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Downloads/ Nprg-Wood Boring Bark Beetles.Pdf UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Management of Canker and Dieback Diseases of Citrus and Sycamore in California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5qx0n7v0 Author Mayorquin, Joey Sal Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Management of Canker and Dieback Diseases of Citrus and Sycamore in California A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Pathology by Joey Sal Mayorquin December 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Akif Eskalen, Co-Chairperson Dr. M. Caroline Roper, Co-Chairperson Dr. Michael Stanghellini Copyright by Joey Sal Mayorquin 2017 The Dissertation of Joey Sal Mayorquin is approved: Committee Co-Chairperson Committee Co-Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chapter I in its entirety is reprinted with permission as it appears in Mayorquin, J.S., Wang, D.H., Twizeyimana, M. and Eskalen, A. 2016. Identification, Distribution, and Pathogenicity of Diatrypaceae and Botryosphaeriaceae Associated with Citrus Branch Canker in the Southern California Desert. Plant Disease. 100(12), 2402-2413. Financial support for Chapters I and II was provided by the California Citrus Research Board (CRB), support for Chapter III was provided by the California Citrus Research Board (CRB) and Wonderful Citrus, and support for Chapter IV was provided by Orange County (OC) Parks and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch project (CA-R-PPA-5061-H). Citrus plants used in Chapter III were kindly donated by Wonderful Citrus. I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr. Akif Eskalen, for all of his mentorship and support throughout my PhD studies. I would also like to acknowledge my committee members, Drs. M. Caroline Roper and Michael Stanghellini, for their support and guidance during these research projects and the crafting of this dissertation. I would also like to thank the various scientists who have given suggestions and helpful tips over the course of these research projects including Drs. Deborah Mathews, Philippe Rolshausen, and Greg W. Douhan. To my lab family, both past and present, this dissertation would not be possible without your support and encouragement throughout the years. To Dr. Mathias “Twizey” Twizeyimana, I am forever grateful for your guidance and support throughout the citrus projects. You have truly had the greatest impact on my life, both professionally and iv personally, and I hope to be as successful a scientist as you are, although I may need a little more of your “African magic”. To Drs. Virginia McDonald and Tony Adesemoye, thank you for your patience and support in the beginning of my career as I was learning how to be a plant pathologist. To “my boys” Danny, Francis, and Kameron, I could not have made it through all these years without your support and friendship. To my lab sister Shannon “Mother Earth” Lynch, thank you for always being a source of encouragement and positivity no matter how tough things got. To Beth, thank you for all the silly moments like our random discussions and Daiso shopping trips, but most of all thank you for sharing your words of wisdom and the good book with me. To Luis and Cedric for their friendship in my final year. To my undergraduates Lisa Yeung, Jei-Jai Lee, and Ryan Yuan, thank you for your assistance in the lab with various tasks. To our visiting scientists throughout the years, Drs. D. Soner Akgül and Mukaddes Kayim, thank you for your friendship and for teaching me some Turkish which I plan to use when I make my way out there to see you guys! And last, but certainly not least, to Joe my friend and colleague, thank you for always being there when I needed you, whether it was assistance in the field, help with statistics, or just grabbing a beer and shooting the moon. I would like to thank all of the students in the PLPA graduate program, especially the “Fawcett Crew”, Stacey, Kevin, and Daniel for their friendship and support throughout the years. To Jeannette my forever friend, colleague, and “grad student wife”, know that I could not have made it this far without your support and encouragement. You are my <3. To my “citrus sister” Morgan, although we did not get close until the “final v hours” of my PhD studies, know that our friendship and lunch room shenanigans have helped me to keep my sanity in these final days. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for being supportive of me throughout this journey. I love you all. vi DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother Laurie, for giving me every opportunity she never had and for always being there when I needed her most. vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Management of Canker and Dieback Diseases of Citrus and Sycamore in California by Joey Sal Mayorquin Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Plant Pathology University of California, Riverside, December 2017 Dr. Akif Eskalen, Co-Chairperson Dr. M. Caroline Roper, Co-Chairperson Canker and dieback diseases are commonly caused by fungal pathogens and affect hardwoods which include ornamentals, native tree species, and agricultural commodities. A resurgence of interest and research in these diseases in the past two decades has determined that many of these canker and dieback diseases for a particular host involve multiple species of fungal pathogens both within and between fungal families, suggesting that canker and dieback pathosystems are more complicated than previously thought and thus the management of these diseases may be more complicated given the diversity of fungal pathogens involved. Therefore, we sought to determine the fungal pathogens involved in canker and dieback diseases of citrus and ultimately to develop chemical management strategies for these diseases in citrus in addition to a new, invasive pest-disease complex, Shot hole borer-Fusarium Dieback, affecting California sycamore in California. viii The results presented in this dissertation identify a new canker and dieback disease of citrus, Eutypella canker of citrus, in the Desert Region of California caused by three species of Eutypella: E. citricola, E. microtheca, and a Eutypella sp. Fungicide field trials determined strobilurin fungicides to be most effective in reducing vascular necrosis caused by Eutypella species in addition to vascular necrosis caused by N. dimidiatum, the causal agent of Hendersonula, an established canker and dieback disease in the Desert Region. A new twig dieback and gumming disease of citrus, Colletotrichum Dieback, was identified in the San Joaquin Valley Region of California and is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. karstii. Fungicide field trials determined pyraclostrobin fungicides to be the most effective in reducing the prevalence of Colletotrichum Dieback symptoms. For the management of Shot hole borer-Fusarium Dieback, pesticide field trials determined the insecticide emamectin benzoate and the fungicides metconazole, tebuconazole, and carbendazim plus debacarb to significantly reduce shot hole borer attacks in infested California sycamore. The results of these works establish the presence of two new canker and dieback disease of citrus in California and provide chemical management strategies for the control of these diseases in addition to the management of Shot hole borer-Fusarium Dieback. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................1 Literature cited....................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER I. Identification, Distribution and Pathogenicity of Diatrypaceae and Botryosphaeriaceae Associated with Citrus Branch Canker in the Southern California Desert Abstract...............................................................................................................................8 Introduction.........................................................................................................................9 Materials and Methods.......................................................................................................13 Results................................................................................................................................18 Discussion..........................................................................................................................25 Literature cited...................................................................................................................32 Figures and Tables.............................................................................................................37 CHAPTER II. In Vitro and Field Evaluation of Fungicides for use as Pruning Protectants Against Eutypella spp. and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on Citrus and Spore Trapping Studies Abstract..............................................................................................................................47 Introduction........................................................................................................................48 Materials and Methods.......................................................................................................52 Results................................................................................................................................57
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