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Fr Tadros Yacoub Malaty APANORAMIC VIEW OF PATRISTICS St George’s Coptic Orthodox Church, Sporting, Alexandria, Egypt Website: www.stgeorge-sporting.org Call: (203) 591 9888 Fax: (203) 590 2888 E-mail: [email protected] A PANORAMIC VIEW OF PATRISTICS IN THE FIRST SIX CENTURIES WITH AN OVERVIEW OF SELECTED COPTIC ORTHODOX FATHERS AND AUTHORS OF THE MIDDLE AGES Fr. Tadros Y. Malaty St George’s Coptic Orthodox Church Sporting, Alexandria, Egypt Preparatory Edition 2005 A Panoramic View of Patristics In the First Six Centuries by Fr. Tadros Yacoub Malaty Published by St George’s Coptic Orthodox Church, Sporting, Alexandria ISBN Printed in Alexandria Preparatory Edition February 2005 By St Mina’s Monastery Press His Holiness Pope Shenouda III Pope of Alexandria and 117th Patriarch of the See of Saint Mark vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xix INTRODUCTION 1 Definition 1 2. The title “Father” 1 3. Qualifications for the “Father” in Patrology 1 4. The Authority of the Fathers 2 5. The Language of the Egyptian Fathers 2 6. The History of Patrology 2 7. Classification of Patristic Writings 3 8. Outline of Patristic Literature 4 CHAPTER ONE THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS AND THE APOSTLES’ CREED Writings of the Apostolic Fathers 1. St Clement of Rome 7 2. St Ignatius 8 3. St Polycarp 8 4. Barnabas 8 5. Hermas 9 6. The Epistle to Diognetus 9 7. Papias of Hierapolis 9 8. Quadratus 10 9. The Didache 10 10. The Apostles’ Creed 10 viii The Early Apologists 1. Quadratus 12 2. Author of the Letter to Diognetus 12 3. Author of the Preaching of Peter 12 4. Aristides of Athens 12 5. Aristo of Pella 12 6. St Justin the Martyr 12 7. Tatian the Syrian 14 8. Apollinaris of Hierapolis 15 9. Miltiades 15 10. Theophilus of Antioch 15 11. Melito Bishop of Sardis 16 12. Minucius Felix 17 13. Tertullian 17 14. The Sayings of Sextus 19 15. Athenagoras of Athens 19 16. Hermias 19 CHAPTER TWO THE BEGINNING OF OTHER CHRISTIAN LITERATURE 1. The Apocryphal Literature of the Scriptures 21 2. The Beginning of Christian Poetry and Early Hymns 23 3. The First Acts of the Martyrs 24 4. The Beginning of Heretical Literature 25 5. The Beginning of Anti-Heretical Literature 26 Gnosticism and the Main Gnostic Sects 1. Gnostic Teachings 27 2. Gnosticism and Alexandria 28 3. Why Did Gnosticism Spread in Alexandria? 28 4. Our Concept of Christian Knowledge 29 ix Selected Christian Gnostics 1. Basilides 30 2. Carpocrates 30 3. Valentinus 30 4. Mani and the Manichaeans 31 Some Early Anti-Heretical Writers 1. Dionysius of Corinth 32 2. Pinytus of Gnossus 32 3. Serapion of Antioch 32 4. Hegesippus 33 5. St Irenaeus 33 6. Others 34 CHAPTER THREE EARLY CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS Early Schools of Thought 36 The Importance of Early Christian Schools 36 EASTERN CHRISTIAN SCHOOLS 1. School of Alexandria 36 2. School of Caesarea 37 3. Antiochian School 37 4. National Syrian School of Edessa 38 5. Nestorian School of Nisibis 38 6. School of Evagrian Mysticism 38 7. School of Realistic-Traditonalistic 38 WESTERN CHRISTIAN SCHOOL African School 39 x DEANS AND FATHERS OF THE SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA 1. Athenagoras 41 2. Pantaenus 41 3. Clement of Alexandria 42 4. Origen 42 5. Heraclas 45 6. St Dionysius the Great of Alexandria 46 7. Theognostus 47 8. Pierius 47 9. St Peter the Seal of Martyrs 47 10. St Alexander of Alexandria 48 11. St Athanasius the Apostolic 49 12. Serapion of Thmius 52 13. Didymus the Blind 53 14. St Theophilus of Alexandria 54 15. Synesius of Cyrene 56 16. St Cyril the Great 57 17. St Dioscorus 61 18. St Timothy Aelurus 64 CHAPTER FOUR THE SCHOOL OF ANTIOCH Antioch 68 The School of Antioch 68 Its Program 68 Stages of the Antiochian School 69 Main Characteristics of Antiochian Theology (in Comparison With Alexandrian Theology) 69 Problems of the School of Antioch 70 Antiochian and Alexandrian Christological Thoughts 70 The Alexandrian Hypostatic Union “ e[nwsij kaqV u`po,stasin” 71 The Antiochian Dyophyses “ du,o fu,seij” Two Natures) 71 The “Indwelling” Theory and the Historic-Grammatical Method of Exegesis 72 xi The Antiochians' Theory and Our Redemption 72 FATHERS AND THEOLOGIANS OF ANTIOCH AND SYRIA 1. Ignatius of Antioch 74 2. Theophilus of Antioch 75 3. Paul of Samosata and Malchion of Antioch 75 4. Lucian of Antioch 76 5. Eusebius of Emesa 77 6. Eustathius of Antioch 77 7. Aetius of Antioch 78 8. Eunomius of Cyzicus 78 9. Acacius of Caesarea 78 10. Gelasius of Caesrea 79 11. Euzoius of Caesarea 79 12. Nemesius of Emesa 79 13. Apollinaris of Laodicea 80 14. Marcellus of Ancyra 81 15. Meletius of Antioch 82 16. Diodore of Tarsus 83 17. Severian of Gabala 84 18. Theodore of Mopsuestia 85 19. Nilus of Ancyra 86 20. Polychronius of Apamea 87 21. St Mark the Recluse 88 22. St John Chrysostom 88 23. Acacius of Beroea 89 24. Antiochus of Ptolemais 90 25. Macarius Magnes 90 26. Didachus of Photice 90 27. Eutherius Archbisop of Tyana 90 28. Hesychius of Jerusalem 91 29. Theodoret of Cyrus 91 30. Prochlus of Constantinople 94 31. Basil of Seleucia 95 xii 32. Gennadius of Constantinople 95 33. Zacharias the Rhetor 95 34. John of Ephesus (John of Asia) 96 CHAPTER FIVE OTHER ANTIOCHIAN AND SYRIAN THEOLOGIANS 1. Tatian the Syrian 98 2. Melito of Sardis 98 3. Bardaisan (Bardesanes) 99 4. Harmonius 99 5. Jacob of Nisibis 100 6. Asona 100 7. Eusebius Bishop of Caesarea 101 8. Simon Bar-Saboe 102 9. Jacob Aphraates 102 10. St Ephraem the Syrian 103 11. Gregory the Monk 105 12. Ahi Catholicos of Madaen 106 13. Marutha of Maiperqat 106 14. Rabbula of Edessa 107 15. St Balai 108 16. Ibas of Edessa 108 17. Isaac of Antioch 109 18. St Simeon the Stylite 110 19. St Philoxenus of Mabbug 110 20. Barsauma Bishop of Nisibis 112 21. Acacius of Seleucia 113 22. Narsai (Narses) 113 23. St Joannes Saba 114 24. Polycarpus of Mabbug 115 25. Stephen Bar Sudayle 115 26. St Simeon Kokoyo 115 27. St Jacob of Sarug 116 xiii 28. Elisha Bar Kosbayee 117 29. Sergius of Ris'ayna 117 30. St Severus of Antioch 118 31. St John of Tella (Bar Kursos) 120 32. Simeon of Beth-Arsham 121 33. Aba 121 34. St Jacob Baradaeus (Bord'ono) 122 35. Isaac the Syrian 123 CHAPTER SIX THE WRITERS OF ASIA MINOR 1. Eusebius of Nicomedia 126 2. Theognis of Nicaea 127 3. Basil of Ancyra 127 4. Marcellus of Ancyra 127 5. Asterius the Sophist 127 THE CAPPADOCIAN FATHERS 1. St Gregory Thaumaturgus 129 2. St Basil the Great of Caesarea 131 3. St Gregory of Nazianzus the Theologian 133 4. St Gregory of Nyssa 135 5. Amphilochius of Iconium 136 6. Asterius of Amsaea 137 OTHER EASTERN FATHERS AND THEOLOGIANS 1. St Epiphanius of Salamis 138 2. Hegemonius 139 3. Titus of Bostra 139 xiv CHAPTER SEVEN ANTE-NICENE WESTERN FATHERS AND WRITERS 1. Tertullian 141 2. St Cyprian of Carthage 141 3. Hippolytus 143 4. Commodian 144 5. Lactantius 145 6. Arnobius of Sicca 146 7. Victorinus of Pettau 147 8. Reticius of Autun 147 POST-NICENE WESTERN FATHERS AND THEOLOGIANS 1. Eusebius of Vercelli 148 2. St Hilary of Poitiers 149 3. Lucifer 150 4. Damasus of Rome 150 5. Ambrose of Milan 151 6. Rufinus of Aquileia 153 7. St Jerome 153 8. Innocent I 156 9. St Augustine of Hippo 156 10. Caesarius of Arles 158 11. Gregory the Great 159 12. Bede 160 CHAPTER EIGHT OTHER POST-NICENE WESTERN FATHERS AND WRITERS The School of Lerins 162 Poets 162 Church Historians 163 1. John Cassian 163 xv 2. Juvencus 164 3. Prudentius 164 4. Sulpicius Severus 165 5. Claudius Marius Victorius 166 6. Ausonius of Aquitania 166 7. Paulinus of Nola 167 8. Salvian of Marseilles 168 9. Faustus of Riez 169 10. Cyprian of Gaul 169 11. Claudius Claudianus 170 12. Honoratus of Arles 170 13. Hilary of Arles 170 14. Prosper 172 15. Sidonius Apollinaris 173 16. Sedulius 174 17. Vincent of Lerins 174 18. Eucherius of Lyons 176 19. Marius Mercator 176 20. Gennadius of Marseilles 177 21. Dracontius 178 22. Avitus 178 23. Victor of Tununum 179 24. Facundus of Hermiane 179 25. Liberatus Diaconus 179 CHAPTER NINE MAIN HERETICS AND HERESIES OF THE FIRST SIX CENTURIES 1. Ebionites 181 2. Gnostics 182 3. Millenarians / Millennialists / Chiliasts 182 4. Docetists 185 5. Marcionists 185 6. Montanists 187 xvi 7. Origenists 188 8. Quartodecimans 193 9. Artemonites 194 10. Monarchians (a. Patripassians; b. Sabellians) 194 11. Manichaeans 195 12. Novatians 196 13. Donatists 198 14. Arians 200 15. Semi-Arians 201 16. Anomoeans / Eunomians 202 17. Pneumatomachi / Macedonians 202 18. Messalians 203 19. Priscillians 203 20. Pelagians 204 21. Apollinarians 207 22. Nestorians 208 23. Eutychians or Monophysites 214 CHAPTER TEN MONOPHYSITE VS MIAPHYSITE Introduction 221 Etymology of the Terms 'Monophysite' and 'Miaphysite' 221 1. Monophysite 221 2. Miaphysite of Non Chalcedonians 222 How Did It All Begin 222 Condemnation of Pope Dioscorus at Chalcedon in 451 223 The Difference Between Antiochian and Alexandrian Traditions 223 Contemporary View of the Situation 224 The Term 'Monophysites': A Modern Scholary Appellation 225 St Cyril of Alexandria's Miaphysis 226 Efforts in Bridging the Gap During the Papacy of Pope Shenouda III By the Coptic Orthodox Church After Chalcedon 227 xvii CHAPTER ELEVEN MAIN WRITERS AND WRITINGS OF EGYPTIAN MONASTICISM 1. St Anthony 231 2. St Amoun (Ammonas) 232 3. St Pachomius 233 4.
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