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Revue dramatických umení Vydáva Kabinet divadla a filmu 4 Slovenskej akadémie vied Ročník 54 – 2006 – Číslo 4 OBSAH ŠTÚDIE Miloš Mistrík: Chudobné divadlo Grotowského a Copeaua ........................ 517 Jan Vedral: Horizont udalostí ..................................................................... 523 Štefan Oľha: Pred tridsiatimi rokmi vzniklo Malé divadelné štúdio .......... 530 Elena Knopová: Mimezis a fikcia v najnovšej slovenskej dráme ............... 568 Dagmar Princic-Sabolová: Nekonečná interpretácia ako kultúrna mystifikácia ............................................................................................ 582 Dagmar Robertsová: Noci pravdy a vykúpenia ........................................ 587 Oľga Panovová: Odkaz medzivojnovej avantgardy v slovenskom divadle (II.) ............................................................................................ 599 ROZHĽADY Dana Gálová: „Takýto príbeh nechce nikto počuť“ .................................... 609 Viera Langerová: Čína a film ..................................................................... 616 Miloslav Blahynka: Appia analyzuje Wagnera ......................................... 646 Jaroslava Čajková: Kapitoly z dejín umeleckého prednesu na Slovensku II. ..................................................................................... 657 Anton Kret: Storočnica „osnovateľa národnej opery“ Štefana Hozu ......... 674 ROZHOVOR Slovenské divadlo Terézia Ursínyová: Sopranistka Magdaléna Hajóssyová ..................... 678 POLEMIKA Ladislav Čavojský: Vylamovanie otvorených dverí ................................... 694 ARCHÍV Jozef Budský o Andrejovi Bagarovi ........................................................ 698 Z rukopisného archívu divadelného historika a kritika Ladislava Čavojského: M. M. Dedinský: Posledná hostina ............... 705 KRITIKA Anton Kret: Až po teóriu drámy ................................................................. 708 Andrej Maťašík: Deravý katalóg ................................................................ 711 Andrej Maťašík: Ročenka, ktorá bilancuje a poteší .................................... 715 Tibor Ferko: Po stopách divadelnej archeológie Františka Černého .. 716 Obsah 54. ročníka ...................................................................................... 722 4 Hlavný redaktor Andrej Maťašík Redakčná rada: Miloslav Blahynka, Ladislav Čavojský, Jana Dudko- vá, Ida Hledíková, Karol Horák, Georgij Kovalenko (Moskva), Nadežda Lindovská, Miloš Mistrík, Daniéle Montmarteová (Paríž), Július Pašteka, Ján Sládeček, Jan Vedral (Praha), Ján Zavarský. Fotografie reprodukujeme z archívu Malého divadelného štúdia v Koši- ciach, voľne dostupných internetových databáz venovaných čínskej ki- nematografii a z osobného archívu Jaroslavy Čajkovej, Štefana Šugára, Magdalény Hajóssyovej a Miloša Mistríka so súhlasom ich majiteľov. Preklady do anglického jazyka Katarína Karvašová. Technická redaktorka Jana Janíková Adresa redakcie: Kabinet divadla a filmu SAV Dúbravská cesta 9 841 04 Bratislava Slovenské divadlo Slovenská republika Telefón: ++4212/ 54 777 193 Fax: ++4212/ 54 773 567 E-mail: [email protected] Nevyžiadané rukopisy sa nevracajú. Všetky texty sú publikované so súhlasom autora a vydavateľa. Toto číslo bolo odovzdané do tlače v októbri 2006. CHUDOBNÉ DIVADLO GROTOWSKÉHO A COPEAUA Štúdie MILOŠ MISTRÍK Pri štúdiu dejín divadla sa nám stáva, že si všimneme určité podobnosti v konaní niektorých osobností, alebo v niektorých umeleckých činoch, hoci sa stali v rôznych obdobiach a na rôz- nych miestach. Jerzy Grotowski sa s Jacquesom Copeauom, ktorý zo- mrel roku 1949, nemohol stretnúť. Bol v tom roku ešte veľmi mladý (16 ročný) a divadlo prvej polovice 20. storočia nemohol osobne zažiť. Jerzy Grotowski (1933-1999). Snímka A. Paluchiewicz, Preto tu nebudeme hovoriť o vzťa- archív autora. hu žiaka a učiteľa, ani o priamej nadväznosti medzi týmito dvoma významnými osobnosťami európ- skeho divadla a európskeho he- reckého školenia. Grotowski viac- násobne deklaroval svoj obdiv, ale aj kritický prístup k odkazu Konstantina Stanislavského, veľa získal u Antonina Artauda, štu- doval Bertolta Brechta, ale o Co- peauovi sa nevyjadroval, ak, tak nepriamo – cez jeho žiaka Charle- sa Dullina. Poľský knižný preklad najvýznamnejších Copeauových štúdií vyšiel až roku 1972, keď bol Jacques Copeau (1879-1949). Snímka archív autora. Grotowski už vyhranenou osob- nosťou a z divadelnej praxe dokonca aj odišiel, aby robil svoje parateatrálne projekty. Ale ak si dáme tieto dve osobnosti európskeho divadla do súvislostí, nemôžeme ne- vidieť niekoľko veľmi podobných čŕt, niekoľko podobných charakteristických kro- kov v ich živote a v divadelnej tvorbe. Pre obidvoch bol stav divadla, v ktorom žili, neuspokojivý a mali k nemu kritický postoj. Toto je, samozrejme, dosť častý jav u mnohých divadelníkov v minulosti i prí- 518 MILOŠ MISTRÍK tomnosti, nespokojnosť je asi imanentná črta každej mladosti. Avšak Copeau aj Gro- towski zaujali rovnaké postoje tým, že svoju nespokojnosť vyjadrili gestom odchodu. Odišli inde, hľadali si pre svoju tvorbu miesta nezaťažené problémami ich súčasného divadla. Francúzovi stačilo, aby odišiel na ľavý breh Seiny, do štvrte študentov a ka- tedrály Saint-Sulpice vzdialenej od veľkých bulvárov – kde založil svoj Starý holub- ník. A neskôr išiel ešte ďalej – do Burgundska. Poliak zasa odišiel z Krakova, druhého a pre mnohých aj prvého najvýznamnejšieho poľského kultúrneho centra, do pro- vincie, malého mesta Opole, kde sa po vojne vymenilo obyvateľstvo a obnovovali kultúrne štruktúry. Takýto odchod mladého umelca z centra nebýva celkom samo- zrejmý. Máme príklady, že keď mladí umelci avantgardy neboli spokojní so stavom umenia v ich okolí, tak neutekali preč, ale naopak, s ešte väčšou intenzitou sa dali po- čuť priamo v centrách veľkomiest, v Paríži, Moskve, Berlíne či Varšave. Chceli poraziť starinu v jej vlastných priestoroch, boli hluční, aby ju prekričali svojimi manifestami, ofenzívnymi akciami v kaviarňach, divadlách, výstavných sálach, na uliciach. Jacqu- es Copeau, na rozdiel od umelcov avantgardy, nehovoril o revolúcii, ale o obnove. On aj Grotowski mali svoj hlavný cieľ nie v deštrukcii starého, ale v konštruovaní no- vého. Ich zdanlivý ústup, odchod mimo centra bol vlastne ich krokom vpred. Chceli mať čas na sústredenú a dlhodobú činnosť a hľadali pre seba laboratórne prostredie. Grotowski aj Copeau si mimo centra vytvorili tri navlas podobné podmienky, aby sa mohli venovať svojmu poslaniu. Po prvé: zostavili si malé divadelné skupiny z ver- ných, výlučne mladých hercov; Po druhé: našli si malé divadelné sály, kde sa nezmes- tilo veľa divákov, aby sa nezaťažovali priveľkou administratívou a ťažko riešiteľnými technickými problémami (miniatúrne Divadlo 13 radov v Opoli a Laboratórium na Rynku vo Wroclawi a Starý holubník, na parížske pomery tiež malá sála, prestav- bami ešte zmenšená); Po tretie: nevideli cieľ svojej práce iba v divadelnej prevádzke. Grotowski to mal v dotovanom poľskom socialistickom systéme jednoduchšie, počet nových predstavení mohol obmedziť na minimum, mal dlhší čas na prípravu každej inscenácie z literárnej stránky, scénografickej koncepcie, rozvrhnutia priestoru a he- reckých cvičení. Jacques Copeau, aj keď po takomto stave dobrého zabezpečenia tiež túžil, to mal ťažšie. Jeho prísľub v Pokuse o obnovu divadla1, že založí súbor, ktorý bude mať na týždennom plagáte vždy aspoň tri inscenácie, ho nútil produkovať dosť veľký počet premiér. Aspoň čiastočne si pomohol tým, že sa dookola vracal k už nacviče- ným hrám, takže skutočných premiér bolo v Starom holubníku menej, ako by sa to mohlo zdať podľa plagátu. Pre prevádzku svojho divadla získal subvencie, ktoré po- chádzali z kruhu Priateľov Starého holubníka, od bohatého Jeana Schlumbergera, od rôznych väčších aj menších darcov. Pokojnejší rytmus práce napokon dosiahol v Bur- gundsku so svojimi Copiaus (1925-1929), kde sa mohli popri škole venovať príprave každej inscenácie aj niekoľko mesiacov. Tu napokon naplno rozvinul experimenty s Comédie Nouvelle (moderná vezia talianskej commedie dell’arte). Grotowski aj Copeau si takto vytvorili – alebo sa o to aspoň veľmi usilovali – čas na laboratórnu prácu. Grotowského laboratórium sa s umeleckou produkciou diva- dla priamo prelínalo, u Copeaua bola laboratóriom jeho Škola pôsobiaca pri Starom holubníku. Sám o tom povedal: „Škola alebo laboratórium sú pre divadlo vecou ne- 1 COPEAU, Jacques: Un essai de rénovation dramatique. In. COPEAU, Jacques: Registres I – Appels. Paris : Gallimard, 1974. CHUDOBNÉ DIVADLO GROTOWSKÉHO A COPEAUA 519 vyhnutnou.“2 V inom čase a na inom mieste s nimi súhlasil Peter Brook, keď založil roku 1970 Centre Internationale de la Recherche Théâtrale (CIRT). Ak sa chcel Grotowski sústrediť na rozvoj hereckej tvorby, jej novej techniky, na elimináciu hercových zábran, musel najprv odstrániť z divadla všetko podľa neho nadbytočné. Zrušil klasickú schému javiska a hľadiska a pre každú inscenáciu vy- tvoril nové usporiadanie sály. Rovnako sa vzdal svetelných efektov a nevyužíval ani iné technické prostriedky a mašinériu scény. Z tváre herca odstránil farbičky, falošné nosy a brady, zo siluety postavy umelé bruchá a pod. Kostým uňho existoval iba vo vzťahu s charakterom postavy. Dekorácie v tradičnom slova zmysle v jeho inscená- ciách neboli, na scénu sa dostali iba tie predmety, ktoré priamo súviseli s hrou her- cov. Hudba a zvuky sa nevytvárali autonómne od hry hercov, iba živí ľudia na scéne mohli vlastnými prostriedkami, vlastnými orgánmi kreovať
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    Ladislav Vychodil's Approach to Designing Stages for Shakespeare

    ¤ Theatralia 21 / 2018 / 2 ¨79ª94¬ ® https://doi.org/10.5817/TY2018-2-6 Ladislav Vychodil’s Approach to Designing Stages for Shakespeare Home and Abroad Zuzana Koblišková ] Abstract This essay aims to present the most significant approaches Vychodil used for designing stages for Shakespeare plays, and to compare the designs with others, more typical of Vy- yorick chodil’s aesthetic practice. The paper will, therefore, ask the following questions: (i) what [ demands do Shakespeare’s plays make on the designer? and (ii) how does Vychodil, in par- ticular, respond to these requirements? In constructing my argument, I have relied not only on well-known resources and monographs, but I have also used material from the archives of the Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute in Columbus, Ohio, which have not hitherto been sufficiently studied by other researchers. Keywords Ladislav Vychodil, Shakespeare scenography, Slovak National Theatre, Jarka M. Burian, Oslo, Santa Barbara CA 79 text_theatralia_02_2018.indd 79 10.12.2018 12:00:46 Zuzana Koblišková Ladislav Vychodil’s Approach to Designing Stages for Shakespeare Home and Abroad […] once you start working somewhere else than home, the work as if meant more […] especially when you start working abroad […] (ČINČERA 1995) (Ladislav Vychodil) Introduction Certainly, there is no need to introduce Ladislav Vychodil within the context of Czech ] and Slovak scenography. He was born in 1920 in Moravia; yet he has been called ‘the doyen of Slovak scenography and the founder of the scenography department at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava’ (Hudobný život 2005: 8). Vychodil was born yorick yorick [ Czech (coincidently, in the same year that the Slovak National Theatre was ‘born’) and it might have been fate that throughout his whole life, Vychodil fought fiercely to help create a Slovak theatre tradition.
  • Momentous Historical Events in the Modern Czechoslovak History and Their Place in the Ideological Framework of Pre-War Czechoslovakia

    Momentous Historical Events in the Modern Czechoslovak History and Their Place in the Ideological Framework of Pre-War Czechoslovakia

    Momentous historical events in the modern Czechoslovak history and their place in the ideological framework of pre-war Czechoslovakia Milan Olejník, Spoločenskovedný ústav SAV, Košice, [email protected] OLEJNÍK, Milan.Momentous historical events in the modern Czechoslovak history and their place in the ideological framework of pre-war Czechoslovakia. Individual and Society, 2009, Vol. 12, No. 2. The article is a summary of celebration of the 28th October 1918 and Pittsburg agreement in Slovakia in epoch of the Pre-Munich Czechoslovakia republic. Czechoslovakian republic. 28 October 1918. Pittsburgh Agreement. Autonomy. 28 October 1918 – establishment of Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak Republic (CSR) was one of the states, which came to existence as a result of geopolitical changes after World War I. The biggest challenge to newly formed state was its ethnic diversity – almost a half of population (if we count Slovaks separately) was not Czech. The next largest ethnic community was German. Majority of three million Germans considered their inclusion into CSR as an act of injustice. A similar situation existed in Slovakia, where approximately seven hundred thousand ethnic Hungarians (Magyars) were included into Czechoslovakian state. There were other ethnic minorities – Ukrainians, Ruthenians, Jews, Poles and others, who became part of complex ethnic structure of CSR. The ethnic core community – Czechs – utilized all possible means available to their disposal to alleviate existing situation and to establish working framework of government in sphere of politics, economics and ideology. Mainly for this reason, an emphasis was paid to ideology supportive to unity of state. In that sense, singularly important was to weld Czechs and Slovaks together and create unified nation.