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Human Development Report 2019 Empowered lives. Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Resilient nations. Inequalities in human development in the 21st century HDR | Beyond 2019 income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century The 2019 Human Development Report is the latest in the series of global Human Development Reports published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) since 1990 as independent, analytically and empirically grounded discussions of major development issues, trends and policies. Additional resources related to the 2019 Human Development Report can be found online at http://hdr.undp.org, including digital versions and translations of the Report and the overview in more than 10 languages, an interactive web version of the Report, a set of background papers and think pieces commissioned for the Report, interactive data visualizations and databases of human development indicators, full explanations of the sources and methodologies used in the Report’s composite indices, country profiles and other background materials as well as previous global, regional and national Human Development Reports. Cor- rections and addenda are also available online. The cover conveys the inequalities in human development of a changing world. The dots in different colors represent the com- plex and multidimensional nature of these inequalities. The shad- ow of the climate crisis and sweeping technological change, evoked by the color of the cover background that suggests heat, will shape progress in human development in the 21st century. Copyright @ 2019 By the United Nations Development Programme 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. Sales no.: E.20.III.B.1 ISBN: 978-92-1-126439-5 eISBN: 978-92-1-004496-7 Print ISSN: 0969-4501 eISSN: 2412-3129 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library and Library of Congress General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The findings, analysis, and recommendations of this Report, as with previous Reports, do not represent the official position of the UNDP or of any of the UN Member States that are part of its Executive Board. They are also not necessarily endorsed by those mentioned in the acknowledgments or cited. The mention of specific companies does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNDP in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Where indicated, some figures in the analytical part of the Report were estimated by the HDRO or other contributors and are not necessarily the official statistics of the concerned country, area or territory, which may be based on alternative methods. All the figures used to calculate the human development composite indices are from official sources. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the HDRO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the HDRO and UNDP be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in the USA, by AGS, an RR Donnelley Company, on Forest Stewardship Council certified and elemental chlorine-free papers. Printed using vegetable-based ink. Human Development Report 2019 Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century Published for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Human Development Report 2019 Team Director and lead author Pedro Conceição Research and statistics Jacob Assa, Cecilia Calderon, George Ronald Gray, Nergis Gulasan, Yu-Chieh Hsu, Milorad Kovacevic, Christina Lengfelder, Brian Lutz, Tanni Mukhopadhyay, Shivani Nayyar, Thangavel Palanivel, Carolina Rivera and Heriberto Tapia Production, communications, operations Botagoz Abdreyeva, Oscar Bernal, Andrea Davis, Rezarta Godo, Jon Hall, Seockhwan Bryce Hwang, Admir Jahic, Fe Juarez Shanahan, Sarantuya Mend, Anna Ortubia, Yumna Rathore, Dharshani Seneviratne, Elodie Turchi and Nu Nu Win External contributors Chapter 3 (by the World Inequality Lab): Lucas Chancel, Denis Cogneau, Amory Gethin, Alix Myczkowski and Thomas Piketty Boxes and spotlights: Elizabeth Anderson, Michelle Bachelet, Bas van Bavel, David Coady, James Foster, Nora Lustig and Ben Philips ii | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2019 CONTENTS FOREWORD CHANGING. FOREWORD BY ACHIM STEINER 3 WHEN IMPROVING. UNDP IN 2018 4 DELIVERINGForeword . WHY The wave of demonstrations sweeping across further entrench inequalities and consolidate countries is a clear sign that, for all our pro- the power and political dominance of the few. OUR RATIONALE 2018 WAS A REMARKABLEgress, something YEAR FORin our UNDP. globalized societyThey reinforceis What a trait we areI have seeing come today to is admire the crest in of this a CONNECTING THE SDGs 6 It was our first full yearnot working.of implementing a new organisation:wave its of potential inequality. to What take happens change next to comesscale. Different triggers are bringing people onto down to choice. Just as inequality begins at DEVELOPMENT IS A VIRTUOUS CYCLE 7 Strategic Plan – a planthe streets:built to the help cost ofcountries a train ticket, Itthe is pricea potential birth, we defines need the to freedom fulfill to and support opportunities coun- deliver on the Sustainableof petrol, Development political demands Goals. for independence.tries in meetingof children, the ambition adults and of elders,the 2030 and Agenda.permeates A connecting thread, though, is deep and those of the next generation, so, too, policies WHO rising frustration with inequalities. to prevent inequalities can follow the lifecycle. At a time of change forUnderstanding the United Nations,how to address we today’sIn 2018, dis- weFrom demonstrated pre–labour market that investmentswe are up in theto #NEXTGENUNDP 8 worked with our partnersquiet requires to help looking people “Beyond get Income, the Beyond challenge, health andwith nutrition the highestof young childrenprogramme to in– Averages and Beyond Today,” as this Human and post–labour market investments around OUR LEADERSHIP 10 on their feet and stayDevelopment there – meetingReport sets short- out to do. delivery inaccess five to years, capital, restored minimum wagesfinancial and social stabli- term needs while layingToo the often, foundations inequality is forframed a aroundty, increased eco- services, efficiency politicians andand policymakers a geographically- have a nomics, fed and measured by the notion that battery of choices that, if correctly combined hopeful, confident future.making money is the most importantdiverse, thing in gender-balancedfor the context of each countryleadership or group, team will WHAT life. – even astranslate we powered into a lifelong UN investmentreform and, in equality now, But societies are creaking under the strain of STRATEGICALLY ON TRACK 12 In Yemen and the Lake Chad region, though and sustainability. this assumption, and while people maystep protest back Makingfrom coordinating those choices starts United with a Nationscommit- conflict and fragility continue to block the arter- SIGNATURE SOLUTIONS to keep pennies in their pockets, poweragencies is the inment the to countries tackling the we complexity serve. of human POVERTY 14 ies of progress, we sawprotagonist a new ofway this of story: working the power of the development—to pushing the boundaries to few; the powerlessness of many; and collective help countries and communities realize the GOVERNANCE 16 between humanitarian and development actors As Administrator, it was a true pleasure to lead power of the people to demand change. Sustainable Development Goals. RESILIENCE 18 take root, bridging life-savingGoing beyond response income with will rerequire- the tackling #NextGenUNDP This is the missiontransformation at the heart of theduring United ENVIRONMENT 20 covery and development.entrenched interests—the social and 2018,political disrupting Nations howDevelopment we think, Programme, invest, manage working ENERGY 22 norms embedded deep within a nation’s or a together with the 170 countries and territories GENDER 24 group’s history and culture. and deliverwe to serve.accelerate sustainable development. From India to Fiji, we sawLooking a surge beyond of innovation today, the 2019 Human Some 40 years ago the founding father of connecting people withDevelopment the services Report they articulates need theToday, rise of a UNDP’shuman development,mission has Professor never Amartya been Sen,as HOW new generation of inequalities. asked a deceptively simple question: equality to get out of poverty,Just shaping as the gap governance in basic living standardsclear: iswe ofare what? here He toanswered help withthe
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