RICAN FEBRUARY 1982 ORTICULTURlSf Historic & Beautiful Magnolia Plantation & Gardens Proclaimed by John Galsworthy as "the most beautiful gardens in the world," Magnolia Plantation and Gardens provides beauty and color throughout the year. This 300 year old plantation, listed in the National Register of Historic Places, offers elements of interest and excitement for every member of the family, including the plantation house, 18th Century herb garden, petting zoo, local art gallery, Horticultural Maze, restaurant, gift shop, picnic areas and 500 acres of wildlife refuge traversed by walking, bicycling and canoe trails. Pets on leash are welcome. " ... one of the remarkable bits of work that has been done in the world ... Acres upon acres of rapturous beauty ... " READER'S DJOEST

Open year 'round, 8 a.m. til dusk Hiway 61 15 minutes from Charleston 803-571-1266 RICAN VOLUME 61 NUMBER 2 ORfICULTURlST

Potentilla 'Gibson's Scarlet'. See page 15 for other 1982 Introductions.

President's Page: Friends of River Farm 2

Letters 4

Capsicums by Jeanne G. Hawkins 5

Strange Relatives: The Solanaceae Family by Jane Steffey 7

Book Reviews by Gilbert S. Daniels 10

Topworking Fruit Trees by Joy D. Foraker 12

New Plants for '82 15

In Search of the Puttyroot Orchid by Adelaide C. Rackemann 21

Magnolia Gardens-Year Round Beauty by Pamela Harper 22

Fragrant Flowers hly Mrs. Ralph Cannon 26

Biological Control of Insect Pests by Altieri, Hamai, Hajek and Sheehan 28

Pronunciation Guide 40

Gardener's Marketplace 42 On th€ Cover: Camellia japonica 'Rev. John G. Drayton'. Named after the man who introduced evergreen Indica azaleas to Am€rica, this camellia and hundreds of others bloom every spring at Magnolia Gardens, which is featured on page 22. Photograph by Pamela Harp€r. PRESIDENT'S PAGE

FRIENDS OF RIvER FARM

he Society moved to its present headquarters at River Farm in 1973. T The generous gift of Mrs. Enid Haupt, this 25 -acre estate on the banks of the Potomac River was once a part of George Washington's plantation at Mount Vernon. The headquarters consists of a series of buildings, one of which dates from Washington's ownership of the property. The gentle, rolling land runs from the George Washington Parkway (the modern road from Mt. Vernon to Washington, D.C.) to the river and offers many unpar­ alleled vistas. It is a wonderful location for the headquarters of the American Horti­ cultural Society and a piece of land with outstanding opportunities for the devel­ opment of gardens. After many years of discussion and ne­ gotiation, I am pleased to report to you that the Society has now fulfilled all legal requirements of occupancy and has finally received a permanent occupancy permit for use of the property as our national headquarters. As a result we, as an organ­ A view of the Ballroom Garden at River Farm, the Society's national headquarters in Mt. ization devoted to horticulture and hor­ Vernon, Virginia. ticultural education, can now proceed with our intended use of River Farm both as pointed by the Board of Directors. I am $25.00 per year over the general mem­ the office from which we conduct the busi­ personally delighted that Mrs. Malcolm bership fee as one that will qualify you for ness of the Society and as an attractive and Matheson, Jr. has accepted the chairman­ membership in Friends of River Farm. Pro­ exemplary series of gardens appropriately ship of this committee and is already hard cplant­ and horticultural education programs at beiRg considered. ing of a portion of that driveway as a dem­ River Farm. If you would like to support us in these onstration fruit orchard has already trans­ Secondly, the committee organizes and activities, please consider becoming a Friend formed what was formerly a rather sponsors horticultural events that use all of River Farm. Your $25.00 tax-deducti­ nondescript lawn into a functional and the facilities of the house and gardens. We ble contribution can be most important in attractive feature of our headquarters. hope the Friends will be able to secure the furthering our goal of creating a functional The second step was the rejuvenation of support and participation of area garden and attractive headquarters. an organization within the Society that was clubs and friends of the Society in this en­ For your convenience the Society has instrumental in helping us first get settled deavor. bound in a tear-out application form in at River Farm. That group, The Friends of And third, one of its objectives is to this issue. I hope you will fill it out and River Farm, is a special group of devoted promote membership in Friends among return it to our office at River Farm soon. friends within our general membership that Society members and associates. The com­ operates as one of the committees ap- mittee has established a contribution of

2 February 1982 Slow and easy and barefoot. Exploring an underwater world On the beaches of Martinique, Bimini, teeming with colorful and exotic life. Tortola. In the native ports of Antiqua, Dancing to the throb of native steel Nelson's Harbor and Dominique. drums 'til the wee hours of morning. On the decks of a beautiful sailing Single, married or family folk, we'll fill schooner full of great srub and grog. your life with a lifetime of memories. In the crystal clear waters Windjammer. The hottest way to cool it. of the Caribbean. Under the warmth of the tropical sun. Six days and nights of solid adventuJ'e Slow and easy and adventurous. from only $425 with liberal discount Discovering forgotten beaches and caves. to firemen and groups. Standing the midnight watch under a thousand stars. Taking the wheel and sailing a 190 foot schooner under Post Office Box 120, Miami Beach, Fla. 33139. billowing white sail. Reservations toll free 1-800-327-2600.

Cap'nMlke Windjammer 'Barefoot' Cruises P.O. Box 120, Dept. Miami Beach, Florida 33139 Name __~ ______------~~------Addressi ______------Help me put out my fire .

I want to Gool it in the Caribbean C l ty/State J Z l p~ ______------______for 6 days and nights from $425.

Phone_~ ______~ ______Send me your free, full color 'Great Adventure' booklet. Judy Powell EDITOR Rebecca K. McClimans ART DIRECTOR I.EI+IERS Barbara W. Ellis ASSOCIATE EDITOR Steven H. Davis Jane Steffey EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Fellow or Member? on conservation of the flora of the mid­ Atlantic region. Other garden oriented gifts H. Marc Cathey The gardening book I ordered just arrived Gilbert S. Daniels (I'd rather leave it unnamed). Once again came from the Middendorf Foundation, Donald Wyman (the third time recently) I find the jacket Federated Garden Clubs and Garden Clubs HORTICULTURAL CONSULTANTS blurb stating that the author is a Fellow of America far and near. In particular, we Gilbert S. Daniels of the Royal Horticultural Society, in a are grateful to Zone VI of the Garden Club BOOK EDITOR manner implying that this is an honor or of America for the flower parterres and Louise Baughn a qtlalification. the Maryland House and Garden Pilgrim­ Cindy Weakland The Royal Horticultural Society has no mage whose donation provided the large ASSIST ANTS TO THE EDITOR "members," everyone is a "Fellow." It used magnolias along the garden walls. Addi­ May Lin Roscoe tionally, thousands of private individuals BUSINESS MANAGER to be that one had to be proposed for membership but this has not been the case have contributed to the garden. Among Dorothy Sowerby for a long time now. Thus a "Fellow" is them are generous friends who were re­ EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS sponsible for the reconstruction of original COORDINATOR merely a member, and anyone can become one on payment of the annual subscrip­ garden features, such as the elegant gazebo Susan J. Elliott tion, at present £14 a year. It is thus no or pavillion, the spring house and Chip­ MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION pendale style bridge. SERVICE different from being a member of the American Horticultural Society. All in all, we have many people to thank John Simmons - Chromagraphics Inc. for Governor Paca's once and present gar­ PRODUCTION COORDINATION Pamela Harper den that now graces Maryland's Capital COLOR SEPARATIONS F.R.H.S.! City as it must have done in 1765. We C. Lynn Coy Associates Inc. 55 Forest Street thank you and the author for the October Stamford, CT 06902 (203 ) 327-4626 Gifts to the Paca House article and hope to meet your members in ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE It gave us great pleasure to read the article the garden. Replacement Issues of AMERICAN in the October American Horticulturist on Mrs. J.M.P. Wright, Chairman, HORTICULTURIST are available at a the restoration of the William Paca Gar­ The William Paca Garden Committee cost of $2.50 per copy. den, and we are delighted that its author Historic Annapolis, Inc. The opinions expressed in the articles has grovided your readers with such a that appear in AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST are those of the comprehensive account of the research that Errata authors and are not necessarily those of went into the re-emergence of this elegant We regret that no credit was given to the the Society. They are presented as 18th-century garden photographer who took the picture fea­ contributions to contemporary thought. It is difficult to include the fund sources Manuscripts, art work and photographs tured on page 2 of our December, 1981 sent for possible publication will be for such an extensive garden restoration issue. That photograph of a display garden returned if they are accompanied by a in a magazine article. However, some de­ at the Chelsea Flower Show was taken by self-addressed, stamped envelope. serve special mention as they are of interest Frances Wright. AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is the to gardeners and conservationists. Al­ In our December, 1981 article on ca­ official publication of The American though the primary funding agencies were mellias in containers, the proportions for Horticultural Society, P.O. Box 6118, its owner, the State of Maryland, which 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, also maintains the garden; Anne Arundel adding fertilizer to containerized plants were Virginia 22308, (703 ) 768-5700, and is stated in error. On page 32 of that issue, County's Project Open Space and Historic issued monthly. Membership in the the rate for fertilizer application should Society includes a subscription to Annapolis, Inc., a private, non-profit pres­ read: 114 teaspoon per 6-inch pot, 1 rounded AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. ervation organization which manages the teaspoon per 8-inch pot, 2 rounded tea­ Membership dues start at $20.00 a year, garden, your readers will be particularly $12.00 of which is designated for spoons per 10-inch pot. AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. interested to learn that in the beginning Copyright © 1982 by The American when a donation not only resulted in prog­ Also in the December issue, two errors Horticultural Society. ISSN 0096-4417. ress but, in addition, encouragement for appeared in the article on the Gotelli Dwarf Second-class postage paid at Alexandria, our monumental task, the William Paca Conifer Collection. Mr. Gotelli's name is, Virginia and at additional mailing in fact, William T. Gotelli, not Edward offices. Postmaster: Please send Form Garden received the Founders Award from 3579 to AMERICAN the Garden Club of America and also a Gotelli as we stated. In addition, it was HORTICULTURIST, Mount Vernon, grant from the Land and Water Conser­ the Arboretum and not Mr. Gotelli who Virginia 22121. vation Fund of the Department of the In­ estimated the cost of assembling his col­ Member of Society of National terior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. These lection to be $500,000. We apologize to Association Publications two grants were extremely influential as Mr. Gotelli for these errors. they led to the garden's present emphasis The Editors

4 February 1982 SEASONABLE REMINDERS

CAPSICUMS

bout 50 kinds of peppers (Capsi­ cum) belong to the Solanaceae or A nightshade family, but only two species, Capsicum annuum and C. (rutes­ cens, are grown in the United States. Some are sweet, some are hot. All originated in tropical America. C. (rutescens was be­ lieved to be South American, but it now ranges as far north as the southern United States. C. annuum was probably Mexican at the time of the Spanish ' Conquest, but it also now ranges into the southern United States and into South America. The name Capsicum originated from the Latin capsa, meaning box. Frutescens means shrubby and annuum, of course, means annual. Garden peppers were in cultivation long before Columbus carried them back to Europe in 1493. Fragments dating back to about 7,000 B.C. have been found in Mex­ ican caves, but because it is difficult to tell wild from cultivated Capsicum species, the area in which peppers were originally do­ mesticated remains a mystery. The nu­ ABOVE: Capsicum 'Fiesta' and 'Midnight Special' add dramatic color to this annual merous kinds described by early writers border at the U.S. Botanic Garden in indicate considerable variability, and such Washington, D.C. LEIT: Closeup of variability is accepted generally to indicate Capsicum 'Fiesta' photographed at Longwood antiquity of cultivation. The Olmec and Gardens. Aztec tribes are both known to have used these plants. from them come numerous cultivars. Ornamental peppers originated from the Peppers are a popular garden vegetable bird pepper, Capsicum annuum var. gla­ and as such need a long growing season. briusculum. C. annuum yields one of the For temperate area outdoor planting, they best known spices, paprika or cayenne should be started inside and set outside in pepper, a powerful stimulant. It can pro­ June when the night temperatures are above mote a general warmth all over the body 55° F. They like warm weather and rich without any narcotic effect. The fruit is a soil and should be fertilized with a 5-10- very persistent heart stimulant. tain calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, S gardening mixture. West Indian natives soak the pods in magnesium, thiamin, riboflavin and nia­ These ornamental peppers are fun to water, add sugar and orange juice and drink cin. Green peppers are used in salads as raise. Not only are they attractive to look the concoction for fevers. A liniment is well as in goulashes and stews. Hot pep­ at, but they may also be eaten. Many dif­ made from it and it can be used as a gargle pers (they can be green, red or yellow) are ferent cultivars have been developed, but as well. The list of medicinal uses makes pungent and can be dried. Chili peppers horticulturally, all can be treated alike. Seeds it sound almost like a cure-all. Cayenne and pimentos come from the species. can be sown anytime and do best in loose pepper or the dried ripe fruit of Capsicum Capsicums are perennial shrubs in most soil: sand, peat, vermiculite or sphagnum. was an official U. S. drug from 1820 through tropical countries. They are many branched They germinate in about two weeks at a 1965. It was listed as an irritant, for gas with shiny, ovate, dark-green leaves. The temperature of 70° to 80° F. They need a and colic, as a stimulant and condiment fine petaled flowers are white or greenish lot of water at this time, preferably from and much more. The active ingredient is and produce a podlike berry that can be the bottom, so the soil does not compact. an oleoresin called capsaicin, an aromatic red, orange or yellow at maturity. The Once germinated, the plants like full sun phenol. berries vary greatly in size, shape and pun­ and water only occasionally. Transplant As a food, peppers excel most other veg­ gency. Only the two species mentioned them when they are about four or five etables in Vitamins A and C and also con- earlier are grown in the United States, but inches tall into a light, sandy soil that has

American Horticulturist 5 SEASONABLE REMINDERS CONT'D plenty of humus added. Put them outdoors nose, this disease does not appear to be spice in sealed glass jars. or in porch boxes or pots, one to a pot, prevalent with house plants. A warning about working with peppers for they are bushy. Pot outdoor plants for Insects are not usually a problem once - you can burn yourself. Either wear rub­ winter display. Peppers also do well under the plants are established. If outside in the ber gloves or grease your hands with short­ fluorescent lights. garden, cutworms' sometimes attack, but ening when handling the peppers. If you Like most flowering or fruiting plants, this danger can be overcome by using card­ do get burns, washing off your hands with peppers do not like too much nitrogen. board discs at the base when transplanting. water won't help, but milk usually works. When growing ornamentals of any kind, The plants are extremely susceptible to cold; To be safe, avoid the potential danger by you should learn to use phosphorus feed­ even a mild frost will brown the leav@s. taking precautions first. 6 ing to promote flowering and, therefore, Probably the most popular forms are the - Jeanne G. Hawkins fruit production. You also can experiment sw@@t bell pepper and the hot ca yenne or hot SOURCES FOR CAPSICUM SEED with hormone sprays or gibberellins to im­ chili pepper. There are certainly a dozen AHS 1982 Seed Program. Look in seed prove fruit set. A slow release fertilizer in popular sweet cultivars and a Balf dozen program mailing sent to all members. the soil works well, plus a water soluble popular hot on@s. Virtually all seed com­ Burpee Seed Company, Warminster, PA fertilizer every week. Water when the soil panies list a number of these in their 18991 is dry. catalogues. Herbst Seedsmen, Inc., 1000 North Knowing your plant's origins often tells Ornamental peppers are easy to dry. Cut Main Street, Brewster, NY 10509 you how to treat one that is new to you. and remove the seeds, place the peppers Geo. W. Park Seed Co., Inc., Capsicum do@s well in a warm, moist cli­ on racks or string them in an airy, shady 0 0 Greenwood, SC 29647 mate with a long growing season. Plants place where a temperature of 100 to 140 Stokes Seeds Inc., 737 Main Street, Box will produce green fruit within six weeks F can be maintained. The oven, the attic, 548, Buffalo, NY 14240 after they are transplanted and will bear the area over the stove or a food dehy­ Twilley Seed Company, Inc., P. O. Box for three or four weeks. Once they drop drator are all good locations. Too much 65, Trevose, PA 19047 their fruit, you may as well dispose of the sun can destroy the vitamins. You can use plants. the whole pepper if you wish, but be aware Jeanne G. Hawkins is a free lance writer who is on the Board of Directors for the Quail Peppers are sometimes sensitive to chills that the use of the seeds and core intensifies Botanical Gardens. She also edits the and need water if subjected to dry air. the pungency and lessens the color. When statewide bulletin for the California Native Although they are susceptible to anthrac- brittle dry, grind the peppers and store the Plant Society.

A Selected List of Capsicum Cultivars

Ornamental peppers come in many shapes and colors, and they all adapt well to container planting because they have a modest root system. A list of 16 popular cultivars follows. The first eight are primarily grown for their ornamental qualities. They may be listed as Christmas peppers, ornamental peppers, capsicums or simply peppers in seed catalog~es. The last eight cultivars on nhe list will be found in the vegetable listings of most seed catalogues, since they are most often grown for eating or for flavoring foods.

Name Shape Color Comments 'Aurora' cone shaped purple turning to red may have five colors of fruit all at same time 'Black Prince' candle shaped black to bright red nearly black fo liage 'Christmas Pepper' cone shaped green, purple and red 'Fiesta' small, slender white to red white and red fruit at same time on bush 'Fips' little, pointed green to yellow to orange to red 'Holiday Cheer' globose white and yellow ripening to red 'Holiday Time' cone shaped yellow turning to red AAS winner 1980 'Midnight Special' long, slender purple turning scarlet foliage dark, almost black 'Anaheim TMR' long, tapered green to dark red 'Dutch Treat' long, tapered yellow to orange then red AAS winner, very ornamental 'Early Pimento' heart shaped dark green turning dark red 'Hungarian Wax' long, slender, pointed canary yellow to bright red 'Jalopeno' oblong green to red 'Large Sweet Cherry' flattened globe deep green to cherry red 'Long Red Cayenne' curled and twisted bright red 'Sweet Banana' long tapered yellow very ornamental

6 February 1982 STRANGE RELA TIYES

11-IE SolANACFAE FAMHY

olanaceae, the nightshade family, excellent dessert fruit and in addition is ranks near the top of any list of used to flavor confections, jams and jellies. Splant families that serve mankind Naranjilla, the "golden fruit of the An­ even though the grasses and legumes may des," is included among "Underexploited surpass it in prominence. Tropical Plants with Promising Economic Of interest to me in studying the Solan­ Value," a 1975 report of the National aceae were the different points of depar­ Academy of Sciences. ture taken by the several authors I con­ S. macranthum, potato tree, is one of sulted. For instance, a horticultural reference the few trees in the nightshade family. This states: "Besides having many ornamen­ beautiful flowering tree from South Amer­ tals" (which were listed first), " the family ica was first cultivated in 1916 in Trinidad abounds in plants with medicinal or poi­ using seed from botanic gardens in Egypt. sonous properties, and the potato, tomato, Solandra maxima is a It is fast growing but short lived. Not only eggplant, red pepper, tobacco and others spectacular Mexican :§ do the multicolored three-inch flowers - are of great economic importance." An­ climber known as chalice ~ violet, pink and white-make a striking other begins, "It is easily one of the leading display but the 10- to IS-inch dark-green horticultural groups, for it includes vege­ vine or cup ofgold. ~ leaves are handsome also. It blooms year tables of world-wide cultivation .. . . and L-______~~ round in the tropics and bears orange ber­ many garden flowers. " Still another, in ries the size of golf balls. citing its importance to man, begins by and, indeed, the name comes from the Latin The genus Solandra was named for Dr. enumerating the "food plants." solamen, meaning comforting. Daniel Carl Solander, a Swedish pupil of This cosmopolitan family consists of Ornamental solan urns of tropical origin Linnaeus and the botanist on Captain about 90 genera and 2,000 species of herbs, are much used as pot plants in the green­ Cook's first voyage of exploration in 1768. shrubs, trees and vines of tropical and tem­ house or conservatory. Well known to most Solandra maxima is a spectacular Mexican perate regions, chiefly Central and South gardeners, and to the plant-buying public, climber known as chalice vine or cup of America. Nightshade flowers are borne is Jerusalem cherry, Solanum pseudocap­ gold. The flaring, funnel-shaped, creamy singly or in clusters. The petals are fused sicum, a tender plant of modest size fa­ blossoms, nine inches in length, turn or­ so that the corolla is round and flat in vored for its persistent scarlet or orange ange with purple streaks after opening. some, tubular in others. The fruit is either fruits. Another gold cup, S. guttata, is more or a berry or a capsule, depending upon the Two tender South American vining spe­ less shrubby but climbs to 20 feet. It is genus. Leaves vary greatly in size and shape cies are S. jasminoides from Brazil, a climber much used in the greenhouse, but is planted and are entire or variously dissected. They with sprays of pure white, star-like flowers outdoors in Hawaii and southern Florida. are usually alternate. Stems are sometimes tinged blue and S. wendlandii, Costa Rican Fragrant yellow flowers feathered with prickly or hairy, as are some fruits. nightshade, also called paradise flower. S. purple are followed by large red berries. 'Tis true, vegetables dominate the wendlandii climbs by means of hooked Popular for outdoor culture in California group-and tobacco is second in impor­ prickles and produces clusters of showy is S. grandiflora, from the West Indies, a tance among cultivated nightshades. Many light-blue flowers. Paradise flower is pop­ 30-foot vine with fragrant white flowers. species are poisonous. We are often re­ ular in Florida and also can be grown for The solandras are winter flowering. minded of this fact when using the com­ greenhouse ornament. From Colombia comes Streptosolen ja­ mon name of the family because of the Kangaroo apple, S. aviculare, from Aus­ mesonii, the only species in its genus. This frequent association of "deadly" with tralia, is a shrub with mauve flowers and six- to eight-foot climber is often used pot­ nightshade. However, among the strange flashy orange berries. ted and twining on supports in the green­ relatives in Solanaceae there are numerous From ECtolador comes naranjilla, S. qui­ house or conservatory. It also is excellent ornamental genera that are long familiar toense, which produces orange fruit var­ for the outdoor border where it can be garden favorites and much used universally. iously described as tangerine-size, tomato­ lifted and cared for in the greenhouse dur­ The genus Solanum, from which the shaped or "as large as tennis balls." The ing winter. In the extreme south and in family name is derived, includes about half plant is a large, robust shrub with hairy California it can be grown outdoors. Its of all the species in the nightshade family. leaves and fruit densely covered with easily tubular orange flowers grow among hairy So many, in fact, that classification is con­ removed white hairs. The freshly squeezed evergreen leaves. sidered difficult. It includes the weedy So­ juice is used in Ecuador and Colombia to About 40 species of tropical shrubs and lanum nigrum, common nightshade, and make sorbete, a drink with an appealing trees comprise the genus Brunfelsia. A half toxic S. dulcamara, deadly nightshade, but sweet-sour flavor. In some Central Amer­ dozen of these are cultivated in America, also S. tuberosum, the potato. Many spe­ ican countries the fresh juice is processed the best known of which is probably B. cies of this genus have sedative properties, into frozen concentrate. The fruit is an americana, lady-of-the-night. This six- to

American Horticulturist 7 STRANGE RELATIVES CONT'D

eight-foot sh rub needs a warm greenhouse are continually being produced from se­ for best production of its fragrant flowers, lection of mutants, hybridization and but it can be grown outdoors in Zone 9. treatment with plant growth hormones. B. pauciflora is much planted outdoors in Luckily the delicious scent, especially in tropical countries for its neat foliage and the evening, has survived the large scale large, handsome, salver-shaped flowers. It breeding that has resulted in the multitude will flower in the greenhouse throughout of forms. the year. The several variants of this free­ Petunias have made their own scientific flowering species are familiarly known as contribution, being used in research fo­ yesterday-today-and-tomorrow or morn­ Physalis alkekengi is the cused on the mechanisms of air pollution ing-noon-and-night due to the fading of Chinese-lantern plant damage to ornamental plants. As test plants the flowers from blue through lavendar to they revealed that even within a given spe­ white. Otto Brunfels, a Carthusian monk, whose fruit is a red berry :5 cies some forms have more resistance to is honored in this flower. He was an early a air pollution than others. For example, enclosed in a large, ~" German botanist who in 1530 published inflated orange calyx. Pi purple, blue and red petunias are much the first good drawings of plants. . ~ more resistant to chemical smog than are L-______~< Cestrum is another group of tender fra­ common white petunias, and small-flow­ grant shrubs, a few of which are grown the seeds, flowers and leaves. All parts of ered ones show more resistance than those for their beautiful clusters of flowers. They this naturalized weed are poisonous. that are large-flowered. make handsome greenhouse plants and are Needless to say D . stramonium is not Browallia speciosa 'Major', which is popular outdoors in Zones 9 and 10. C. among the species grown as ornamentals. useful in the shady border, is the plant diurnum, day jessamine, is commonly Only D. metel from India is of much usually selected to grow in pots for the planted in Florida. Its greenish-white flow­ garden interest. It resembles jimsonweed balcony or patio or in the greenhouse. ers are followed by glossy black berries. with white, violet or yellow flowers, but Dwarf cultivars 'Blue Troll' and 'White C. nocturnum, night jessamine, or queen­ they are larger and sometimes double. Troll' are becoming increasingly popular of-the-night, is an evergreen species with Brugmansia is a genus of shrubs or small because of their floriferous, compact greenish flowers also from the West Indies. trees found along roadsides in the tropics. growth. Browallia bears the name of an­ In a transitional location stands Datura, Originally classified in Datura, all of the other Swedish botanist, John Browallius, an interesting genus with medicinal and shrubby species make good tub plants in Bishop of Abo. narcotic properties as well as ornamental cool climates. Commonly, they are often Nierembergia, the cup flower, is espe­ features and a historic spot in genetic called angel's-trumpet. Probably the best cially good for pots and window boxes and studies. of these is the double-flowered Brugman­ for bloom in summer in the flower border. Datura is a genus of contrasts-from sia suaveolens (formerly Datura suaveo­ The hardiest is N. hippomanica var. vio­ smelly weeds to lovely ornamentals. Of the lens ). It is suited for the warm greenhouse lacea with violet-blue flowers. N. rep ens eight or more species, the one commonly as a pot plant or it can be un potted and var. rivularis has white blossoms. It makes known as jimsonweed in the United States, set in the garden in the summer. It is hardy a dense mat and is useful for bedding or D. stramonium, is among the best known for outdoor use in U.S.D.A. Zone lOb, and plaflting between stepping stones. and most widespread. It also is the one its pendulous, musk-scented white flowers Salpiglossis, painted tongue or velvet most widely used in medicines today. adorn a 10- or IS-foot shrub. Also widely flower, is native to Chile. Known for the Aside from its value as a source of med­ cultivated in tropical America is Brug­ bright, rich colors of its satiny flowers with icines, jimsonweed has been important in mansia X candida (formerly D. X can­ contrasting veins, it is available in many gaining an understanding of fundamental dida), the f1oripondio of Peru. B. sangui­ fine hybrids, both in mixtures or in sep­ biological principles. At the beginning of nea of the high Andes has yellowish or arate colors. the 20th century, after the rediscovery of reddish-orange flowers that are pollinated Schizanthus, the butterfly flower or fringe Mendel's laws, Datura was being used to by hummingbirds. flower, a Chilean half-hardy annual, is best illustrate genetic principles in college classes. A number of herbaceous ornamentals of used as a pot plant in the greenhouse. It Various interesting discoveries came out this family are grown simply for their flow­ can be used outdoors where temperatures of the early study of Datura. One plant ers-in contrast to the diverse uses of some are moderate, but it does not flourish in was discovered in the course of these in­ of troose already described. Nearly all of the hot summers characteristic of many vestigations that, instead of the normal two these genera come from the southern part parts of the United States. The leaves of sets of chromosomes, had only one and of South America. Among them are Pe­ the butterfly flower are much divided and was thus the kind of individual that ge­ tunia, Browallia, Nierembergia, Salpiglos­ lacy. The flowers are very different from neticists call haploid. This was the first sis and Schizanthus. others in the nightshade family for they haploid plant ever reported in scientific Petunia without doubt is the most im­ are highly irregular with some of the lobes literature. portant. In a perusal of almost any current of the corolla being of different sizes or D. stramonium is an Old World plant seed catalog we recognize the significance shapes from the others. Schizanthus blooms now widespread in many areas. Known of petunias among garden flowers, and we profusely in many-flowered clusters of for its disagreeable odor, it nevertheless observe immediately the great diversity of delicate white, pink, rose, gold and violet has various medicinal applications because sizes, shapes and colors that exist in the flowers, usually with blotches of other of the scopolamine and atropine found in species Petunia X hybrida. New cultivars colors.

8 February 1982 IRS APPROVES Not to be overlooked in this recital of 40% TAX CREDIT! FREE herbaceous fl ower garden genera are N i­ In a private ruling, the IRS informed cotiana and Physalis, both of which have a Michigan family that their Vegetable DUTCH BULB uses other than merely for flowers. Factory Solar System qualified for the AND TULIP Delightfully fragrant flowering plants 40% Energy Tax Credit. While not for the garden are Nicotiana alata and its to be cited as precedent, a copy of ,,",,"',"_. "," CATALOG the ruling, which reflects current IRS cultivars whose flowers close in cloudy Breck's Advance Sale Cat­ thinking alog, with 60 beautiful full weather. Grown as an annual from seed, is now color pa~es, offers you an and often self-seeding in the garden or even a vaila b Ie . p,.jlf!lifi;;:-'~ opportunity to fight inflation by reserving your plants for living over the winter, it adds white, rose, Many fall planting now. Includes states newest varieties of Tulips, mauve, cream or even greenish colors to Hyacinth, Crocus and many offer more exotic bulbs you may the border. The tall annual or, in the South, added have never seen before. perennial, N. sylvestris, is considered to have credits, Shipped to you direct from Holland. superior exotic perfume. Its flowers do not up to close in cloudy weather. 55% . Nicotiana tabacum is the so-called "filthy THIS SOLAR GREENHOUSE PLUS FREE weed" or tobacco whose history includes TULIP BULB OFFER absorbing tales of its aboriginal uses and HELPS HEAT YOUR HOME! Details included with your catalog. its introduction to European colonists and A Vegetable Factory® offers you all the options, to heat or to grow. . and explorers. It is a crop plant of economic saves yo u money in every way. ---BRECK'S·-- importance and for that reason it occupies All shatterproof constru ction, bronze I Sel1!ing American Gardeners Since 18 18 I a place in the modern scienyfic discovery aluminum, no foundations, 5 year wa r­ I BRECK'S, Peoria, Illinois 61632 DEPT E629Z I ranty. All models, or panels only to build I 0 Please rush money-saving FREE Garden I of photoperiodism in plants. The response your own. I Catalog with Free Plants offer. I of plants to differing periods of day and SEND $1 FOR COLOR BROCHURE I Name ______1 night is known as photoperiodism. The AND A COPY OF IRS RULING principle was discovered by two govern­ I Address I ment scientists who were working to de­ VEGETABLE FACTORY, INC. I City I termine why a certain variety of tobacco P.O. Box 2235, Dept. AH-82 a.; ______~ plant failed to produce seed in the vicinity C="':"';':="-.=.J New Yo rk. NY 10163' I State Zip I of Washington, D. C. when it was suc­ cessfully gown somewhat farther south. When they mechanically shortened the length of day for the plant, seed was pro­ Enjoy WATER-LILIES duced, thus uncovering this new principle that is now incorporated in successful cul­ In your own garden. ture of many horticultural crops and also in the management of blooming plants in Lilypons catalogue the horne. features everything A novelty in the garden is Physalis, needed for your ground cherry or husk tomato. There are about 100 species of this genus, some an­ garden pool, nual, some perennial, originating in warm including the pool. and temperate regions. They are mostly American. P. alkekengi is the Chinese-lan­ tern plant whose fruit is a red berry en­ Lilypons Water Gardens closed in a large, inflated orange calyx. ~------Winter bouquets of thes@ colorful lanterns LILYPONS WATER GARDENS will last for weeks. Some other tropical WATER-LILIES 1502 Amhort Road 1502 Lilypons Road species of Physalis produce edible fruit. LLl ypons, Maryland 21717 Brookshire, Texas 77423 Speaking of edibles, as set forth at the Fiberglass garden pools, (301) 874-5133 (713) 934-8525 start of this column, some favorite vege­ Lotus, aquatic plants, YES, Please send me the new colorful Ulypons catalog. I enclose $2,50 tables bdong to the nightshade family. In Filters, pumps, lights April's "Strange Relatives," with the com­ PVC pool liners, sweeps Name______ing of spring and the home gardening sea­ Statuary, books, koi (Please print) Addres. ______son, we will give attention to the tomatoes, Goldfish, scavengers peppers and others of the Solanaceae. 0 City Send $2.50 for catalog. -Jane Steffey State ______Zlp ______

Jane Steffey is the horticultural advisor to the '--______-' ______0# American Horticultural Society.

American Horticulturist 9 BooK REvIEws

AHS discount price, $17.75 including Enjoy solar benefits postage and handling. This is the sort of book you expect to find with a Janco Greenhouse. on an antiquarian book dealer's list -a All Janco models now available with your horticultural adventure in some remote part choice of regular or factory-sealed in­ of the world long ago as narrated by a sulated glass. knowledgeable and literate plantsman. All Add solar warmth to your home and in­ of that is true, but this adventure took crease your living area with a Janco lean­ place in the autumn of 1971 and Roy Lan­ to, or make a Janco free-standing caster, the former curator of the Hillier greenhouse the pleasure center of your Arboretum in England, is telling us about lawn . Your Janco agent can help you choose the best model for your site, and it today. Well written and illustrated, this advise you on the advantages of heat­ is a book to read on a winter's evening retentive insulated glass. Every Janco is when the snow is blowing and the garden ali-aluminum for minimum maintenance. is invisible. Reading it will make you want Think Janco when you think to retrace the author's steps and you'll come "greenhouse." Write for FREE away with a long list of new plants you'll 48-pg. full-color catalog today! want to introduce into your own garden. Janco Greenhouses Dept. AH 2 BEGONIAS-THE COMPLETE ORCHIDS AGAIN! 9390 DavIs Avenue REFERENCE GUIDE. Laurel, Md. 20707 Mildred L. Thompson and Edward J. ALL ABOUT ORCHIDS. +(301) 498-5700 Thompson. Times Books. New York, Charles Marden Fitch . Doubleday and New York. 1981.356 pages; Co. Garden City, New York. 1981. 276 hardbound, $35.00. AHS discount price, pages; hardbound, $15.95. AHS $30.50 including shipping and handling. discount price, $14.80 including postage. The begonia is one of the most popular of GROWING ORCHIDS-CYMBIDIUMS AND SLIPPERS. ... by Aztec horticultural plants, but there has long been N. no authoritative publication on this genus J. Rentoul. University of Washington Safe supplemental heat for indoor plants for the amateur grower. This gap has now Press. Seattle, Washington. 1980 (actual or starting seeds plus personal comfort publication date, November 1981). 172 been filled. Begonias, produced as a labor for less than a dime a day. pages; hardbound, $29.95. AHS of love by the Thompsons, finally provides a cultural and descriptive guide to the many discount price, $28.20 including postage. different forms of the species and hybrids THE MANUAL OF CULTIVATED of the genus Begonia. This beautifully pro­ ORCHID SPECIES. duced, large format book is loaded with Helmut Bechtel. Phillip Cribb and illustrations and lists of cultivated species Edmund Launert. The MIT Press. Uses 50 watts and cultivars. Although organized by the Cambridge, MassachusetU. 1981.444 - 1.2 KWH in 24 hours. horticultural classification of begonias, pages; hardbound, $75.00. AHS No Maintenance. which groups plants of similar growth habit, discount price, $61.25 including postage. Warms like the sun. Portable, versatile careful attention has been paid to the cor­ All About Orchids is a complete beginner's -12" x 18" x 3/4"; weighs2-1/2Ibs. rect botanical classification of all species, guide to growing these ever popular plants. Allowing 5" distance from plant, heater Whether you have a greenhouse, a light may be placed under, affixed to wall or and an introductory chapter gives an ex­ s~spended. Replacement guarantee if cellent background to the taxonomic his­ room or only a bright windowsill, these falls due to defective workmanship or tory of these plants. Cultural instructions clear cultural instructions should guide you materials within one year. are given throughout the text, and separate to success with growing orchids. Almost Three col~:>rs: Green, Gray, Grained chapters are devoted to propagation and half of the book is devoted to descriptions Walnut. Pnce: $13.95 plus$2 handling! of the more popular genera and species delivery. growing in the garden and the greenhouse. If you grow begonias, you must have this and many hybrids. The rest of the book Send for complete descriptive brochure book. tells you how and where to grow them and "SunGro." ' where to get plants and supplies. Lots of PLANT HUNTING IN NEPAL. illustrations add to the utility of this book, MEDALLION PRODUCTS Roy Lancaster. Croom Helm. London. which is recommended as one of the better P. O. Box 1702 1981.194 pages; hardbound, $22.00. orchid books for beginners. Alexandria, Va. 22313

10 February 1982 the described ge nera. This is the most com­ plete and up-to-date treatment of orchid species curren tl y available. The THE COMPLETE BOOK OF ROSES Complete Reference Guide Gerd Kriissmann. Timber Press. By Portland, Oregon. 1981.436 pages; Mildred L. Thompson hardbound, $50.00. AHS discount price, and $43.75 including postage and handling. Edward J. Thompson Pa leontology, mythology, philology, an­ cient history, art and the history of the rose in horticulture are merely the introduction to this book. Commercial rose production, propagation and plant breeding are still further studies covered before the main subject of rose species and cultiva rs begins. For once the title does not li e -this is the COMPLETE book of roses. Writing with typical Teutonic attention to detail , Gerd Growing Orchids deals primarily with Kriissmann has brought the entire study two genera, Cymbidium and Paphiope­ of all possible aspects of the rose between dilum. The treatment is hi storical as well the covers of one book. This new English as horticultural, which makes for inter­ edition has been updated and translated 9" x 12" 384 pages Over 2450 varieties esting reading. This book is more for the by the author from the origin al German Over 850 illustrations 165 in calor specialized collector, since the cultural in­ edition of 1974. A monumental and au­ At Last! In One Volume for structions all relate to Australia and would thoritati ve work, the English editi on is the Beginner & Advanced Growers be extremely confusing (and six months definiti ve study of the rose from prehis­ out of phase) for a beginning grower. Forty­ toric times to 1981. Whether you are in­ History Illustrated with old botanical and horticultural prints. two pages of color plates provide good terested in rose species, old garden roses Classification Facts and illustrations of many of the species and or modern hybrids, each va ri ety is de­ characteristics of the 8 groups some of the more popular hybrids. scribed with informati on on the o rigina­ of begonias... over 2450 species The Manual of Cultivated Orchid Spe­ tor, date of introduction and parentage of and cultivars. Culture Special needs of the 8 cies is an expensive book, but well worth the hyb rids. For more important cultivars, groups with many step-by-step the price. It is a basic reference to the cul­ a lengthier pedigree is given. Wherever pictures for potting, mixes, stak­ tivated orchid species that belongs in every possible, the American Rose Society rating ing, pruning, fertilizing, spraying, serious orchid grower's library. Two as well as the horticultural class (hybrid propagating. hundred and seventeen genera and more tea, climber, shrub, etc.) is provided. This Special Techniques For hang­ ing containers, naturalistic grow­ than 1,200 species are critically described. is not a picture book, but it is sure to ing, hybridizing, terrariums, and Discussions of their history and taxonomy become a standard reference work. 0 the different growing en­ and brief cultural notes are also included. - Gilbert S. Daniels vironments: window garden, Excellent line drawings throughout the text fluorescent light garden, outdoor garden and greenhouse. are a further aid to identification. Colored Gilbert S. Daniels is the President of the photographs of 720 species include all of American Horticultural Society. JACKET PRICE $37.50 All books shipped UPS or First Class Mail. AHS BOOK ORDER FORM"< ':. AH S. DISCOUNT PRICE 530.50 TO ORDER YOUR COPY Ship [0, ______Mail to: Dorothy Sams American Horticultural SOCiety Srree" ______P.O. Box 0105 Mount Vernon. Virginia 22121 City, ______State _ ___ Zip ______Pleose send 0 copy of BEGONIAS to me. I understand that the price of Enclosed is my check for ____'books in the amount of ______$30.50 includes shipping charges.

Discount Price Includes Postage Virginia residents add 4% sales tax. Name ______-"Begonias-The Complete Reference Guide ...... $30.50 ___-1Plant Hunting in Nepal...... 17.75 Address ______The Complete Book of Roses...... 43.75 ____All About Orchids...... 14.80 ____ 'Growing Orchids- Cymbidi ums and Sl ippers...... 28.20 ____The Manual of Culti vated Orchid Species ...... 61.25

... · Virgi nia res idents, add 4% sales tax. Make checks payable to th e Ameri ca n Horticultural Society. Send book orders to State Zip the anemian of Dorothy Sams, AHS, Mount Vernon, VA 22121. Pl ease allow six weeks for delivery.

American Horticulturist 11 SEASONABLE REMINDERS

TOPWORKING FRlDT lREES

ll too often gardeners are faced with the problem of what to do with an A existing fruit tree that bears un­ palatable fruit or that of wanting to grow several kinds of fruit in a limited amount of space. Topworking a tree can solve both of these problems, but unfortunately, few gardeners realize the potential it affords them. Fewer still are willing to try top­ working because it seems to be such an awesome task. Owners of commercial orchards top­ work entire blocks of their trees to obtain fruit from newer cultivars. By grafting or budding (in that case the technique is called top-buddiflg) new cultivars on to their ex­ isting trees they can obtain fruit with the best form, color and texture, optimum harvest dates, better storage qualities and increased disease resistance without hav­ ing to plant entirely new trees. Backyard gardeners with only one tree can topwork it to obtain the same benefits. Using the know-how of professional grafter Walter W. Turner, even the rankest beginner can successfully change an un­ desirable apple seedling to one bearing good eating apples. In fact, there is no reason why two, three, four or more choice cul­ tivars can't be grafted onto the same plant to create a tree that produces several dif­ ferent types of apples from July to No­ vember. The best cooking apple is usually not best for fresh eating, but there's no problem deciding which to plant-by top­ working, a family can have both on the same tree. For example, Turner has a young apple tree in his own yard already bearing 'Red Delicious', 'Winter Banana' and 'Rome Beauty'. He also has grafted on two other cultivars he particularly enjoys, and for fun ABOVE LEFT: When removing a branch to be grafted, Walter W. Turner first saws it off he plans to add a crab apple he likes, wh.ich ahead of the place he plans to graft in case the wood cracks. He then re-cuts and grafts. ABOVE RIGHT: A beginner using a heavy hammer or mallet could cause too much splitting. is red all the way through. The length of the split isn't important, but it is vital that enough tension remains in the split As a general rule, the more closely re­ limb to hold the scions firmly in place. BELOW LEFT: Use a screwdriver to hold the crack in the lated two plants are botanically, the more limb apart while the scions are inserted, and trim the scions to a taper that matches the crack likely they are to graft or bud successfully. as closely as possible. A chisel can be used to spread the limb if a screwdriver won't hold it far enough apart. BELOW RIGHT: Be sure to wax all freshly cut surfaces, including the tips of Several cultivars of the same species are, the scions. If the wax cracks or a bubble escapes, rewax, or air may reach the wound and dry in most cases, easy to graft or bud onto a out the scion. single plant. In a few cases it also is possible to graft several species in the same genus citrus rootstock. Members of the genus have brittle wood that splits easily, and for onto a single plant. For example, it would Prunus, such as plum, almond, apricot, this reason, as well as the fact that the be possible to have limes, lemons, oranges, peach, nectarine and cherry, also could be percentage of take is so low, soft fruits are grapefruits and Mandarin oranges, all grafted onto the same plant. According to generally top-budded rather than top­ members of the genus Citrus, on the same Turner, apricots, oherries and peaches all gFafted (topworked). "Even when we bud

12 February 1982 them," Turner says, "we consider our­ "The selection of good scion wood tends or four-bud sticks. It is important to re­ selves lucky if we get a 50 percent take. to eliminate any serious problems with member which end of each scion is the We have to re-bud the failures." fungal or bacterial diseases," says Turner. proximal end (the end nearest the stem­ In addition to changing the type of fruit He agrees with Tukey that " most diseases root junction of the plant), because if a a tree bears, topworking also can be used can be recognize d as atypi cal growth, off- scion is grafted onto the plant " upside to induce a crop from a non-bearing tree. down," a success ful union will not be Many apple cultivars, for example, are self­ formed and the scion will eventually die. sterile, that is, they require pollen from a The best cooking apple is Each scion must be checked to be sure the different cultivar to bear fruit. If there is buds are uninjured by mold, by a shovel no other pollen source in the vicinity, then usually not best for fresh digging them out or by freezing. Says it is unlikely that such a tree will bear fruit eating, but there's no Turner, "As you're cutting them you check since bees will not transfer compatible problem deciding which to to see how moist they are. If they cut kind pollen to the flowers. of dry-that is, hard to cut and sound dry­ Mr. Turner considers apple wood easy plant-by topworking, a then you check th e cambium layer. If it's to topwork. " The softer apple woods, like family can have both on the good, it'll be a clear green color. If the 'Delicious' and 'Jonathan'? are the easier same tree. scion is bad, it'll be a brown color. A good ones to graft," he says. 'Winesap' and 'Lodi' way to check is to cut off a li ve twig and have harder wood th at also is more brittle. compare. Also, you check for shrive l wrin­ Therefore, they are a bit more difficult to color wood or leaves, faulty leaf shape or kles." Although Turner chooses to cut his graft. Turner counts on 90 percent take or bark disorders." scions ahead of time and store them, so me better on his apple grafts. Turner selects one-year-old growth that grafters cut the scion wood fr om nearby Topworking old trees is best done grad­ is at least one foot long. "The bigger it is trees as they graft. ually. It can h arm a tree" if too many the better," he says. He then twice-ties each Faced with the stock trees, how does a branches are grafted in one year. A good bundle of scions, labels them and puts them grafter determine which limbs to graft? " I rule to follow is to graft an old tree over in cold storage. He also recommends the ask the orchard owner how many leaders a three-year period, treating one-third of following procedure: " Bury them on the he wants per tree and what shape-central the branches each year. shady side of the building. The object is leader, open vase, what?," says Turner. The first step in the process is to collect not to let them dry out. Also, you don't "Most people want four to six leaders in the scions that are to be grafted onto the want them to mold. If you place scions in a tree. Generally, I pick out six good lead­ old tree. The time of year to collect scions a plastic bag and bury them a few months, ers so if one happens to die, he'll still have is when the trees are dormant-after the they'll undoubtedly mold. It's best to put five good ones. leaves fall off in the autumn, in winter or them in a burlap bag or in nothing at all. "Some orchardists like their limbs really before spring growth starts. According to Bury them. Be sure they are completely Iowan the tree, almost down at its base. Turner, "When the buds start swelling, it's covered with earth, and cover the plot with Some like them high; others, in-between. too late to get scions, and before the leaves plastic. They will still be moist when yo u Ordinarily, they don't prune the trees they fall, it's too early to get scions." dig them out. When the ground starts heat­ want grafted. The tree structure is there. Besides a friend's apple tree, preferably ing up, that's when you get the mold, from I just pick from the limbs. I try to space one recently purchased as "disease free," the rising temperature in daytime and low­ them evenly around the tree so that look­ a good source for scions is a commercial ering at night, creating condensation. To ing down from the top it looks like a star orchard that is being pruned. Simply cut avoid mold, use the scions as early in the with five points." last year's new growth off the prunings. spring as you can." On older trees he grafts limbs about a Another possible source is a fruit tree nur­ Turner believes his optimum time for foot from the trunk. When the grafter se­ se ry . Not every nursery offers scions for grafting is when maples bloom. At that lects limbs to graft, spacing is much more sale. Those that do have a broad program time crocuses and snowdrops are flower­ important than limb diameter, providing to reduce the hazard of transmitting in­ ing and forsythia is in bud. Most grafting the limb is under four inches, because limbs vi sible viruses that remain latent until ex­ is done from the time the sap starts rising over four inches are difficult to split for posed to certain conditions. Ronald B. and buds start swelling until blooms fall. the cleft graft. On the same tree, Turner Tukey, Extension Horticulturist from Certain grafting can be performed all sum­ frequently uses whip grafts for the branches Washington State University, states, "[Our] mer provided juicy scion wood can be under an inch and cleft grafts for sawed scion wood is only taken from trees that found. limbs. have been indexed as virus free. These trees Because it is vitally important that scions Proper tools make grafting easier and are continually tested by grafting buds onto retain moisture right up to the time the more effective. A pair of hand shears or susceptible test plants. It is an expensive grafts unite, Turner takes from storage only nippers or loppers is sufficient for small program but reduces the hazards of trans­ as many scions as he will use in a few limbs. A pruning saw or chain saw is best mitting virus." Nurseries that offer scions hours' time. He recommends carrying scions for removing limbs larger than one inch for sale will probably offer several non­ in wet burlap and setting them down in in diameter. A small, sharp hatchet or patented cultivars. the shade or under a sprinkler. cleaver and a hammer to drive it are nec­ It is important to use disease-free scions With nippers, he cuts off the bottom of essary tools for clefting. Carry a screw­ since disease organisms can be transferred each scion so the wood is fresh, and cuts driver or chisel (Turner carries both) to into a healthy tree through a graft union. each scion straight across into three-bud spread the split apart to insert sticks. A

American Horticulturist 13 SEASONABLE REMINDERS CONT'D

sharp knife-razor sharp or better-is ab­ The sticks go in flush at the top and slanted Turner obtains his best results from a wax solutely essential to make smooth, straight in slightly so that the cambium layers have that dries like plastic and stretches as the cuts in the scions. Making a jagged cut to cross. When you pull out the chisel, the graft grows. Its one drawback is that it reduces the chances of a successful graft sticks should be held solidly so that they will crack if applied below 40° F. considerably. Don't forget tape for wrap­ won't move even when you wax them." Within a month's time the grafter can ping whip grafts. Last on the list are wax Branches under one inch are whip grafted. see which grafts have taken. The grafts are and a paintbrush (one-inch is fine) to apply Turner recommends that whip grafts never successful if the buds on the scions swell. it. be exactly matched. "There's more of a They will leaf out if growing conditions Each cut is made straight across the limb. chance the cambium layers will match if are favorable. As insurance against cracking, Turner al­ they're just a little bit offset. Make tapered During the grafting process a large por­ ways severs the limb a few inches above cuts on a long slant, slit them in the middle, tion of the tree is cut back. Consequently, the spot where he intends to make the cut push them together. Overlap at least at the lush growth will shoot out all over the tree. for the graft. This way, he is more likely bottom. Tape the graft tightly so that no If a graft does not take, select one or two to be able to make a smooth cut on the fresh wood shows. Wax." suckers below it that point in the correct spot he has chosen. The weight of the fall­ Waxing is important to maintain mois­ direction. These may be budded later in ing branch can often cause the limb to ture in the newly cut surfaces while a graft the year or grafted the following year. Trim crack or the bark to tear along the un­ union is forming. Wax seals out air that out all other growth from around the suck­ derside of the branch as it falls. would dry out the scion. Turner waxes ers you select. When he cleft grafts the larger limbs, he over and around all the tape of the whip When the grafts take Turner advocates places the clefting tool in the center of the graft and the tip of the scion. On cleft temporarily leaving growth around them. limb perpendicular to the branch. That way grafts, he waxes all fresh wood-where the "You've got to leave this stuff in the spring both scions will be centered on the limb. cuts are, the splits caused by the clefting because you've cut off all those buds that Turner suggests striking the clefting tool tool and the tips of the scions. Grafts must were pulling the sap up. You've got to have with just enough force so that the limb will be sealed with wax within five minutes. A buds there pulling sap up in the cambium spring back with enough pressure to hold fast grafter can graft and wax an entire layer to get that graft off to a good start. the sticks firmly. "Use the chisel or screw­ tree in that time limit if necessary. New This is the reason why trees to be grafted driver to open the split and hold it open. grafters would be wise to wax one cut at are not pruned. The extra limbs-those On each side is a tapered crack. You try a time. Should it rain before the wax dries, you don't prune off-induce the sap to the to match that taper when you cut the sticks. the grafts must be re-waxed within a day. graft." Come summer, the limbs that h@lped bring nutrients to the grafts become com­ Sources for Supplies and Additional Infonnation petition for those same nutrients. Turner cuts away all growth from the limb stubs Gardeners wishing to topwork their own Barrington, IL 60010, Catalogue 2.00. on which grafts were made until only the trees will want to read more extensively Mellinger's, 2310 West South Range, grafts remain. He also removes any branches about grafting and budding techniques North Lima, OH 44452. Mellinger's offers that could be wind-whipped against the before making their first cut. Read Robert amateur grafting kits complete with knives, grafts and cuts out upper limbs that fruit F. Carlson's article, "Grafting Techniques: wax, tape and a cleft grafting tool. weight might lower to brush against the A How-to-Guide," American Horticultur­ Scions should be available from a local grafts. ist, Volume 58, Number 2, April, 1979. orchard or a neighbor who is willing to Only one of the two scions in each cleft Two books that will provide extensive, in­ prune his tree. They also can be ordered graft will be permitted to grow. Pruners depth information about the subject are from: will remove the weaker one by cutting it Plant Propagation, Principles and Prac­ New York State Fruit Testing Cooper­ away when the tree goes dormant. In later tices by Hudson T. Hartmann and Dale E. ative Association, Geneva, NY 14456. years the original tree can sprout pro­ Kester, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975 and The Orders for dormant scions and cuttings fusely. Pruning is easier if the grafts are Grafter's Handbook by R. J. Garner, Ox­ should be placed before January 15th; this marked somehow so that the pruner won't ford University Press, 1979. Both books will be a good source of scions for those accidentally cut away branches coming from are well illustrated with photographs and wishing to topwork their trees next winter. the graft while leaving branches originat­ line drawings and contain discussions of Van Well Nursery, P. O. Box 1339, ing on the old tree. the theoretical and practical aspects of Wenatchee, WA 9880l. For the grafter, topworking is akin to grafting, budding and topworking. Since Pre-grafted trees with three, four and creation. The satisfaction of harvesting fruit the books are written for professional hor­ five cultivars on the same plant are avail­ from a limb you have grafted is very much ticulturists and students, the discussions able from several sources: like the pleasure of plucking tomatoes from can be rather technical, but they aren't Gurney Seed and Nursery Company, plants you have raised from seeds. 0 beyond the scope of the serious gardener. Yankton, SD 57079 offers five-in-one pear -Joy D. Foraker trees and apple trees. Joy D. Foraker is an orchardist and a free Grafting supplies such as wax, knives Kelly Brothers Nurseries, Inc., Dans­ lance writer who has contributed to such and tape are available from: ville, NY 14437 offers three-, four- and publications as Western Fruit Grower, Plants Barrington Industries, P. O. Box 133, five-in-one apple trees. Alive, Organic Gardening and House Beautiful.

14 February 1982 New Plants for '82

ach year in January, February, In the following list, representing our some more exotic species, but because of March and April, gardeners across choices of the introductions to look for in the way these plants enter the market, they E the country eagerly await the flush 1982, we considered only cultivars that aren't introduced with the flourish given of new catalogues and plant lists that ar­ will be available commerically in this to annuals and vegetables. rive in the mail to tempt them. In her book, country for the first time this year. Here is our list of new plants to look Onward and Upward in the Garden, Our selections were made on the basis for in 1982. Once again it's time to start Katherine White said, "For gardeners this of information collected from various nur­ poring over catalogues, comparing the old, is the season of lists and callow hopeful­ series introducing plants. We solicited in­ and the new, making lists and dreaming ness; hundreds of thousands of bewitched formation on as many introductions as we dreams. readers are poring over their catalogues, could, looked at photographs, compared Sources for the plants we have selected making lists for their seed and plant orders, descriptions and made blatantly subjective are mentioned in the descriptions that fol­ and dreaming dreams." choices. How nice it would have been to low. Addresses of these suppliers can be The word new can mean many things. preview more new perennials, and perhaps found at the end of the article.

American Horticulturist 15 1 Potentilla 'Gibson's Scarlet': (pictured on height of from three to four feet. U.S.D .A. Wayside Gardens and at local nurseries and previous page) A cultivar featured by Alan Zones 4-9. garden centers. U.S.D.A. Zones 4-10. Bloom in his Perennials for Your Garden, 'Gibson's Scarlet' is a herbaceous potentilla 3 Rosa 'Gold Badge': In addition to the four 4 Gazania 'Sundance': Large russet, red, or­ frequently seen in European gardens but sel­ All-America Rose Selections winners for this ange and yellow blooms borne on sturdy dom found in America. It is now available year, 'Brandy', 'French Lace', 'Mon Cheri' stems high above the foliage are the trade­ from Wayside Gardens. It bears its scarlet and 'Shreveport' (see the July, 1981 issue of mark of this new Fl tetraploid Gazania culti­ flowers all summer, more continuously than American Horticulturist news for more infor­ var. The extra two sets of chromosom~s lead other red cultivars such as 'Congo' and mation about these new cultivars), rose fan­ to more vigorous growth, uniform habit and 'Flamingo'. A sun lover that thrives in any ciers should look for other new roses. 'Gold increased bloom. Plants should be available in fertile, well-drained soil, 'Gibson's Scarlet' Badge' was hybridized by the French hybri­ garden centers and nurseries this spring. Seed has soft-green foliage. U.S.D.A. Zones 5-9. dizer M. Meilland and was one of the new is available from Herbst. cultivars featured at troe Conard Pyle Compa­ 2 Spiraea japonica 'Shirobana': Another Way­ ny's Annual Red Rose Rent Day. It is a beau­ 5 Pepper 'Zippy': A new, mildly-hot hybrid side introduction that has graced European tiful yellow floribunda that blooms from May pepper from W. Atlele Burpee Company, landscapes for years, 'Shirobana' produces through NovemlDer. 'Gold Badge' bears four­ 'Zippy' has a flavor sharp enough to stimu­ masses of lovely white, pink and red flowers inch, lemon-yellow 'flowers and strong, dark­ late the taste buds without being too biting. from late spring through September. Unlike green foliage. Bred for vigor and disease re­ The fruit looks very much like 'Long Red other members of its species, 'Shirobana' has sistance, 'Gold Badge' can be used in the gar­ Cayenne', about six inches long and five­ a compact growth habit and only reaches a den or as a low hedge. It is available from eighths of an inch wide, but it does not have

16 February 1982 the fiery taste. Prolifically borne fruit is ready 8 Squash 'Jersey Golden Acorn'; This All­ two zinnias receiving All-America Selections to pick at the green-mature stage about 57 America Selections Bronze Medal winner Bronze Medal awards in 1982, this new culti­ days after the plants are set into the garden. bridges the gap between summer and winter var bears large (4 1/2 inch) flowers on com­ Fruit also can be left on the plant to ripen to squash. It can be eaten fresh in the summer pact, symmetrical plants. As the flowers a bright, shiny red. 'Zippy' fruit is delicious like zucchini or stored for winter use like any slowly open the outer layer of petals ages to a when eaten raw or cooked. other winter squash. Each bush-type plant light-pink color while the inner petals remain will support from two to four mature fruits a deeper hue. The petals tuck under at the 6 Rosa 'Windjammer'; A miniature rose in­ and will produce many more fruits that can tips giving the flowers a ruffled appearance. troduced by Nor'East Miniature Roses, Inc., be harvested and eaten when small. The fruit Available from Twilley Seeds and Herbst. 'Windjammer' bears orchid-pink blooms that has a distinctive, nutty flavor. Harvest imma­ have cardinal-red edges. As the flowers age ture fruit when it is smaller than a tennis ball. 10 Tagetes 'Bonanza Yellow'; A clear-yellow they slowly turn completely red. A vigorously It has a distinctive, nutty flavor. Mature, flowered marigold, 'Bonanza Yellow' com­ growing plant, 'Windjammer' averages 18 to golden-orange fruit weighs between two and bines the early flowering characteristic and 22 inches in height. four pounds and has three times the vitamin plant habit of cultivars such as 'Yellow Boy' A sources (beta carotene) as standard green with the large flower size of the Royal 7 Verbena 'Showtime'; 'Showtime' is a new acorn squashes. Available from Gurney Seed Crested Series cultivars. Mature plants are mixture of early flowering types with an ex­ and Nursery Company and Geo. W. Park from 10 to 12 inches tall. Seed is available cellent color range. The attractive flowers are Seed Company. from Stokes and Joseph Harris. Plants should borne on plants that reach a height of 10 be available from local nurseries and garden inches and spread to about 18 inches. 9 Zinnia 'Fantastic Light Pink'; The first of centers.

American Horticulturist 17 11 Petunia Ultra Series: 'Ultra Red', 'Ultra Park Seed Company. liage is dark green and the sterns trail to two Pink', 'Ultra Salmon' and 'Ultra White' are feet. grandiflora petunias with the concentrated 13 Gerbera 'Happipot': A new cultivar that colors characteristic of the multiflora types should be available in nurseries and garden 15 Squash 'Peter Pan': An All-America Selec­ and the large flowers of the grandiflora. Ultra centers this spring, 'Happipot' can be grown tions Bronze Medal winner, 'Peter Pan' is a series petunias are compact, mat forming and enjoyed as a four-inch pot plant and then scallop or patty pan summer squash whose plants that reach a height of from six to eight transplanted to the garden where it will fruits remain tencjer to a diameter of five inches. They bloom early, flower throughout bloom throughout the summer. 'Happipot' inches. The fruit also can be harvested and the summer and will tolerate bad weather bears flowers in shades of red, pink, salmon, 'eaten when very small. Test to see if the fruit and air pollution. Seed is available from Park orange, yellow and cream that are suitable is tender enough to cook without peeling and Seed Company. for cutting. It is compact and reaches a height scooping out the seeds by pressing on the of only eight to 12 inches. This new introduc­ skin with a thumbnail. 'Peter Pan' is a bush 12 Cucumber 'Burpless Bush': The tirst bush tion blooms profusely and is adaptable to cli­ type plant. Available from H<:rbst, Twilley cucumber, 'Bush Whopper', was introduced mates across the country. Seeds and Geo. W. Park Seed Company. in 1977, and like that cultivar, 'Burpless Bush' has a compact, space-saving growth 14 Pelargonium 'Cascade Orange': The first 16 Salvia X superba 'May Night': A plant al­ habit. The smooth, spineless fruit often real seed-grown hanging basket geranium ready being grown in European perennial reaches a length of one foot, and the skin is available, this new Park Seed Company intro­ borders but new to American gardens, 'May thin and edible. 'Burpless Bush' is ready to duction bears flowers that range in color Night' bears intense violet-blue flowers on harvest in only 42 days. Available from from salmon-orange to scarlet. The zoned fo- upright spikes. The plant's neat, dense and

18 February 1982 19 20 21 compact habit is maintained through the 18 Tomato 'Basket King': Just as its name Gurney Seed and Nursery Company and summer, and the plants do not exceed 15 implies, 'Basket King' is a cultivar developed Stokes Seeds. inches in height. This new Wayside introduc­ especially for growing in hanging baskets. tion flowers in May and June, prefers a sunny This new W. Arlee Burpee introduction bears 20 Zucchini 'Richgreen': Rich, dark, glossy­ spot and will withstand drought. 'May Night' small, 1 %-inch fruit in clusters of from four green fruit is the trademark of this new hy­ is mentioned in Alan Bloom's Perennials for to seven fruits. The fruit is thin skinned and brid. 'Richgreen' is a vigorous, single­ Your Garden. U.S.D.A. Zones 4-9. sweet. Not only will 'Basket King' bear a lot stemmed plant with an open growth habit of fruit, but it also will make an attractive that makes the fruit easy to spot. Harvest can 17 Zinnia 'Small World Cherry': The second hanging basket plant. begin approximately 50 days after sowing. zinnia cultivar to win an All-America Selec­ Available from W. Arlee Burpee Company. tions Bronze Medal, 'Small World Cherry' is 19 Lathyrus odoratus 'Snoopea' Mix: This a dwarf plant about the size of the popular new sweet pea cultivar mixture does not have 21 Pelargonium 'Smash Hit Salmon': Smash Peter Pan Series (12 inches). When grown on tendrils and so the free-flowering plants are Hit Series geraniums have been available in one-foot centers the plants will spread to neat looking without the need for nets, fences garden centers and nurseries for several sea­ cover 18 inches. Its beehive-shaped flowers or other supports. The colorful blooms (there sons; 'Smash Hit Salmon' is a new color to are smaller than those of the Peter Pan Series are eight colors in the mix) are closely spaced add to the series. These plants are early, com­ (two to 2'12 inches in diameter) but they are on 16-inch sterns. 'Snoopea' has better early pact, well zoned and free flowering. Available more numerous. The flowers are a cherry­ summer performance than many older culti­ from Geo. W. Park Seed Company. red color. Available from Twilley Seeds, vars since the leaves shade the tender root Geo. W. Park Seed Company and Herbst. system from heat and dryness. Available from Continued on page 36

American Horticulturist 19 20 February 1982 altimore winters tend to be long corms. Whether to use as amulets or to and dreary, the more so as I grow mend china, I had no idea. The thought Bolder. There are compensations, of may have been unworthy, but it was not course. A hearty fire in the evenings and unreasonable. Some years ago a great stand a brisk walk on cold days are two pleasures of Lycopodium in the park just disap­ I can think of. And for me, living next to peared, quite probably to make Christmas the city-owned Robert E. Lee Park (s itu­ wreaths. Looking down at the place where ated in Baltimore County), the brisk winter a few months earlier I had seen the leaves walk usually includes a look at the put­ of putty root, I could see no sign of digging. tyroot orchid. lnSearch The fallen leaves and the rich, woodsy soil Puttyroot is Aplectrum hyemale - seemed undisturbed. aplectrum from the Greek, meaning with­ But what a feeling of loss. Stoically, I out spur (to distinguish it from two some­ continued my winter walks. I dutifully what similar terrestrial orchids whose picked up thrown beer cans and bottles flowers do have spurs), and hyemale, Of The and tossed plastic cups and newspapers meaning winter. Aplectrum, like Tipularia that had blown into the bushes and green­ discolor and Calypso bulbosa, has a winter brier. So the winter passed, slowly, more leaf, and for several years I have felt that Puttyroot painfully as I missed my friend the put­ the sight of this leaf made the daily winter tyroot. Jan uary and February stayed around walk worthwhile. An unusual leaf, crin­ in their heavy-handed way, with the snow kled and light green, with longitudinal lines, soiled and the path icy, when I ventured it sticks up from its bed of stiff, brown, down to the lake. Then the snow was gone fallen oak and beech leaves. Orchid and the winds of March howled unmer­ This orchid is produced from a corm. cifully. There were cold, rainy days and The leaf appears in the fall, is visible all BY ADELAIDE C. RACKEMANN mud. All the same, I continued to trudge winter, often peering out from a covering through the park. It was a ritual my dogs ILLUSTRATION of snow, and in June it withers and dis­ expected, and I could see that the small BY VIRGINIA DALEY appears as the flower stalk emerges. A new leaves of the garlic mustard were a little corm is formed underground, producing a larger. new leaf and eventually a new flower. So One day in mid March I took the little it continues, year after year. Or so it would used path where once there had been put­ continue if puttyroot (also called Adam­ tyroot. By now I was resigned to having and-Eve) were allowed to survive. sized, with free sepals and petals and a lost it, but I cast my eye along the length Unfortunately, as all the woods about three-lobed labellum bearing lamellate of the fallen log, just out of habit. I could us have been destroyed to build more crests on the disc," but I seldom see the hardly believe what I saw. Some four feet housing developments and shopping cen­ flowers, and for me searching for the leaves away from its old location there were two ters, puttyroot has almost disappeared. In is the challenge and the one bright spot on new leaves of puttyroot. Here at last was fact, I have only seen it in the Robert E. a daily winter walk. my long lost friend, not where I had ex­ Lee Park in one location. The leaf is so With my two dogs who dart ahead to pected it but not far away. Reassured by distinctive that I'm sure I would have no­ pick up the trail of a rabbit or a squirrel the sight, I vowed to keep a close watch ticed it in other places if it were there. or a red fox, I pick my way to the lake. I on it. My spirits had lifted now that Aplec­ According to Dr. Carlyle Luer in The Na­ can see a few ducks and perhaps a king­ trum had returned. tive Orchids of the United States and Can­ fisher or the great blue heron. On the way, There are several possible explanations ada, the early settlers were also hard on I note the small round leaves of garlic for the disappearance of the puttyroot. The puttyroot, using the corm to mend their mustard and wish they would get bigger older the corms, the deeper they lie un­ broken crockery, to treat sores, to wear as and greener. But the high point of my winter derground. It is possible they were choked amulets and even to chew. The wonder is, walk is cutting through the woods on an out by the ever invasive honeysuckle. It is I suppose, that any puttyroot remains. overgrown path, all but impassable in also possible that somebody, not caring Thomas Nuttall, after his extensive sci­ summer, climbing over a fallen tree and that Aplectrum hyemale is protected under entific expeditions, first described the ge­ then, beneath a rotting log, spying the put­ Maryland law, dug it up. (It would, after nus in 1818 (The Genera of North Amer­ tyroot. all, make a nice addition to one's wild­ ican Plants) and noted: "Annual Since the park is well over 400 acres, flower garden.) Another explanation is that subterranean, globose tuberoids, con­ there are many paths to choose and I have I did not look hard enough for it, some­ nected by a slender rhizome, supporting taken them all. But the path to the put­ thing I find hard to believe. one (A plectrum hyemale) or two (A plec­ tyroot, while the most difficult, is the most But the reappearance of puttyroot has trum unguiculatum) hibernalleaves and a rewarding. an easier explanation. It is likely that seeds scapose vernal flower stalk characterize the Imagine my horror last winter when I from the old flowers, which take a year to genus." suddenly realized the familiar leaves were produce new corms, produced the new He described the flowers as " medium- not there. The winter before there had been stand of Aplectrum. three or four of them. Now I could see not Difficult as the path is to find in the Adelaide C. Rackemann is active in the summer, I vow to come back when the Horticultural Society of Maryland and works a trace. as a volunteer at Cylburn Nature Center and My first thought, an unworthy one per­ puttyroot is in bloom. No longer will the Wildflower Preserve in Baltimore, Maryland. haps, was that somebody had dug up the puttyroot and I be separated.O

American Horticulturist 21 olia Gardens lear Rnund Bean/y

TEXT and PHOTOGRAPHY by PAMELA HARPER

nce upon a time-many, many years ago . .. So begin all the best fairy tales, and so begins the story of Mag­ O nolia Plantation and Gardens, ancestral home for 300 years of the Drayton family. Magnolia-a romantic name, and appropriate, but perhaps a shade misleading for a garden of year-round beauty, with magnolias playing a comparatively minor role among thousands of plants. The name is a legacy of a bygone era. A picture from ante-belll1m days shows hoopskirted ladies and little girls in pantalets strolling beneath magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) that flanked an avenue leading from the mansion house to the Ashley River, where early visitors arrived by paddle steamer. The fragrance of the great waxen flowers, like tree-borne waterlilies, hangs over the garden still, but today's visitors enter from the other side of the house, past miniature horses grazing behind a zig-zag fence. Fairy tales have their villains, and their poverty stricken princes. The original mansion, built in the 1680's, was destroyed by fire just after the Revolutionary War. In 1865 its replacement was burned by General Sherman's marauders. All that remained was the brick first story. The Drayton family, by then impoverished, floated a modest pre-Revolutionary sum­ mer home on barges down nh(l river and reassembled it over the existing basement. This structure survived an earthquake in 1886 and now staflds under a canopy of u:ees at the entrance to the gardens. The pointed tower (a Victorian embellishment) gives it a fairy tale look well suited to its surroundings. The house is open to visitors. It is a natural reaction in man, when wilderness or danger surround him, to create a pattern of order within the vicinity of his home. The original gardeN at Magnolia was modelled on those of 17th-century England, with design taking precedence over plants and straight lines predominating save for scrolls of clipped boxwood within parterres of geometric design. American gardens clung to formality when the mood in Europe changed, but young John Grimke Drayton (the Rev. John Drayton), who 'Debutante' ('Sarah C. Hastie') is one of many camellias sub­ inherited Magnolia in 1825, was in the vaflguard of those pre­ sequently introduced by Magnolia Gardens. ferring less trammelled beauty, that "touch of sweet disorder." Today the 500 acres include an herb garden, a maze based Recognizing rigorously controlled neatness as ill suited to the on the one at Hampton Court but with sasanqua camellias (c. exuberance of vegetation in the warm, moist climate of South sasanqua) as hedges, a petting zoo, a gift shop and a restaurant Carolina, he envisioned instead a flowering wilderness, with the serving such Southern dishes as Hoppin' John (black-eyed peas natural beauty of the wooded site enhanced but not subdued. with rice cooked in bacon drippings) . These are all located where Towards this end he introducd into America the evergretm Indica they do not impinge on the serenity of the woodland and water azaleas now so widely planted in the Southeast. He also saw the gardens. The dappled shade of the great trees alleviates summer landscaping potential of Camellia japonica, until then considered heat along nature trails, and canoes can be rented and paddled a conservatory plant. One named for him, a rose-pink semi­ through the waterfowl refuge. Among the many birds at home double, is among the hundreds now to be seen in bloom at in the cypress swamps is the snake-necked water turkey or an­ Magnolia between November and April. The very popular hinga. An observation tower overlooks the 150 marshy acres of Pamela Harper has contributed many articles to American the waterfowl refuge where rice fields were once planted. Horticulturist. She is a garden writer and owner of Harper's The heart of Magnolia is its lagoon, mirroring in pellucid Horticultural Slide Library in Seaford, Virginia. water the lacy, white wood bridge which spans it, the branches

22 February 1982 LEIT: Fluted trunks 'of Taxodium distinchum. ABOVE: 'The heart of Magnolia is its lagoon. In the spring hundreds of evergreen azaleas bloom here, their colors reflected in the water.

American Horticulturist 23 of ancient live oaks eerily hung with Spanish moss, the latticed and freezes are seldom prolonged. In 1981 two new bridges were bark of palmettos and the fluted trunks of bald cypresses with built, and no year goes by without the addition of new plants; their strange, knobby "knees" resembling praying nuns. Clinging not in ones and twos but in hundreds and thousands. 1980's to trunks, and sheeting horizontal branches, is Polyp odium additions included the autumn and winter flowering cherry, polypodioides, called resurrection fern because the fronds turn Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis', a cloud of soft pink during the brown and curl up during drought or frost, reviving with rain "off" season, the Cornelian cherry, Cornus mas, massed with and warmer weather. Wisteria climbs high into the trees. So do little puffs of bright yellow in February, and the satiny-purple two early flowering roses, the thornless Lady Banks (Rosa bank­ hardy orchid, Bletilla striata. siae 'Lutea') with pale-yellow pom-poms, and the large, single In summer there are hydrangeas in blue, pink and white, white Cherokee (R. laevigata). Higher still climbs the yellow­ oleanders, yellow Cassia, waterlilies, caladiums, daylilies, and flowered Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens). Spent blankets of bedding plants. In late September, when Northerners flowers drift on the water, which from March to May reflects prepare for winter, the South begins a second peak season of the white, pink, red and purple of thousands of azaleas. As spring bloom. Floribunda and hybrid tea roses flower again, as abun­ draws to a close their fallen flowers carpet the paths. In April dantly as they did in May. Crape myrtles are massed with trusses an island in the lake is snowy with the pristine chalices of rain of crinkled flowers in white, pink, red and purple. Abelias will lilies, Zephyranthes atamasco, a rare and lovely flower native continue blooming until hard frost, as will Hibiscus. There are to the Southeast. red spider lilies (Lycoris radiata), and the shining, clustered fruits To John Galsworthy, author of The Forsyte Saga, Magnolia of blackberry lily (Belamcanda chinensis) glisten in the warm was hauntingly beautiful .. . "Bey\'> nd anything I have ever seen, autumn sun. Annuals continue to flower, and now chrysanthe­ it is other-worldly." The dreamlike quality remains; time stands mums join them. The star of autumn is, however, the sasanqua still and the garden seems to be waiting. And always there is camellia, blooming in late October and continuing into January. fragrance- from February daphne (Daphne odora), hyacinths, If January is a cold one there may be a brief lull in flowering banana shrub (Michelia figo ), roses, gardenias, magnolias and sequence, but there will still be color from the red berries of sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans). Nandina, Pyracanth a, Ardisia and flex. By the end of the month Magnolia is an old garden, among the country's oldest, but there may be paper-white narcissus, aconites (Eranthis hye­ not a static one. Famous until recently only as a spring garden malis), crocus and snowdrops. By mid-February forsythia her­ (remembering that spring comes early in South Carolina), it has alds the start of another spring spectacular. been the aim of the present, ninth generation owner, John Dray­ Magnolia, located on Highway 61 just south of Charleston, ton Hastie, to make the garden interesting in every season, an SC, welcomes visitors from 8:00 a.m. to dusk every day of the attainable goal in Charleston, where the growing season is long year. ~

24 February 1982 LEFT: The Mansion House at Magnolia Gardens has been there since soon after the Civil War when it replaced a home destroyed by General Sherman's marauders. ABOVE: Magnolia Gardens is full of pathways and surprise vistas, and azalea blossoms abound during the spring.

American Horticulturist 25 Fragrant Flowers

TEXT and PHOTOGRAPHY by MRS. RALPH CANNON

he garden holds many delights, not Scent is essential for a planted. They resent this disturbance and the least of which are plants with summer night garden. refuse to flower the following year. To T a pleasing fragrance. Who can re­ encourage flowering, dig out square pieces sist the sweet aroma of lilies-of-the-valley When dusk arrives, so does from the bed and fill the holes with good in spring or the scent of roses in a summer the potency of the scent. soil and humus. Replant the square pieces garden? Gardens should not only be pleas­ elsewhere. If the bed has to be made over, ing to the eye, but also to the nose. Hap­ The flowering tobacco dig out the plants in large clumps and pry pily, there is a wealth of lovely scented plant, Nicotiana them apart with two forks. Planting pieces, plants to choose from that are attractive alata 'Grandiflora', cannot each containing about six shoots, can then additions to the landscape and at the same be reset about two inches deep and nine time provide scent in the garden during be excelled for its lovely, inches apart. Poor flowers will indicate the day or at night, as cut flowers in the white flowers and powerful overcrowding and the need for replanting. house or as garden "room" fresheners that No plants give better value in scent and spread their fragrance over a wide area scent. form than peonies. A large number of outdoors. peonies, especially the Chinese type, are The fragrance of Dianthus makes the carry up to five flowers in a head. Provide very sweetly scented. They inherit their air a pleasure to breathe, especially in the these plants with rich, well drained so'il in sweet scent from Paeonia lactiflora. A bor­ morning. Called pinks because of their a sunny spot, and they will reward you der planted with fragrant, herbaceous scalloped or "pinked" petal edges, and not with beautiful flowers and magnificent peonies will scent the air of the garden for because they are pink in color, these perfume over a wide area. weeks. These double varieties are very fra­ charming old world favorites have been To get larger and taller blooming stalks, grant, many having rose scent: 'Festiva hybridized for many years. Many new N. jonquilla has been crossed with some Maxima', a white flecked with red; 'S now cultivars provide attractive color and of the large hybrid narcissi. The famous Mountain', 'Kelway Glorious' and 'Ann fragrance. daffodil breeder P. D. Williams did this Cousins', all white; the soft pinks, 'Sarah Montagu Allwood of England crossed and obtained one of the best, 'Trevithian'. Bernhardt', 'Myrtle Gentry', 'La Perle' and a perpetial flowering carnation (Dianthus Few narcissi rival this cultivar for vigor 'Mons Jules Elie'; the bright reds, 'The caryophyllus) with the oldest of the garden and honey-sweet scent. Another cultivar Mighty Mo', 'Richard Carvel', 'Karl Ro­ pinks, D. plumarius, and in the course of of Williams' is 'Hesla', which has the same senfield'; and the crimson, 'Philippe Re­ several years developed a new hybrid spe­ sweet aroma. voire'. All of these double flowers last longer cies, Dianthus X allwoodii. This plant has In Victorian days every garden had a than the single ones and are generally more revolutionized the dianthus world by pro­ lily-of-the-valley bed (Convallaria ma­ satisfactory for cutting to bring scent in­ ducing hundreds of hybrids with new colors, jalis ), and no modern day garden should doors. If a border of peonies is planted it perpetual flowering, hardy constitutions be without one either. Have plenty of hu­ does not need to be cultivated, only top­ and fragrance. The most fragrant of all is mus and leaf mold in the soil, and plant dressed with rotted manure annually. The 'Loveliness', a hardy dianthus that blooms the crowns singly about one inch deep and foliage will make a complete groundcover from spring until fall. four inches apart in dappled shade. If there so there is no need for hoeing-just a few Not to be forgotten is Dianthus gra­ is not space for a bed, let them grow through weeds to hand pull. tianopolitanus, the cheddar pink. This plant the grass or among the deep rooted shrubs. Of course there must be lilacs. There are has blue-gray leaves and small, rose-pink ,The strong perfume can then still be en- many colors to choose from-lilac, blue, single flowers on four-inch stems. It will joyed. 'Fortunei' is a particularly nice cul­ purple, pink, red-purple and white. Single flourish year after year, seeding abun­ tivar because its flowers are larger than and double forms are also available. The dantly, and has the sweet scent of cloves. those of the species. majority of these flowers have a sweet, The exquisite fragrance in daffodils var­ The lovely, sweet scent of lilies-of-the­ heavy odor, and the deeper the color of ies, but Narcissus jonquilla, a native of valley is worth any trouble spent on their the flowers the sweeter the odor. The scent Spain, with its golden flowers and rush­ cultivation. Their aroma fills the air for of lilacs is especially strong in the evening. like foliage, has the strongest, most pow­ some distance in the garden, and when a These plants like a rich, slightly moist soil erful honey-sweet scent of all. Its erect stems bouquet is picked and brought indoors, and will grow anywhere. There are many new cultivars, grafted plants and plants on Mrs. Ralph Cannon has contributed to the the flowers will perfume a whole room. In pages of American Horticulturist many times. time the bed will get too congested, and their own roots. One entrancingly scented She gardens on 26 acres of Illinois woodland. the lilies will have to be lifted and re- example is 'Toussaint L'Overture', which

26 February 1982 has red-purple single flowers and a heavy, sweet fragrance. Suckers from the main plant can be used for propagation since this is a plant growing on its own roots. 'Mrs. Ellen Willmott', a double white, is extremely fragrant. 'President Poincare' is violet with a two-tone effect, and 'Presi­ dent Grevy' is light blue with double flow­ ers. At the feet of the lilacs, strew lilies-of­ the-valley. They bloom at the same time and the combination of fragrances is very nice. Then there is the delicious fragrance of the white flowered Siberian crab apple, Malus baccata. When in full bloom it is something to see. Besides being showy it scents the garden with a far-reaching aroma. Branches from the tree, loaded with buds in early spring, can be forced to bloom even earlier indoors. Sctmt is essential for a summer night garden. When dusk arrives, so does the potency of the scent. The flowering to­ bacco plant, Nic;otiana alata 'Grandiflora', cannot be excelled for its lovely white flowers and powerful scent. The tubular blossoms open in the evening and remain Continued on page 38 ABOVE: Dianthus gratianopolitanus, the cheddar pink. LEFT: Paeonia 'The Mighty Mo', a particularly fragrant Gultivar.

American Horticulturist 27 BIOLCBICAL CONTROL OF I T STS FIRST OF A TWO-PART SERIES BY MIGUEL ALTIERI, JUNJI HAMAl, ANN HAJEK and KATHY SHEEHAN.

Americans are planting more and more home gardens to save on the high cost of food. At times insect pests can seriously limit vegetable and fruit production, so control measures become necessary. Many of these same pests also damage ornamental plants: Of all insect control strategies, preventive measures are most relevant for gardeners. The degree of suc­ cess of a given preventive insect control program depends on the gardener's biological knowledge of insects present in his garden. Understanding all ecological, interactive forces that determine the abundance of a particular insect in the garden makes for practical, economical and environmentally safe control measures. Timely and proper sanitation, con­ tinous scouting of the garden, interplanting to provide suitable habitat for natural e'nemies, mulching, introduction and release of beneficial insects, use of repellent plants and botani­ cal insecticides are but a few ways in which to achieve harmonious pest regulation.

Aphids. These are very small (one-tenth stripes. Tney feed on the undtlrSides of pillar usually cocoons in sheltered places of an inch), soft-bodied insects of many leaves. They spend the winter as pupae within three feet of the ground, so by pro­ different colors that often feed in groups attached to the plants; three or more gen­ viding suitable cocooning sites such as and suck plant sap of tender new growth erations occur per year. They are usually burlap or large core cardboard strips and sometimes kill plants. They produce kept under control by natural enemies such wrapped around the tree trul'lk the co­ a sticky sweet substance, honeydew, which as the encyrtid parasi te (Copidosoma trun­ coons cal'l be collected and destroyed. Bi­ covers leaves aLld attracts ants. Honeydew catellum) and the pathogen polyhedral ological control agents are also of some often becomes coated with black fungus. virus. Plow in early spring while pupae are value. The most important are the egg Aphids may carry various plant diseases. still attached to plants. Hand pick cater­ parasites, Trichogramma minutum, and Aphids have complex life cycles and switoh pillars. Use Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) if braconid larval parasites, Macrocentrus food plants; usually each species only feeds necessary. Be sure it reaches the underside ancylivorus and M. delicatus. on specific parts of a few species of plants. of leaves. Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa Aphid problems can often b@prevented by Codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella). decemlineata). These yellow and black maintaining healthy plants. Natural ene­ This insect is a common destructive pest striped beetles feed on leaves and terminal mies (lady beetles, lacewings and syrphids) of apples and occasionally other fruits or growths of the potato. They also can at­ are very effective in reducing populations nuts. The adults are about 15-18 mm long, tack tomatoes, peppers and other vege­ of some aphid species. A direct, hard spray grey-brown with a bronze patch at the ends tables. Adult beetles overwinter in the soil of water from a hose can decrease aphid of the wings and are active at dusk. The and emerge in spring, laying yellow-orange numbers, as will a spray of water mixed larvae are pinkish-white with a brown head. eggs on the undersides of leaves. Larvae with garlic or onion. Foil mulches will deter They bore into the fruit and ultimately il'lto are dark red and feed on foliage for two aphids from landing on plants and yellow the core, When grown they form thick silken or three weeks and then pupate in soil. traps attract flying aphids. Botanical in­ cocoons, spendiLlg the winter under the Adults can transmit spindle tuber, bacte­ secticides such as Rotenone, Ryania and tree bark or other shelters. Moths emerge rial wilt and ring rot of potatoes. Two coiine (an alkaloid present in Conium when apples are in bloom. Females deposit generations per season are usual. Inter­ maculatum) have been used for aphid con­ some 30-40 eggs. planting flax plants (Linum usitatissimum) trol with varied resul.ts. This is an extremely difficult pest to con­ in potato rows can reduce numbers of this Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni). A trol by any means since it directly damages beetle. Eggplants used as borders around widespread pest of cabbage, b@ans, lettuce the fruit and even low populatioLls can do potato patches can work as trap plants. and glasshouse crops. Caterpillars are pale considerable damage. Also much of its life Corn earworm (Heliothis zeal. This pest green "inchworms" with light-colored span is spent protected in the fruit: Cli­ is also known as cotton bollworm or to­ matic factors, especially temperature, can mato fruitworm and is similar to tobacco The authors work at the Division of Biological Control, University of California, determine their abundance. Temperatures budworm (Heliothis virescens). Host plants Berkeley. below 60°F inhibit egg laying. The cater- include corn, tomatoes, cotton, tobacco,

28 February 1982

beans, alfalfa, clover, peppers, lettuce and been shown effective against several cab­ may be invaded and conswned in a few peanuts. These pale-green to very dark­ bageworms. Southernwood (Artemisia ni ghts. Suddenly, larvae disappear and dig brown caterpillars feed on fruit andlor fo­ abrotanum) is a moth repellent and can into th e ground to pupate. Within two liage. On sweet corn it feeds on the tips of effecti vely protect nearby cabbages against weeks a new swarm of moths emerges to ears and provides an entrance for molds. worms. reinfest the garden. Several naturally oc­ Earworms spend the winter in the so il , so European corn borer (Ostrinia nubi­ curring parasites such as braconid wasps plow or hoe in the late fall or ea rl y sp ring la/is). The major host is corn attacked by (Chelonus texanus, Meteorus laphygmae, to disturb them. Genetically resistant plant the larvae that chew the leaves and tunnel Apanteles spp.), ichneumonid wasps and cultivars are sometimes available. Apply through all parts of the stalks and ears. tachinid fli es and predators (ground bee­ 20 drops of mineral oil just insid e the tip Borers overwinter as full grown larvae. tl es, predaceous stink bugs, etc.) can greatly of each ear three to seven days after the reduce fall armyworm popul ati ons. lnter­ silks appear, or cut off the silks close to cropping beans in corn or maintaining the ear every four days. Releases of Tri­ Aphids have complex life acceptable levels of certain weeds in the chogramma wasps can reduce egg abun­ cycles and switch food corn plots can help reduce infes tati ons. dance, but these releases must be done in Flea beetles. These small (2 mm ), shiny concert with applicatioions of moth scale plants; usually each species insects leap away when disturbed. Adults extracts or water extrac{s of pigweed only feeds on specific parts damage a wide range of plants such as (Amaranthus sp.). of a few species ofplants. potato, eggplant and co rn, leaving small, Cutworms. Cutworms are the caterpil­ ragged holes in the leaves that give the lars of many species of moths and have whole plant a bleached appearance. Most many hosts. Cutworms cut off plants (es­ Larvae are three centimeters long and are plants can tolerate moderate amounts of pecially new seedlings and transplants) at flesh-colored wi th brown spots. Pupation damage so controls are not necessary until ground level. "Climbing cutworms" feed occurs in late sprin g and moths emerge in populations are quite high . The entire life on aerial plant parts. Cutworms are grey, Mayor June. Females lay eggs in groups cycle of the pest may be completed in six brown or black, often mottled. They curl on the underside of leaves; th ey hatch in weeks. One to four generations develop up when disturbed and are up to 11/2 inches about seven days. each year. The larvae are unnoticed si nce long when mature. They usually feed at Very dry summers and extremely cold they are worm-like and live underground night and hide in soil litter during the day. winters greatl y reduce infestations. Some fee ding on the roots of the host plant. Im­ Cutworms are often the culprits ca using degree of biological control is achieved by portant species are the potato fl ea beetle foliage damage that mysteriously disap­ tachinid parasites (Lydella thompsoni), and (Epitrix cucumeris), the eggplant flea bee­ pears overnight. They produce one to four braconid wasps. A protozoan parasite tle (Epitrix fuscula) and the tuber flea bee­ generations per year and overwinter in soil. heav il y attacks hibernating larvae. Fungi tl e (Epitrix tuberis). Damage by the beetle Hand pick larvae by flashlight at night. (Beauvaria bassiana) also kill corn borers. is most severe in cold, wet years. Some fl ea Uncover larvae during the day by raking Cultural control practices include planting beetles can disseminate a bacterial wilt of one foot around a plant (larvae are usually resistant corn varieti es, avoiding very early corn (S tewart's disease) and diseases of found in the first few inches of soil). Pro­ or very late planting, mechanical destruc­ potato. teet individual plants with a three-inch wide tion of stalks and stubble in winter and Control is aided by garden sanitation in strip of stiff paper (o r tarred paper) placed rotations with soybean, red clover or al­ the fall (plowing under weeds and plant one inch into ground, about one-half inch falfa. One egg mass per corn pl ant is con­ stalks), since the insect overwinters as an away from the stem. No-till or reduced till sidered a critical infestation level. adult in the debris. Control of host specific may lead to increased damage since the Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugi­ flea beetles can be achieved by avoiding overwintering cutworms are not dis­ perda). This Southern insect migrates susceptible plant species for one year. Sow­ turbed. Oak leaf mulch or tan bark spread northward each year and becomes abun­ ing a row sequence of lettuce-radish-kohl­ in strips in beds has been effective in cu­ dant in summer and fall. It attacks corn, rabi-radish-lettuce effectively lowers flea tworm control. sorghum, alfalfa, clover, peanuts, tobacco, beetle populations. Flea beetles also seem Diamond back moth (Plutella maculi­ several grasses and many garden crops. to be repelled by wormwood and mint. pennis). This' is a minor pest of cabbage Moths lay eggs at night on plants in masses Imported cabbage butterfly (Pieris ra­ and related crucifers that overwinters as a of 100 or more. Larvae vary in color from pae) . This worm feeds on cabbage, cau­ moth. Tiny eggs are laid on leaves from light tan or green to black. They pupate liflower, broccoli, kale, mustard and let­ whieh pale green larvae emerge. Larvae in the soil. In the North there are usually tuce. Butterflies have yellowish-white wings become fully developed in two weeks, one or two generations, whereas in the with a few dark spots. The green cater­ spinning a silky cocoon,

American Horticulturist 31 braconid wasp (Apanteles glomeratus) can species include the potato leafhopper (Em­ yellow or orange markings, flying during substantially reduce worm numbers. poasca fabae ) and the beet leafhopper the day. Larvae are difficult to detect al­ Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica). Adult (Circulifer tenellus), which carries the vi­ though tree gum mixed with borings will beetles are less than one inch long and rus causing "curly top." Some leafhoppers exude from entry holes. One control is to metallic green with coppery-brown wing overwinter as eggs in plant stems, others dig out larvae with a knife. The best ap­ covers. Larvae are soft-bodied, dirty white as adults and nymphs in uncultivated areas. proach is preventive. Maintain tree vigor, with brown heads, C-shaped and resemble Adults are one to five millimeters in length since moths prefer injured or weakened white grubs. This introduced pest is now and are good jumpers of various colors. trees. Keep ground clear of grass and weeds spread widely throughout a large part of Natural controls result from many para­ at tree base and mulch. Swab bases of trees the United States. Quarantines are in effect sites and predators. Growth of resistant with Tanglefoot before planting to trap to prevent further spread. Larvae feed in moths. Planting garlic around the bases of soil on roots, commonly occurring in lawns. trees can prevent borers. Natural enemies Adults feed on foliage, flowers and fruit Most plants can tolerate include parasitic wasps and predaceous ants, of over 275 different plant species. Two moderate amounts of flea chrysopids, spiders, moles and birds. parasitic wasp species and one fly species Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenu­ provide control. Moles, skunks and birds beetle damage so controls phar). A widespread pest east of the Rocky feed extensively on adults and larvae. Trap are not necessary until Mountains, this insect attacks stone fruits crops that may be beneficial in reducing populations are quite high. as well as fruits of apple, pear and quince. widespread damage include soybean, Af­ Adults are brown beetles with grey mot­ rican marigold, evening primrose and tling, less than one-half inch long, with woodbine. White geranium attracts the varieties, early plantings, control of weed long snouts and four humps on their hard­ beetles, thus acting as a trap crop. Jimson hosts or replacement of preferred weed hosts ened wing covers. Larvae are white, legless weed (Datura stramonium) seems to pro­ by other non-preferred host plants are all grubs found inside of fruit or pupating in tect nearby plants from beetles. Best con­ cultural control measures of practical value. the soil. Both adult and larval feeding cause trol is the bacterial milky spore disease of Nicotine sulfate has been used to control abnormal growth of fruit and early fruit the larvae. Spore dust may be purchased leafhoppers. Grape leafhopper biological drop. Control of adults includes jarring and applied to lawns or areas with larvae control by Anagrus wasps can be enhanced beetles from trees and catching them on in the ground. Adults may be hand-picked in vineyards where patches of blackberries sheets placed on the ground during early from plants or trapped with baited yellow are planted. Borders of grass weeds (Eleu­ spring and from midsummer through fall. traps. sine indica and Leptochloa filiformis) Good sanitation is advisable since adults Leaf beetles (Diabrotica spp.). Diabro­ around bean plots effectively reduce col­ hibernate in sheltered areas, such as under tica species are called corn rootworms or onization of bean leafhoppers (Empoasca trash or debris. Fallen fruit should be re­ cucumber beetles, depending on.their host. kraemeri). moved frequently, before larvae move into Hosts include corn, cucumbers, peanuts, Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna vari­ the soil. Plowing or cultivating soil during sweet potatoes, rice and melons. Small, vestis). This pest attacks bush, pole and early summer will kill pupae. Natural con­ pale larvae feed on roots, crowns and stems; lima beans, soybeans and cowpeas. Native trols of the beetles include winter mortal­ this may lead to windthrow of corn. Adult to the Southwest, it has spread to the east­ ity, birds, insects, larval and egg parasites beetles (green, often with black spots or ern United States and to California. Adult and a fungal disease (Isaria anisopliae). stripes) chew on foliage, stems or corn silks. beetles are rounded, yellow to bronze-col­ Hens can eat plum curculio, especially in They may transmit bacterial wilt on corn ored and have 16 dark spots on their wings; trees planted near chicken yards. or cucumber and virus of corn. One to two larvae are green to yellow colored and cov­ Potato tuberworm (Phthorimaea oper­ generations occur per year. The insects ered with spines. Adults and larvae feed culella). These insects attack potatoes, to­ winter as eggs or adults in soil beneath on the undersides of leaves and leave bacco, tomatoes and eggplants. Dark­ crop remnants, so plow or hoe in early "skeletonized" foliage. They may also feed headed, pale caterpillars burrow in stems spring or late fall. Reduced or no-till prac­ on bean pods and stems. They produce one and leaves early in the season and later tices may increase problems, especially for to four generations per year. Destroy or­ move to tubers (o r fruits). Only 25 to 30 species that overwinter as eggs. A few rad­ ange-colored eggs found clustered on the days may be required per generation. They ish seeds sown beside cucumber plants can undersides of leaves. Plow infested crops will breed in stored potatoes if the tem­ help reduce densities of this insect. Dry after harvest. Rows of potatoes between perature is above 50° F. In problem areas powdery materials, including lime, to­ bean rows has proved to repel beetles. of the garden, rotate with non-host crops; bacco and road dust sprinkled over cu­ Peach Tree Borer (Conopia exitiosa). also destroy volunteer potatoes. Keep po­ curbits can also reduce the number of striped Immature stages of this destructive insect tato plants deeply hilled and don't allow beetles. bore just under the bark of trees near the soil to crack (worms don't burrow very Leafhoppers. Plants attacked by leaf­ ground, often girdling the trees. This borer, deep). Burn infested vines. Don't use con­ hoppers show a lack of vigor, retarded found throughout the United States, at­ tact insecticides, since the tuberworm is growth and in some cases, feeding pro­ tacks primarily peach and other fruit trees. usually burrowed within plant parts. duces a burning effect that causes leaf tips Larvae are white with brown heads and Root inaggots. Maggots are fly larvae to wither. Susceptible plants include clo­ may be over one inch long. Larvae over­ that tunnel into the underground part of vers, alfalfa, beans, small grains, orchards winter inside the tree, from a foot above the plant causing serious damage. Two and vineyards. Some leafhopper species the ground to several inches below. Adults common root maggots are the cabbage carry and transmit plant diseases. Problem are clear-winged moths, steel-blue with maggot (Hylemia brassicae), which at-

32 February 1982 ified into two main groups, the armored scales and the soft scales. The armo red scales are small (2-3 mm) and fl at, with the cover free from the body. Examples include the San Jose scale (As­ pidiotus pernicious) and the oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulm i). The soft scales a re larger a nd more humped-shaped, with the body attached to th e scale covering. These scales com­ monly produce honeydew. Examples in­ clude the black scale (Saisettia oleae) and the hemispheri cal scale (5. hemisphaerica). There are many naturall y occurring par­ asites (wasps of the genus Aphytis) and European corn borer Flea beetle predators (a phid li ons, syrphid fl y larvae, lady beetles) of these pes ts; by encouraging th ese beneficial insects control can usuall y be achi eved. Chemi cal insecticides can be toxic to th ese beneficial insects. Control of ants that may protect scales from ben­ eficial species is impo rtant. Slugs and Snails. These are common garden pests. There are about 32 species of slu gs in the United States; important pests are the spotted garden slug (Limax maximus) and the greenhouse slug Milax gagater. There are hundreds of snail spe­ cies ; important pests include the brown ga rden snail (Helix aspersa), the bush snail (Zonitoides arboreus) and the white gar­ Plum curculio Thrip den snail (Theba pisana). Slugs and snail s pass the winter in sheltered situations out­ doors. Most slugs overwinter as eggs. One method of control is the use of traps that takes advantage of the behavior of slugs and snails to seek out dark, protected pl aces to hide during daylight. Boards, overturned flower pots, etc. all provide excell ent traps where these pests may be found and removed. Predators such as the rove beetle, (Ocypus olens), or Scaphin­ otus spp. ground beetles can also be re­ leased under these boards to prey upon the snails and slugs. Another method is hand picking or squashing, especially at night, with the aid of a flashlight, when they come out to feed. This method is especially ef­ Japanese beetle Fall armywo rm fective in a small area, although many of the young may be missed. A mulch of oak tacks cruciferous crops, and the onion Since these flies do the most damage on leaves or tan bark can keep slugs away. maggot (H. antigua). They are typical white young seedlings, screening the plants to Placement of sawdust or wood boa rds maggots about 10 millimeters long when prevent egg depositing is an effective means between crop rows can minimize the fully developed. The grown maggots pu­ of control. Rotation of susceptible plants movement of slugs or snails from row to pate in the soil next to the plant. Later, with resistant plants is also another method row. adult flies emerge, mate and lay eggs at of control. Spider mites. Several grOlJPS of mites can the base or in the axils of the leaves of Scale insects. Scales are common pests attack garden plants. The twospotted spi­ suitable host plants. The eggs hatch and of perennial plants such as apple, pear, der mite (Tetranychus bimaculatus) is the the young bore into the roots. The adult quince, peach, plum, apricot, etc. Adult most prevalent. This small (0.5 mm), eight­ flies are grey with black bristles and are females are immobile and covered with a legged pest is usually yellow-green in color about the size of houseflies. hard round or oval shell. Scales are class- with two dark dorsal patches. The over-

American Horticulturist 33 wintering form is dull reddish. In the spring Squash vine borer (Melittia satyrinifor­ small, shiny, spherical eggs are laid giving mis). This insect damages squash and rise to several overlapping generations per pumpkins. Hubbard squash is highly sus­ year. A complete generation is produced ceptible. Adult moths are green-black me­ every 20-40 days. The mites' usual habitat tallic with a 37 -millimeter wing expanse is the underside of the newer leaves, where and hind wings that are almost without they spin a fine webbing. These mites most scales. They are flyers. Full grown larvae commonly injure beans, corn, tomato, are 25 millimeters long and white. The eggplant, celery and onion and leave char­ larvae bore into the stems and kill the plants. acteristic stippled feeding scars. In heavy They overwinter in soil as larvae or pupae. infestations the leaves dry up, often turn­ Emergence occurs in early summer and egg ing reddish-brown in blotches or around laying starts in April or May in the South the edge. There are many naturally oc­ and June or July in the North. Larvae spend curring predators of spider mites, the most four to six weeks within the stems, then common being predaceous mites, preda­ leave the plants and pupate in soil. Two ceous thrips, lady beetles and lacewings. Potato tuberworm generations per season occur in the South. If these predators are not eliminated by Control is difficult because larvae are pro­ insecticide applications, they normally keep tected within the plant stems. Plant squash mite populations under control. Frequent as early as possible to avoid borers, which syringing of the underside of the leaves lay eggs from May to July. Melon, pump­ with a strong stream of water will be enough kin and winter squash are not very sus­ to reduce heavy mite populations. ceptible once they pass the seedling stage. Spittlebugs. External signs of spittlebugs Thrips. These are small to minute, elon­ are spittle masses created by air mixed with gate insects. Immature stages and winged the excretory products of spittlebug adults are similar in appearance and are nymphs. Yellow or green nymphs are un­ active when disturbed. Most species feed der the spittle feeding on plant sap. Adults, on living plants, although some are ben­ one-half to one inch long and variously eficial scavengers or predators of mites and colored, resemble stout leafhoppers and other insects. Thrips species vary as to the also feed on plant sap. Eggs are laid on number of different plants they feed on plant stubble near the soil surface. Many and the plant parts they damage. Usually, species of spittlebugs occur in North rapidly growing tissues such as young leaves, White-fringed beetle America, feeding collectively on a variety buds, flowers and fruit are preferred. Feed­ of different plants. The meadow.spittlebug ing damage includes silvering, scarring and (Philaenus spumariusqw) is a common pest distortion with later discoloration and early of alfalfa, other legumes and many orna­ drying and abscission. One simple control mentals. Dense populations of this species is to give plants with thrips plenty of water can cause stunting of growth and loss of to promote rapid growth. Directly hosing vitality. However, usually feeding by spit­ off infected foliage may decrease their tlebugs does not cause much damage and numbers. Naturally occurring predators should be of little concern. Spittle masses and parasites of thrips may control low may be considered unsightly. Picking in­ level populations. Oil, diluted with water, sects out of spittle masses or hosing off may be sprayed on the foliage of some masses with a direct, hard spray may con­ plants as a preventive measure. In the fall, trollow level populations. Turning under debris on the ground under which thrips plant stubble in the fall may decrease the could hibernate should be buried. Botan­ spring population of nymphs. Females are ical insecticides have been used with varied killed by cold winter weather. results. Squash bug (Anasa tristis). Nymphs and Squash vine borer Whiteflies. Adults are small (1-2 mm) adults will suck sap from leaves of squash, insects whose wings are covered with a pumpkin and related cucurbits and vines. poda pennipes, can be quite high. Hand white powdery wax. They have a char­ This feeding can cause plant wilting. Winged collecting of eggs and bugs from infested acteristic fluttering flight and are com­ adults are gray-black, 25 millimeters in vines is also effective. Burying infested crop monly found in large numbers on the un­ length. Unmated bugs overwinter under all remnants after harvest can reduce popu­ dersides of leaves. ·The nymphal stages kinds of shelters. Egg laying occurs early lations. Use of resistant squash cultivars resemble scale insects in that they are oval, in the spring on the undersides of leaves. such as the butternut hybrids 'Royal Acorn' flat and immobile. These insects suck the Hatching occurs in 10 days and nymphs and 'Sweet Cheese' helps. Nasturtium plants plant's sap and produce large amounts of require four to six weeks to reach the adult (Tropaeolum majus) repel squash bugs from honeydew. They commonly attack cuc­ stage. Only one generation develops per gardens. Placement of onion skins in newly umber, tomato, lettuce, geranium, fuch­ year. Winter mortality is high and para­ planted cucumber hills have been used sias, begonia and many other plants. sitism of adults by tachinid flies, Tricho- against squash bugs. There are several parasites of whiteflies

34 February 1982 that aid in their control. The eulophid wasp, can be reduced by a heavy dressing of can deter wireworms. A cover crop of al­ Encarsia formosa, is commercially avail­ manure applied to grassland before new falfa, repeated yearly, gradually lowers able and is widely used for whitefly control plowing. Plowing or cultiva ting infested wireworm infestations. 0 in greenhouses. Another method of control soil in late summer through winter exposes exploits the attraction of adult whiteflies wireworms to predators and cold. Land Part Two will describe biological control to the color yellow. Yellow painted boards with poor drainage also may have abun­ agents. Suppliers of these agents will be covered with a sticky substance such as dant wireworms. Withholding water, for listed at the end of the article. Tack Trap or Stikum are placed among plants whi ch can tolerate this procedure, PhotOs of insect pests courtesy of: O regon State Un iversity the infested plants to trap whiteflies. The can be effective . Adding humus to soil will Exrcnrion Se rvice; American Society for H orticultural juvenile hormone preparation Kinosprene increase aerati on and decrease wireworms. Sci ence , Eugene Memmlerj Entomological Society of Ameri ca; Union Carbide Agri cultural Products Company, is effective in controlling whiteflies in Rotating plants like alfalfa with vegetables Inc. glasshouses. Interplanting French mari­ gold (Tagetes patula) or nasturtiums with tomatoes can reduce whitefly (Trialeu­ rodes vaporariorum) infestations. White-fringed beetle (Graphognathus spp.). Introduced from South America to Energy-efficient Elegance Florida in 1936, this insea is now wide­ spread in the southeastern United States A Lord &.. Burnham greenhouse and quaraI:Jtined from other areas. Adults takes energy from the sun and makes it work for you. are flightless, so spread of this species is It is functional as well as beautiful. It warms your home. It gives easily controlled. Adults are dark-grey snout beetles, one-half to one inch long with a you a window on your world, an elegant way to add valuable white fringe outlining in the abdomen. Soft­ living space, a perfect place for you and your plants to grow. bodied larvae are white and legless,. living You can choose from over 200 models, in the soil and feeding on roots. Adults are window size to room size. active from May to August with one gen­ Send coupon and see . . eration per yea r. Around 385 species of plants may be attacked, although extensive damage may be done to cotton, peanuts, okra, soybeans, beans and peas. Flightless adults can be trapped by digging steep­ " sided ditches, one foot wide, which they can't climb out of. Sticky bands can be painted on stems or trunks of larger plants to exclude the adults. Plantings can be ro­ tated so very susceptible plants (e.g., sum­ mer legumes) are only planted in problem areas every three to four years. Land heav­ ily infested with beetles is most profitably planted with oats or winter legumes. Wireworms. Wireworms are soil-dwell­ ing immature stages of click beetles. Smooth, cylindrical, hard-bodied, one-half to one inch long, they range in color from yellow to brown. Larvae are destructive pests of many root crops as well as corn, small grains, vegetables and some flowers. Seeds also may be eaten, although usually roots, stems and tubers are consumed. Damage may not be detected until harvest. Wire­ worms occur throughout North America, and different species are problems in dif­ LORD & BURNHAM ferent areas. Some species take several years Division Burnham Corporation for one life cycle and populations can build • Allow CSB 3181 . Melville. NY 11747 4weeks "the greenhouse people sln

American Horticulturist 35 NEW PLANTS FOR '82 CONT'D

Continued from page 19

22 Chinese Cabbage 'Two Seasons': Unlike 26 Calendula 'Lemon Gem': The final color most Chinese cabbage, 'Two Seasons' can be in W. Atlee Burpee Company's Dwarf Gem grown for late spring or early summer harvest calendula series, 'Lemon Gem' bears bright­ even in areas where hot weather causes most yellow, 2% to three-inch flowers on dwarf, cultivars to bolt. This new introduction from bushy plants that reach a height of approxi­ W. Atlee Burpee Co. also can be grown in the mately one foot. 'Lemon Gem' makes an ex­ fall if sown three months before the first ex­ cellent bedding plant and it will also perform pected autumn frost. 'Two Seasons' matures well in pots or boxes. This new cultivar, like about 62 days after seedlings are set or di­ others of its species, thrives best in moder­ rect-seeded rows are thinned. The heads are ately cool weather. Keep plants well watered large, oval and measure about 10 inches tall during hot spells and remove flowers as they and 7% inches across. fade and 'Lemon Gem' will perform well dur­ ing the summer months. Under some environ­ 23 Potato 'Explorer': Five years of research mental conditions its blooms will exhibit an and development have finally led to a potato apricot tinge. that can be sown, germinated, transplanted and grown from true seeds just like tomatoes 27 Petunia 'White Flair': This hybrid grandi­ and peppers. 'Explorer' eliminates the need to flora, a W. Atlee Burpee Company exclusive, propagate potatoes from "seed" potatoes or is a vigorous, fast growing plant that comes eyes, and any gardener who can grow toma­ into bloom very early, approximately 10 days toes should be able to grow them. Sets of this ahead of 'White Cascade'. The three- to four­ new plant should be available in local garden inch flowers have excellent substance and are stores and nurseries, and seed is available borne abundantly. 'White Flair' reaches a from most large mail-order seed houses. height of about 14 inches and is an excellent choice for bedding or in hanging baskets. 24 Tagetes 'Snowbird': This pure-white flow­ 28 Trim the plants back after the first flush of ered marigold was developed from the plants bloom and they will quickly be covered over that won Burpee's $10,000 prize for the first the same class as the popular 'Silver Queen', with fresh growth and new blooms. white flowerd cultivar. 'Snowbird' bears car­ but it has some features that make it an im­ nation type flowers that are from 21/2 to three portant new introduction. 'Silver Prince' has 28 Snap Pea 'Sugar Rae': 'Sugar Snap' was inches across. The plants are compact and the "sugar extender" gene that gives extra the first edible podded pea, and this new bushy and will reach a height of about 18 sweetness and improves the keeping quality plant is of that type but with an added ad­ inches. of the corn on the stalk and after picking. It vantage -the vines of this new introduction is a more vigorous and rugged cultivar than are only 26 to 30 inches tall, half the height 25 Sweet Corn 'Silver Prince': A new silvery­ 'Silver Queen' as well. Available from Joseph of 'Sugar Snap'. Trellising is not necessary, white kerneled sweet corn, 'Silver Prince' is in Harris Seed Company. but the pods will be a bit easier to pick if the

36 February 1982 FLOWER ARRANGING SIMPLIFIED

ARRANGE FLOWERS EASILY with IIAdoptoll Flower Arranger plants are given some support. Available from inches. 'Scarlet Luminette' has the heady Joseph Harris Company and Gurney Seed clove fragrance of old-fashi oned carnations S imply swing. arm S lIP­ PO ri S across any J to and Nursery Company. and makes a long-lasting cut fl ower. Seed is 6 in. Vase Top and it's available from Twilley Seed Company. Pl ants re :l ll y to use. Hold s OTHER NEW INTRODUCTIONS should be avail abl e at loca l garden centers · ,. ste ms securely. For a rcw blooms or In any. Capsicum 'Holiday Flames': Ornamental SOURCE LIST Guanmteco RWH proo f. peppers have become popular bedding and Bountiful Ridge N urseries, Inc., Princess $2.00 ea. + 95¢ shpg. house plants in recent years. 'Holiday Flames' Anne, MD 21853 is described as a "super version" of the popu­ W. Arlee Burpee Company, 300 Park Avenue, larly grown cultivar 'Fiesta' since it bears /JOSfe,\' Warminster, PA 18974 three more fruit and has a more branching habit Gurney Seed and N ursery Company, Gurney than 'Fiesta'. 'Holiday Flames' bea rs clusters for $6.95 postpaid. Send today. Building, Yankton, SD 57079 of slim, elongated fruit that are a pale cream Joseph Harris Company, Inc., Moreton Farm, CHEGWIDDEN GIFTS DEPT.AH color at first and ripen to a sca rlet red. Plants Rochester, NY 14624 BOX 182, DOVER, NEW JERSEY 07801 should be available in garden centers and Herbst Seedsmen, In c., 1000 North Main nurseries this spring. Seed is available from Street, Brewster, NY ] 0509 Geo. W. Park Seed Company. Flowers Can't Tip or Sink ~ Nor'East Miniature Roses, Inc., 58 Ham­ Stay Fresh Longer with ~ mond Street, Rowley, MA 01969 0 Rhododendron 'Nancy of Robin Hill': An Geo. W. Park Seed Company, Inc. , Green­ FLOWER attractive new azalea to add to the Robin Hill wood, SC 29647 FLOATERS hybrids, 'Nancy of Robin Hill' blooms in Stokes Seeds, In c. , 2042 Stokes Building, Buf­ May and bears clear pink flowers that age to = falo, NY 14240 $1 .69 per . ' II. ., --, a pastel shade. The blooms are from three to set of 4 " /.' ", I. Twilley Seed Company, Inc., P. O. Box 65, or 4 sets four inches in diameter. Five yea rs after WITHOUT ~WITH $6.00 ppd. planting this new azalea will have reached a Trevose, PA 19047 F LOAT ER FLOATER Wayside Gardens Company, H odges, SC Makes an height of approximately 18 in ches and a unusual Gift. spread of 30 inches. Available from Wayside. 29695 Q Photos of 1982 introductions courtesy of: WaYS ide Ga rdens-I, 2, 3, 16j Pan Ame ri ca n Sced-4; W. Arl ee ORDER TODAY! , Rhododendron 'Starry Night': A unique Burpee Company- 5, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27; Nor'E.s<-6; deep-purple flowered rhododendron to look Denholm Seeds-7, 10, 19,2 1; Derek Fen 8, 9, IS, 17,26; CHEGWIDDEN GIFTS DEPT. AH for in nurseries and garden centers on the George W. Park Seed Company, Inc.-I I, 12, 14; Ban Seed BOX 182, DOVER, NEW JERSEY 07801 East Coast this spring, 'Starry Night' will be Company-I3; Joseph Hams Seed Company-23, 28. available in catalogues for the 1983 season. Catalogue Apple 'Summer Granny': A new apple cul­ HOME GARDENER'S tivar introduced by Bountiful Ridge Nurseries for that has many of the characteristics of the CATALOG popular 'Granny Smith' except that it ma­ Gardeners tures in the Summer. Crisp, pleasingly tart, yellow-green apples mature in early August in Zone 7. The apples keep well, and the tree grows best in Zones 4-7.

Strawberry 'Bordurella': Hybridized in France and introduced by Boumiful Ridge Nurseries, this new strawberry is a product of Issued OenothBra rnissour;ens;s tissue culture. The plants are completely run­ Spring and Fall . Oza rk Sundrops nerless and produce large, sweet tasting ber­ each co ntains an abundance ries all summer long. 'Bordurella' can be used of hardy plant varieties and in baskets, bord€rs and other ornamental Nichols Free 1982 Catalog useful cultural information . plantings. • We offer over 500 garden varieties Lettuce 'Sweetie': An excell ent new leaf • Special Space Miser Selections 1IIIf\HoIhrook Farm lettuce, 'Sweetie' is the result of a cross be­ • &Nursery tween a red leaf lettuce and a green head let­ • New Short Season Vegetables tuce. It is as easy to grow as a leaf lettuce but Route 2, Box 223B, 201 2 also has the high quality of a butterhead type. • New Oregon Sugar Pod II Fletcher, N. C. 28732 The heads can be harvested whole or, to ex­ & I'm interested . Enclosed is $1 .00 which is tend the length of harvest, the outer leaves • Herb Seeds Herb Plants deductible with my first order . Please send me can be cut as needed. The crisp and unusually • Saffron Crocus • Garlic c Shallots sweet leaves are rich green with a red tinge at your new catalogue starting with the Spring the edge. Availabl€ from Gurney Seed and GROW MORE VEGETABLES 1982 issue . Nursery Company. Send for our 70 page catalog filled Name Dianthus 'Scarlet Luminette': An All· with Gardening Tips & Cooking Hints America Selections Bronze Medal winner for Address 1981 , 'ScarIet Luminette' is 3 stiff·stemmed Nichols Garden Nursery City ______carnation that rarely needs staking. Average 1190 West Paci fic blossom size is 21;' inches, and three to four Albany, Oregon 97321 buds are borne per stem. Each plant branches State _____ Zip _____ at the base, producing six to eight stems per Over 30 years of reliability and service plant, and reaches a height of from 18 to 22 Perennials • Wildflowers Bulbs • Selected Woody Plants

American Horticulturist 37 Inside FRAGRANT FLOWERS CONT'D Gardening with Continued from page 27 e~® GREENHOUSES

Everlite answers all your needs all year 'round with: • Over 90 models starting at $375. • Precision prefabrication for fast assembly. • Quality engineered throughout. • Full accessories line including automatic climate controls. Get the inside story ... Write for $2 Color Catalog AH, refunded on purchase over $100. Call Toll Free (800) 321-3050 \-. In Ohio (216) 25H3100 ~O"'. 30th C54Jumirz.um 'OM open until sunrise. In moonlight, they have {jreen]zpuses, Irz.c. a shimmering quality. Nicotiana sylvestris is also white flowered with a delicious scent and magnificent foliage. Sweet rocket, Hesperis matronalis, is another plant that gives forth its scent after nightfall. Hesperis, meaning "in the eve­ Propagation Breakthrough ning," begins to flower in May and con­ o • _.~ 0 <",._._ • o. tinues until July. The flowers are white, pink or violet in color. Only a small colony of these plants is needed to perfume a wide ..

38 February 1982 IVOW... BY MAIL! FLOWER ARRANGING PEONIES, IRIS, SUPPLIES: DAYLILIES flowers are only medium-sized but are borne Tools, Techniques, from World - Famous in good succession. 'Hyperion', one of the Tricks of the Trade! Wild's Gardens older, light-yellow hybrids, has a delightful fragrance too. There are many new hy­ SPECIAL OFFER - 96-page brids, both diploids and tetraploids, that MAKES A GREAT GIFT: fu 11 -color vary in quality and quantity of scent. catalog Gardeners are beginning once again to with over enjoy the value of hostas as garden sub­ The Original 1300 jects, but many do not realize there are a Stem Stripper varieties number of varieties with fragrant flowers. A unique tool for removing thorns A collection of these types makes an at­ and leaves from stems. tractive grouping because they flower about 95 including the same time in August or September. only $9ea . postage [, handling plus ... timely pl anting ti pS There are at present one species, Hosta for your garden ... Choose from thiS plantaginea, and four of its progeny from ------gorgeous coll ecti on Se nd today for your which to choose. Hosta plantaginea is a The Keth Company ca talog of su pe rb va lues $2 (d eductible on first ca talog orde r) robust plant with large, white, waxy, fra­ Box 128, Dept. PH ·1 Oceanside, California 92054 grant flowers. They are borne above clumps Pl ease se nd your va lue- packed catalog . of heart-shaped, shiny, light-green leaves. enclose $ 2 , deductible on my first ca talog Please send me __Orlginal Stem Strlpper(s) al $9.95 order They open at night and scent the whole each including postage and handling. Enclosed is my check garden. The four cultivars are: 'Royal or money order. (Sorry. no CO.D.s. CA res. add60C ea. lax.) Name Standard', a large plant with medium-green o Please send your FREE Complete Ust or Floral Supplies. S tlRFD PLEASE leaves and white flowers; 'Sweet Susan', PRfNT N;,me ___ City . ... State .... Zip . with large, flaring, pale-purple flowers and handsome foliage; 'Honey Bells', with white Address ___ send to: flowers on tall scapes; and a small hosta, C It y ____ GilBERT H. WllO&SON,INC. AH-282 Joplin St. 'Surprise', with bright-green leaves and State, Zlp _____ Sarcoxie. MO. 64862 blooms with a sweet fragrance. All of these Satisfaction Guaranteed or Your Money Back! hostas are tough and tolerant of all soil conditions. They like shade and will add greatly to the late summer scented garden. AUTOMATIC VENTILATION The flowers mentioned in this article are lovely to smell and lovely to look at. To the appreciative gardener, they are double delights. 0 THERMOFOR automatically controls hinged windows as heavy as 30 lb. to MAIL-ORDER PLANT SOURCES: maintain the temperature required. It will lift a full 12 inches, or hold part way open Dianthus: as necessary. Powell Gardens, Route 2, Highway 70, THERMOFOR lets you go away " Princeton, NC 27569 without worrying about sudden weather ~~==~~;::~~~~~~~0 changes. Plants in cold frame or Holbrook Farm and Nursery, Route 2, Box greenhouse do better with closer 223B, Fletcher, NC 28728 temperature control. Power failures Hemerocallis and fragrant hostas: don't affect THERMOFOR - it uses no Aden Gardens, 980 Stanton Avenue, Bald­ power, has no operating costs! win, NY 11510 The SELECT model - best for Fairway Gardens, 114 The Fairway, Al- greenhouses because it takes only 2 berta Lea, MN 56007 inches headroom. Readily fitted to Orlyt, Janco, National, Everlite, Texas, Peonies: Sturdi-built and other standard makes. Gilbert Wild and Sons, Sarcoxie, MO 64862 Clamp-on attachments simplify Lilacs, lilies of the valley, lilies: installation on metal houses. Spring Hill Nurseries, Tipp City, OH or The SOVEREIGN model - best for BRAMEN CO., INC. cold frames because it's readily Box 758, Peoria, IL 61656 P.O.Box 70·AB, Salem,MA 01970 White Flower Farm, Litchfield, CT 06759 disconnected and re-connected. The frame can be opened fully at any time. o Please send full information about Wayside Gardens, Hodges, SC 29695 THERMOFOR controllers Small bulbs: Ask for FREE PLANS to make your o Please include FREE PLANS for Van Bourgondien, 245 Farmingdale Road, own CAREFREE COLD FRAME. Grow making my own CAREFREE COLD Box X, Babylon, NY 11702 your own plants from seed! Get an early FRAME. start - and better quaHty - at lower Name ______Siberian crab apples: cost! Address ______Mellinger's, Inc., 2364 Range Road, North Lima, OH 44452

American Horticulturist 39 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

Guide to Botanical Names in This Issue Datura X candida Nicotiana tabacum The accent, or emphasis, falls on the day-TOUR-ah CAN-did-ah ni-ko-ti-AY-na ta-BACK-um syllable which appears in capital letters. The Datura metel day-TOUR-ah MET-el Osman thus fragrans vowels which you see standing alone are Datura stramonium oz-MAN-fhus FRA Y-grenz pronounced as follows: day-TOUR-ah stra-MOAN-ee-um Paeonia lactiflora i-short sound; sounds like i in "hit" Datura suaveolens pee-OWN-ee-ah lack-ti-FLOR-ah o-long sound; sounds like 0 in "snow" day-TOUR-ah su-av-ee-O-lenz Pelargonium pell-ar-GO-nee-um a-long sound; sounds like a in 'hay". Dianthus X allwoodii Petunia X hybrida Amaranthus am-ah-RAN-thuss dy-AN-thuss all-WOOD-ee-eye pe-TWO-nee-ah HY-brid-ah Aplectrum hyemale Dianthus caryophyllus Physalis alkekengi a-PLECK-trum hy-eh-MAL-ee dy-AN-thuss care-ee-OPH-i-lus fy-SAL-iss all-ke-KENG-guy Aplectrum unguiculatum Dianthus gratianopolitanus Polypodium polypodioides a-PLECK-trum un-gwick-you-LA Y-tum dy-AN-thuss gra-tee-an-o-pol-i-T AY -nus pol-i-POE-dee-um pol-i-poe-dee-o-EYE-d€ez Ardisia ar-DISS-ee-ah Dianthus plumarius Potentilla po-ten-TILL-ah Belamcanda chinensis dy-AN-thuss plu-MARE-ee-us Prunus subhirtella bell-am-CAN-da chi-NEN-sis Eleusine indica el-yew-SY-nee IN-di-ka PRUNE-us sub-h€r-TELL-ah Bletilla striata ble-TILL-ah stree-A-ta Eranthis hyemalis Pyracantha py-ra-KAN-tha Browallia speciosa air-AN-thiss hy-eh-MA Y-liss Reseda odorata re-SA Y-da o-door-A-ta bro-ALL-ee-ah spe€-see-O-sa Gazania ga-ZANE-ee-ah Rhododendron ro-do-DEN-dron Brugmansia X candida Gelsemium sempervirens Rosa banksiae RO-za BANKS-see-ee brewg-MAN-see-ah CAN-did-ah jel-SEM-ee-um sem-per-VIRE-enz Salpiglossis sal-pee-GLOSS-us Brugmansia sanguinea Gerbera GER-ber-ah Salvia X superba SAL-vee-ah sue-PER-ba br€wg-MAN-see-ah san-GWIN-ee-ah Goodyera good-YER-ah Schizanthus ski-ZAN-thuss Brugmansia suaveolens Hemerocallis citrina Solandra grandiflora brewg-MAN-see-ah su-av-ee-O-lenz hem-er-o-KAL-isslhem-er-OCK-a-liss si­ so-LAN-dra grand-i-FLOR-ah Brunfelsia americana TRY-na Solandra guttata so-LAN-dra goo-TA Y-ta brun-FELL-see-ah a-mer-i-KAN-ah Hemerocallis flava Solandra maxima so-LAN-dra MAX-i-ma Brunfelsia pauciflora hem-er-o-KAL-isslhem -er-OCK-a -liss Solanum dulcamara brun-FELL-see-ah paw-si-FLOR-ah FLAY-va so-LA YN-um dul-cam-AIR-ah Calendula ka-LEN-dew-la Hesperis matronalis Solanum jasminoides Calypso bulbosa ka-LIP-so bul-BO-sa HES-per-iss ma-tro-NAL-iss so-LA YN-um jazz-min-o-EYE-deez Camellia japonica Hibiscus hy-BISS-kuss Solanum macranthum ka-MELL-ya ja-PON-i-ka Hosta plantaginea so-LA YN-um ma-KRAN-thum Camellia sasanqua HOSS-ta plan-tadge-i-NEE-ah Solanum nigrum so-LAYN-um NY-grum ka-MELL-ya sa-SANK-qua Lathyrus odoratus Solanum pseudo capsicum Capsicum annuum la-THY-rus o-door-A-tus so-LA YN-um sue-doe-CAPS-i-kum CAPS-i-kum AN-you-um Leptochloa filiformis Solanum quitoense Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum lep-toe-CLO-ah fil-i-FOR-miss so-LA YN-um key-toe-EN-see CAPS-i-kum AN-you-um var. glay-bree-us­ Lilium auratum LIL-ee-um aur-A-tum Solanum tuberosum COO-lum Lilium regale LIL-ee-um re-GAL-ee so-LA YN-um too-bur-O-sum Capsicum frutescens Lilium speciosum Solanum wendlandii CAPS-i-kum fru-TESS-enz LIL-ee-um spee-see-O-sum so-LA YN-um wen-LAND-dee-eye Cassia KASS-ee-ah Linum usitatissimum Spiraea japonica spy-REE-ah ja-PON-i-ka Cestrum diurnum SESS-trum dy-UR-num L Y-num oom-si-ta-TISS-i-mum Streptosolen jamesonii Cestrum nocturnum Lycopodium ly-lo-PO-dee-um strep-toe-SO-len JAMES-son-ee-ey€ SESS-trum nock-TUR-num Lycoris radiata ly-KOR-iss ray-dee-A-ta Tagetes patula ta-GEE-teez PAT-you-la Chimaphila chi-MA Y-fill-ah Magnolia grandiflora Tipularia discolor Citrus SIT-russ mag-NOL-ya grand-i-FLOR-ah tip-you-LAIR-ee-ah DIS-col-or Conium macula tum Malus baccata MAL-us back-CAY-ta Tropaeolum majus KON-i-um mack-yew-LA Y-tum Michelia figo mi-SHELL-ee-ah FY-go tro-pee-O-lum MAY-jus Convallaria majalis Nandina nan-DEE-na Verbena ver-BEE-na con-va-LAIR-ee-ah rna-JAY -liss Narcissus jonquilla Zephyranthes atamasco Comus mas KOR-nus MAS nar-SIS-us jon-QUILL-ah zeff-er-AN-rheez at-am-ASS-ko Daphne odora DAFF-ne o-DOOR-ah Nicotiana alata ni-ko-ti-A Y -na al-A-ta Zinnia ZIN-ee-ah/ZIN-ya Nicotiana sylvestris ni-ko-ti-A Y-na sil-VES-triss

40 February 1982 YAII LI I II

Now you can have a more beautiful lawn and more bountiful garden Hudson Favorite® Sprayer easily-with a Hudson Sprayer! Top of our unique Saf-T -Lok ® sprayer lin e. Easy to seal If your yard or garden doesn't look More Efficient Use of Spray and open. Two as good as it could , then it follows is Possible ga ll on tank in stain ­ ffi that it probably isn't as health y as The easy-acting co ntrol valve on less steel or galvanized STAINLE SS FAVORITE it should be . Hudson sprayers all ows you to steel with epoxy ex­ SPRAYER terior fin ish. Three Causes of Lawn and spray precise ly as needed - only to Garden Troubles the point of run-off. There's no Insects. Weeds. Pl ant disease. harm ful drenching nor waste of costly spray mate ri als. These are the three main causes of Easy Spraying - yard and garden problems. Excellent Results If you're like most homeowners, Perfection' Sprayers The :-l udson you may be confused about how to For those who want Cordless El ectric keep your yard healthy and pest­ the very best. . .for Sprayer is li ght­ free. yard and garden, agri ­ weight and culture, and other pu shbutton End Most Troubles Easily demanding jobs. easy; features the The job of keeping pests to a mini­ Unique Simpl ex Inner­ outstanding perform- mum needn 't be difficult. Usu ally, Sea l" closure- in si de ance by which all Hudson all it takes is a little yard sense and pressu re seals cover. sprayers are known. Use anywhere a spray program. Available in 3, 4 and - in side or out. Long-life, re­ But remember, how you spray 5-gallon tanks of stain­ fti> chargeable batteries; charger does make a difference! For best less or exterior epoxy­ STAINLESS "''''F(CTIOf'I included. results, choose the proper spray coated galvanized ~Ay(1I material ... and a Hudson sprayer. steel to meet virtually any need. Hudson Sprayers Are Easy for You Visit Your Lawn and - Effective for Your Yard Garden Center Hudso n sprayers Corrosion Resistant If you like the idea of having a are designed Duralite® Sprayers healthier, more beautiful lawn and with long hoses Made of polyethylene, garden with less effort, select from and spray exten­ these sprayers have these and other outstanding Hudson sions so you can their own special ad- reach trouble , vantages. They're sprayers and dusters today. Avail­ spots wherever - ~:" lightweight, yet tough able at hardware, garden, nursery they may be: under - for long service. "See- and other stores where lawn and leaves, between dense through" tank for garden care products are sold. bushes . .. even in trees. easy filling. Choose And the nice part is, the sprayer one or two gallon does the reaching - not you. size. At the same time, you can adjust the nozzle to deliver the right spray SIGN OF THE BEST BUY ® pattern for the job: a fine mist for hudsCDn flowers or vegetables, a coarse spray for lawn weeds, or a long range ~ H. D. HUDSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY spray for tall shrubs and trees. ~ 500 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611 HELPFUL TIPS FOR DRESSING UP YOUR GARDEN. GARDENERS lACE Your garden can have "the sweet smell of success! " THESCENTED CLASSIFIED AD RA TIS: 50¢ per word; $10.00 gation. Edward F. Smiley, Bookseller, RFD 5, minimum per insertion. 10% discount for three 43 Liberty Hill Rd., Bedford, NH 03102. GARDEN consecutive insertions using sam~ copy. Copy Rosemary Verey rtEW\ must be received two months prior to publi­ BOOKS You can create as aro­ cation date. Send orders to the attention of Cindy All-color TROPICA enlarged 2nd Edition, 7,000 matic a garden as Weakland, American Horticultural Society, photos, $115.00. Pictorial Cyclopedia EX­ celebrated gardening Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121. Or call (703) OTICA, 12,000 photos, $78.00. EXOTIC expert Rosemary Ve­ 768-5700. PLANT MANUAL, 4,200 photos, $37.50. EX­ rey! The acclaimed OTIC HOUSE PLANTS, 1,200 photos, $8 .95. plant columnist shows AFRICAN VIOLETS Shipped prepaid if check with order. Circulars you how to choose, gladly sent. ROEHRS, Box 125, E. Rutherford, AFRICAN VIOLETS--GESNERIADS--Free NJ 07073. grow, and use plants pamphlets, "Hdpful Hints with African Vi­ that will bring fra­ olets" and " Gesneriad Growing Suggestions" WORLD'S LARGEST CATALOGUE for Or­ grance to your life, home, and table. available by sending stamped, addressed enve­ ganic Growers: fertilizers, foliars, pest controls, books, $1.50. Catalogue FREE with 2lbs. Bio­ You'll be introduced to more than a lope to GESNERIAD--SAINTP AULIA NEWS, Box 549, Dept. AH, Knoxville, TN 37901. Activator improves 4 tons cqmpost or one acre thousand plants-from fabled roses to green manure plowdown $9.95. Necessary piquant herbs. Instructions are in­ ALPINE & ROCK GARDEN PLANTS Trading, 438 Main, Newcastle, VA 24127 (703) cluded on how to use fragrant plants in 864-'5103. pillows, powders, pomanders and pot­ ALPINE PLANTS, the pinnacle of outdoor gar­ pourri. And actual plans for gardens are dening. Miniature plants of great beauty, har­ THE ESSENTIAL EARTHMAN. Delightful provided. Cultivating a scented garden diness and challenge. Follow our simple grow­ collected Washington Post essays by passionate, of any size-from a window sill display ing guide in our 30-page catalog, which describes knowledgeable gardener Henry Mitchell. Send to several wooded acres-is made over 800 species of flowering alpines, dwarf $12.95 plus $2.00 tax and shipping to Ross easy! Over 160 illustrations. conifers and dwarf shrubs, ferns and other small Book Service, Seminary PO 1209311, Alexan­ hardy plants for the Alpine and Rock Garden. dria, VA 22304. Send $1.50 for our 1982 Mail-Order Catalog BROMELIADS Because you take pride and Fall Supplement to SISKIYOU RARE in your gardens appearance! PLANT NURSERY, 2825 Cummings Road, THE BROMELIAD TREASURY, Dept. A, of­ Medford, OR 97501. Domestic, retail orders fers a selection of decorative species and hybrid ORNAMeNTAL only. Bromeliads at very reasonable prices. Unique 20 page DESCRIPTIVE LIST, $1.00, refund­ GRASSES APPLE TREES able with first order. Also " Bromeliads for Roger Grounds Apple Varieties for the South. Granny Smith, Modern Living," 80 page booklet with 135 Ornamental grasses can be used to Crispin, Fuji, Ozark Gold, $5 .50 each, plus beautiful Bromeliad color photos, $4.00 post­ beautify beds and borders, rock gar­ shipping. Send no money; COD only. FRUIT­ age paid. 639 Bend Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94087. dens and troughs, bog gardens, and WOOD NURSERY, Molena, GA 30258. places where few plants will grow. They BULBS accent your garden willi fascinating, THE AVANT GARDENER Three Afric:an Pennant Bulbs (Chasmanthe) for out-of-the-ordinary shapes, textures, "DIFFERENT, EXCITING, GREAT FUN TO early spring bloom, $6.50. Postpaid, plus Rare and colors. READ--for the gardener who wants to get more Bulb List. WILLETTS, PO Box 446, Fremont, Hundreds of species of these under­ out of gardening!" Subscribe to THE AVANT CA 94536. rated plants-ranging from miniatures GARDENER, the most useful, most quoted of CACTI & SUCCULENTS to invasive giants-are described here all gardening publications. Every month this to help you choose the best ones for unique news service brings you the newest and 1982 RAINFOREST CACTI FULL-COLOR your garden. You'll discover tree most practical on-going gardening informa­ CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE!!! Hundreds of grasses, bamboos, sedges, rushes, and tion--new plants, products, techniques, with Orchid Cactus, Rhipsalis, & ~lttail Cacti, Hoyas, cattails. Abundant line drawings and sources for every item, plus feature anicles, spe­ Nightblooming Cacti, Books, Starter Collec­ color photographs fully illustrate the cial issues. Now in its 14th year. Awarded the tions, Multiple Discount Coupons, FREE $5 .00 grasses ... their garden cultivation . .. Garden Club of America Medal for outstanding winter offer. All for $1.00 (deductible): RAIN­ how to dry and arrange them . . . and achievement in horticulture. Spec:ial to new sub­ BOW GARDENS, Box 721-AH22, La Habra, the many ways they can be used. scribers, $10 for a full year. Sample copy $1. CA 90631. Mail coupon below THE AVANT GARDENER, Box 489M, New CACTUS OF THE MONTH CLUB. First CACTI For FREE examination copies! York, NY 10028. or SUCCULENT, $2.95. FREE 1982 illustrated catalog. CAUFORNIA CACTUS PAD, 88 AZALEAS AND RHODODENDRONS McKee, Dept. AHS, Ventura, CA 93001. 'kn Nostrand Reinhold Mail Order SeNice SPECIALIZING IN THE UNUSUAL ...... Cactus, Epiphyllums, Lithops, Echeverias and 7625 Empire Drive Dwarf Rhododendrons, Evergreen & Deci­ Florence, KY 41 042 other succulent plants. 112 page illustrated c:at­ duous Azaleas, Dwarf Conifers, Companion Send me the book(s) checked below for 15 days' FREE alog $1.00. CACTUS GEM NURSERY, Dept. examination. After 15 dahs I will pay the price indicated Plants. Catalog refundable, $1.00. THE CUM­ H, 10092 Mann Drive, Cupertino, CA 95014. ~d <'>WE! ~~~~G~nd andling or return the book(s) MINS GARDEN, 22 Robertsville Rd., Marl­ Visitors welcome. boro, NJ 07146. (201) 536-2591. __ (24707-9) Ornamental Grasses ... $16.95 CARNIVOROUS PLANTS __ (28175-7) The Scented Garden ... $24.95 Name: ______BOOK SEARCH SERVICE Carnivorous, woodland terrarium plants and Address; ______Send your list of wanted gardening books or supplies. Book, The World ofCarnivorous Plants, City State __Zip ___ general titles to me. (Out of print, antiquarian, $6 .50 postpaid. Illustrated catalog 25 ¢, Peter Offer subject to credit department approval. Prices second hand.) I'll try to locate them. No obli- Pauls Nurseries, Canandaigua, NY 14424. subject to change. (Full payment must accompany orders (rom P.o. Box addresses.) A7135

42 February 1982 The most absorbent substance DAYLILIES GARDEN FURNITURE Seven named varieties. Wide co lor and season So lid Teakwood Garden Seats-featured in the on earth . .. range, $10. Descriptive ca talog 25 ¢. . TRAN­ arboretums & ga rdens of England. The perfec t QUIL LAKE NURSERY, 45 River Street, Re­ heirloom gift for church, park or priv ate garden. hoboth, MA ·02769. Send $2.00 (deductible) for the 10-page British DWARF PLANTS color catalogue and current price list. Precipi­ tati on, Inc. , 17317 Germantown Rd ., German­ Spring Happiness Sale. Five Dwarf Conifers town, MD 20874 (301) 428-3434. $16.75. Bakers dozen Rockery Starter $16.75. ABSORBENT I'Ol.Yh£R ® Five Un co~m o n Compact Shrubs $14.25. Con­ GARDENING Thi s remarkable new soil additive tainer grown, UPS prepaid Botanica l Name La­ "THE BACKSAVER SHOVEL"-Our new, dramat ically increases water holding bels. Catalog also lists Hea thers, Ericaceous na rrow cut tapered shovel moves less earth. Digs capacity yet will not cause Shrubs, M in ia ture Roses, Phlox, Primulas, Epi­ smaller, neater holes EASIER ON YOUR BACK ! overwatering problems . Plants develop mediums. DA YSTAR, Rd. 2, Litchfield, ME Overall length is five feet-no stopping. Nar­ fa ster and grow hardier , with less care . 04350. row cut bl ade averages 5" in width instead of A product of USDA research , Aqua­ EDUCATION traditional 8'12" . Standard 11 W' long blade al­ lows you to dig deeply wi thout disturbing large Stor absorbs up to 900 times its ' THE N EW YO RK BOTANICAL GA RDEN amounts of soil. WRITE FOR FREE ILLUS­ weight in water in the form of gel parti­ SCHOOL OF HO RTICULTURE. An intensive TRA TED BROCH URE. For a BACKSA VER cle s. The se " actual pieces of water " 19- month program combining academi c classes SHOVEL send $15.00 (Price includes UPS). Md., act as tin y reservoirs allowing plant s to with practical work to train professionals in the D.C., Va. residents add local sales tax. P.l. Tool field of horticulture. Curriculum includes bot­ draw water only as they need it. Supply, 17317 Germantown Rd. , Germantown, any, horticulture and landscape design, with work Aqu aStor also provides the ideal. en ­ MD 20874 . experience at both the Botanical Garden in the vironment for root s by improving aera ­ Bronx and at the Cary Arboretum in Millbrook, GLADIOLUS BLOBS tion and drain age . NY. Licensed by the New Yo rk State Educa ti on Fin es t Ameri can varie ties available. Novelty Water houseplants once a month . Department. For further info rm ation contact: types-Miniatures and Exhibition varieties. Top Plant s grown with AquaStor require Rosemary Kern, Educatio n Department, THE size bulbs. 1 V2 in diameter and larger. Assorted le ss frequent watering . It prote cts NEW YORK BOTANICAL GA RDEN, Bronx, Novelty coll ecti on (25 bulbs) $10.95. Assorted plan ts that are sometimes overlooked , NY 10458. (212) 220-8739. Mini ature coll ection (25 bulbs) $9.95. Assorted and next vacation . .no water worries. FLOWER ARRANGING Exhibition collection (25 bulbs) $13 .95. All or­ ders shipped La te March Earl y April, postage Great for the garden FREE CATALOG-Flower Arranging Sup­ paid. Send $1. 00 fo r in divi dual listing of over Flowering plants develop more blos­ plies. Books, foa ms, wire, vases, dried materi als. Low prices. Designer's Bench, Box 839-AH, Au­ 150 varieties. FLAD'S GLADS, 2109 Cli ff Court, som s and bloom longer . Vegetable burn, NY 13021. Madison, WI 53713. plant s produce larger yield s in les s time . All with up to 50 % le ss water . FREE CATALOGS GREENHOUSE GROWING COMPLETE GARDEN CATALOG- I04 PROPAGATION BREAKTHROUGH-Don't Trees and shrubs flourish the first year pages. Seeds, Plants, Trees Accessories (Pots, gamble-Use only the best mis t controls. Guar­ Aq uaStor helps establish plant s by Organic Plant Foods, Pest Control, Books. Mel­ anteed, versatile, portable, indoor, outdoor, au­ eliminating tran splant shock due to linger's, Dept. AMH, North Lima, OH 44452. tomati c, economical. Write AQUAMONITOR, water stre ss. Box 327-B , Huntington, NY 11743. The 4 oz. package of fast absorbing HARPER HORTICULTURAL SLIDE AquaStor 450 is enough for ten aver­ LmRARY (PAMELA HARPER). age houseplants . For outdoors order We supply many of the pictures in this and other extra absorbing AquaStor 900 . One 8 garden magazines. You may rent these and oz . package does 30 ten foot rows , 40,000 others, or buy duplicates. Lecture pro­ 200 sq. feet of garden , or 12 average grams on many topics. Catalog $1. 219 Ro­ trees or shrubs . banna Shores, Seaford, VA 23696. Easy to use ... Long lasting , .. Biode- HAWAllAN PLANTS gradable . . . Here's how to order : FREE "How to Grow Tropical Plants and Seeds," Me/Visa call tOll-free : 1-800-621-0660 when you send for our catalog of plants, seeds, In Illinois : 1-800-572-0444 books and gifts from HAWAII. 50 ¢. postage/ handling. HANA GARDENLAND, PO Box 248 Absorbent Industries Inc. AH, Hana, HI 96713 . 611 E. Jefferson St. HERBAL NEWSLETTER Morton , II 61550 Herb hobbyists share ideas and inspiration Name ______AvaiiaOlealyoVf s/oreol send $250 for through POTPOURRI FROM HERBAL ACRES . I lb., Small Garden Size, $9.95 /Of 5 lb. La wn & Garden Silt!, SJ3.OO for 25 Ib, Send business SASE for brochure. HERBAL Es/ale Size (/ncludes ma llingJ. Addre ss ______By the make/SOl " Plant Shlne1. " ACRES, Box 428, Dept AH-l, Washington SCHU LTZ CO.-SI. Louis, MO 63043 Crossing, PA 18977. Cit y ______State___ Zip, ____

, . Me 1-' VI SA # ______DISCOUNT BOOKS - 20% OFF POSTPAID TREE PEONIES Interbank# ______Exp. Date,___ _ CROCKETT'S FLOWER GARDEN ($14.95 CHINESE CONQUEST list) - ONLY $11.95. Most books avail. 20% off Blue and green flowers plus many unusual spe cimens from AquaStor 450 AquaStor 900 ppd. Request free brochure or send title, author & Chinese dynasties never seen before. Send $2.00 for Chinese 40z. Boz. list price less 20% (Add 5% in MD) allow 4-6 wks. catalog and new 1980-1981 all other peonies catalog- credited on first order. Also AMAR YLLIS catalog . $4 ,95 ppd, $7 .95ppd , LOUIS SMIRNOW and SON _____ Three for Th ree fo r Ca'l..th dm

American Horticulturist 43 FRAGRANT GARDENER'S MARKETPLACE CONT'D YELLOW AZALEAS HERBS IRIS I dream about azaleas five feet tall. HILLTOP HERB FARM, 24 years experience. Siberian iris. Seven named varieties. Broad color Not pink. or white. o r red at 0 11 - Herb plants for collectors, Goodies from Gal­ range, $10. Descriptive catalog 25 ¢. TRAN­ Soft golden hues. W hal fa ntastic news - limaufry Shoppe. Compleat catalogue $2.00 QUIL LAKE NURSERY, 45 River Street, Re­ They are all ye llow' (refundable). PO Bbx 1734, Dept. AH, Cleve­ hoboth, MA 02769. land, TX 77327. (713 ) 592-5859. No need 10 use my eyes to know they're there­ MAPLES The ir fra grant scent is everywhe re. Mountain grown herbs & old fashioned scented Rare and Unusual Japanese Maples and Japa­ With no furlo ughs geraniums. Send $1.00 for catalog and free her­ nese Black Pine. 50¢ Shipping List. MATSU­ For a stuffy nose bal surprise, refunded with order. HIGH O h. how they sm e llow' MOMI]I NURSERY, PO 11414, Philadelphia, MEADOW FARM, PO Box 357, AHS, Hayes­ PA 19111. (215) 722-6286. And being super hardy they don'l mind the cold ville, NC 28904. At minus twenty they are goo d as gold. MISCELLANEOUS The ir antifreeze HOUSE PLANTS Is sure to please ORCHIDS, GESNERIADS, BEGONIAS, CACTI For healthy plants and long lasting cut flowers When Winter starts to be llo w' & SUCCULENTS. Visitors welcome. 1982-83 use OUF Distillo unit for deionized water. Cost is pennies per gallon. Also useful for drinking A nursery with yello ws is hard to find Catalog $1.25 . LAURAY OF SALISBURY, Rt. water, steam irons and sterilization of contact Locally m ost only stock the other kind. 41 (Undermountain Rd.), Salisbury, CT 06068 lenses. Cartridges will purify over 1,000 gallons Whe n I awake. (203) 435-2263. For goodness sake. of 10 haFdness water to 0 hardness. Cost $149.25. Carlson. S hip me yellow' RAREST PLANTS EXCLUSIVELY: otherwise Replacement cartridges $21.40. Ship UPS col­ commercially unavailable, 250 variegates, Dra­ lect. Polysciences, 400 Valley Road, Warring­ Make your dreams €ome true with caena, Philodendrons, Palms, Euphorbias, 150 ton, PA 18976, (800) 523-2575. FRAGRANT YELLOW AZALEAS Sansevierias, Aloes, Bulbs, Succulents, 60 Cy­ from Ameri ca's largest mail order se­ cads, 200 Hoyas, FeIns, Bamboo, 250 shrubs, PALM SOCIETY lec ti on of super-hardy . landscape-size azaleas and rhododendrons. 200 trees. Catalog $4.00. ENDANGERED SPE­ PALM SOCIETY members receive our inter­ CATALOG $2.00 (Deductible) CIES, 12571(A) Redhill, Tustin, CA 92680. national quarterly journal "Principes." Our Seed Bank distributes seeds of rare palms collected HOYA BOOK worldwide. Five chapters in the U.S. meet fre­ HOYAS I KNOW & LOVE .. . . . portifolia quently, enjoy viewing beautiful collections, rARLSONs style. 24 colour pictures. $25 .00 Christine M . conduct rare palm sales, and exchange cultural Burton, PO Box 54271, Atlanta, GA 30308. information. Regular membership $15 to THE PALM SOCIETY, INC., Box 368-AH, Law­ BOX305~RDENS HOYA SPECIAL SOUTH SALEM, N.Y. 10590 rence, KS 66044. ESTABLISHED HOYAS, 2-3 inch pots, labeled "Your Fragrant Yellow Azalea Seller" and different, some in bud. Eight each for $17.95 PERENNIALS plus $4.00 air and insurance. Descriptive list of Rare and choice herbaceous perennials. For cat­ 100+ hoy as $1.00. FREE WITH ORDER. SAN alogue send $1.00, refundable with first order LUIS GARDENS, Rt. 3, Box 269A, Dept. AH, to: SWEET SPRINGS PERENNIAL GROW­ #SUNROOM San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. ERS, Dept. AH, 2065 Ferndale Rd., Arroyo Grande, CA 93420. INSECTICIDAL SOAP PHALAENOPSIS (MOTH) ORCHIDS NON TOXIC TO HUMANS & PETS, Blooms for months in greenhouse or window­ SAFER'S Insecticidal Soap. Controls many in­ sill. Available from flask to blooming size. White, sect pests. Will not harm honey bees, bio-de­ pink, yellow, peppermint, novelty species. Ship gradable. Easy to use, add water (40 to 1) and winter, weather permitting. Add 15 % shipping spray. 8 Oz. concentrate $3 .95 + 95 ¢ postage. U.S.A. GREEN VALLEY ORCHIDS, Rt. 1, Box CA Residents add tax. Order from DPI, 165 233S, Folsom, LA 70437. O'Farrell St., Suite 400XAH, San Francisco, CA 94102. PLANTS, RARE but AFFORDABLE Outstanding Ornamentals * Hardy Western Natives * Conifers * Wild fruit • Bird and and PASSIVE SOLAR Wildlife Plants * Bee Plants • Containerized starter-plants; affordable prices. Informative 50- GREENHOUSE Your choice o f green pots p. list-$1.00. FORESTFARM, 990 Tetheraha, D New System 3 - "Brookhaven" model or white pots. All prices a re Williams, OR 97544. D Factory insulated triple glazing postpaid. D G.E. Lexan® Shatterproof Panels 25 §!! 1 00 PROTEA $2.97 $4.84 $8.22 EVERLASTING FLOWERS! Mail order PRO­ D 40% Tax Credit & State Credits $3.72 $6.34 $11 .22 D Lean-To, Free Stdg. & Window units $5.09 $8.72 $16.33 TEA BOUQUETS $15/up. Seeds, Books, Post­ $11 .58 $22.07 $42.69 ers . PROTEA GARDENS OF MAUI, RR #2, D Curved Eave, Bronze Tone Finish 7"round $13.21 $25.32 $49.55 COLOR CATALOG and TAX CREDIT GUIDE: Enclose 8" round $29.82 $58.18 $114.89 Box 389, Kul a, HI 96790. $155.82 $ 1 for O UT catalog and price list. plus O UT guide to the 10"round $40.44 $79.77 $2 .22 $2.97 $4.84 latest federa l and state passive solar lax credits and RARE NATIVE PLANTS $3.22 $5.34 $9.22 qualifications. All kits shipped Freight Prepaid . $4.84 $8.22 $15.33 Rarely offered southern species, woody and her­ SAMPLE WINDOW KIT: Enclose $5. for catal og and $10.08 $19.07 $36.31 baceous, all nursery-grown, including large se­ lax guide above . plus actual samples of greenhouse alum . frames. G.E. Lexan® glazin g, assembly manual a nd lection of southeastern natives, many hardy hea ting gUide . northward, and newly introduced exotics se­ Made from .2!! l.QQ lli lected for southern gardens. Send SASE for mail­ Spha gnum order list. WOODLANDERS, 1128 Colleton .' "" GREENHOUSESFOUR SEASONS Peat Mo ss 21A "round $3.72 $6.34 $13.47 0 with built-in 3" round $5.59 $9.34 $21.71 Ave., Aiken, SC 29801. I , I: I910 Route 110, Depl. AH·202 4" round $9.84 $18.58 $44.07 ~~ JIIIr. Farmingdale, N.Y. 11 735 Nutrients. 21f4 " squore $3.97 $6.84 $14.72 RHODODENDRON ADMIRERS .. .. Phone: (516) 694·4400 All p ric es 3"squore $6.84 $12.58 $29.07 a re postpaid. Open the doors to beauty, knowledge and Di v. Four Seasons Solar Products. Corp. friendship. Membership in the American Rho­ BONAVISTA ' DEPT.BO' dodendron Society will furnish the keys. Annual (Custom B uilt & S tandard Sizes) BOX 81 LARAM IE, WYOMING 82070 dues to this non-profit educational organization 44 February 1982 are $12.00 annually. Write ARS, Dept. AH, lb. Specify item, quantity. THE COTTON BOLL, UNUSUAL INDOOR PLANTS 14635 S.W. Bull Mt. Rd., Tigard, OR 97223. PO Box 156-H, Hayneville, AL 36040. Unusual Indoor Pl ants. 1,800 Varieties-Be­ RHODODENDRONS STARTER PLANTS gonias, Ferns, Ge!aniums, Herbs, Exotics. NEW SPECIES RHODODENDRONS. One of the Like unusual African Violets? Look no further! 1982-84 catalog wi th more color $2.50. largest co ll ecti ons in the United States. Send Green blooms, fo li age with pink variegation, LOGEE'S GREENHOUSES, AH , 55 North $1.00 (deductible) for catalog. We ship. THE trail in g violets, red blooms (we have the reddest Street, Danielson, CT 06239. GREENERY, 14450 N.E. 16th Place, Bellevue, available). Plus miniature and semi-miniature UNUSUAL PLANTS WA 98007. varieties. Some varieties produce blooms meas­ UNUSUAL PLANTS, rare succulents, Caudi­ RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS uring 2"-3" across. Send 3-20¢ stamps for li st cifo rms, Sansevierias and other exotics. Illus­ Rh ododendrons; evergreen and deciduous aza­ of 500 va ri eties. Shipping begins April 15th. trated catalog and periodic newsletters-$1.00. leas. Hybrids and species, dwarf and standard. THE BLOOM ROOM, 3459 East Street, Bir­ SINGERS' GROWING THINGS, 17806 Plum­ We ship. Catalog, $1.50. SONOMA HORTI­ mingham, AL 35243. mer Street, AH, Northridge, CA 91325. CULTURAL NURSERY, 3970 Azalea Avenue, SUCCULENTS ARE OUR SPECIALTY WILDFLOWERS Sebastopol, CA 95472. Adromischus, Crassulas, Echeverias, Sedums, Care-free color! "New England Meadows" ROTOTILLERS Euphorbi as and many more. Listings avai lable. wildflower seed mixture, a time-proven seed TROY-BILT ROTOTILLERS Discounts! Buy Mail order and flats available at nursery. Please mixture to help reduce maintenance and beau­ now, be ready for spring. Can ship. (703) 942- call first for appointments. R.G.R. NURSERY tify your grounds. Contains Black-Eyed Susan, 3871 or write Hickory Hill Nursery, Rt. 1, Box GROWERS, 30016 Disney Lane, Vista, CA Daisies, Bachelor Buttons and others to provide 390A, Fishersville, VA 22939. 92083. (714) 726-5921. color May 'til October. Send for FREE BRO­ CHURE. SPRUCE BROOK NURSERY, Wheeler SEEDS UNCOMMON SEEDS Rd. and Rte 118, Litchfield, CT 06759. GROW EVERGREENS from seed year round. WORLD'S LARGEST SELECTION of quality Indoors, outdoors and in greenhouse. Complete rare seeds from every continent. Thousands of WILDFLOWERS, HERBS, FERNS exotic ornamentals, tropicals, housepla nts, instructions $1.00. Send stamp for price list. Rootstocks, bulbs, plants. Illustrated catalogue palms, flowers, bulbs, perennials, trees, rare Free sample packet with all inquiries. Recor's $1, refundable with order. New England Root­ herbs, medicinal, edible plants. Illustrated 128 Tree Seed, 640 El Paso, Denver, CO 80221. stock Associati on, Dept. B22, Box 76, Cam­ page catalog $1.00. Free vegetable catalog, with SEEDS! Heirloom vegies, Mexican peppers, bridge, NY 12816. European & Oriental varieties. WORLD SEED wildflowers, more. Send First Class stamp, we'll SERVICE, Box 1058-AT, Redwood City, CA WORK CLOTHES send ca talog. G. SEED COMPANY, BOX 94064. Work shirts and pants-reconditioned-low as ~UTH!,-RFORD, CALIFORNIA, 94573. FREE CATALOG. Rare, exotic and unusual $2.35 each. Also, new coveralls, jackets, gloves, SOMETHING DIFFERENT seeds. For the hobbyist and serious ga rd ener. boots, shoes. For information catalog, send $1.00. Deliciously surprise your family wi th real Ole THE COTTON BOLL, PO Box 156-C, Hayne­ SARA GLOVE CO., Box 4069-C-131, Water­ South favorites. Blackeye peas, grits. Each $1.75 vi ll e, AL 36040. bury, CT 06704. Perfect Tillage at Low Cost This is THE FORESTER!

This well known rugged tree planter is used throughout the nation and is giving trouble-free service in practically all tree planting conditions.

The Forester is easily hitched to any tractor or jeep having a three-point hydraulic system. The heavy-duty trencher unit and coulter are made of abrasion resisting steel. The trailer's packing wheels insure uniform soil compaction. The Forester can be supplied with a scalping attachment for planting in sod, and a tree spacer. Write for literature.

Thousands of Tillits have proven their value in all phases of tiller applicatiofls. Tillits are backed by experience in designing and manufacturing agricultural and other mechanical equipment since 1935. Sizes are available in widths from 32" to 84 ". The model LOT shown above is suitable for use with tractors in the 15-30 PTO horsepower range such as Yanmar, Ford, Kubota, Mitsubishi, Leyland, Suzue and any other of similar specifications. Write for I iteratu re o

An Equal UTILITY TOOL AND BODY COMPANY Telephone Opportunity Employer Clintonville, Wis. 54929 715/823-3167

American Horticulturist 45 lOmatoes in February, March, and April?

f course... and in May and June too with nutrients too. Your plants gradually absorb what they require Windowsill Gardens Nutriponics® Kits. If you simply and easily, eliminating the main causes of house O have a sunny window you can grow tomatoes, plant failure; inadequate moisture and overwatering. peppers, geraniums, sunflowers, or whatever you wish in Nutriponics is a fully tested system. Over 65% of our our Gro-thruN Pots combined with our handsome planters customers reorder equipment and supplies, and kits are shown above. You can even grow your Nutriponic plants immediately available to get you started. Each includes our from seed. beautifully illustrated 50-page book on Nutriponics, to­

The lower container in this new system acts as a reservoir gether with Liqui-Soil, N Gro-thru Pots, and planting which enables the plant to take moisture as it needs il..and medium. Fill out the order coupon today.

Windowsill Gardens, Grafton, N.H. 03240, Dept AHF D Send Information Namp~ ______D Send $9.95 kit Street'-______D Send $19.80 kit City State Zip__ Includes both planters shown above. Include $2.00 for shipping

WINDOWSILL GARDENS Grafton, New Hampshire 03240