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New Data on the Stratigraphy of the Ameki Group, Se Nigeria: Implications for the Eocene Stratigraphic Nomenclature

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New Data on the Stratigraphy of the Ameki Group, Se Nigeria: Implications for the Eocene Stratigraphic Nomenclature Asian Journal of Geological Research 4(3): 37-49, 2021; Article no.AJOGER.69694 New Data on the Stratigraphy of the Ameki Group, Se Nigeria: Implications for the Eocene Stratigraphic Nomenclature Uduezue, Chiamaka Janefrances1, Odunze-Akasiugwu, Shirley Onyinye1* and Gordian Chuks Obi1 1Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author GCO designed the study and wrote the protocol. Authors OASO and GO managed the analysis. Authors UCJ and OASO wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author UCJ managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information Editor(s): (1) Dr. Ahmed Abdelraheem Frghaly, Sohag University, Egypt. (2) Dr. Ntokozo Malaza, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa. Reviewers: (1) Miguel Galván-Ruiz, Autonomous University of Querétaro, México. (2) Sergio Meseguer Costa, Universitat JaumeI, Spain. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/69694 Received 17 April 2021 Original Research Article Accepted 21 June 2021 Published 23 June 2021 ABSTRACT Detailed down-dip, bed-by-bed sedimentary logging of outcrops of the Ameki Group in the Awka- Onitsha area of south-eastern Nigeria, was performed to identify and characterize components of the Group in the area. Thirteen exposures were measured and analyzed for lithological changes, composition, sedimentary structures, trace fossils, and stratigraphic surfaces. Stratigraphic analysis shows that the Ameki Group in the study area consists of two stratigraphic components- a basal sandstone component (> 200m) and an overlying mud rock component (>20m). Facies analysis reveals that the sandstone component consists of two facies associations: (i) a tidally-influenced channel facies association comprising strongly ferruginized, pebbly- to medium grained, fining- upwards sandstone that is inter-bedded with kaolinitic claystone and ironstone of variable thickness and(ii) sand-rich heterolithic facies association that reflects sand flat sedimentation. The mud rock component of the Ameki Group also contains two facies associations: (i) clay-rich heterolithic facies association that reflects deposition in mixed flats and (ii) carbonaceous claystone-lignite facies association that reflects mudflats and swamp sedimentation. Field relations and facies analysis _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Janefrances et al.; AJOGER, 4(3): 37-49, 2021; Article no.AJOGER.69694 confirm that the contact between the channelized, basal sandy component of the Ameki Group and the underlying Imo Formation is defined by the upward transition from dark-coloured, fine grained marine facies, to coarse grained fluvial channel sandstone. Similarly, the contact between the of the muddy component of the Ameki Group and the overlying Ogwashi Asaba Formation is defined by the transition from dark coloured mud flats/swamp facies to light coloured pebbly-coarse grained coastal plain sandstone and lignite. These new information should serve as a major contribution toward the resolution of the problems of the stratigraphy and contact relations of the Ameki Group in this part of southern Nigeria. Keywords: Ameki group; ogwashi-asaba formation; stratigraphic analysis; distributary channel; tidal fat sedimentation. 1. INTRODUCTION Ameki Group and the younger Ogwashi-Asaba Formation and (ii) the stratigraphic relationship The Eocene Ameki Group of south-eastern among the lithostratigraphic components of the Nigeria, formerly referred to as the Bende-Ameki Ameki Group. The study strategy involved (i) Series [1-7], has been described as consisting of outcrop-based sedimentological descriptions and the Ameki Formation, Nanka Formation, and stratigraphic analysis of the Ameki Group Nsugbe Formation [8-10]. These lithologic outcropping in the Awka-Onitsha axis of components are described as lateral equivalents. Anambra State. The exact stratigraphic relationship among the components and with the overlying Ogwashi- 1.1 Study Area Asaba Formation (the so called Lignite Series of [11] has remains poorly defined [12] had placed The Ameki Group underlies over 70% of the land the contact between the Imo Group and Ameki mass of Anambra State (Fig. 1) and hosts the Group at the transition from bulk of the economic mineral wealth of the State. fossiliferous/calcareous shoreface facies at the The Group and other Paleogene strata maintain upper levels of the Imo Formation, to the a consistent SE-NW strike, with a corresponding overlying coarse grained tidally-influenced fluvial dip to the south-west. The loosely-consolidated sandstone that marks the base of the Ameki sandy component of the Group (the Nanka Group [10]. The overlying Ogwashi-Asaba Sand), is largely responsible for the gullying Formation (Eocene-Oligocene) begins with erosion that has for long devastated the coarse-grained tidally-influenced sandstone and southeastern states of Nigeria. This study passes upward into alternating lignite seams, targeted the Awka-Onitsha axis of Anambra and light coloured clays of continental origin State (Fig. 1), where detailed down-dip outcrop [13,14]. The present research focused on descriptions and tracing of contacts are accurate definition of (i) the contact between the facilitated by several quarry sites, and road cuts. Fig. 1. Study area 38 Janefrances et al.; AJOGER, 4(3): 37-49, 2021; Article no.AJOGER.69694 2. REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC SETTING bedded sandstone containing a few mud bands [8,9]. The sand is free from feldspars, contains Table 1 summarizes the late Cretaceous- sub-rounded to sub-angular gains with > 5% clay Paleogene succession in southeastern Nigeria. content and enriched in ultra-stable heavy The Paleogene succession is generally minerals. The sand is thus texturally sub-mature progradational and includes the Maastrichtian- and compositionally highly mature [8,9]. The Paleocene Nsukka Formation, the Paleocene Nsugbe Formation on the other hand consists of Imo Formation, Ameki Group (Eocene), and the flat-bedded and wave ripple laminated, medium Oligocene Ogwashi-Asaba Formation [15,10]. grained and conglomeratic sandstone interpreted The succession has an estimated composite to be of beach origin [8]. The exact stratigraphic thickness of about 3,500m [10]. The Nsukka relationship of the Nanka and Nsugbe Formation is composed of fluvio-deltaic Formations is unclear and needs further sandstone, mudstone and thin limestone bands clarification. [16,14]. The Ameki Formation in the Umuahia-Bende The formation is succeeded by the marine Imo area has been described as being composed of Formation comprising blue-grey clays, shallow fossiliferous shale and limestone rich in mollusks, marine shale, limestone and calcareous foraminifera, corals, nautiloids and chunks of sandstone [17]. amber [18,19,20]. These rocks have been variously interpreted to be of open marine-near Regression during the Eocene led to the shore (barrier ridge-lagoonal complex) accumulation of Ameki Group which [10] environments [21,22]. described as comprising Ameki Formation (open marine facies), Nanka Sand, and Nsugbe The Ogwashi-Asaba Formation which overlies Formation (both of tidal origin). The Nanka the Ameki Group has been described as coastal Formation is reported to be of tidal origin and plain deposit comprising alternation of coarse- composed of unconsolidated, flaser-bedded, grained sandstone, light-coloured clays and planar and trough cross-stratified and lenticular- lignite seams [10]. Table 1. Correlation of Early Cretaceous-Paleogene Strata in SE Nigeria (modified after 10) 39 Janefrances et al.; AJOGER, 4(3): 37-49, 2021; Article no.AJOGER.69694 3. METHODS OF STUDY Nanka, Abagana, Awkuzu and beyond. The ridge forms a drainage divide that separates the NE- Detailed bed-by-bed sedimentary logging was flowing Awdaw River system and the westerly carried out at thirteen outcrops located along two Nkisi, Idemmili and the Orashi Rivers that empty down-dip routes: (i) the Ifite Ukpo-Awkuzu- direct into the Niger River (Fig. 3). Onitsha highway (route C-A-B) and (ii) the Ifite Ukpo-Neni-Nnewi-Ozubulu (route C-D-E; Fig. 2). At localities where the base of the sandstone unit Over two hundred and fifty meters of section was exposed, it rests on a ferruginized erosional were logged at 1:50 scale. The exposures were surface and consists of strongly ferruginized, measured and examined for lithological changes, pebbly- to medium grained fining-upwards composition, sedimentologic structures, trace sandstone and ironstone with intercalations of fossils, and stratigraphic surfaces. The profiles of kaolinitic claystone of variable thickness. Two the outcrops were drawn and backed-up with facies associations were identified namely: high resolution photographs. (i) Cross-bedded sandstone facies 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION association, with less than 20% clay content and 4.1 Sedimentary Facies of the Ameki (ii) Sand-rich heterolithic association, with Group 20%-50% clay (Table 2). Facies analysis of the measured outcrop The cross-bedded sandstone facies association sections shows that the Ameki Group in the includes five distinct lithofacies, namely: study area is composed of two stratigraphic components: a basal sandstone and an overlying (a) Pebbly Sandstone (PS) comprising mud rock units. The aerial distribution
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