Archaeological Endeavour – a Brief Autobiography

Archaeological endeavour – a brief autobiography

Tam Ward. 2021.

The excavation of two unenclosed platform settlements within the Fruid Reservoir. PAGE 1

The story of my archaeological endeavour – a brief autobiography Tam Ward January 2021

The following is a true account of how I became involved in archaeology and the principal events which occurred during that time and until the date of writing.

I am often asked how I got involved in archaeology and it is an interesting tale. My boyhood days were always taken up with stories of the past, local folklore and the inevitable tales of William Wallace, the Scottish Wars of Independence and of course, coming from Biggar – The Battle of Biggar and the story of the Cadgers Brig, stirring stuff, but in modern parlance – fake news. Nevertheless, all good stuff to get people inspired in the past. My brother Pat and I took annual trips to Edinburgh as boys to visit the National Museum in Queen Street to marvel at the objects on display, and especially those from our own area. I must therefore always have been interested in the past, although we were brought up with the more recent history of WWII since many people we were associated with and spoke to, including our father and uncles, were directly involved in it.

My principal hobbies before leaving school were hill walking and local exploring, and after school age they became golf and shooting, especially the latter and of course that took me around farms, hills, and moors.

Eventually I contracted severe arthritis in my big toes to the point where my life was constant pain from my feet; I had to pack in both the golf and the shooting as I could not walk any distances. I eventually got the problem sorted by surgery and while I was convalescing during mid winter and getting bored silly, my mother in law told me of extra mural classes on archaeology at the local school, saying that I had always said I liked that. So, I went. Ed Archer from Lanark was talking about The Romans in a series of lectures, and I got hooked, I was encouraged to join the Lanark and District Archaeology Society (LADAS) and the rest is history (which follows), that was in 1978. I soon became a committee member, and then Chairman of the Society at one point, and started to learn all about archaeology.

I worked as an electrician, and at that time I was working on North Sea oil rigs and platforms, so I had two weeks’ holiday – every month! This gave me lots of time to develop my new hobby and I never got back to the old ones. Around 1979 I offered my services to Biggar Museum which at that time had one museum open and the second one nearly finished, so I did a lot of work in various capacities, helping to bring the Greenhill Covenanters House Museum to completion.

I became a Trustee of the Biggar Museum Trust and was voluntarily responsible for all maintenance of buildings and collections until 2010, when I retired from the management board to concentrate on the archaeological work we had done over the last three decades.

However, I was responsible for the building of the Moat Park Heritage Centre including its design and the displays within, ensuring a significant part of that

1 represented the archaeology of the area, much of which was now our own discoveries as I ran an ‘archaeology dept’ within the overall business of the museum organisation. I also designed and supervised the building of a 17th century style bridge at the Greenhill Museum.

This work was done by what was then called Manpower Services Commission, where people (especially young people) were trained for work situations, the teams we had on MSC were supplemented with a group of museum volunteers and our archaeologists, all of whom I organised. The Moat Park was opened by HRH the Princess Royal whom I conducted around it.

The Museum Trust went on to develop other venues open to the public and these became the John Buchan Centre in Broughton, Hugh MacDiarmid’s cottage at Brownsbank, Biggar Gas Works and the Albion Motors Archive in Biggar, all of which I was involved in at managerial level and assisted with in practical terms; for example I personally wired up the Buchan Centre for its first electricity, and with continued MSC support, renovated the Albion building making it fit for purpose as a store, workshop and archive. Sadly, none of these venues are now controlled by BMT which has in recent years diminished its own responsibility for various heritage initiatives, in my opinion purely for managerial convenience and not, as was done in the past, to care for the local heritage. Consequently, I am no longer part of BMT other than to complete the archiving and publication of the archaeological work, which has been done under the umbrella of BMT, but with no input from it apart from the use of facilities (which I maintained from 1979 until about 2010).

Going back in time to my archaeological interests, I became dissatisfied by the lack of opportunity to engage in meaningful archaeology and began my own project, which initially was conceived to repair the fabric of disintegrating castles and churches in the area of upper Clydesdale, I believed this would require some archaeological investigation, and to test my ability to achieve this I decided to excavate and consolidate a site known as Windgate House, which was believed to be the remains of a 16th C tower house some 8 miles south of Biggar and in a remote glen.

I had been working down the mines at Leadhills with some friends for over a year, their project was to gain access into the famous Suzanna mine where rare minerals were to be had, my objective was industrial archaeology, which after five years, came to truly little. My friends joined me in my archaeology adventure and the three of us were to become what is now known as the Biggar Archaeology Group (BAG).

The building we excavated and eventually consolidated by doing remedial work on the extant walls, became the first bastle house to be recorded so far north of the Anglo-Scottish border, it was also the first bastle to be excavated and BAG remain the only people to have carried out archaeological investigations of bastle houses. A report was compiled and lodged with the NMRS (Christison, Gillanders & Ward 1986).

We were a group of three, assisted from time to time by many others who occasionally came along to help, and this basically has been the pattern of my life in voluntary archaeology, where at times people have been regular attendees, some for several years while others came occasionally. People have come and gone for all

2 manner of reasons over the years, coming perhaps for a specific interest, or just to get out into the hills and fields where we have worked. We have also had a great variety of people over the years from young and old and from all sorts of backgrounds, medical professors, policeman, teachers, geologists, newspaper reporter, students, to name a few. Many personal friends and members of my family became involved and it has been my greatest pleasure to be associated with these volunteers, who now number in the hundreds, over the years.

Sadly, perhaps understandably, after such an extended time and with a high number people, many are now deceased, greatly missed, these friends as well as acquaintances, are fondly remembered by name and pictorially in various reports and archives. Their contributions to Scottish heritage has been considerable to say the least.

From Windgate House – now a bastle house, and with an enigmatic story, we began to conduct a search of the landscape to find out if this building was some type of fluke in the hills or could others be awaiting discovery. Research also kicked in to discover more about the turbulent border history which necessitated the building of the last British defensive houses, which appear to have been the homes of tenant farmers.

We found several other sites which fitted the bill and some of these were further afield from Clydesdale, and what became the first of many project bases - The Bastle Project, eventually developed into a major line of enquiry, and which has now produced a significant corpus of new data on Scottish archaeology, architecture, and social history, including archaeological evidence of The Lowland Clearances. Six of the bastle sites are now Scheduled Ancient Monuments; Windgate House, Glenochar, Glengieth, Wintercleuch, Smithwood and Thorril Castle.

However, it was during the search for bastle sites that led to the realisation that hundreds of other unrecorded sites, of all periods, lay on the hill sides of Upper Clydesdale. When we tried to record a square post medieval turf enclosure on the side of a hill, we failed miserably to accurately fix its shape and location on the ground. That fact led me to seek instruction in surveying techniques, and eventually I managed to get a place on the Glasgow University Certificate Course in Field Archaeology, which I successfully completed, at the same time as pursuing an almost fanatical interest in all things past in Scotland and beyond.

My personal interest was developed through association with others in archaeological societies and organisations and in museums, not the least the National Museum of Scotland. I joined the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1979 and was already a member of the Council for Scottish Archaeology (CSA) through association with LADAS (and laterally through BAG). I eventually was voted on to the Council of both organisations and I like to think I was instrumental in getting the Young Archaeologist Club on the agenda of CSA but failed miserably with the Soc’ Ant’s.

I ran a successful Young Archaeologists Club at Biggar for twenty years with two eight week sessions spring and autumn every year, and the YAC’s were also invited to participate in BAG fieldwork which many of them did. Four members went on to do archaeology degrees at Universities.

3 Anyway, back to Clydesdale. We were finding sites all over the place while carrying out excavations on several bastle houses. When asked why these other excavations happened, I can tell people that forestry was taking off in a big way in the 1970’s and 80’s, at that time there was no requirement to consider archaeology and I had learned that many sites now lay below forests planted in the 1960’s especially in Tweeddale.

When I realised that we were finding hundreds of archaeological sites which no one knew of, and that forestry was creeping all over the hills, I thought we needed to establish the story of the landscape, to enhance its importance. Our expertise at that time was with the bastle house scenario and to excavate a few sites and give them prominence seemed the best way forward. We excavated Glenochar bastle and a significant part of its associated fermtoun – another first for Scotland; however, sticking to first principals, we consolidated the entire site and created it into our first heritage trail which was opened in 1996 by the Marquis of Linlithgow, the owner of the Hopetoun Estates – another first for Scotland, because at one time, they would prefer to shoot people rather than let them loose on the Estate! [At the time of writing the Trail is under renovation with new interpretative signage].

Numerous summary publications of this aspect of our work have been done, especially in popular magazines, and currently I am working towards the final publication of the entire project.

Throughout this entire period my personal involvement in archaeology and museums has taken twists and turns and I am glad to say that in some cases I got paid for it, not a lot, but I managed to live off it.

My first opportunity came when the Summerlee Heritage Trust at Coatbridge were unable to find anyone (brave or foolish enough?) to take on the post of archaeologist to excavate the iron works remains there, on a training post with thirty six young lads taken on an MSC project. I easily got the job and worked there for a year and achieved for the museum its first award, although to be fair, it was the Professor Ann Robertson Award for Industrial Archaeology, she refused to have her photograph taken with me at the presentation! Although I was told it was nothing personal. I think I succeeded there because I was experienced with manual workforces in my other life as an electrician in the construction industry, and I have always tried to give fellow workers (and volunteers) the best I have to offer, being part of the team is the best feeling in the world, and being the leader, is the icing on the cake.

I left Summerlee on the weekend they opened to the public because the management would not support me with the trouble I had with one of my two assistant supervisors, one of whom tried everything to undermine what I was doing, because he thought it was ‘all a waste of time’, his time, despite the fact the idiot was getting paid.

For some time, we had been negotiating for a similar MSC scheme at Biggar Museums in order to develop the Moat Park Heritage Centre and I was lucky to walk straight into the post of supervising that project. I would have stayed at Summerlee if I’d been supported, but with hindsight, I’m glad it happened that way. I had a team of twelve young people for manual work, some had never worked before. We also had a team of clerical workers to develop the office and organise collection records, they had their own supervisor whom I directed as to what was required.

4 They were great teams, and the outcome was the entire renovation of the former Moat Park church and grounds into a Heritage Centre and opened by the Princess Royal, all completed in less than a year. The entire team met individually with Princess Ann who asked what their contribution had been, and the same was true for the large assembly of museum volunteers who developed the displays within the Centre. The Princess overstayed her visit by half an hour to meet everyone, much to the annoyance of her security people.

With the help of other participants, we went on to complete further projects for the museum which included the entire renovation of a building for the Albion Motors Archive and collections and the construction of a 17th century style bridge at Greenhill Museum..

In December of 1989 I realised that no work was going to be done in advance of the upgrading of the A74 road to a six lane M74 through South Lanarkshire (despite later protests by Historic Scotland that the work was being planned!). The new Motorway was trail blazing through undisturbed ground for the most part and I decided to check out the landscape. Working systematically with our voluntary group at weekends we started the work and soon discovered the Wildshaw Burn Stone Circle, which sharpened the focus somewhat of officialdom. We found the site in a howling gale on Dec 31st 1989 and had it surveyed on the 7th January 1990, and then advertised the fact, in the national news media. It was one of the most exciting discoveries I have been involved with. Since that time, we have made numerous observations from the site and are confident at least one aspect of its raison d’être is for solar observation of sunrise and sunset events. It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Few people in authority would believe it until I managed to get them out to visit the location; one nameless wag asked if it wasn’t some Victorian folly! I handed all our surveys over to Historic Scotland via Patrick Ashmore and Inspector at that time, and very quickly HS commissioned Glasgow University to do it again! (Much to my annoyance). Archaeological Projects Glasgow (APG), later to become GUARD, had only just been set up as the University commercial section to deal with developer archaeology and they got the job as one of their first contracts. I am glad but not facetious to say that they did not find an additional site over our own work, and they also got the job of excavating one of the sites we found.

When we were surveying the stone circle (January) I couldn’t believe my eyes when a large digger came over the hill gouging trial pits all over the place. They could easily have dug into the stone circle had we not been there. Anyway, I asked the guy what he was doing, and it was Balfour Beattie exploring the area in advance of contracts being let, to work out where best to quarry hard rock and gravel if they won the job! The contract was not to begin until March of that year.

The outshot of all this was that I won my own contract to be the Archaeological Projects Officer to oversee the archaeology of the road alignment, this eventually gave me 18 months of employment. The post was jointly funded by Strathclyde Region, Clydesdale District Council, Historic Scotland and two contractors; Nuttal-Levack and Balfour Beattie Construction, and I was based at Biggar Museum. I was supervised by HS and the two Councils.

5 However, before I got this job we had already done all the survey work on the proposed route – as volunteers! So, I asked if I could survey away from the direct line of the works to set everything into a better context and this was agreed. The result was a large re survey of Upper Clydesdale which we published as a free issue, limited number publication. APG became GUARD and they were given the contracts to excavate various sites which came under threat by the new road. Included were a series of unenclosed platform settlements, burnt mounds and Bronze Age burial sites, the results of which pushed the boundaries of local and national knowledge back significantly. The work was published as a ‘homemade’ report “Upper Clydesdale Through The Ages” printed off by Clydesdale Council as a limited free issue paper.

Throughout my ‘career’ I have produced a series of Pre-Forestation surveys across southern Scotland as part of several forest companies’ environmental statements. This gave me an invaluable experience away from Clyde/Tweed areas albeit it was all southern Scotland upland landscapes. However, it showed that a vast number of unrecorded sites and monuments lie on the landscape and indicates that much still awaits discovery and recording in the southern part of Scotland.

My next job in archaeology was to secure four years of contract work at the National Museum of Scotland, where I was given the incredibly privileged task of removing much of the displays in the Queen Street Museum of Antiquities and re housing them in a storage facility at Leith. I shuttled objects between the city museums and the storage areas at Granton and Leith and had the opportunity to act as courier for objects to other museums in Britain until the new Museum of Scotland was completed.

This was the most fantastic time, and it has been stated by NMS that I am probably the only person in the history of the National collections to put ‘everything’ through my hands (to that time). I also had the opportunity to display some of the National collections at Biggar Museum under the temporary loans scheme; I put on a Neolithic and a Bronze Age display at Moat Park, bringing numerous objects back to the district for the first time since their discovery over a hundred years before.

My schoolboy dream was to put my hands through the glass cases in Queen Street and hold the objects – almost unbelievably the dream came true and I got to handle everything. I was in attendance when The Queen opened the Museum of Scotland which I had participated in. The museum experience here was of course the best and I learned a great deal in the Archaeology Dept and other Dept’s within the overall museum world.

Throughout my time in unpaid archaeology I have been favoured by several personal awards and competed for several national ones on behalf of BAG.

Personal awards have been. The Inaugural presentation of the Dorothy Marshall Award by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, a great honour but like all other awards, accepted on behalf of the Group, since no man stands alone. I was awarded an MBE by The Queen at Buckingham Palace, the citation being for ‘Services to Archaeology in Lanarkshire’. Glasgow Archaeological Society awarded me their Presidential Award, the retiring President being Ian Marshall.

Awards for projects are numerous and I believe we are the only group ever to have won three Pitt-Rivers plates during the British Archaeology awards scheme. Upon winning our third Pitt Rivers Award, not a single Scottish organisation or individual offered congratulations, which was a bit disappointing, however, The Council for Independent Archaeology who are England based published their congratulations in their Newsletter, which was much appreciated by us. We also won the British Heritage Award and retain the silver replica of the Sutton Hoo bowl as we were the last recipients of that award, as it was discontinued. I was involved in the winning of the Prof Ann Robertson Award for Industrial Archaeology at Summerlee (above) and her award for the best Young Archaeologists Club in Scotland.

Throughout the period, I have also secured various grant awards such as the Glenfiddich Living Scotland Award and numerous other smaller awards with monetary prizes. Similarly grants from a variety of sources such as Historic Scotland, the Society of Antiquaries, and many others, along with personal donations and bequests have all provided the considerable funding necessary to operate the BAG, completing or partially completing various aspects of post archaeology work and providing for supplies of equipment and tools etc over the years. By 2020 BAG had commissioned sixty radio carbon dates.

In retrospect, I may be considered audacious in my explorations through excavation, especially some sites which others may presume should not have been opened by invasive archaeology. However, as my experience and knowledge grew, so did the awareness that much of our built and buried heritage was under serious threat of erosion by agencies such as arable ploughing, forestry operations and scouring by rivers, streams, and reservoirs and also the growing hobby of metal detecting, where in the latter case the finders had little concern for reporting finds, other than perhaps to boast about some of them!

There is still no requirement for monitoring arable fields, even those with proven archaeological remains, equally lacking is any concern for the erosion effects of rivers and reservoirs, although we are continually informed of the problem of coastal erosion. Under Planning Applications Forestry requires archaeological surveys in advance of ploughing, which is fine if visible and upstanding features lie on the land. But the system falls down after the disturbance has taken place as experience by BAG continually shows, the presence of sites is often revealed through charcoal surfaces, pottery, and lithic items, yet there is no mandatory requirement to inspect the plough furrows at this critical stage. Similarly when forests are felled and re-planted, causing further exposure on the ground, there are no requirements to check out the land.

In the 1960’s there was no requirement for ANY archaeological input to forestry operations and it is easy to demonstrate what folly that was, since many partially recorded sites on landscapes were subsumed into the sitka spruce plantations, usually being ploughed through.

In the 1980’s when I was beginning to understand the local landscape better, forestry was very much on the increase in the upland areas of Clyde/Tweed valleys. Having only just discovered for the first time sites such as bastle houses and associated

7 farming landscapes and burnt mounds, it was easy to see how they might succumb to destruction without any archaeological intervention from official bodies. It seemed crucial to prove the significance of such upland landscapes, especially in the face of sceptical professionals, e.g. bastle house sites.

It has been with all this in mind that I have dared to engage in excavations, which admittedly may not always have been to the exacting standards extolled by those who designate themselves “professional” archaeologists, nevertheless, numerous sites of local, regional, and national significance have now been put on the map, assisted, I am happy to say with much professional assistance and expertise in various post excavation programmes, enhancing the value of the local volunteers even further.

Lectures Lectures have formed a major part of my attempts to disseminate what we have discovered over the years, I have talked in the following places, in some cases on several occasions at the same venue; Ayr, Barrhead, Biggar, Brodick, Campbeltown, Carluke, Carlops, Clydebank, Coalburn, Cove, Cumbernauld, Douglas, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Dunoon, Edinburgh, Galashiels, Girvan, Glasgow, Hamilton, Hawick, Helensburgh, Innerliethen, Lanark, Lesmahagow, Maybole, Melrose, Moffat, Motherwell, Newton Stewart, Oban, Paisley, Peebles, Perth, Rosneath, Rothesay, Selkirk, St Andrews, Strathaven, Stirling, Uddingston, West Linton and Wishaw. I have delivered talks to every village in Upper Clydesdale and Upper Tweeddale and in several schools, there.

Activities Over the years, I have operated numerous activity based events for example the Biggar Branch of the Young Archaeologists Club ran from 1990 until 2011, certainly the longest continuously running club of its type in Scotland. Spring and autumn sessions of eight continuous weeks made up the core programme with coach excursions, practical events and actual fieldwork being carried out throughout the year. Three girls and one boy went on to do archaeology at University level.

I believe I conceived of the ‘Simulated Dig’ event which is now an often-seen event elsewhere in Britain, especially at museums. We first enacted this in 1990 for the Glasgow City of Culture event and delivered it to countless children over the years (stopped counting at 4500!). The event was done annually for the Science Festival held in Princess St Gardens in Edinburgh where up to 450 children experienced archaeology first-hand over each weekend event. The venture was also delivered to every village in Upper Clydesdale and many towns between and including Glasgow and Edinburgh.

Following on from the Sim Dig was the formation of a major ‘Touch Kit’ of archaeological objects with boxes covering Pre-History, Romans and Iron Age, Medieval and Early Modern objects. The hands-on kits are still available to schools as part of the outreach developed by me at Biggar Museums.

Practical demonstrations of flint knapping, fire making, and potting, heating water with hot stones, candle making and even building a full-scale replica Bronze Age roundhouse have all been part of a comprehensive range of ‘enactment’ events run by me. I also organised living history events at Greenhill Farmhouse Museum.

8 Organising and guiding tours of archaeological sites in Upper Clydesdale and Upper Tweeddale and beyond have also formed a regular part of the activities I have engaged in; this includes visits to archaeological excavations by BAG. This and many other activities continues with North Clyde Archaeological Society based in Helensburgh.

I delivered a series of talks in Peebles and West Linton and these resulted in the formation of the Peeblesshire Archaeological Society which I instigated and chaired for several years, my emphasis was on participating as well as the usual passive role many societies adopt (lectures and excursions etc). Several Projects were completed including the Manor Valley survey and the excavation of a unique Early Christian children’s cemetery at Lyne.

Perhaps one of the most important activities I have engaged with over the years has been with Biggar Museum Trust of which I was a Trustee for many years. I introduced archaeology into the museums with the construction of the Moat Park Heritage Centre which I co designed, but singularly supervised the construction of it by an MSC project, coupled with using a volunteer group which I formed. The Centre was opened by The Princess Royal in 1989 and I am glad to say that she was most impressed by the range of the historical and archaeological models created by our volunteers. The archaeological displays remained unique in many ways in Britain, however, they were replaced when Biggar Museums moved to a new venue, but I am glad to say that the archaeological aspect of their new displays reflects the older ones, making much needed improvements as it was all professionally designed and built. Biggar Museum still has, in my estimation, the best archaeological displays for a non- national or institutional museum in Scotland.

BAG have now provided three heritage trails; the principal one was Glenochar Bastle and Fermtoun Trail which leads the visitor through the post medieval and Bronze Age landscape with no fewer than ten illustrated display panels en route. The second is nearby at Wintercleuch bastle with three panels and the last in association with the Peeblesshire Arch’ Soc’ is at Lyne near Peebles where we excavated a children’s Early Christian cemetery, and the display encompasses the nearby Roman fort.

Further similar trails are in the process of being made in the Daer valley. Now installed are two further display panels in Daer valley on part of the southern Uplands Way (installed 2017). I also designed and installed a display panel near Helensburgh on a cup and ring marked boulder, the latter in association with North Clyde Archaeological Society (NCAS), which I helped to form and was Chair for the first two years.

In 2012 I move to Rosneath at the foot of the Gairloch on the Clyde Estuary. In 2013 I was instrumental in forming yet another archaeological society; The North Clyde Archaeological Society and was elected as inaugural Chairman, we are currently engaging in fieldwork as well as forming the usual type of programme for such a society. Since the beginning a programme of fieldwork including excavations, lecture syllabus and numerous excursions has been organised by me in association with NCAS committee.

9 2021, and the Society goes from strength to strength, with successful excavation and survey programmes all reported on our web site. www.spanglefish.com/NorthClydeArchaeologicalSociety.com

The work of BAG over the years is gradually being written by me and with some input from other BAG people, to final interim reports, and these are being placed on the BAG web site www.biggararchaeology.org.uk for anyone who may be interested. Our web site is brimming with reports and many illustrations and was originally managed by David Oxley and currently by Jacquie Dryden, both of BAG. Currently I am trying to get all our projects and incidental work written to a stage where I cannot personally take it forward without specialist input. There is no doubt in my mind that much of the work has great importance for the story of Scotland, and not just a local context, many aspects of the work have provided new evidence of the past and now going back to the last Ice Age.

Input by professionals, in some cases in a waged capacity through grants and awards, and in many cases through voluntary work, has helped greatly to advance BAG’s work to a higher standard; however, there is a long way to go to bring it all to a position of competency let alone academia. However, at this juncture my principal aim is to get all our work available, even if it is only in a raw state, at least others may be able to run with it. For example, I believe there are several good opportunities for dissertation and thesis possibilities, on a variety of subjects, which could emanate directly and indirectly from the work of BAG and NCAS.

It is simply beyond the ability of myself to cope even competently in some areas of the work we have produced, the diversity of subject matter is too great, and no one can specialise in everything. Nevertheless, I do hope to achieve at least the minimum from which others can work.

To illustrate the diversity, the following subject matters have been worked on by BAG, these are the principal sites:

Bastle houses and post medieval settlements dating from c1600 to the early 19th century. Windgate House, Glenochar, Smithwood, Wintercleuch, Glendorch, Kirkhope, Glengeith, Nemphlar. Being the principal sites of bastle houses, circa 1600 – 1750, but added to those: Crookburn (19th C). Coom (17th C) Logan (17th C) Chapelgill (17th C) Being the principal excavations of other settlements 19th C cottage at Rosneath by NCAS produced new data of that period and earlier. Various surveys on MOD land of abandoned settlements on Loch Long by NCAS.

Military Projects by NCAS. Various surveys and excavations on WW I, WW II and Cold War sites has been done along the north Clyde coastline.

10 Lime kilns 18th – 19th century excavation of a clamp kiln at Glencotho, Peeblesshire. Survey of entire village complex of clamp kilns at Braehead, In South Lanarkshire. Discovery and excavation of a lime kiln at Rosneath Peninsula [NCAS] in Argyll.

Lead smelting sites c14 dated to c9th – 11th centuries AD. Glenkip South Lanarkshire Manor valley Peeblesshire. Lour Peeblesshire.

Iron smelting sites Rosneath Peninsula [NCAS] Argyll.

Early Christian cemetery at Lyne, Peeblesshire.

Bronze Age sites of excavation Fruid reservoir unenclosed platform settlement. Camps Reservoir enclosed cremation cemeteries x 2of. Burnt mounds at Hopeterrick, Manor Valley. Burnt mounds C14dated at Camps, Daer (3of), Manor Valley. Beaker burial at Melbourne. Various sites in the Daer valley. Mossfennan Farm BA burial cairn. Discovery and excavations sites of burnt mounds, cave deposits and cemetery at Rosneath Peninsula [NCAS] Argyll.

Late Neolithic excavation Melbourne Farm. Carwood Farm Biggar Common East (Carwood Hill).

Early Neolithic excavation Biggar Common West. [Now a Scheduled Ancient Monument] Biggar Common East (Carwood Hill). Carwood Farm. Weston Farm. Brownsbank Farm. Melbourne Farm. Nether Hangingshaw Farm. Daer valley.

Mesolithic excavation Weston Farm. Cornhill Farm. Daer valley {multiple sites}.

Late Upper Palaeolithic excavation Howburn Farm.

11 Major Field surveys M74 Project Upper Clydesdale. Manor Valley project (not written up) in association with Peeblesshire Arch’ Soc’. Broughton Heights Survey. Peeblesshire. Upper Tweed Survey. Peeblesshire.

Specialist’s reports for BAG have been produced on the following: Pitchstone Torben Ballin. 18th C bottles and glass Robin Murdoch. 17th/18th century tobacco pipes Dennis Gallagher.

Early Neolithic pottery Biggar Common West Alison Sheridan (in Johnston 1995). Early and late Neolithic pottery Biggar Common East Chris Barrowman. Lithics on Biggar Common East Bill Finlayson. Charcoal on Biggar Common East Ruth Pelling. Charcoal various sites Sheila Boardman. Charcoal numerous sites Dr Jennifer Miller and Susan Ramsay. Camps Reservoir finds Alison Sheridan, Alan Saville, Fraser Hunter, and Kath McSween. Howburn Farm LUP Torben Ballin, Alan Saville, Richard Tipping & T Ward et al. Daer Mesolithic Sites No’s 84 & 85 Dene Wright.

Forthcoming specialist’s reports Weston & Cornhill Farms Mesolithic sites Dene Wright.

Radiocarbon dates At the time of writing 2020 BAG will have been responsible for securing sixty Radiocarbon dates, these are mostly for prehistoric sites excepting the lead smelting project, the following list gives only the sites and the number of dates:

Biggar Common West 4 Biggar Common East (Carwood Hill) 5 Carwood Farm 2 Camps Reservoir 7 Fruid Reservoir 5 Weston Farm 2 Brownsbank Farm 2 Howburn Farm 1 Melbourne Farm 9 Nether Hangingshaw Farm 2 Calla Farm 1 Daer valley and reservoir (various sites) 13 Manor Valley & Lour Farm 5 Glenkip 1 Burnetland Hill 1

12 The radiocarbon dates represent only a tiny fraction of the charcoal samples processed by BAG and identified by the specialists given above.

Furthermore, for NCAS, seven radiocarbon dates have been commissioned under my direction.

Principal Sponsors and Granters The principal sponsors have been the following: Historic Scotland Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Strathmartine Trust Robert Kiln Trust Russell Trust Council for British Archaeology Glenfiddich Scotland Awards Andrew Lorimer Trust Bruce Henry legacy Significant bequest Shiela Scott Significant private donation Jean Sloan Significant private donation Kirsty Maxwell Stuart Significant private donation Ian Paterson (BAG) Significant private donation

BAG have received significant bequests and donations from private supporters while a myriad of small grants and donations have also been received over the years from individuals, the local Council, and societies etc.

References to various sites and projects are given above, also financial contributors, however, none of the above is a comprehensive list, they are given here as an indication of what has happened over the years.

Finally, and for the purpose of this brief synopsis of my own contribution in archaeology, and association with others, it must be stated that countless people have now been involved in the work of BAG, of which I am pleased to have been the leader, other people from LADAS, PAS and NCAS have been led by me in various projects. From knowing little about the subject matter, I personally have developed and learned much, but it has been the association with others, volunteers, and professionals alike, in so many ways and subjects, that has allowed me to come to this paper, which although outwardly seems to be about Tam Ward, it is de facto the contribution of so many people that matters in the work of BAG, and the other societies, and it has been my privilege to have been part of that.

The contribution of our volunteers alone is a major story in Scottish archaeology, from people from all walks of life who worked in the hills and fields, often in atrocious weather, those who processed and/or illustrated finds, our web and publicity designers and managers – the list goes on and on, hopefully that story will one day be told, however, the principal players are mentioned by name in various reports. [email protected] www.biggararchaeology.org.uk www.spanglefish.com/NorthClydeArchaeologicalSociety.com

Postscript January 2021 I now live near Helensburgh where I have been instrumental in setting up another archaeological society; The North Clyde Archaeological Society which is in its sixth year of running a lecture and excursion programme, and a fieldwork programme.

Regarding the latter I have directed seven major projects with society members; The Ben Bowie Project, Portkil Caves Project, Millbrae Project, Military Project and Glennan Burn Cup & Ring Project, Loch Long Settlements Project, Portkil WWI Camp and Bronze Age burials Project; all of which are given on NCAS web at; www.spanglefish.com/NorthClydeArchaeologicalSociety.com

Ben Bowie has produced evidence of pre-history in the form of a new location for pitchstone, burnt mound activity and a coal working area which may prove to be Neolithic in age. Environmental and dating work for several sites has been undertaken.

The caves at Portkil near Kilcreggan have produced an unusual assemblage of Bronze Age material including beaker pottery and napkin ring fragments. Burnt and unburnt bone and carbonised and unburnt seeds will provide valuable data on the period and may yet establish what activity was undertaken within the cave so far explored. (radiocarbon dates have now been established, 2017).

Burnt mounds and bloomery sites have now been added to the local sites and monuments record for the first time on Rosneath Peninsula.

Addendum 2021 I continue to write up BAG projects the last remaining one to finish is Camps Reservoir. I write various other reports for our BAG web which deal with local history and archaeological opinions derived from our fieldwork projects. Incidental fieldwork continues sporadically to tie up a few loose ends of survey work and these will appear on BAG web. The highlight of BAG 2018 was the publication of the ‘Howburn Book’ by Torben Ballin, this brings that project to a very satisfactory conclusion.

Further display panels designed by BAG are being installed on a new Tweedsmuir archaeology trail at Logan Burn, this being organised by Tweedsmuir Heritage Group.

Regarding NCAS, work proceeds on several fronts; we are now investigating large tracts of the landscape and have surveyed many abandoned post medieval settlements on MOD and Luss Estates land, with a view to carrying out excavations if permission is granted. Recording all aspects of beach archaeology especially fish traps or ‘yairs’ will soon by written up. By the end of 2020 most projects will have been published on NCAS web.

14 Personal and Relevant References. It is one of my greatest disappointments regarding all of the above that although all of our endeavours are given, mostly lavishly illustrated, on the two web sites, the ‘profession’ appear reluctant to cite most of it because it does not meet their academic standards, i.e. not peer reviewed. This in my opinion amounts to sheer censorship to say the least, and it seems to me that to ignore much of our work is a failure of said academia to fully inform their reading public of all the available data on a great variety of topics and is not a scientific or learned approach to the dissemination of knowledge.

Saville, A., Ballin, T.B. & Ward, T. 2007. Howburn, near Biggar, South Lanarkshire: Preliminary notice of a Scottish inland early Holocene lithic assemblage. Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 28: 41–49.

Ballin T B & Ward T 2008. General characterisation of the Biggar pitchstone artefacts, and discussion of Biggar’s role in the distribution of pitchstone across Neolithic northern Britain. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ballin T B 2008. Biggar Pitchstone, Special Report. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ballin T B, Saville A & Ward T 2009. A Late Hamburgian Flint and Chert Assemblage from Howburn in South Lanarkshire, Scotland (Report to Historic Scotland) 2009

Ballin T B, Saville A & Ward T 2009. Howburn, near Biggar, South Lanarkshire: preliminary notice of a Scottish inland early Holocene lithic assemblage. Lithics: The Journal of the Lithics Study Society No 28, 41-49.

Ballin T B, Saville A, Tipping R and Ward T 2010. An Upper Palaeolithic Flint and Chert Assemblage from Howburn Farm, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, First results. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 29(4) 323 – 360. 2010

Ballin T B & Ward T 2013. Burnetland Hill Chert Quarry: A Mesolithic extraction site in The Scottish Borders. The Quarry, The e-Newsletter of the SSA’s prehistoric Quarries and Early Mines Interest Group 2013. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk.

Ballin T B, Saville A, Tipping R, Ward T, Housley R, Verrill L, Bradley M, Wilson C, Lincoln P and Macleod A 2018. Reindeer hunters at Howburn Farm, South Lanarkshire. A Late Hamburgian settlement in southern Scotland – its lithic artefacts and natural environment. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, Summertown Pavilion, 18-24 Middle Way, Summertown, Oxford, OX2 7LG. www.archaeopress.com. [Available in hardback from the publisher or free to download from their web site].

Dennis Gallagher, 2011. Special Report. Study of Tobacco Pipes from Biggar Archaeology Groups’ Projects 1981 – 2010. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

15 Gillanders R, Christison F & Ward T 1986 'Report on the Excavations of Windgate House near Coulter', Scot Vern Build Work Group, 10 (1986), 1 · 16.

Johnston D A 1997. Biggar Common, 1987 – 93: an early prehistoric funerary and domestic landscape in Clydesdale, South Lanarkshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 127 (1997) 185 – 254.

Murdoch R 2006. The collections of excavated glass from Glenochar and Smithwood bastle houses. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Murdoch R 2016. Millbrae Glass Report. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com Ness J & Ward T 2001. Report on a seminar on pitchstone, held at Biggar in September 2000. Biggar Museum Trust.

Ness J 2014. Winter Solstice from Daer sites. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Paterson I, 2011 Daer Valley Excavation 2010-2011. Lithics. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Paterson I & Ward T, 2010 Fruid Unenclosed Platform Settlement, Biggar Archaeology Group www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. Interim reports on the work of Biggar Archaeology Group to date, 2012, with a view to producing a final version of the fieldwork and research of Daer valley. Interim Report No 4b. 2002-2005. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk including SMITHWOOD BASTLE

Ward T 2012. Interim reports on the work of Biggar Archaeology Group to date, 2012, with a view to producing a final version of the fieldwork and research of Daer valley. Interim Report No 1. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk including KIRKHOPE BASTLE

Ward T 2012. Report on the excavation and consolidation of WINTERCLEUCH BASTLE HOUSE, Daer Valley, South Lanarkshire and its formation into a Heritage Trail. With specialist contributions by Dennis Gallagher, Ann Matheson, Robin Murdoch and Ian Paterson. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Sites 86-93. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Sites 94-103. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

16 Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Sites 104-109. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Site 110. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Site 111. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Sites 112-114. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Sites 115-125. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Site 126. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I 2013. Daer Site Reports 2009-2012. Sites 127-130. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Paterson P & Ward T 2013. The survey and excavation of Chapelgill in Glenholm, Broughton, Scottish Borders. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Paterson P & Ward T 2013. Daer Project 2009-2012. Site 86. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Paterson I & Ward T 2013. The lithic geology of Biggar Archaeology Group’s Prehistoric Projects. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Saville A, Ballin T B & Ward T 2010. An Upper Palaeolithic Flint and Chert Assemblage from Howburn Farm, South Lanarkshire, Scotland: First Results. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Vol 29, Issue 4, pages 323 – 360. 2010

Saville A & Ward T 2010. Howburn Farm, Excavating Scotland’s First People. Current Archaeology, Issue 243, 18 – 23. 2010.

Sheridan A & Ward T in Johnston D A 1997. Biggar Common, 1987 – 93: an early prehistoric funerary and domestic landscape in Clydesdale, South Lanarkshire. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 127 (1997) 185 – 254.

Tipping R 2010. Sediment coring and the significance of the stratigraphy beneath Strathbogie Plantation. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Tipping R 2010. Laboratory analyses of the sediments from the Priest’s Well Basin, Elsrickle. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Tipping R 2010. Developments in understanding the ice age lake sediments from Loch Howburn. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward, T 1981 — 2008 (various reports) Discovery & Excavation in Scotland, Council for Scottish Archaeology.

Ward T 1988. The Elusive Scottish Bastle House. Scottish vernacular Buildings Working Group, Vernacular Building No 12, 50-61. ISSN: 0267-3088 Edinburgh 1998.

Ward, T 1989 'Bastle Houses of the Anglo Scottish Borders', Fortress, Castles and Fortifications Quarterly, 5 (1989), 35 — 43.

Ward T et al 1989. Ancient Monuments of Clydesdale. Clydesdale District Council ISBN0 905056 02 7.

Ward, T 1990 – 1995. 'Biggar Common, excavation and survey' annual reports, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland.

Ward, T 1991 'Biggar Common West survey and excavation, Interim Report', Biggar Museum Trust (1991).

Ward, T 1991 and 1993. 'Excavations on Biggar Common' Interim reports, Biggar Museum Trust.

Ward T, 1992 Upper Clydesdale Through The Ages, The M74 Project, Biggar Museum Trust. ISBN 0 9520145 0 5 www.biggararchaeology.org.uk)

Ward, T 1992 'Camps Reservoir survey and excavation, Interim Report', Biggar Museum Trust (1992).

Ward, T 1993, ’Excavations and other fieldwork on the Biggar Common 1993 Biggar Museum Trust www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward, T 1993 'Biggar Common East / Carwood Hill survey and excavation, Interim Report', Biggar Museum Trust (1993).

Ward, T 1994 'Camps Reservoir excavation, Interim Report', Biggar Museum Trust (1994).

Ward, T 1995. 'Survey and Excavation at Daer Reservoir' Interim report. Biggar Museum Trust. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 1995. The Clydesdale Bastle Project. Scottish Local History Vol 34, 34-36.

18 Ward T 1996. Glenochar Bastle House and Fermtoun, account of excavations. Biggar Museum Trust and forthcoming (2015). www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 1996. Pre-History North of Biggar Project 2nd Interim Report, Biggar Museum Trust.

Ward T et al 1996. Pre-History North of Biggar Project. Excavations at Melbourne Farm 1996. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 1998. Glenochar Bastle House and Fermtoun. Biggar Museum Trust and Lanark and District Archaeological Society. ISBN 0 9520195 6 4.

Ward T 1998. Glenochar. Current Archaeology Number 156, Vol XIII No 12, 44-449.

Ward T 1998 Pre History North of Biggar Project, Weston Fieldwalking and Excavations 1998 (Interim) Biggar Museum Trust

Ward T, Corder S, Cowley D 1998. Excavation of Lyne cists, Discovery & Excavation in Scotland 1998, page 80

Ward T 1998. Lost Villages Rediscovered. The Scots Magazine New Series , Vol 149, No 6, 612-615.

Ward T 1999 Pre History North of Biggar Project, Fieldwalking 1999 Weston and Newbigging Mill Farms {plus addendum for 2000} (Interim) Biggar Museum Trust

Ward T 1999. Broughton Heights Archaeological Survey (Biggar Museum Trust. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk)

Ward, T 2000, ‘Pre-History North of Biggar Project, Brownsbank Farm Excavation 2000’ Biggar Museum Trust. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk)

Ward, T 2000, ‘Pre-History North of Biggar Project, Brownsbank Farm Excavation 2000’ Biggar Museum Trust and Ward T 2013 same title www.biggararchaeology.org.uk.

Ward T 2001 Fieldwalking and Excavations at Cornhill Farm, Coulter by Biggar, Scotland. Interim Report 2001. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, 2001 2nd Interim Report, Fieldwork & Excavations at Daer Reservoir, Clydesdale 1995, 1997 & 2000, Biggar Museum Trust. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2003. Netherhangingshaw. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

19 Ward T 2004 Upper Tweed Survey, Biggar Museum Trust. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2004. Megget Excavations-Interim Report. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2004. Megget Reservoir. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2004. Daer Valley Site 85, Discovery and excavation of a Mesolithic site in Daer Valley. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2005. Daer Valley Site 84, Discovery and excavation of a Mesolithic site in Daer Valley. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2005. Megget Reservoir Survey. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2004. The discovery and partial excavation on an Unenclosed Platform Settlement, within the Fruid Reservoir, Tweedsmuir, Peeblesshire. Interim Report. Biggar Museum Trust 2004. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, 2005 Weston Farm Excavations – Interim Report, Biggar Archaeology Group. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, Chekanski E, Chekanski L 2005. Braehead Village, South Lanarkshire a survey and historical review. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2005. Corse Law Cairns. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward et al 2005. Fieldwork and excavations at Nether Hangingshaw Farm, Coulter by Biggar, South Lanarkshire. Second Interim Report 2005. Contributions from Dr Jennifer Miller and Susan Ramsay (GUARD). www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2006. Excavations at Weston Farm 2003 – 2004 Interim Report: Part of the Pre-History North of Biggar Project. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2008. Excavation of a Bronze Age burial cairn at Woodend, Mossfennan Farm, Upper Tweeddale. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

20 Ward T 2008. Our Vanishing Heritage. History Scotland Vol 8 No 4, 8-9.

Ward T 2009. The Elusive Bastle Houses of Scotland. History Scotland Vol 9 No 3, 7- 9.

Ward T 2009. Scotlands First People. History Scotland Vol 9 No 6, 12-14.

Ward T 2010. The Mesolithic hunter gatherers of southern Scotland. History Scotland Vol 10 No 6, 13 – 15.

Ward T 2010. Prehistory – Howburn Farm Report. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2010. Mesolithic of South Lanarkshire. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2010. Discovery of a cup and ring marked stone from South Lanarkshire. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2010. Fieldwalking of forestry areas in Daer Valley. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2011. First results from Daer 2010 – 2011. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. Mesolithic chert quarry at Burnetland Farm. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. Excavations at Woodend, Mossfennan Farm by Broughton, Tweedsmuir, Scottish Borders. Biggar Archaeology Group. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. The Lowland Clearances as seen in archaeology. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. Report on the excavation and consolidation of Wintercleuch Bastle House, Daer Valley, South Lanarkshire and it’s formation into a Heritage Trail. With specialist contributions by Dennis Gallagher, Ann Matheson, Robin Murdoch and Ian Paterson. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. Shielings and Buchts in Southern Scotland The Clydesdale Bastle Project. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, 2012 Discovery and Excavation in Daer valley 2009 – 2012, Interim Report 2012. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, 2012. Daer Site 110.

21 www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, 2012. Daer Site 111. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, 2012. Daer Site 126. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, 2012. The Wildshaw Burn Stone Circle. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. Interim reports on the work of Biggar Archaeology Group to date, 2012, with a view to producing a final version of the fieldwork and research of Daer valley. Interim Report No 5. The History of the Daer Valley. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. The Lowland Clearances. History Scotland Vol 13 No 2, 14.

Ward T 2013. Fieldwork and excavations of pre historic date at Brownsbank Farm near Biggar. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. Various interim reports on the Daer project 1990 – 2013 www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

22 Ward T 2013. Further archaeological work done within Daer Reservoir, South Lanarkshire. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013 et al: Barrowman C, Finlayson B & Pelling R. The discovery and excavation of an Early Neolithic pottery assemblage at Biggar Common East (Carwood Hill) 1993. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk.

Ward T 2013 et al: Barrowman C, Finlayson B & Pelling R. Excavations and other fieldwork on Biggar Common East end, or Carwood Hill 1992 – 1993 www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. The erosion of archaeology within reservoirs, ploughed fields, forestry and in other circumstances in areas of the upper Clyde and Tweed rivers. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. The excavation of two unenclosed platform settlements within the Fruid Reservoir, Peeblesshire, Scottish Borders. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. Interim reports No’s 1 – 5 Daer Valley. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T et al; Miller J 2013. Fieldwalking and Excavation at Carwood Farm 2007 – 2009. Interim Report. Part of the Pre-History North of Biggar Project www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. The logistics of building bastle houses and associated buildings in Upper Clydesdale – c1600AD. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. An old collection of prehistoric lithics – The Dunlop Brothers of Dolphinton. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. Further thoughts on the migration routes of animals and people in the Late Upper Palaeolithic period in the central belt of Scotland, and the potential locations of further hunter camp sites of that period. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. Logan; survey, excavation and research in the valley of Logan Water, Mossfennan Farm, Peeblesshire, Borders Region, Scotland. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

23 Ward T 2013. Natural mounds and cup marked stones. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. Engaging in archaeological fieldwork in Scotland by voluntary groups. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk Ward T 2013. An old collection of prehistoric lithics – The Dunlop Brothers of Dolphinton. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. The logistics of building bastle houses and associated buildings in Upper Clydesdale- c1600AD. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T & Paterson I, 2013. The survey and excavation of Chapelgill in Glenholm, Broughton, Scottish Borders. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2013. Burnt Mounds, Unenclosed Platform Settlements and information on burnt stone activity in the River Clyde and Tweed valleys of South Lanarkshire and Peeblesshire. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2014. BAG Radiocarbon Dates. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T et al. 2014 (forthcoming). Survey and excavation of a Bronze Age and later landscape at Camps Reservoir, near Crawford, South Lanarkshire, 1992 and 1994. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2015. Excavation of three Early Christian graves at Lyne, near Peebles. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2015. Broughton Heights archaeological survey 1999. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2015. Partial excavation of the 17th Century Settlement of Coom in the Daer Valley. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2015. The partial excavation of Glendorch Bastle House, near Crawfordjohn, South Lanarkshire. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2015. Harehill Knowe near Broughton, Peeblesshire, Scottish Borders, survey and excavation report. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2015. Upper Tweed Project. Excavation of a lime clamp kiln at Glencotho, Peeblesshire, Scottish Borders. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2012. The Great Monition of Cursing by Gavin Dunbar, the Archbishop of Glasgow on the border reivers - 1525. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2016. Brownsbank Farm Fieldwork & Excavation 1997 – 2001. 3rd Interim Report. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2016. Crossing the Clyde. Clyde and other bridges from Elvanfoot to Lanark. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2016. On Tintock Tap. A report on Tinto Hill Lanarkshire. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2016. Windgate House Excavations. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2017. Hyndford House Lanark. A short report on its history and objects found in its attic during a renovation. Tam Ward, with pottery report by Val Deans, George Haggarty and David H Caldwell. 2017 www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2017. Daer Valley and Clydesdale Mesolithic. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T, et al. 2017. Glenochar Bastle House and Fermtoun. An account of the discovery, survey, consolidation, excavations and research of a 17th-century defensive farmhouse and buildings in Clydesdale, with supplementary contextual information. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2017. A Miscellany of Clydesdale Bastle Houses. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2017. Notice of new heritage display panels installed in Daer valley. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2018. Biggar Town - Urban Archaeological Project and brief history. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2018. The Collections of archaeological finds and assemblages allocated to Biggar Museum Trust through Treasure Trove in Scotland. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2018. Boghall Castle, Biggar. A brief description and history. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2018. Six Castles and a Bastle in Upper Clydesdale. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

25 Ward T 2018. The two war memorial’s at Elsrickle, South Lanarkshire. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2018. History and Archaeology - Myth or Fact. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk

Ward T 2020. How did Late Upper Palaeolithic reindeer hunters live? www.biggararchaeology.org.uk Ward T 2020. The Howburn Farm Lithic Tools. A partial photographic presentation of the Howburn Farm Late Upper Palaeolithic and later prehistoric tool and lithic assemblage. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk Follows NCAS Maidment N 2015. Effie’s cave – a speculation. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com Kelly S 2017. Various reports on NCAS Projects in Discovery & Excavation Scotland.

Ward T 2016. South Ailey Farm Military Installations. North Clyde Archaeological Society Military Project. 2015 > www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2016. Woodend Military Installations. North Clyde Archaeological Society Military Project. 2015 > www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2016. Geilston Farm Military Installations. North Clyde Archaeological Society Military Project. 2015 > www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2016. Mollandhu Farm Military Installations. North Clyde Archaeological Society Military Project. 2015 > www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2016. Rosneath Home Farm Military Installations. North Clyde Archaeological Society Military Project. 2015 > www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

26 Kelly S & Ward T 2016. Archaeological investigations on Ben Bowie, Helensburgh, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T & McIntyre A 2016. The excavation of early 19th century cottages at Millbrae and the survey and excavation of various pre-historic sites at Rosneath Peninsula, Argyll. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2016. Portkil Cave No 1 Excavation Report No 3. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2015. Excavation and consolidation of a cup and ring marked boulder near Helensburgh www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Maidment N 2015. North Clyde Military Installations Project (Interim Report, Rosneath Farm Cold War HAA gun site) www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2017. Addendum excavations at Millbrae Cottages, 2017. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2018. EXCURSIONS. A brief history of NCAS excursions. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2018. The survey and partial excavation of Portkil WW I Battery camp site. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2018. Strone or Glen Fruin HAA gun site and other sites in Glen Fruin. NCAS Military Project. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com

Ward T 2018. Early 18th century pottery from pre Lowland Clearance sites in Scotland. www.biggararchaeology.org.uk www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com Ward T 2020. A walk on the beach at the southern tip of Rosneath Peninsula, Argyll & Bute. The air, the water and the land, and sadly, the litter. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com Ward T 2019. A survey and partial excavation of sites relative to the WW I Portkil Battery in Argyll. INTERIM REPORT. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com Ward T 2019. The investigation of ‘stone coffins’, an ‘urn’ a crop mark and other sites, and a lime burning kiln on the southern tip of Rosneath Peninsula, Argyll and Bute. INTERIM REPORT. www.spanglefish.com/northclydearchaeologicalsociety.com