillip Lane Heritage Streetscape - Phillip St to Ma

Location:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: Date Updated: 18/12/2007 Status: Completed

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Rowe Street, Pitt Street to MLC Centre DUAP Region: Sydney South Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheets 2423842, 2423843 Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Built Group: Transport - Land Category: Lane Owner:

Admin Codes: 9049 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Laneway or Small Street, Pedestrian thoroughfare Former Uses: Laneway or Small Street

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of This small street has had a long history as a premier retail address in the city and the loss Significance: of the section of the street now covered by the MLC Centre is often lamented. The remaining portion of this street was included in the pedestrian network in the central Sydney Strategy 1988 and is required for access to adjoining buildings. The remnant portion of Rowe Street still represents a limited opportunity for pedestrian amenity in the city. Historical Notes Named in 1875, Rowe Street honours colonial architect Thomas Rowe. It was previously or Provenance: called Brougham Place after Lord Brougham and the Brougham Tavern hostelry standing almost opposite the Pitt Street end of the Place. Customers, according to the legend often got “the bird” at the Brougham when an alert cockatoo screeched at them as they entered.

The Percy Dove map of 1880 shows Rowe Street lined with narrow retail tenancies from Pitt to Castlereagh Street. In 1928 Rowe Street was dedicated to the public.

The Sydney Club & Million House at the corner of Rowe Street was formerly the Commercial Bank. The five storey building comprises an original three-storey section building designed by architect George Allen Mansfield and erected for the Commercial Bank of Australia in 1888. It was later occupied by the Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris and in October 1918 became the property of the Royal Bank which in 1927 became the English, Scottish and Australian Bank. The building was purchased in August 1927 by the Millions Club. This organisation had been formed in Sydney in 1912 to plan for a city, which would one day have a population of at least one million. The idea was based on similar clubs in the United States where the "public spirit" of prominent and influential

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

citizens was harnessed to give development direction to a city. Mr Percy Hunter, Director of the NSW Immigration and Tourist Bureau is credited with initiating the Sydney Millions Club. The Millions Club decided to add two floors to the existing building to designs of Morrow. The ground floor was to be mainly shops. Among the first tenants were Lowe's Menswear with a new "Hat Store de Luxe". In August 1929 "Millions" magazine gave a comprehensive description of the building as it would be when finished, together with complete internal plans of the 4 floors to be occupied by the club. The new premises, called "Millions House", were officially opened on 11 March 1930 by the Club patron and Governor of New South Wales. In 1963, recognising that their initial aim of encouraging immigration had been successful, the Club changed it name from "Millions Club" to " The Sydney Club", although the building is still known as Millions House. It reflects the earlier precinct which included antiques shops, the Jazz Club and Rowe Street Records.

Rowe Street had a long history as a high quality speciality retail area. According to Brodsky “Rather its manifest object is to slow down the city tempo and to encourage and to tantalise all with epicurean delights. It is Sydney’s nearest approach to Cosmopolis, old- world and Continental, and catering for catholic tastes. It is for the little gourmet who would sip rather than drink nibble rather than bite. The sign of the teapot and the burnished ship’s lamp are for aesthetic as well as creature appetites”.

Sydney’s infatuation with coffee really developed when Russian emigrant Ivan Repin established the first coffee lounge in King Street. Coffee lounges extended to Rowe Street.

Isadore Brodsky wrote of Rowe Street in1962, ”Bijou is the descriptive word we have been searching for to account for the sparkle that almost suddenly has caused Rowe Street to glow in the darkness…Nobody, for example, likes Rowe Street on a rainy day, even when the neons shimmer on the wet roadway…For Rowe Street is the street of the savant employing each of the five senses to understand thoroughly what is to be tasted, savoured, and slowly enjoyed in art and literature in theatre and music, in legend and fact and anecdotal bric-a-brac. …always interested in any fresh expression in art and earnest to encourage it. Rowe Street! You are a gem.”

The street is associated with celebrated writers and artists A.G. Stephens, Dattilo Rubbo in Australia Chambers. Norman Lindsay, Will Dyson, Harry Julius, Albert Collins, David Souter, Percy Leason, Julian Ashton, Ure Smiths and others gathered at the Hotel Australia on the corner of Castlereagh Street. On the Rowe Street and Castlereagh Street corner Vincent Wallace composed the opera Maritana before completing it in England. His host in Rowe Street was John P. Deane, a masterly musician who introduced orchestral music into Sydney Town. Many of the world’s great artists who came to Australia and who sauntered down Rowe Street on their way to Her Majesty’s in Pitt Street; J.C.Williamson’s Harald Bowden and “Widdy” O’Brien at number 23 for the Professional Musicians and finally to the Rowe Street Musicals.

In 1929, council proposed widening and extending Lees Court to Rowe Street. An easement was resumed for the Eastern Suburbs Railway line in 1974. The construction of the MLC building resulted in the resumption and sale of Rowe Street east in 1973-9. The practice of Council selling lanes has a long history. In 1906 Council was negotiating the

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

sale of Swan Street on the former Anthony Hordern’s department store site. The frequency of sales probably increased from the 1960’s when Dean’s Place and a portion of Hamilton Street were exchanged for land required for the widening of Bond Street adjacent to the Australia Square site. Over the following thirty years in excess of twenty five sales of lanes or parts of lanes had been transacted by Council, generating in excess of $57,000,000 revenue and income raised in this way had become a regular inclusion in Council’s budgets. This policy has seen the gradual erosion of the peripheral retail, restaurant, service and speciality businesses which once characterised the tenants along Sydney’s better lanes. Rowe Street, one of the most important Sydney laneways was compromised by this resumption. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none) 8. Culture Creative endeavour (Cultur (none) 9. Phases of Life Persons Thomas Rowe

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping with a gentle gradient. The streetscape from part of a grid and is terminated by Pitt Street and the MLC Centre. The backdrop is characterised by Victorian, Interwar commercial buildings. The street is characterised by Victorian, Interwar commercial buildings. The streetscape features terminating detracting vistas to the MLC Building. The roadway is narrow and comprises two lanes. The surface is bitumen. There is no vehicle movement. Footpaths are narrow and are bitumen. Kerbing is predominantly sandstone. Utility services are concealed. There is no awning pattern. Façade depth is pronounced. Extent of glass is not pronounced. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is regular comprising wide and consolidated lots resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Victorian and Interwar of varied storey scale. Buildings are built to the street alignment. The buildings typically have no setbacks. The buildings typically have no raised podiums. The dominant façade treatment is vertical. Predominant building materials are stone and rendered masonry. The streetscape has high integrity.

Physical Condition: Intrusive Elements:The MLC Centre covers a section of the lane.

Modification Dates:

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Recommended Victorian Development Management: These form the character of the city

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Retain characteristic building finishes and details

Change of Use Retain commercial usage Retain institutional usage Retain an understanding of a former use by not allowing the new use to compromise the significant façade.

ENHANCEMENT OF STREETSCAPE SETTING

Landscaping Encourage trees at the end of streets to reinforce landscape vistas and frame views. Encourage trees to screen detracting development

Views Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of the city Reinforce street end vistas with street trees

Pedestrianisation Retain role of the space as public open space, by maintaining and enhancing pedestrian access and activity.

Respect the Established Facade Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian Subdivision in the vicinity

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of significant development in the vicinity Encourage façade qualities being multiple finishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies. Reduce the impact of uncharacteristic scale and large extent of glass Reduce the impact of minimal setbacks for increased building height Encourage streetwalls Encourage reinterpretation of adjacent significant façade composition Encourage rendered and painted finishes Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail

Landscape screening Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to detracting development by appropriate policy

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION

STATUTORY PROECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Heritage Item. Conserve in accordance with Burra Charter principles. Retain lane. Enhance pedestrian amenity.

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 96

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Management:

Further Comments: Streetscape:Rowe Street was recognised on the Heritage Streetscape Map, in the Central Sydney Heritage LEP 2000, as a significant streetscape. Now listed as part of Schedule 8, Part 3 of the Sydney LEP 2005 and also on the LEP's Schedule 8 Part 3 map.

Criteria c) Of technical significance as a pedestrian connection with views of facades of two richly modelled, significant heritage buildings. Has aesthetic significance at a State level. Criteria d)

Criteria e)

Criteria f) Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year Sydney City Council; Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney, 1993 . Sydney City Council; Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney, 1993

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This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424758 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Rowe Street Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Isadore Brodsky The Streets of Sydney 1962 NSW Heritage Office State Heritage Inventory Millions House

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: -33.8698370536951 Longitude: 151.207512725431 Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: 3043 AMG Zone: Easting: Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSydney LEP 2005 58 9/12/2005

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 20/09/2000 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 98

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424775 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Terry Lane Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Address: Lane off George Street (between 389-393 DUAP Region: Sydney South George Street, rear of 50-54 York Street) Suburb / Nearest Town: Sydney 2000 Historic region: Sydney Local Govt Area: Sydney City Parish: State: NSW County:

Other/Former Names:

Area/Group/Complex: Refer to inventory sheet 2424062 Group ID: Aboriginal Area:

Curtilage/Boundary:

Item Type: Built Group: Transport - Land Category: Lane Owner:

Admin Codes: 9068 Code 2: Code 3: City Of Sydney Current Use: Laneway Former Uses: Laneway

Assessed Significance: Local Endorsed Significance:

Statement of Terry Lane has Historic Significance for its ability to evidence the development of Victorian Significance: Sydney lane networks and its connection with Samuel Terry, convict, and brewer. The lane was one of the many properties owned by Terry, who was one of the biggest landowners and money lenders in the colony. At one stage, Terry held more property mortgages than the State Bank of NSW and owned three parts of Pitt Street. It has a high level of integrity of the building stock and high archaeological potential as a late nineteenth century lane network. Historical Notes Terry Lane was part of an 1858 land grant to Samuel Terry, a wealthy landowner and or Provenance: brewer in the early days of the NSW colony. Terry was transported from England in 1801 for stealing 400 stockings but established himself brewing beer of high quality. Terry was a relentless creditor to landowners he had lent money to, and is believed to have swindled a number of small settlers out of their properties. Terry was also a miserly man, and is reputed to checked the breath of servants when they brought him liquor to be sure they hadn’t sneaked a sip. Terry died one month after being given the George Street grant. The proceeds of Terry’s estate were distributed among nine heirs in 1860.

The Rate Assessment for 1861 indicates that a rate was struck for two small commercial properties in this lane, marked as ‘off’ No.s 393 & 394 George Street. The properties were rated to John Williams and to John Bain. Both were recorded as being blacksmithies and both were separately valued at 36 pounds. The 1865 trigonometrical survey map suggests that at that time this lane may have been the only access to two (and possibly three) structures with no frontage to either George or York Street. This 1865 map also shows a

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 99

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424775 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Terry Lane Heritage Streetscape

Location:

great number of lanes, and is graphic evidence of the widespread practice at this stage in Sydney’s development of building onto lanes and cul-de-sacs which ran behind the main streets. The 1863 Assessment records a number of structures ‘at rear’ according to the column headed ‘Remarks’. Next to Callaghan’s warehouse, here numbered 397 George Street, is the comment ‘through to York Street’. The remnants of this lane are indicated by the break in the footpath clearly marked on the 1865 trigonometrical survey.

The Hunt and Stevens map of 1868 does not show this lane in question, but it is clearly located there because the map makes note of an internal numbered place, here labelled No. 393 George Street. The fact of a separate number suggests a separate occupancy, and a rated property.

Terry Lane appears on the 1880 Percy Dove Maps as a Right of Way providing rear access to properties either side fronting George Street. The Lane has the same T-shaped configuration evident today. Gould’s China and Glass Warehouse occupied today’s 389 George Street, immediately to the north of Terry Lane, and three lots are shown to the south corresponding with today’s No.s 391, 393 and 395 George Street. At this time No. 391 is shown vacant, while 393 and 395 are occupied by the Wesleyan Book Depot and Callaghan Bootmaker. To the west (fronting York Street) lay Drysdale & Roberts Wholesale Ironmongers and a fruiterer, clothier and tool merchant.

By the time of the 1882 Assessment there is no mention of this access to York Street, however Doves Plans shows a walkway between Callaghans and Drysdale & Roberts into George Street which may have been a remnant of the laneway referred to in the 1863 Assessment. Through access between George and York Streets suggests that it would have been traversed by anyone wanting to make a short cut between the two streets. Dove’s Plans of 1880 clearly indicates an entrance from the right of way to six properties with George Street frontages and through to York Street via Drysdale & Roberts.

The area contained numerous wholesale businesses, particularly of the engineering and associated ironmongering trades. This presence is clearly evident in Dove’s 1880 plans indicating the firms of Martin & Pain, Maver, Drysdale & Roberts, all with entrances from the lane, and also in the firms of Zollner and Lassetters at 62 to 70 York Street. Both these well known 19th century firms were present in earlier Assessment Books, Zollners at 80 & 86 York Street in 1863, and Lasseters at 421-423 George Street in 1867. The establishment of Drysdale & Roberts which appears on the Dove’s plan had been formerly occupied by P.N. Russell, one of Sydney’s largest engineering firms. These were generalist firms, manufacturing a wide range of products, from simple household goods like buckets and scoops to heavier industrial equipment. Their clientele would have been numerous and diverse.

From 1860 it is likely that the lane would have been used by horse drawn vehicles loading and unloading materials associated with firms engaged in a range of retail and wholesale activities including ironmongering, the printing industry and the leather trade. The links to the provision of building materials suggests that a wide range of customers, including private builders would have used the lane space. In view of its proximity to the city markets, theatres, shops and public houses it is likely that the area was heavily trafficked.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424775 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Terry Lane Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Further, for many or all of these years it was probable that the lane and the connecting buildings allowed direct foot access to the general public right through from George Street to York Street. There were also a number of leather trades businesses in the area. The Dove’s plan shows Callaghans, which was present at the 1863 Assessment, Brush, at 403 George Street and Clyne at 42 York Street. The proximity of the city markets and the trade from the horse traffic associated with them is indicated by the presence of these firms.

The markets were associated with traders staying overnight in town, and the consequent need for stabling of horses, which would have occurred at formal and informal locations. The frequency of public houses in the area is clearly seen in the extracts from Sands Directories. In 1869, between King Street and Market Street, on George and York Streets, there were 11 public houses. The ‘Coffee Palace’ which adjoined the lane on the Dove’s plan was the teetotal equivalent of an hotel. All of these establishments, the number of theatres in the area, the busy trade of the markets and the constant presence of market traders who would have been concerned to back load their carts with materials such as those provided by the firms located in the lane all suggest that the laneway would have been heavily trafficked by a wide range of people.

Given the common practice of mixing living and commercial space, it is not improbable that there may also have been people living here. The lane way is one of many hundreds which existed at this time in central Sydney. They formed part of the practice and fabric of the town.

Sydney City Council spent 40 years during the late 20th Century trying to recoup $320,000 worth of unpaid land rates from the estate of Samuel Terry. The court case running over three years finally declared Sydney City Council the owner of the laneway. The Supreme Courts decision was based on the 1834 law called the Alignment of Streets Act which states that “all land formed into a street shall be deemed to be dedicated to the public”. The ruling pointed out that the lane would have been used by the public as of 1860, after Terry’s estate was distributed. This decision was upheld on appeal to the Court of Appeal in September 1999. Themes: National Theme State Theme Local Theme 3. Economy Commerce (none) 3. Economy Transport (none) 4. Settlement Towns, suburbs and village (none)

Designer: Maker / Builder:

Year Started: Year Completed: Circa: No

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424775 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Terry Lane Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Physical Description: The topography is generally sloping with a steep gradient. The streetscape forms part of a grid, and is bounded by buildings. The roadway is narrow. The surface is concrete, and bitumen over pavers. There is an original cobble stone section of roadway with remnant trachyte kerbing. Vehicle movement is two way. Traffic is light. Footpaths are narrow and are bitumen. Utility services are concealed. The subdivision pattern along the streetscape is irregular comprising narrow and wide lots resulting in a dense urban form. The predominant built form is Federation Warehouse. Other features include external fire stairs attached to the rear of York House and a pull trolley used to transfer goods from the delivery trucks into the building. The buildings typically have no setbacks. Predominant building materials are face brick. The streetscape has a medium integrity.

The 3.5 meter laneway is located between the General Pants and R.M Williams store on George Street. Category:Heritage Streetscape. Fire Stairs:Original fire stairs to building. General Details:Refer to Archaeological Zoning Plan.

Physical Condition: Intrusive Elements:Intrusive elements are the air-conditioning ducts, concrete driveway and graffiti.

Modification Dates: Recommended RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEP PROTECTION Management: STATUTORY PROTECTION Confirm listing in the LEP

Management:

Further Comments: Comments:The laneway should be named, possible after Samuel Terry, and historical markers designed to highlight the history of the laneway. Streetscape:The laneway is of importance historically in its connection to Samuel Terry , one of the largest landowners in the NSW colony. At one stage, Terry held more property mortgages than the State Bank of NSW and owned three parts of Pitt Street.

This laneway provides access to 236 and 261 George Street. A right of way protects access to properties abutting the lane. 261 George Street, The Telford Trust Building is listed on Schedule Schedule 8 Part 1 of the LEP. The lane provides access for daylight to the upper floors of this building.

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SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424775 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Terry Lane Heritage Streetscape

Location:

Criteria a) Terry Lane has Historic Significance: For its ability to evidence the development of Victorian Sydney lane networks.

As one of the many properties owned by Samuel Terry, who was one of the biggest landowners and money-lenders in the NSW colony. Has historic significance locally. Criteria b) Terry Lane has Historic Associative Significance: For its connection with Samuel Terry, convict and brewer. The lane was one of the many properties owned by Terry, who was one of the biggest landowners and money lenders in the colony. At one stage, Terry held more property mortgages than the State Bank of NSW and owned three parts of Pitt Street.

Criteria c) Terry Lane has Aesthetic Significance: High level of integrity of the building stock

Has aesthetic significance locally. Criteria d)

Criteria e) Terry Lane has Technical Significance: For its high archaeological potential as a late nineteenth century lane network. Criteria f) Terry Lane has Rarity Significance: As a rare surviving example of Victorian Sydney lane networks As a remnant of an important group of Victorian Sydney lane networks Criteria g)

Integrity / Intactness:

References: Author Title Year The Daily Telegraph, 18/06/2000. 2000 Anita Heiss Aboriginal People and Place, Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City Fitzgerald, S. ‘Laneway between 389 and 391 George Street’ Internal 1997 Memo Fitzgerald, S. ‘Report on Lane between 389-391 George Street, Sydney, 1997 being part of allotment 15 of Section 26 as shown on roll plan 73’ Shirley Fitzgerald, Shirley Fitzgerald, City Historian Sydney City Council Policy for the management of laneways in Central Sydney 1993

Studies:

Parcels:

Latitude: -33.8712883611071 Longitude: 151.205530527973 Location validity: Spatial Accuracy: Map Name: Map Scale: 3043 State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 103

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales. ATTACHMENT E

SHI Number City of Sydney Heritage Database 2424775 Heritage Inventory Report

Item Name: Terry Lane Heritage Streetscape

Location:

AMG Zone: Easting:Northing:

Listings: Name: Title: Number: Date: Local Environmental PlanSydney LEP 2005 Sch 8 28 9/12/2005

Map Key:

Map Layer / Listings:

Zoning / Illustrations:

References/Books: Articles: Other Sources:

Data Entry: Date First Entered: 28/11/2001 Date Updated: 03/07/2006 Status: Completed

State Heritage Inventory Date: 14/02/2008 Full Report Page 104

This report was produced using State Heritage Inventory database software provided by the Heritage Office of New South Wales.